what is required for a phd degree

Graduate School

Ph.d. requirements.

• Academics & Research
• Programs & Requirements

Brown University awards more than 200 doctor of philosophy degrees annually.

The Brown Ph.D. is primarily a research degree. Teaching is an important part of many doctoral programs, and many departments require candidates for the Ph.D. to have teaching experience.

Brown University offers substantial financial support to doctoral students. All incoming doctoral students are guaranteed five years of support, which includes a stipend, full tuition remission, health-services fee, and a health-insurance subsidy. Doctoral students in the Humanities and Social Sciences are guaranteed six years of support. All promises of student support are subject to students making satisfactory academic progress, as determined by their programs of study. Please see related links for additional details regarding the University's commitment to doctoral education.

Ph.D. Funding

Funding guarantee, four general requirements for the doctor of philosophy.

The candidate must be formally admitted to his or her degree program.

The normal residency requirement is the equivalent of three Academic Years of full-time study beyond the bachelor's degree. Students who enter a PhD program at Brown already holding a master’s degree in a related field have a residency requirement equivalent to two Academic Years of full-time study upon entering the PhD program at Brown. Use of a previously earned master’s degree to reduce PhD residency requirements is contingent upon approval of the program Director of Graduate Study. Graduate work done at other institutions and not used in fulfillment of the requirements for any doctoral degree elsewhere may, on the approval of the program Director of Graduate Study, be counted in fulfillment of up to, but not exceeding, one year of the residency requirement. A student who desires credit for work done elsewhere should file a timely application with the program Director of Graduate Study; transfer credit forms are available through the  Office of the Registrar .

A student is advanced to candidacy for the Ph.D. when he or she has completed satisfactorily all the requirements, departmental and general, requisite to beginning work on the dissertation. Candidacy is determined by the department or program of study and certified by the Registrar. Most departments require a preliminary examination before advancing any student to candidacy. Most departments also require a final examination or defense. The examination is conducted by professors in the department and by such other members of the faculty as may be appointed.

The candidate must present a dissertation on a topic related to his or her area of specialization that presents the results of original research and gives evidence of excellent scholarship. The dissertation must be approved by the professor or committee under whose direction it is written and by the Graduate Council. All requirements for the Ph.D. must be completed within five years after advancement to candidacy.

Faculty Member Leaves Brown

If a faculty member working with a doctoral student leaves Brown for any reason before that student has completed his or her degree requirements, it may not always be possible for that faculty member to continue working with the student as an advisor. In such cases, departments will work with students to help them locate a new advisor.

Additional Requirements

Individual departments and programs may have additional requirements regarding the number of courses to be taken, proficiency in foreign languages, special examinations, and theses. The department should be consulted for specific information.

• Youth Program
• Wharton Online

How the PhD Program Works

Program Overview

Completing your doctorate at Wharton requires 5 years of full-time study. The first 2 years in the program prepare you for admission to candidacy by taking courses, qualifying exams, and starting research projects. In the last few years, you are primarily conducting research full-time including writing and defending your doctoral dissertation.

Admission to candidacy.

You begin by taking courses required for your program of study. All programs requires a preliminary exam, which may be either oral or written.

Some programs may have further requirements, such as an additional exam or research paper. If you enter with a master’s degree or other transfer credit, you may satisfy the formal course requirements more quickly.

Beginning the Wharton PhD Curriculum How the first two years of the Wharton program helped students discover their interests, learn the tools of the profession, and fuel their passion for teaching.

The Doctoral Dissertation

Upon successful completion of coursework and passing a preliminary examination, you are admitted to candidacy for the dissertation phase of your studies.

Your doctoral dissertation should contain original research that meets standards for published scholarship in your field. You are expected to be an expert in the topic you choose to research.

You are admitted to candidacy for the dissertation phase of your studies upon successful completion of coursework and passing a preliminary examination, but you can start thinking about and working on research of relevance at any time.

The dissertation process culminates with a “defense,” in which you defend the proposal orally before your dissertation committee.

While working on your dissertation, you interact extensively with Wharton faculty. Together with interested faculty, you create your own research community that includes your dissertation advisor and dissertation committee.

Policies and Procedures

Get more detailed explanation of course requirements, academic standards, the Teacher Development Program, time limits, and dissertation procedures and requirements.

Sample Program Sequence

Years 1 & 2.

Coursework Examination Research Papers Research Activities Field-Specific Requirements

Directed Reading & Research Admission to Candidacy Formulation of Research Topic

Years 4 & 5

Continued Research Oral Examination Dissertation

Hear From Our Doctoral Community

Wharton is the "perfect" place to do research, wharton’s phd program prepared this doctor to perform economic evaluations in health care, why i chose academic research instead of consulting.

Andrea Contigiani

• What is a PhD?

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD is a doctoral research degree and the highest level of academic qualification you can achieve. The degree normally takes between three and four years of full-time work towards a thesis offering an original contribution to your subject.

This page explains what a PhD is, what it involves and what you need to know if you’re considering applying for a PhD research project , or enrolling on a doctoral programme .

On this page

The meaning of a phd.

The PhD can take on something of a mythic status. Are they only for geniuses? Do you have to discover something incredible? Does the qualification make you an academic? And are higher research degrees just for people who want to be academics?

Even the full title, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, has a somewhat mysterious ring to it. Do you become a doctor? Yes, but not that kind of doctor. Do you have to study Philosophy? No (not unless you want to) .

So, before going any further, let's explain what the term 'PhD' actually means and what defines a doctorate.

What does PhD stand for?

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term ‘philosophy’ does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to ‘lover of wisdom’.

What is a doctorate?

A doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. In order to qualify for one you need to produce advanced work that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your field. Doing so earns you the title 'Doctor' – hence the name.

So, is a PhD different to a doctorate? No. A PhD is a type of doctorate .

The PhD is the most common type of doctorate and is awarded in almost all subjects at universities around the world. Other doctorates tend to be more specialised or for more practical and professional projects.

Essentially, all PhDs are doctorates, but not all doctorates are PhDs.

Do you need a Masters to get a PhD?

Not necessarily. It's common for students in Arts and the Humanities to complete an MA (Master of Arts) before starting a PhD in order to acquire research experience and techniques. Students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) don't always need an MS/MSc (Master of Science) to do a PhD as you'll gain training in lab techniques and other skills during your undergraduate degree.

Whether a Masters is a requirement for a PhD also varies by country. Australian PhDs may require a Masters as the equivalent of their own 'honours year' (where students work on research). US PhD programmes often include a Masters.

We have a whole guide dedicated to helping you decide whether a PhD without a Masters is the right route for you.

The origin of the PhD

Despite its name, the PhD isn't actually an Ancient Greek degree. Instead it's a much more recent development. The PhD as we know it was developed in nineteenth-century Germany, alongside the modern research university.

Higher education had traditionally focussed on mastery of an existing body of scholarship and the highest academic rank available was, appropriately enough, a Masters degree.

As the focus shifted more onto the production of new knowledge and ideas, the PhD degree was brought in to recognise those who demonstrated the necessary skills and expertise.

The PhD process – what's required to get a PhD?

The typical length of a PhD is three to four years full-time, or five to six years part-time.

Unlike most Masters courses (or all undergraduate programmes), a PhD is a pure research degree. But that doesn’t mean you’ll just spend years locked away in a library or laboratory. In fact, the modern PhD is a diverse and varied qualification with many different components.

Whereas the second or third year of a taught degree look quite a lot like the first (with more modules and coursework at a higher level) a PhD moves through a series of stages.

A typical PhD normally involves:

• Carrying out a literature review (a survey of current scholarship in your field).
• Conducting original research and collecting your results .
• Producing a thesis that presents your conclusions.
• Writing up your thesis and submitting it as a dissertation .
• Defending your thesis in an oral viva voce exam.

These stages vary a little between subjects and universities, but they tend to fall into the same sequence over the three years of a typical full-time PhD.

The first year of a PhD

The beginning of a PhD is all about finding your feet as a researcher and getting a solid grounding in the current scholarship that relates to your topic.

You’ll have initial meetings with your supervisor and discuss a plan of action based on your research proposal.

The first step in this will almost certainly be carrying out your literature review . With the guidance of your supervisor you’ll begin surveying and evaluating existing scholarship. This will help situate your research and ensure your work is original.

Your literature review will provide a logical jumping off point for the beginning of your own research and the gathering of results . This could involve designing and implementing experiments, or getting stuck into a pile of primary sources.

The year may end with an MPhil upgrade . This occurs when PhD students are initially registered for an MPhil degree and then ‘upgraded’ to PhD candidates upon making sufficient progress. You’ll submit material from your literature review, or a draft of your research findings and discuss these with members of your department in an upgrade exam . All being well, you’ll then continue with your research as a PhD student.

PhDs in other countries

The information on the page is based on the UK. Most countries follow a similar format, but there are some differences. In the USA , for example, PhD students complete reading assignments and examinations before beginning their research. You can find out more in our guides to PhD study around the world .

The second year of a PhD

Your second year will probably be when you do most of your core research. The process for this will vary depending on your field, but your main focus will be on gathering results from experiments, archival research, surveys or other means.

As your research develops, so will the thesis (or argument) you base upon it. You may even begin writing up chapters or other pieces that will eventually form part of your dissertation .

You’ll still be having regular meetings with your supervisor. They’ll check your progress, provide feedback on your ideas and probably read any drafts your produce.

The second year is also an important stage for your development as a scholar. You’ll be well versed in current research and have begun to collect some important data or develop insights of your own. But you won’t yet be faced with the demanding and time-intensive task of finalising your dissertation.

So, this part of your PhD is a perfect time to think about presenting your work at academic conferences , gaining teaching experience or perhaps even selecting some material for publication in an academic journal. You can read more about these kinds of activities below.

The third year of a PhD

The third year of a PhD is sometimes referred to as the writing up phase.

Traditionally, this is the final part of your doctorate, during which your main task will be pulling together your results and honing your thesis into a dissertation .

In reality, it’s not always as simple as that.

It’s not uncommon for final year PhD students to still be fine-tuning experiments, collecting results or chasing up a few extra sources. This is particularly likely if you spend part of your second year focussing on professional development.

In fact, some students actually take all or part of a fourth year to finalise their dissertation. Whether you are able to do this will depend on the terms of your enrolment – and perhaps your PhD funding .

Eventually though, you are going to be faced with writing up your thesis and submitting your dissertation.

Your supervisor will be very involved in this process. They’ll read through your final draft and let you know when they think your PhD is ready for submission.

All that’s left then is your final viva voce oral exam. This is a formal discussion and defence of your thesis involving at least one internal and external examiner. It’s normally the only assessment procedure for a PhD. Once you’ve passed, you’ve done it!

Looking for more information about the stages of a PhD?

How do you go about completing a literature review? What's it like to do PhD research? And what actually happens at an MPhil upgrade? You can find out more in our detailed guide to the PhD journey .

Doing a PhD – what's it actually like?

You can think of the ‘stages’ outlined above as the basic ‘roadmap’ for a PhD, but the actual ‘journey’ you’ll take as a research student involves a lot of other sights, a few optional destinations and at least one very important fellow passenger.

Carrying out research

Unsurprisingly, you’ll spend most of your time as a PhD researcher… researching your PhD. But this can involve a surprisingly wide range of activities.

The classic image of a student working away in the lab, or sitting with a pile of books in the library is true some of the time – particularly when you’re monitoring experiments or conducting your literature review.

Your PhD can take you much further afield though. You may find yourself visiting archives or facilities to examine their data or look at rare source materials. You could even have the opportunity to spend an extended period ‘in residence’ at a research centre or other institution beyond your university.

Research is also far from being a solitary activity. You’ll have regular discussions with your supervisor (see below) but you may also work with other students from time to time.

This is particularly likely if you’re part of a larger laboratory or workshop group studying the same broad area. But it’s also common to collaborate with students whose projects are more individual. You might work on shorter projects of joint interest, or be part of teams organising events and presentations.

Many universities also run regular internal presentation and discussion groups – a perfect way to get to know other PhD students in your department and offer feedback on each other’s work in progress.

Working with your supervisor

All PhD projects are completed with the guidance of at least one academic supervisor . They will be your main point of contact and support throughout the PhD.

Your supervisor will be an expert in your general area of research, but they won’t have researched on your exact topic before (if they had, your project wouldn’t be original enough for a PhD).

As such, it’s better to think of your supervisor as a mentor, rather than a teacher.

As a PhD student you’re now an independent and original scholar, pushing the boundaries of your field beyond what is currently known (and taught) about it. You’re doing all of this for the first time, of course. But your supervisor isn’t.

They’ll know what’s involved in managing an advanced research project over three years (or more). They’ll know how best to succeed, but they’ll also know what can go wrong and how to spot the warning signs before it does.

Perhaps most importantly, they’ll be someone with the time and expertise to listen to your ideas and help provide feedback and encouragement as you develop your thesis.

Exact supervision arrangements vary between universities and between projects:

• In Science and Technology projects it’s common for a supervisor to be the lead investigator on a wider research project, with responsibility for a laboratory or workshop that includes several PhD students and other researchers.
• In Arts and Humanities subjects, a supervisor’s research is more separate from their students’. They may supervise more than one PhD at a time, but each project is essentially separate.

It’s also becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have two (or more) supervisors. The first is usually responsible for guiding your academic research whilst the second is more concerned with the administration of your PhD – ensuring you complete any necessary training and stay on track with your project’s timetable.

However you’re supervised, you’ll have regular meetings to discuss work and check your progress. Your supervisor will also provide feedback on work during your PhD and will play an important role as you near completion: reading your final dissertation draft, helping you select an external examiner and (hopefully) taking you out for a celebratory drink afterwards!

Professional development, networking and communication

Traditionally, the PhD has been viewed as a training process, preparing students for careers in academic research.

As such, it often includes opportunities to pick up additional skills and experiences that are an important part of a scholarly CV. Academics don’t just do research after all. They also teach students, administrate departments – and supervise PhDs.

The modern PhD is also viewed as a more flexible qualification. Not all doctoral graduates end up working in higher education. Many follow alternative careers that are either related to their subject of specialism or draw upon the advanced research skills their PhD has developed.

PhD programmes have begun to reflect this. Many now emphasise transferrable skills or include specific training units designed to help students communicate and apply their research beyond the university.

What all of this means is that very few PhD experiences are just about researching and writing up a thesis.

The likelihood is that you’ll also do some (or all) of the following during your PhD:

The work is usually paid and is increasingly accompanied by formal training and evaluation.

Conference presentation

As a PhD student you’ll be at the cutting edge of your field, doing original research and producing new results. This means that your work will be interest to other scholars and that your results could be worth presenting at academic conferences .

Doing this is very worthwhile, whatever your career plans. You’ll develop transferrable skills in public speaking and presenting, gain feedback on your results and begin to be recognised as an expert in your area.

Conferences are also great places to network with other students and academics.

Publication

As well as presenting your research, you may also have the opportunity to publish work in academic journals, books, or other media. This can be a challenging process.

Your work will be judged according to the same high standards as any other scholar’s and will normally go through extensive peer review processes. But it’s also highly rewarding. Seeing your work ‘in print’ is an incredible validation of your PhD research and a definite boost to your academic CV.

Public engagement and communication

Academic work may be associated with the myth of the ‘ivory tower’ – an insular community of experts focussing on obscure topics of little interest outside the university. But this is far from the case. More and more emphasis is being placed on the ‘impact’ of research and its wider benefits to the public – with funding decisions being made accordingly.

Thankfully, there are plenty of opportunities to try your hand at public engagement as a PhD student. Universities are often involved in local events and initiatives to communicate the benefits of their research, ranging from workshops in local schools to public lectures and presentations.

Some PhD programmes include structured training in order to help students with activities such as the above. Your supervisor may also be able to help by identifying suitable conferences and public engagement opportunities, or by involving you in appropriate university events and public engagement initiatives.

These experiences will be an important part of your development as a researchers - and will enhance the value of your PhD regardless of your career plans.

What is a PhD for – and who should study one?

So, you know what a PhD actually is, what’s involved in completing one and what you might get up to whilst you do. That just leaves one final question: should you do a PhD?

Unfortunately, it’s not a question we can answer for you.

A PhD is difficult and uniquely challenging. It requires at least three years of hard work and dedication after you’ve already completed an undergraduate degree (and probably a Masters degree too).

You’ll need to support yourself during those years and, whilst you will be building up an impressive set of skills, you won’t be directly progressing in a career.

But a PhD is also immensely rewarding. It’s your chance to make a genuine contribution to the sum of human knowledge and produce work that other researchers can (and will) build on in future. However obscure your topic feels, there’s really no such thing as a useless PhD.

A PhD is also something to be incredibly proud of. A proportionately tiny number of people go on to do academic work at this level. Whatever you end up doing after your doctorate you’ll have an impressive qualification – and a title to match. What’s more, non-academic careers and professions are increasingly recognising the unique skills and experience a PhD brings.

Other PhDs - do degree titles matter?

The PhD is the oldest and most common form of higher research degree, but a few alternatives are available. Some, such as the DPhil are essentially identical to a PhD. Others, such as the Professional Doctorate or DBA are slightly different. You can find out more in our guide to types of PhD .

Is a PhD for me?

There’s more advice on the value of a PhD – and good reasons for studying one – elsewhere in this section. But the following are some quick tips if you’re just beginning to consider a PhD.

Speak to your lecturers / tutors

The best people to ask about PhD study are people who’ve earned one. Ask staff at your current or previous university about their experience of doctoral research – what they enjoyed, what they didn’t and what their tips might be.

If you’re considering a PhD for an academic career, ask about that too. Are job prospects good in your field? And what’s it really like to work at a university?

Speak to current PhD students

Want to know what it’s like studying a PhD right now? Or what it’s like doing research at a particular university? Ask someone who knows.

Current PhD students were just like you a year or two ago and most will be happy to answer questions.

If you can’t get in touch with any students ‘face to face’, pop over to the Postgraduate Forum – you’ll find plenty of students there who are happy to chat about postgraduate research.

Take a look at advertised projects and programmes

This may seem like a strange suggestion. After all, you’re only going to study one PhD, so what’s the point of reading about lots of others?

Well, looking at the details of different PhD projects is a great way to get a general sense of what PhD research is like. You’ll see what different PhDs tend to have in common and what kinds of unique opportunity might be available to you.

And, with thousands of PhDs in our database , you’re already in a great place to start.

Read our other advice articles

Finally, you can also check out some of the other advice on the FindAPhD website. We’ve looked at some good (and bad) reasons for studying a PhD as well as the value of a doctorate to different career paths.

More generally, you can read our in-depth look at a typical PhD journey , or find out more about specific aspects of doctoral study such as working with a supervisor or writing your dissertation .

We add new articles all the time – the best way to stay up to date is by signing up for our free PhD opportunity newsletter .

Ready to find your PhD?

Head on over to our PhD search listings to learn what opportunities are on offer within your discipline.

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What happens during a typical PhD, and when? We've summarised the main milestones of a doctoral research journey.

The PhD thesis is the most important part of a doctoral degree. This page will introduce you to what you need to know about the PhD dissertation.

This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student, explaining how your daily life will look at you progress through a doctoral degree.

PhD fees can vary based on subject, university and location. Use our guide to find out the PhD fees in the UK and other destinations, as well as doctoral living costs.

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PhD Degree Requirements

This webpage provides a quick overview of the requirements for our PhD program. More detailed information can be found in the Psychology Graduate Guide . This webpage and the Graduate Guide supplement the Psychology PhD requirements defined in the Stanford Bulletin and the policies for all Stanford graduate education as defined in the Graduate Academic Policies and Procedures Handbook . 

The most important component of our PhD program is engaging in scientific research. Students in our PhD program conduct in-depth research in at least one of five areas of study: Affective , Cognitive , Developmental , Neuroscience , or Social Psychology. All students are expected to spend at least half of their time engaged in research. Each quarter, students should register for 8 - 10 research units (PSYCH207: Graduate Research) and take no more than 10 units of coursework.

The sections below outline program requirements regarding coursework and teaching, as well as key milestones towards a PhD degree.

Course Requirements

• Teaching Requirements  
• Key Program Milestones

Core Courses, Statistics/Methods Courses, and Advanced Units must be taken for a letter grade and passed with a grade of B- or higher. Click each requirement to open the relevant sections in the Graduate Guide.  

Professional Seminar 

All incoming students are required to take PSYCH207 in the first quarter (Year 1 Autumn). This is a course taught by the Department Chair with guest lectures from faculty across all areas, and serves to introduce the first-year students to the Department. 

• PSYCH 207: Professional Seminar for First-Year Ph.D Students

As a part of PSYCH 207, first-year students are also expected to meet with their advisor(s) early in the fall quarter of the first year to discuss mentorship expectations. 

Core Courses

Students are required to complete 4 of the following Core Courses by the end of Yr 3.

• PSYCH 202: Cognitive Neuroscience
• PSYCH 205: Foundations of Cognition
• PSYCH 211: Developmental Psychology
• PSYCH 213: Affective Science
• PSYCH 215: Mind, Culture, and Society

Statistics / Methods Courses

Students must complete PSYCH 251 and one additional statistics/methods courses by the end of Year 2. At least one of the two courses must be taken in the first year. 

• PSYCH 251: Experimental Methods (Required) 
• PSYCH 249: Large-Scale Neural Network Modeling for Neuroscience
• PSYCH 252: Statistical Methods for Behavioral and Social Sciences
• PSYCH 253: Measurement and the Study of Change in Social Science Research
• PSYCH 289: Longitudinal Data Analysis in Social Science Research

Some students may wish to take advanced courses in Statistics or CS not listed above; please consult with your advisor and send an inquiry to the Student Services Manager. These requests may be reviewed by the DGS and/or the GPC.

Advanced Units / PhD Minor  

Students must complete 12 units of advanced graduate coursework (“Advanced Units”, or AU), or complete a PhD Minor by the end of Year 4.  

Students and their advisor(s) should discuss the course requirements and create a plan together for completing the Advanced Units. To this end, rising 2nd year students must submit an Advanced Courses Form by the first Monday in October (usually the first Monday of the Fall Quarter) of the 2nd year. 

Terminal Graduate Registration (TGR) Statu s

Students should apply for Terminal Graduate Registration (TGR) status once they have accumulated 135 units of residency and have filed a Dissertation Reading Committee form . Students in TGR status should register for PSYCH 802: TGR Dissertation (0 units) and take no more than 3 units of coursework per quarter. Typically, students transition to TGR in the Winter quarter of 5th year. 

For more information about Course Requirements, consult the Graduate Guide and the Stanford Graduate Academic Policies and Procedures Handbook .

Teaching Requirements

All students serve as teaching assistants for at least 5 Psychology courses during their graduate study, regardless of the source of their financial support. Of these 5 TAships, students must apply for 2 of their TAships to be in one of the two tracks: 

• PSYCH 1 Track (2 quarters of Introduction to Psychology)  
• STATS Track (2 quarters of core statistics/methods course: PSYCH 10, PSYCH 251, PSYCH 252, PSYCH 253).  

Students can review the Department's complete  TA policy  for more details. Questions about TA assignments or TA policy should be directed to the Student Services Manager. 

Program Requirements and Milestones

Year 1: First Year Project (FYP)

At the end of their first year of graduate study, students must submit a written report of their first-year research activities, called the First Year Project (FYP) by June 1 The FYP is submitted to their advisor, second FYP reader (another faculty), and the students’ services manager. Students are also expected to present the results of their FYP in their area seminar. 

Year 2: Admission to Candidacy

In our department, a student’s application for candidacy must be filed as soon as all requirements for Year 1 and Year 2 are completed (and by the end of the 2nd year). The decision to advance a student to candidacy is made based on a holistic assessment of the student’s progress in the program. For more information, please refer to the Graduate Guide, section on Admission to Candidacy. 

Conferral of a masters degree: Graduate students in the Department of Psychology who have completed (a) the first-year and second-year course requirements and (b) at least 45 units of Psychology courses may apply for a conferral of the MA degree.

Master of Arts Degree in Psychology (Optional)

Graduate students in the Department of Psychology who have completed (a) the first-year and second-year course requirements and (b) at least 45 units of Psychology courses may apply for conferral of the MA degree. The application should be reviewed with the Student Services Manager. The  application process  typically occurs in 2nd or 3rd year.

Year 3: Research Plan and Dissertation Reading Committee   

Students in Year 3 are expected to:

(1) Form a dissertation reading committee (due Feb 1): The research committee includes the dissertation advisor and at least 2 additional faculty members, for a total of 3 members, at least two of whom should have primary appointments in the Psychology Department. 

(2) Schedule and hold the 3rd Year Committee Meeting to take place in Winter or Spring quarter (before June 1), and submit a research plan to their committee 2 weeks before the meeting

(3) After the committee meeting, submit the Research Plan to the Student Services Manager and report the meeting date using the Committee Meeting Google Form .

Year 4: Area Review and Research Roadmap (ARRR) and Committee Meeting

Students in Year 4 are expected to:

(1) Schedule and hold the 4th Year Committee Meeting in the Winter quarter and submit an Area Review & Research Roadmap (ARRR) to the committee two weeks before the meeting.

(2) After the committee meeting, submit the ARRR to the Student Services Manager and report the meeting date using the Committee Meeting Google Form . 

Final Year: Oral Examination and Dissertation  

Students in Year 3 and above are expected to hold a committee meeting every year. In their final year, students must form their Oral Examination Committee including identifying an external chair. Students must submit the Oral Exam Form to the Student Services Manager at least 2 weeks before the anticipated defense and follow the standard Department protocol for reserving a room for their defense.

Individual Development Plan

Every year, each graduate student completes an Individual Development Plan (IDP) and has a meeting with their advisor to discuss the IDP and set an Action Plan for the coming year. The goal of the IDP is for the student to step back from their daily tasks, reflect on the larger picture, discuss these topics with their mentor, and make an action plan for achieving their goals going forward. The IDP meeting must occur by June 1 each year. 

The IDP process has 4 steps:

1. Student completeness the IDP Self-Reflection form  

2. Student prepares the IDP Meeting and Action Plan form and schedules a one-on-one meeting with the advisor. 

3. Student and Advisor(s) complete the Action Plan (pages 3-4 of the IDP Meeting and Action Plan form ). 

4. Student submits the IDP Meeting Google Form to report the meeting to the Student Services.

Students can also use the IDP meeting to discuss mentorship expectations and schedule additional meetings if further conversations are needed. Note that first-year students must schedule a separate meeting with their advisors to discuss Mentorship Expectation as a part of their ProSem requirement

Graduation Quarter

Registration for Graduation Quarter is required for the term in which a student submits a dissertation or has a degree conferred. Please consult the Registrar's Academic Calendar for the quarterly deadlines for submitting dissertations; they are strict, and missing the deadline can have serious funding implications. For more information, please refer to the Graduate Guide and Registrar's Office website .

PhD Program Timeline At-A-Glance

• FYP Proposal and name of 2nd reader due to Student Services

End of Fall Quarter 

• Complete the mentorship expectations meeting with advisor
• FYP due to Student Services, advisor, and 2nd reader

Summer of 1st Year

• Meet and receive feedback from advisor and 2nd reader
• Submit  Advanced Units coursework form  to Student Services

June 1  

• IDP Meeting Due

By the end of 2nd Year

• Submit  Candidacy Form  to Student Services
• Submit  Doctoral Dissertation Reading Committee form  to Student Services
• Schedule 3rd Year Committee Meeting
• Hold Committee Meeting (Research Plan to committee 2 weeks before meeting), and report meeting to Student Services; IDP Meeting
• Schedule 4th Year Committee Meeting
• Submit ARRR to the committee two weeks before the meeting
• Hold Committee Meeting
• Report meeting to Student Services
• IDP Meeting

2 weeks before Defense: 

• Submit the  Oral Exam form  to Student Services

End of Spring Quarter: 

• Oral Examination
• Submit Dissertation 
• Schedule and hold a 5th Year Committee Meeting 

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Application requirements for all doctoral programs (phd).

All of our doctoral programs are designed to develop outstanding educational researchers who have a deep understanding of the scientific, practical and policy issues they study. All require full-time study, and we promise five years of full-time financial support for every student we admit. Our doctoral programs are small, typically ranging from about 25 to 35 new students a year. The small size of our doctoral cohorts creates big educational advantages for students: the classes are almost always small, students receive individualized attention from their advisors, and they have many opportunities to develop close collegial relationships with fellow students.

It is extremely important to demonstrate in your statement of purpose that your interests converge closely with the current research of faculty who work in the program to which you are applying. Other doctoral applicants will certainly do this, and if you don't, you will forfeit an important competitive advantage to them. 

If you wish to contact faculty, please read our Which Degree Which Program article, by Professor Eamonn Callan, which outlines the appropriate process for contacting faculty with whom you share research interests. 

• Program website:  Degrees and Programs/PhD
• Length of Program:  5 years (average length)
• Tuition: fellowship/assistantship salary and tuition guaranteed for first five years of the program (autumn, winter and spring quarters) for all students, including international students. Funding includes two summers.

Application Requirements:

Application form.

Complete and submit Stanford's graduate online application .

Application Fee

The application fee is $125 , is non-refundable, and must be received by the application deadline.

Application Fee Waivers

Stanford offers three types of application fee waivers for which GSE applicants may apply and be considered:

• GRE Fee Reduction Certificate-Based Waiver
• Diversity Program Participation-Based Waiver
• School-Based Waiver

Please visit the Stanford Graduate Diversity website for instructions, deadlines, and the fee waiver application form.

Statement of Purpose

A Statement of Purpose is required. Your statement should be typed, single-spaced and should be between one to two pages . Describe succinctly your reasons for applying to the proposed program, your preparation for this field of study, and why our program is a good fit for you, your future career plans, and other aspects of your background as well as interests which may aid the admissions committee in evaluating your aptitude and motivation for graduate study. You may indicate potential faculty mentors as part of your study and research interests. Be sure to keep a copy for your records. What's a Good Statement of Purpose?

A resume or CV  is required of all applicants, depending on which document is most appropriate for your background. There is no page limit for resumes or CVs, though we typically see resumes of one page in length. Please upload your resume or CV in the online application.

Three (3) Letters of Recommendation

Applicants are required to submit three letters of recommendation . In the online application, you will be asked to identify your recommenders and their email addresses. Please notify your recommenders that they will receive an email prompt to submit their recommendation online. You can submit your request for letters of recommendation through the system without submitting the entire online application.  Stanford GSE only accepts online recommendations through the application system ; Stanford GSE cannot accept mailed, emailed or faxed recommendations.

Recommendations should be written by people who have supervised you in an academic, employment, or community service setting. We very strongly recommend that at least one of these letters be from a university professor familiar with your academic work. Your recommendations should directly address your suitability for admission to a graduate program at Stanford GSE.

It is the applicant's responsibility to ensure that all three letters of recommendation are submitted through the system by the application deadline , so please work closely with your recommenders to remind them of the deadline.

College and University Transcripts

Transcripts are required from every college and university you have attended for at least one academic year as a full-time student. When submitting your online application, transcripts should be uploaded to the application as a scanned copy or PDF ; this is sufficient for the application review process. Please refrain from sending a secured PDF/transcript with a digital signature as our system cannot upload these properly. The best way to ensure we receive an upload-able document is for you to print out the secured transcript, scan it, and upload the scanned copy (not to exceed 10MB) as a PDF. 

If you earned a degree at the institution from which you are submitting a transcript, please ensure that the degree conferral date and the degree conferred is clearly visible on the document. If you are currently enrolled in a degree program and will not have earned the respective degree by the time of submitting your GSE application, you should submit your most recent in-progress transcript from your institution.

Only if admitted will we contact you with instructions on sending two copies of your official transcripts to our office. We cannot accept mailed, emailed or faxed copies of your transcripts during the application process. Please note: the instructions for sending transcripts on the online application and on the general Stanford Graduate Admissions Office website differ from this Stanford GSE requirement.

Concerning course work completed in a study abroad program

If the coursework and grades are reflected on the transcript of your home institution, you do not need to submit original transcripts from the study abroad institution.

Concerning foreign institutions

If your institution provides a transcript in a language other than English, we require that you submit a translation of the transcript that is either provided by the institution or a certified translator. Translations must be literal and complete versions of the original records.

If your transcript does not include your degree conferral date and the degree conferred , please submit a scanned copy of your diploma, a conferral statement, or a conferral document in addition to your transcript . If you are currently enrolled in a degree program and will not have earned the respective degree by the time of submitting your GSE application, you should submit your most recent in-progress transcript from your institution.

Stanford University requires the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) from all applicants whose native language is not English. The GSE requires a minimum TOEFL score of 250 for the computer-based test, 600 for the paper-based test or 100 for the internet-based test in order to be considered for admission. The Test of Written English (TWE) portion of the TOEFL is not required. Applicants who have completed a four-year bachelor's degree or a two-year master's program (or its equivalent) in the U.S. or at an institution where English is the main language of instruction are not required to take the TOEFL. For more information on TOEFL requirements, please refer to the Required Exams  page on the main Stanford Graduate Admissions website. You may register for the TOEFL test directly at the ETS website .

TOEFL Dates and Deadlines

PhD applicants who are required to take the TOEFL should plan to take the internet-based TOEFL test and have official TOEFL scores sent electronically to Stanford at institution code 4704 (department code does not matter) no later than November 1 . This will give your official TOEFL scores time to be sent from ETS and be received by our system in time for the December 1 deadline. PhD applicants to Knight-Hennessy Scholars should plan to take the internet-based TOEFL test no later than October 16 so your scores can be received by our system in time for the November 16 KHS GSE deadline. Please note that the TOEFL may be taken no earlier than 18 months prior to the application deadline.

Does Stanford accept tests other than TOEFL?

No. We accept only TOEFL scores; we do not accept IELTS or other test scores.

Contact Information

Admissions:  [email protected]  

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What is a PhD?

• Types of Doctorates
• A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest globally recognized postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award.
• PhDs are awarded to candidates who undertake original and extensive research in a particular field of study.
• Full time PhD programmes typically last three to four years, whilst part time PhD programmes typically last six to seven years.
• A PhD can lead to an academia teaching role or a career in research. A PhD can also equip you with skills suitable for a wide range of jobs unrelated to your research topic or academia.

Definition of a PhD – A Doctor of Philosophy (commonly abbreviated to PhD , Ph.D or a DPhil ) is a university research degree awarded from across a broad range of academic disciplines; in most countries, it is a terminal degree, i.e. the highest academic degree possible.

PhDs differ from undergraduate and master’s degrees in that PhDs are entirely research-based rather than involving taught modules (although doctoral training centres (DTCs) offer programmes that start with a year of lecture-based teaching to help develop your research skills prior to starting your project).

In most English-speaking countries, those that complete a PhD use the title “Doctor” (typically abbreviated to Dr) in front of their names and are referred to as such within academic and/or research settings. Those that work in fields outside of academia may decide not to use the formal doctor title but use post-nominal letters (e.g. John Smith PhD); it’s unusual though for someone to use both the Doctor title and post-nominal letters in their name.

PhD vs Doctorate

A PhD and a professional doctorate are both research-based terminal degrees.

However, where a PhD focuses on original research mostly around theoretical concepts, a professional doctorate focuses on examining existing knowledge to solve real-life, practical problems.

While there is much crossover between the two, a PhD is generally better suited for an individual to wants to advance the knowledge and understanding in their field, and a professional doctorate degree is better suited to a working professional who wants to better be able to apply knowledge and understanding to their field.

What Are the Entry Requirements for a PhD?

To be accepted on to a PhD programme, students usually need to hold at least a high ( 2:1 and above ) undergraduate degree that is related to the field of research that they want to pursue. A PhD candidate may also be expected to hold a Master’s degree , however, this does not mean you must have one, as it is still possible to enrol into a PhD without a Master’s .

Self-funded courses may sometimes be more relaxed in relation to entry requirements . It may be possible to be accepted onto a self-funded PhD programme with lower grades, though these students typically demonstrate their suitability for the role through professional work experience.

Whilst a distance learning project is possible , most PhD candidates will carry out their research over at least three years based at their university, with regular contact with two academic supervisors (primary and secondary). This is particularly the case for lab-based projects, however, some PhD projects require spending time on-site away from university (e.g. at a specialist research lab or at a collaborating institution abroad).

How Long Does a PhD Take?

Typically, full-time PhDs last 3-4 years and part-time PhDs last 6-7 years. However, at the discretion of the university, the thesis writing-up period can be extended by up to four years.

Although most doctoral programmes start in September or October, they are generally much more flexible than taught-courses and can start at any time of the year.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Tuition fees for UK and EU students vary between £3,000 and £6,000 per year, with the average tuition fee of £4,712 per year for 2023/24 programmes.

Tuition fees increase considerably for international students, varying between £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with an average tuition fee of £19,600 per year .

Nonetheless, most students will secure PhD funding in the form of studentships, scholarships and bursaries to help pay for these fees. These funding opportunities can either be partial, which cover tuition fees only, or full, which cover both tuition fees and living expenses.

UK national students can also apply for Doctoral Loans from Student Finance England if they are unable to secure funding.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

What Does a PhD Involve?

To be awarded a PhD, a doctoral student is required to produce a substantial body of work that adds new knowledge to their chosen field.

A PhD programme will typically involve four key stages:

Stage 1: Literature Review

The first year of a PhD involves attending regular meetings with your supervisors and carrying out a search on previously published work in your subject area. This search will be used to produce a literature review which should set the context of the project by explaining the foundation of what is currently known within the field of research, what recent developments have occurred, and where the gaps in knowledge are. In most cases, this will be an extension of your research proposal should you have produced one as part of your application. The literature review should conclude by outlining the overarching aims and objectives of the research project. This stage of setting achievable goals which are original and contribute to the field of research is an essential first step in a successful PhD.

The supervisor is the main point of contact through the duration of a PhD – but remember: they are there to mentor, not to teach, or do it for you . It will be your responsibility to plan, execute and monitor your own work as well as to identify gaps in your own knowledge and address them.

Stage 2: Research

The second year (and prehapse some of your third year) is when you work on your research. Having identified novel research questions from your review of the literature, this is where you collect your data to help answer these questions. How you do this will depend on the nature of your doctoral research: for example, you may design and run experiments in a lab alongside other PhD students or visit excavation sites in remote regions of the world. You should check in regularly with your supervisors to update them and run any ideas or issues past them.

Have the structure and chapters of your thesis in mind as you develop and tackle your research questions. Working with a view of publishing your work will be very valuable later on.

Stage 3: Write up of Thesis

The next key stage of a PhD is writing a doctoral thesis , which typically takes from anywhere between three months to one year. A thesis is a substantial body of work that describes the work and outcomes of the research over the previous two to three years. It should tell a detailed story of the PhD project – focusing on:

• The motivations for the research questions identified from the literature review.
• The methodologies used, results obtained, and a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the findings.
• A detailed discussion of the key findings with an emphasis on the original contributions made to your field of research and how this has been impactful.

There is no universal rule for the length of a PhD thesis, but general guidelines set the word count between 80,000 to 100,000 words.

For your thesis to be successful, it needs to adequately defend your argument and provide a unique or increased insight into your field that was not previously available.

Stage 4: Attending the Viva

A viva voce , most commonly referred to as just a ‘ viva ‘, is an interview-style examination where the PhD student is required to engage in a critical appraisal of their work and defend their thesis against at least two examiners. The examiners will ask questions to check the PhD student has an in-depth understanding of the ideas and theories proposed in their thesis, and whether they have developed the research skills that would be expected of them.

The viva is one of the final steps in achieving a PhD, and typically lasts at least two hours, but this duration can vary depending on the examiners, the university and the PhD project itself.

Once you have done the viva – you’re on the home stretch. You will typically be asked to make some amendments to your thesis based on the examiner’s feedback. You are then ready to submit your final thesis for either:

• PhD – If you pass the requirements you will be awarded a PhD degree (most common outcome),
• MPhil – If you failed to meet requirements for a PhD, you may be downgraded to an MPhil degree (uncommon outcome),
• Fail – No award is given, typically for cases of plagiarism (extremely uncommon outcome).

What Is It Like to Undertake a PhD?

We’re often asked what it is like to undertake a PhD study. Unfortunately, this isn’t a simple answer to this question as every research project is different.

To help give insight into the life of a PhD student, we’ve interviewed PhD students at various stages of their programmes and put together a series of PhD Student Interviews . Check out the link to find out what a PhD is like and what advice they have to offer you.

What Are the Benefits of A PhD?

A PhD is the highest globally recognised postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award. The degree, which is awarded to candidates who demonstrate original and independent research in a particular field of study, is not only invaluable in itself, but sets you up with invaluable skills and traits.

Career Opportunities

First, a PhD prepares you for a career in academia if you wish to continue in this area. This takes form as a career in the Higher Education sector, typically as a lecturer working their way to becoming a professor leading research on the subject you’ve studied and trained in.

Second, a PhD also enables the opportunity for landing a job in a research & development role outside of the academic environment. Examples of this include laboratory work for a private or third sector company, a governmental role and research for commercial and industrial applications.

Transferable Skills

Finally, in possessing a PhD degree, you can show to employers that you have vital skills that make you an asset to any company. Three examples of the transferable skills that you gain through a PhD are effective communication, time management, and report writing.

• Communication – presenting your work in written and oral forms using journal papers and podium presentations, shows your ability to share complex ideas effectively and to those with less background knowledge than you. Communication is key in the professional environment, regardless of the job.
• Time management – The ability to prioritise and organise tasks is a tremendous asset in the professional industry. A PhD holder can use their qualification to demonstrate that they are able to manage their time, arrange and follow a plan, and stick to deadlines.
• Report writing – Condensing three years of work into a thesis demonstrates your ability to filter through massive amounts of information, identify the key points, and get these points across to the reader. The ability to ‘cut out the waffle’ or ‘get to the point’ is a huge asset in the professional industry.

Aside from the above, you also get to refer to yourself as a Doctor and add fancy initials after your name!

What Can I Do After a PhD?

One of the most desirable postdoctoral fields is working within independent Research and Development (R&D) labs and new emerging companies. Both industries, especially R&D labs, have dedicated groups of PhD graduates who lead research activities, design new products and take part in crucial strategic meetings. Not only is this a stimulating line of work, but the average salaries in R&D labs and emerging start-ups are lucrative. In comparison, an undergraduate with five years of experience within their given field will, on average, likely earn less than a new PhD graduate taking on a R&D position.

It’s a common misunderstanding that PhDs only opens the door for an academic career such as university lecturers and training providers. Although obtaining a PhD opens these doors, the opportunities extend far beyond educational roles. In fact, recent data from the UK’s Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) indicates only 23% of PhD graduates take a position in educational roles . This low percentage is primarily because PhD graduates have a wide range of skills that make them suitable for a broad spectrum of roles. This is being seen first hand by the increasing number of PhD graduates who are entering alternative roles such as research, writing, law and investment banking.

How Do I Find a PhD?

We appreciate that finding a PhD programme to undertake can be a relatively daunting process. According to Higher Education Student Statistics , over 22,000 PhDs were awarded in 2016/17 within the United Kingdom alone. Clearly there are a huge number of PhD programmes available. This can sometimes be confusing for prospective doctorates, particularly when different programmes are advertised in different places. Often, it is difficult to know where to look or where to even start. We’ve put together a list of useful sources to find the latest PhD programmes:

• A great place to start is with our comprehensive and up-to-date database of available PhD positions .
• Assuming you are still at university, speak to an existing PhD supervisor within your department.
• Attend as many postgraduate open days as you can. Whilst there, speak to current PhD students and career advisors to get an awareness of what PhDs are on offer.
• Visit the postgraduate section of university websites and the PhD Research Council section of the UKRI website.

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What is a PhD Degree? [2024 Guide]

As you’re taking a look at potential grad school programs, you might be asking yourself, “What is a PhD degree?”

Understanding what a PhD is and what’s involved in earning one can help you decide whether to enroll in this type of doctoral program. You might decide that a PhD is a strategic step for you to take to further your career.

Editorial Listing ShortCode:

If you choose to pursue a PhD, you’ll be glad to know that you can also earn this type of degree online through an accredited university.

What Is a PhD Degree?

After earning a bachelors degree and a masters degree, you may be considering taking your education even further.

The next step for you might be a Doctor of Philosophy degree, better known as a PhD. As a terminal degree, a PhD can set you apart as an expert in your field. Earning a doctoral degree is not a small undertaking. The process includes multiple steps and can last for several years.

Components of a Ph.D. degree program often include:

• Advanced courses in your chosen field
• Classes in research methods, data analysis, and scholarly writing
• Examination of current literature and studies related to your field
• Oral or written comprehensive exams
• Original research project—includes writing and defending a major paper about your research

The dissertation, sometimes known as a thesis, is usually the part of a PhD program that takes the longest. During the dissertation process, you’ll work under the supervision of a faculty advisor, often someone whose research interests correlate with yours. You’ll design a research project, carry it out, and write about your findings. This project is meant to contribute new ideas to your field.

A PhD is particularly suitable for students who love school settings and want to pursue academic careers. For instance, professors often have PhDs. It’s also common for scientists and other researchers to hold this type of degree. Outside of  academia, a PhD could set you apart as a knowledgeable leader in your field.

Benefits of a PhD Degree

Getting your PhD can be an incredible personal goal worth achieving. Plus, a degree at this level can offer many professional benefits, such as:

• Career advancement . As a person with a PhD, you may be considered an expert in your field. That could help qualify you for a variety of top roles within your line of work.
• Higher earnings . A job promotion or a new employer might offer you a higher salary.
• Networking . You can meet new people and build professional connections as you work toward a PhD.
• Preparation for becoming a professor . Universities typically prefer to hire faculty members who hold PhDs in their area of expertise.
• Research opportunities . Before you can earn your PhD, it’s necessary to complete an original research project called a dissertation. After completing your degree, you may have additional opportunities to contribute research to your field.

If you’re willing to put in the work, then getting your PhD could be worth the effort.

How to Know If a PhD Is Right for Me

Before you sign up for a PhD program, it’s helpful to carefully weigh the decision and make sure it’s the right choice for you. You might ask yourself the following questions:

• Am I willing to commit years to the process ? PhDs take at least 3 years, and most take longer than that.
• Do I want to carry out original research ? This is a research-focused degree, and the purpose is to contribute new ideas or theories to your field.
• Does an academic career interest me ? Many people get PhDs because they want to work in higher education as teachers or researchers. Those who plan to remain as practitioners often consider professional doctorates instead.

It can also be helpful to speak with faculty members and current students to get a feel for what you can expect from PhD studies.

Applying for a Ph.D: Education Requirements

It’s necessary to put in years of study before you can apply for a PhD program. Most students need to hold at least two degrees already. But, in some cases, one may be sufficient.

• Bachelor’s degree . All graduate programs require students to have earned a four-year undergraduate degree before enrolling in advanced studies. Most PhD programs don’t specify that your bachelors degree must be in the same field as your hoped-for doctoral studies, but it can help you move through a graduate-level program with more ease.
• Master’s degree . Colleges often expect students to have earned a master’s degree before applying for PhD studies, but some programs do allow students straight out of bachelor’s degree programs. Doing a master’s degree first can provide strong preparation for the advanced coursework, research, and writing that are required in doctoral programs.

It is often required that the degrees you have be from accredited colleges. It may also be necessary to meet a minimum GPA requirement, such as a score of 3.0 or higher. Some colleges prefer PhD applicants who have graduated from previous programs with honors.

Doctor of Philosophy: Admissions Requirements

Doctoral programs can be quite selective about whom they admit because they’re looking for capable students who can keep up with the demands of the program and contribute valuable new research to the field.

In addition to meeting the education requirements, you’ll also be required to turn in records that demonstrate your academic potential. Here are some common admissions requirements:

• College transcripts and professional resume
• Letters of recommendation from people who know you academically or professionally
• Statement about relevant background, research interests, or professional goals
• Proposal that presents the original research project you’d be interested in doing
• Scores from the GRE or GMAT (not always required)

You might also connect with the department’s faculty members and find someone who would be willing to serve as your academic supervisor for your dissertation. It’s beneficial for this person’s research interests to align with your own.

Some schools have you do this before admission, and others connect admitted students to supervisors later in the enrollment process.

What Does PhD Stand For?

PhD stands for “Doctor of Philosophy.” It doesn’t mean that you’ve studied philosophy at the highest levels. Rather, the word “philosophy” in the name refers back to ancient Greek. It implies that you are someone who loves and seeks wisdom and knowledge.

You can get a PhD in many different subject areas—such as a Doctor of Philosophy in Mathematics or a Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology. PhD students explore their chosen field of study in great depth. They also learn how to conduct original research, and they undertake major research projects. By graduation, they are considered experts in their fields.

What Do You Learn in a Doctoral Degree?

In a PhD program, you’ll learn about your chosen area of study, such as biology or sociology. You will also study a niche area within that field in great depth.

Research is a significant topic in any PhD program. Your courses might include topics on:

• Advanced statistics
• Dissertation preparation
• Literature review
• Quantitative and qualitative methods
• Research methodology

These research-focused classes may be tailored to your particular area of study, such as research methodology in the social sciences or advanced statistics in criminal justice research.

What Can You Do with a PhD Degree?

Many people earn PhD degrees because they want to teach at the college level. This degree is often required for tenured faculty positions at universities.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that most postsecondary teachers earn between $46,690 and $172,130 each year. Research scientists often hold PhDs as well. Examples include medical scientists, biochemists, and physicists.

Additionally, there are some career paths that require a doctorate for licensure. For instance, clinical and counseling psychologists usually need to receive training at the doctoral level before they can practice independently.

Do You Need a Masters to Get a PhD?

Whether you’ll need a masters before you can begin the PhD process will depend on the program you choose.

Many PhD programs require a master’s degree as an admissions requirement. Completing a master’s program can provide a strong research and writing foundation that can help you during this advanced program. Other programs, though, let students enroll with only a bachelors degree.

There might be additional classes required to prepare you for working at the graduate level, so it may take a bit longer to complete your studies. For more information on whether you need a master’s to get a PhD , you can consult the admissions requirements of each program you’re considering.

Can You Get a PhD Online?

There are many online PhD programs available for aspiring students looking for flexibility. Some PhD programs are offered entirely online. You can take all of your classes online, and you can also receive guidance from your faculty advisor and defend your dissertation from afar.

Other programs are mostly online but require some in-person experiences. You might be asked to come to campus for a week or two of intensive study. Also, you may be asked to show up in person for your dissertation defense. Either way, online PhD studies are often more accessible for working professionals than fully on-campus programs.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD?

Students often spend 3 to 5 years completing a PhD program. Online programs sometimes include features like year-round classes and short course terms that encourage quick completion.

The shortest PhD programs typically do not involve writing a dissertation. There may be a different final assignment, such as a capstone project, instead. You might be able to finish one of those programs in about 3 years. Not all students finish within 5 years. Some spend around a decade on this massive undertaking. Some PhD programs set an upper limit for completion, such as 7 or 8 years.

Is a PhD a Doctor?

People with PhDs are considered experts in their fields, and the degree includes “Doctor” in its name. For that reason, PhD holders often use the title “Doctor.” A college professor, for example, might go by Dr. Smith.

Even still, there’s a difference between MD vs. PhD. A person who holds a PhD is not a medical doctor. Medical doctors earn a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree before becoming licensed to practice medicine. In most contexts, though, people refer to professionals with PhDs as “doctors.”

What Jobs Can You Get with a PhD?

People with doctorate degrees work in both academia and professional practice. Being a college professor is quite popular among people who hold PhDs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics says that a PhD can also be helpful for obtaining jobs in higher education administration, particularly as a dean or a provost.

PhD graduates may work in research as well. Research jobs are available with colleges, government agencies, and private institutions. Researchers are needed in many different fields, including biology, mathematics, computer science, and economics. PhDs also help people rise to the top in their industries, perhaps as chief executives.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Some graduate schools charge just $300 to $400 per credit hour. Others may charge $2,000 per credit hour or more.

Per-credit-hour rates between $600 and $1,000 are quite common. It’s helpful to keep in mind that state universities often charge less for in-state residents than nonresidents. Your total number of credit hours may depend on how many years you spend working on your dissertation.

Some universities offer tuition-free PhD programs for qualifying participants. The students may even receive a stipend in exchange for research or teaching assistance. This arrangement is more common for on-campus programs than online ones.

What’s the Difference Between a Doctorate vs. PhD Degrees?

Is a PhD a doctorate degree ? For your terminal degree, you may have the choice between a PhD degree and a professional doctorate. While they are both doctoral degrees, they do have some differences.

Professional doctorates are sometimes a year or two quicker than PhDs, but that’s not always the case.

Is a PhD Worth It?

Yes, a PhD is worth it for many students. For one thing, holding a PhD could be the key to fulfilling your professional dreams.

If you want to be a professor, for instance, there’s a good chance that you’ll be required to have this advanced degree. Even if that’s not your ultimate goal, a PhD could be beneficial. The more education you have, the more your job security usually increases.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there’s an inverse relationship between education and unemployment. As education increases, unemployment rates decrease.

Getting Your PhD Degree Online

An exciting future as an expert in your field may await. You can earn a PhD to increase your knowledge, prove your capability, and contribute new ideas to your area of study. Getting this degree is an impressive accomplishment, and it may open new doors for your career. For convenience and accessibility, you might take a look at online PhD studies.

Many accredited colleges offer robust online PhD programs. You’ll get to take advanced courses and work with respected professors. An online program can also offer opportunities for completing a thesis or a doctoral project. You could graduate prepared to make a difference in your field.

Why not start exploring your options today?

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What is a Doctorate: Everything You Need to Know

Do you already have a master's degree and want to continue your education? Maybe you’re still trying to determine what that means and what your next options are?

The pinnacle of educational attainment is the doctoral degree. But what exactly is a doctoral degree, what can you get your doctorate in and what is involved in the process? Consider this your introduction to doctoral degrees.

What Is a Doctorate Degree?

The doctorate is the most advanced academic degree you can earn, symbolizing that you have mastered a specific academic discipline or field of profession. Doctorate degrees require a significant level of research and articulation. Those who earn the degree must have researched a subject or topic thoroughly, conducted new research and analysis, and provided a new interpretation or solution to the field. Completing a doctorate program qualifies you for top-tier consulting and education career considerations and positions you as a leader in your field, giving you the edge to stay relevant in today’s competitive labor market. In many cases, completing a doctorate means achieving a lifelong personal goal.

Demand for Doctoral Degrees

The demand for doctorate degrees depends on specific fields and positions, but trends in degree completions can help paint a picture of the state of doctoral-level education. According to Lightcast Analytics, from 2012 to 2022, the total number of doctoral degree completions grew by 20%, from 170,815 to 205,341.  Doctoral categories that saw the greatest growth in demand over the 10-year period included Business , Management, Marketing and Related Programs (+75%), Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services (+64%), Education (+49%), Health Professions and Related Programs (+49%), and Engineering (+38%).

At a more granular level, doctoral programs that saw the greatest growth in demand included Occupational Therapy/Therapist (+1,134%), Nursing Practice (+614%), Organizational Leadership (+368%) and Social Work (+154%). Conversely, programs that saw the greatest decrease in demand included Divinity/Ministry (-42%), History (-26%), Law (-22%) and Psychology (-16%).  These trends show that increasingly complex and growing industries tend to require employees with higher levels of expertise, resulting in more demand for doctoral degree holders, while stagnant industries that require less skills development tend to need fewer experts and, thus, fewer employees may feel the need to pursue doctorates.

Earning a doctorate is challenging and rewarding, but do you know what to really expect? Download this free guide for tips and insights to help you prepare for success.  

The rise of online doctorate degrees.

Traditionally, higher education institutions only offered doctorates in person, but lately, there has been a shift toward flexible online education. According to Lightcast Analytics, distance-offered doctoral degrees saw a 237% increase in graduates from 2012 to 2022, while non-distance offered programs only grew by 6%.

The increase in online doctoral degrees is evident in the fields examined earlier. Distance offered completions increased by 150% for Law, 986% for Nursing Practice, 427% for Educational Leadership and Administration (General), and 243% for Business Administration and Management (General).  

So, what types of doctorates are available?

Two Types of Doctorate Degrees

There are two primary types of doctoral degrees : research-oriented degrees and professional application degrees (also called applied doctorates). The difference between the two types of programs may be murkier than you think. Here's a breakdown of the two common types of doctorate programs.

The Ph.D.: A Research-Oriented Doctorate

These research degrees are commonly referred to as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.s). Some common research-oriented doctorates include the following:

• Doctor of Arts (D.A.)
• Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)
• Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
• Doctor of Public Health (DPH)

"Philosophy" refers to the concept of research and pursuit of knowledge, as opposed to the actual subject of philosophy. A core component of this type of degree is the dissertation process .

The Professional Doctorate: An Application-Oriented Program

A professional doctorate (also called an applied doctorate or terminal professional doctorate) is a degree that focuses on the application of a subject within real-world contexts or scenarios.

You'll likely want to pursue a professional doctorate if your goals include career advancement, meeting the requirements for specific high-level corporate jobs, establishing teaching credibility within the industry, or building a consulting business.

Some common professional doctorates include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Healthcare Administration (DHA)
• Doctor of Professional Studies (DPS)
• Doctor of Finance (DPH)
• Doctor of Social Work (DSW)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.)
• Juris Doctor (JD)

This type of doctorate program may or may not require a dissertation. Unlike the academia-focused research doctorate, the professional doctorate curriculum will encourage you to tackle real-world issues within your field, research, and present a solution.

How a Doctoral Degree Works

The path to a doctoral degree typically comprises four stages of coursework: a core set of research and prep classes, a set of major area emphasis courses, electives and dissertation courses.

The Research Core

In most doctoral programs, you begin the journey to your degree with a common core of classes. The research core establishes the foundational skills you will need to complete the level of work required for the degree. This core often includes advanced writing methods, research methodology and design, applied statistics, colloquium courses, and qualitative and quantitative research and analysis courses.

Major Focus Area

Once the research core is complete, you will typically take courses in your major emphasis of study.

For example,

• If you're earning a DBA ( Doctor of Business Administration ), you will likely take courses in organizational behavior, organizational systems, strategic thinking and decision making, ethics, and change management.
• If you're earning a DHA ( Doctor of Healthcare Administration ), you will likely take courses in healthcare policy and regulations, healthcare economics and finance, quality improvement and process improvement, and health information governance.
• If you're earning a Ph.D. in Human Services, you will likely take courses in advanced study in research methods for public service, social influences of behavior, ethics in decision making, and advanced communication for the human services leader.

In most doctoral programs, you must also take certain electives within your field. Taking electives helps provide a rounded worldview to apply your doctorate in real-world environments.

For example, if you're pursuing a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), you can access focus areas like Higher Education Leadership , PK-12 Educational Leadership and Organizational Leadership .

Dissertation Requirements

Once you have completed your foundation work, major area of focus, and electives, you'll begin working on your dissertation. That can take different forms, determined by the Ph.D. or applied doctorate.

For Ph.D. students, the dissertation is typically a five-chapter dissertation, which is commonly broken into three phases. In phase 1, you'll submit a prospectus for approval from the dissertation committee. In phase 2, you'll finalize your dissertation's first chapters and begin collecting data. In phase 3, you'll complete the writing of your dissertation and orally defend it to the program leaders.

The dissertation may look different for applied doctorate students, as you will be required to create a solution to a real-world problem.

Investigate Dissertation Structures

Since your dissertation will be a crucial hurdle to defeat, you must know what you're getting yourself into from the beginning. Do some research on dissertation structures when you're looking at prospective schools to help narrow down your list. Ensuring the school will do everything to help you succeed with your dissertation can make all the difference when it comes down to crunch time.

Franklin University has intentionally designed a dissertation structure to help you complete your dissertation step-by-step, beginning with your enrollment in the program . The University also has built-in faculty mentoring, guidance and peer-to-peer support, so you're never left to "figure it out" alone.

For example, throughout your doctoral courses at Franklin, you'll develop essential research skills and the necessary writing prowess to publish a dissertation as a capstone project to your studies. Your dissertation will showcase your ability to identify a topic of interest within the workplace, develop a proposed solution to a problem, and test your hypotheses in the real world.

How Long Will It Take to Earn Your Doctoral Degree?

The answer depends on the path you choose. A doctoral degree program requires anywhere from 60 to 120 semester credit hours (or approximately 20-40 college classes). Most Ph.D.s require 120 hours, while most applied doctorates are closer to the lower end of that spectrum. For example, the DBA and DHA at Franklin require only 58 hours. On average, a Ph.D. may take up to eight years to complete . A doctorate degree typically takes four to six years to complete—however, this timing depends on the program design, the subject area you're studying, and the institution offering the program. Pro Tip: Some innovative institutions like Franklin University have streamlined their doctorate degree programs and offer creative transfer options . The program design, which includes an embedded dissertation and a community of support, also helps students earn their doctorate in as little as three years .

Who is a Good Fit For a Doctoral Program?

Other than holding a relevant master's degree or having professional experience, good doctoral students are organized, curious and have the time management skills to manage many tasks in their lives. Doctorate degrees can increase your current wage, open doors to roles in higher education or fulfill a lifelong desire. 

Many doctoral candidates have full-time jobs and families and are active in their community; therefore, it is vital to have a strong motivation and resilience to pursue a doctorate. However, it is worthwhile because the impact of a doctorate on an individual's career and personal growth can be life-changing. 

"I went from a successful 27-year career in the electric utility industry to higher education. This change has allowed me to positively affect literally thousands of lives over the past 18 years I have spent as a full-time educator," said Dr. Wendell Seaborne, the Dean of Doctoral Studies & Academic Research at Franklin University. 

Franklin University provides applied doctorates with 8-week courses and recorded sessions for asynchronous learning designed for working professionals with personal commitments and a dream to make a change. 

Why Choose to Earn a Doctorate Degree?

A doctoral program is a serious commitment with a serious return on investment for master's degree holders.

If you want to teach at a higher education institution, the degree is needed to get in the door. If you’d like to move into industry leadership, the degree can deliver substantial credibility. And, if you're eyeing that top-floor corner office, the degree can be a huge differentiator.

So, which one is right for you—research or applied? Check out these five truths about Applied Doctorates to learn more.

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Should You Earn A Ph.D. In Higher Education? What To Know

Updated: Dec 8, 2023, 12:31pm

Are you serious about learning and making a difference? Are you passionate about impacting the future of academia? Do you aspire to tackle the most pressing issues in higher education, including maintaining educational standards, keeping costs low and improving student success?

A Ph.D. in higher education prepares students for all of the above. Learners leave higher education Ph.D. programs ready to improve university efficiency, aid in student success and lead at higher learning institutions. This degree can qualify graduates for abundant career options, including in-demand jobs that pay higher-than-average wages.

Use our guide to learn whether a Ph.D. in higher education is right for you.

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What Is a Ph.D. in Higher Education?

A Ph.D. in higher education is an academic credential that prepares students for careers in senior leadership at colleges and universities. Learners develop the skills to manage academic departments, conduct education-related research and manage other academic professionals. The degree is terminal, meaning it is the most advanced educational credential in the field.

Students can typically complete a higher education doctoral program in three to five years, with programs usually requiring between 60 and 72 credits. Coursework concentrations may include integrated studies, higher education administration, innovative teaching and learning and the economics of higher education.

In addition to classes, higher education Ph.D. candidates complete a dissertation. This process involves several project milestones, like crafting a research proposal and completing a dissertation defense. Dissertation topics in this field explore a diverse array of higher education-related issues.

For example, recent graduates at Harvard University conducted research about the characteristics of dual-language learners in the U.S. and the experiences of first-generation undocumented immigrant university students.

Graduates of these programs work in various higher education careers , including at all levels of college and university administration. They find jobs as professors, provosts, assistant deans, education consultants and policy advisors. They often write monographs, book chapters and journal articles.

People with a higher education Ph.D. may fundraise for their institutions, present research at professional conferences and sit on editorial boards of academic publications.

Coursework teaches learners about research design and data analysis. Classes also build skills like resource management, data analysis and communication—all marketable outside of academia.

While enrolled, Ph.D. students can work as research assistants and collaborate with their advisors. Unlike master’s programs in higher education , doctoral degrees in this field often allow more individualized curricula and self-directed learning.

Career growth projections are positive for graduates of Ph.D. in higher education programs. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment for college administrators and professors will grow 4% and 8%, respectively, from 2022 to 2032.

Admission Requirements for a Doctorate in Higher Education

Specific admission requirements vary by program, but many schools ask for similar materials, which we explore below. Though standardized test scores were once a common application requirement, fewer schools ask for them now.

• Application and fee: Prospective students usually complete an online application. Schools often charge application fees of $50 or more.
• Résumé and work experience: Applicants must provide a current résumé or CV containing work and education history. Programs may require several years of professional or research experience and a master’s degree.
• Letters of recommendation: Prospective students usually need two to three letters of recommendation. These documents should come from people who can speak to applicants’ professional and academic qualifications—students should not ask family members or friends.
• Personal statement: Learners applying to higher education Ph.D. programs often submit a personal statement. This statement usually addresses subjects like academic interests, professional goals and life experiences relevant to the program.
• Admissions interview: Finalists in the application process often complete an interview with admissions committee members or a program director.

Common Courses in a Higher Education Ph.D. Program

Though exact course offerings vary among schools, you might see the following courses in a higher education Ph.D. program.

History and Philosophy of Higher Education

This class examines the development of higher education in the United States. Coursework covers cultural forces, important events and schools of thought that shape higher ed. Students analyze the implications of these movements and consider the future of academia.

Policy Studies in Higher Education

This course covers the development, implementation and enforcement of policies in higher education. Learners study the various layers of policymaking, including state governing boards and the federal government. Coursework explores how policy impacts student outcomes and institutional management.

Organization and Administration of Higher Education

Students in this class learn the theoretical principles of leadership, organizational behavior and institutional culture. Coursework also examines the administrator roles in higher ed.

Legal Aspects of Higher Education

This course explores the legal issues that affect higher ed institutions and their administrators. Topics include civil rights, notable court decisions and procedural and substantive due process.

Ph.D. in Higher Education vs. Ed.D. in Higher Education: What’s the Difference?

Though a Ph.D. in higher education is somewhat similar to an Ed.D. ( doctor of education ) in higher education, each program prepares graduates for different careers.

Ph.D. programs generally have a more academic focus, so graduates often pursue teaching and research positions rather than administrative roles. Ed.D. in higher education programs usually offer a more practical focus, so graduates typically pursue leadership positions in academia, government and nonprofit organizations.

What Can You Do With a Doctorate in Higher Education?

Workers with a Ph.D. in higher education can qualify for various careers, including some jobs outside of the university setting. We sourced salary data for this section from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Payscale in December 2023.

Median Annual Salary: $80,840 Minimum Required Education: Doctorate; master’s degree in education or a related field may suffice Job Overview: College professors teach students in higher education institutions, including community colleges, professional schools and four-year institutions. They develop lesson plans and assess student progress. In addition to teaching, professors conduct research and publish their findings in academic journals. To learn more, see our guide on how to become a professor .

Postsecondary Education Administrator

Median Annual Salary: $99,940 Minimum Required Education: Master’s degree in education administration or a related field Job Overview: Postsecondary administrators manage various functions of colleges and universities, like student services, admissions, registration, athletics, student housing and multicultural services.

Education Researcher

Average Annual Salary: $67,375 Minimum Required Education: Bachelor’s in education or a related field Job Overview: Education researchers assess instructional systems, curriculum and academic evaluation strategies. They analyze academic departments to help institutions run more efficiently and effectively. Education researchers develop instructional methods through qualitative and quantitative classroom research with students and teachers. They frequently coordinate with instructors, university officials and fellow researchers.

College President

Average Annual Salary: $156,616 Minimum Required Education: N/A Job Overview: College presidents are the top administrative officials at higher learning institutions. They plan initiatives, lead schools and participate in fundraising. They also set goals, manage budgets, meet with various stakeholders—often outside regular business hours—and represent the institution at events.

Chief Learning Officer

Average Annual Salary: $156,339 Minimum Required Education: Bachelor’s degree Job Overview: Chief learning officers (CLOs) oversee the training and development of organizations’ employees. They assist with onboarding new staff members and update training materials. Many CLOs work at corporations.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Ph.D. in Higher Education Programs

What does a ph.d. in higher education do.

A Ph.D. in higher education prepares a person for leadership positions in higher education. It is the highest degree a person can receive in this field. People with this credential often teach, perform research on effective teaching methods and act as consultants to nonprofits, governmental organizations and private companies.

How long is a Ph.D. in higher education?

The length of a Ph.D. in higher education depends on students’ enrollment status—full- or part-time—and the specific institution’s degree requirements. Learners typically complete coursework in two to three years, then spend another two to three years conducting research and completing their dissertation.

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Ph.d. field requirements for completing your degree, ​ph.d. field requirements for completing your degree.

Details on Ph.D. requirements to complete your degree are available on the Degree Requirements page .

• Complete a minimum of 4 core courses chosen from our 5 areas
• TA for at least 2 semesters
• Form a special committee consisting of a chair, an IS field member, and at least one external minor member
• Pass an A and B exam
• Submit a dissertation

Requesting an Exception to a Field Requirement

Students are expected to meet the field’s minimal requirements. If this is not possible, the student and their Chairperson should propose an alternative solution directed to the attention of the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS) in writing. The DGS may consult with the current Graduate Committee, Chair of the Department and/or the GFA before making a final decision. All exceptions will be considered on a case by case basis. And all decisions are final. 

The Graduate Field Assistant, GFA, is also a resource for students to consult with for advice on academic and student life issues. The GFA is the liaison with the Graduate School and works with the Student Service Staff at the Tech campus to guide students through the Ph.D. program.  The GFA’s office hours and link to schedule advising appointments can be found on the Staff page .

Applying for a Doctoral Program

Start Your Application

Manage Your Application

A Doctorate is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most fields of study. It involves several years of rigorous research, culminating in a dissertation that contributes new knowledge to the field. Doctoral candidates work closely with a faculty advisor to explore and answer complex questions, often pushing the boundaries of what is known.

Applying to a doctoral program is like applying for a job. This process requires more diligence and patience than applying for a Master’s degree. To stand out from a competitive pool of candidates, you must prepare a strong application that includes your academic achievements, any related research experience, and a clear statement of your research interests and goals. Be sure to demonstrate your passion, fit for the program, and your interest in RIT.

Explore our doctoral programs

How to Apply for a Doctoral Program

For details on the exact application requirements for your program, visit the Application Details section on your degree page and thoroughly review the graduate application instructions page .

• Most doctoral programs have an application deadline of January 15 and admit to Fall terms only, but be sure to verify the application deadline for your program and start terms before applying. Many programs will accept applications on a rolling basis after the priority deadline has passed until all spots are filled. For tips on completing your application, view our Ph.D. Application 101 recording . 
• Early applicants may see a “Hold for Program Deadline/Review Date” on the checklist in their portal. This an administrative hold that prevents applications from going for review until after December 15th. You will be notified when your file is sent to the review committee by email.
• Choose the Right Doctoral Program:  Review individual doctoral program pages carefully to learn the curriculum, research focus areas, facility profiles, and facilities to determine if the program is a good fit for you and to ensure that your interests and background align with the degree. The application will allow you to enter up to three choices in order of preference.
• Research Your Faculty Interests: Identify faculty members whose research aligns with your interests. Matching your research area with potential advisors strengthens your application and helps ensure a good fit. It is not necessary to secure a faculty advisor in order to submit your application. Learn more about researching faculty and areas of interest
• Craft Your Statement of Purpose for Research: This requirement should clearly convey your research interests, indicate what faculty member(s) you would like to work with, your experience, and why you want to pursue a doctorate at RIT. Each program may have specific guidelines, so be sure to address them. There is no minimum or maximum length. If you listed more than one program choice in your application it is suggested that you prepare separate statements for each program (doctoral and/or master’s). You may upload all three at the time you submit your application, or wait for a decision on your first choice program.  View program-specific criteria
• Choose Strong References: Make sure you choose the right people to submit letters of recommendation and give them plenty of time so they can prepare their support letter in advance. References should speak to your ability and promise to become a successful independent researcher. Professors, research supervisors, or professional mentors make ideal choices.
• Update Your CV/Resume: Ensure your CV or resume is current and highlights relevant academic achievements, research experience, publications, and professional skills.
• Verify Admission Requirements: Double-check all admission requirements and application details for your chosen program. Ensure you have all necessary materials, including transcripts, test scores, and any additional documents. You do not need to submit financial documents as part of your doctoral application. Focus on preparing a strong academic and research-focused application to showcase your qualifications and readiness for doctoral study.
• Understand Decision Timing: The review process typically starts in late January and may take several weeks to a few months. Be patient as the committee evaluates your application and aligns faculty advisors with candidates in matching research areas where funding is available. You may be invited to interview if faculty would like to know more about you. Interviews are not required. Admission decisions are first communicated in mid-March and continue until the class is full. If you are not admitted to your first choice program, allow additional time for review for second and third choices. RIT does not simultaneously review for multiple programs. 
• Replying to an Offer of Admission: Accepted candidates must respond to their doctoral degree offers by April 15 or the date indicated on your admit letter and in their portal. If you decide to accept your offer, you are expected to honor your commitment to enroll at RIT as a doctoral student. This ensures a smooth transition into your program and reflects your professionalism and reliability. 

Researching Faculty Advisors and/or Research Interest Areas

Identifying a potential faculty research advisor(s) and research interest areas in your Statement of Purpose for Research is important. It is not necessary to secure a faculty advisor(s) in order to submit your application.

Here are avenues for your research:

Align Research Interests

Ensure your research interests align with those of potential advisors. This alignment is crucial for a productive and supportive mentoring relationship. Review faculty members' recent publications and current projects to understand their focus areas. Visit the program page to learn about the current research for your program.

Use RIT’s “Find an Expert” Tool

Utilize RIT’s Find an Expert tool to identify faculty members with specific expertise. This resource can help you narrow down potential advisors based on your research interests. You may also want to use Google Scholar and search for RIT faculty.

Explore RIT’s Faculty Directory

Start by exploring the RIT Faculty Directory to find faculty members whose research aligns with your interests. This directory provides detailed profiles, including research areas, publications, and contact information.

Explore our Research Centers and Institutes:

RIT is home to a diverse array of research centers and institutes that drive innovation across various fields. These centers provide state-of-the-art facilities and collaborative environments to support groundbreaking research. Explore our extensive list of research centers and institutes

Reach Out to Potential Advisors

Once you’ve identified potential advisors, you may choose to reach out to them with a well-crafted email. This is not required but encouraged. Introduce yourself, briefly explain your research interests, and express why you’re interested in their work. Attach your CV and any relevant documents. Be respectful of their time and follow up if you don’t hear back within a couple of weeks. Do pay attention if it is documented that a faculty advisor is not taking on new students.

Funding Sources for Doctoral Students

Doctoral students typically receive full tuition and an RIT Graduate Research Assistantship (GRA) or Graduate Teaching Assistantship (GTA) that will pay a stipend for the academic year. There is not a separate application process for scholarship and assistantship consideration

Assistantships and Stipends

Research and teaching assistantships provide valuable experience and come with stipends that help cover living expenses during the school year, such as room and board. 

Summer Support Some programs are able to offer stipend support during the summer. Eligibility for summer funding will be determined by the graduate advisor and/or program director. 

Funding Throughout Program Funding throughout your doctoral program will depend on your satisfactory academic and research performance. Students are expected to fulfill their assistantship duties responsibly and make satisfactory progress towards their degree. It is expected that starting your second year, funding will be provided from your college either through a Teaching Assistantship or by your graduate advisor from external funds.

Student Fees Full-time students are responsible for both Student Activity and Student Health Services fees. In addition, RIT expects that all students will have health care insurance. Learn more about student fees

Timing and Distribution of Stipends

Graduate Research Assistants and Graduate Teaching Assistants receive a semi-monthly stipend payment starting a few weeks after the initial enrollment term. For U.S. Citizens and Permanent Residents, no taxes are withheld at the time the payment is made. However, students are encouraged to file estimated tax payments quarterly. Detailed information about the timing and distribution of stipends will be provided by your academic department. 

Financial Document Submission

Doctoral applicants are not required to submit financial documents as part of the application process. Focus on showcasing your academic and research potential without the added stress of financial documentation. If you are admitted, you will receive funding notification with your admission offer and international students who require a student visa will be assisted through the I-20 process.

Student Support and Community

Doctoral Student Association

The Doctoral Student Association provides an inviting environment that brings students together to encourage collaborative work. Doctorate students collaborate to produce high-quality journal publications and conference presentations in a friendly and encouraging environment. The group also provides information about professional and social activities to help produce well-rounded graduate students.

Learn more about the Doctoral Student Association

RIT Graduate School

The RIT Graduate School acts as a central hub, enhancing the academic journey for graduate students by cultivating a diverse scholarly community and offering robust professional development programs. This supportive environment, backed by dedicated faculty and staff, empowers students to excel in their research, scholarship, and creative endeavors.

Learn more about the RIT Graduate School

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a doctorate and a master’s degree?

Understanding the differences between a doctorate (Ph.D.) and a master's (M.S.) degree program is crucial in making an informed decision. While a master's program typically focuses on advancing your knowledge and skills in a specific area, a doctorate emphasizes original research and developing new theories or applications.

Can I go from a Bachelor’s degree to a Doctorate? Do I need a Master’s degree first?

Yes, you can go directly from a Bachelor's degree (BS) to a Doctorate program. You are not required to get a master’s degree before pursuing a Doctorate. This pathway can be a strategic choice depending on your career goals and readiness for advanced research. 

May I have an application fee waiver?

The $65 application fee covers the management and processing of your record and admission materials. If you are unable to pay our application fee due to financial hardship, we encourage you to carefully consider the expenses associated with graduate study before applying.

Is there a set GPA requirement for being considered for a doctoral program at RIT?

Admitted doctoral students typically have a GPA of 3.0 or above. If it is lower, you will not necessarily be eliminated from consideration. You are welcome to apply. The Admissions Committee will consider your complete application when making a decision.

Do I need to provide GRE or GMAT scores ?

Requirements vary by program. Refer to your doctoral program page or the  deadlines and requirements  table for details. For programs that require test scores, we do not state minimum GRE or GMAT scores. Official scores should be sent to RIT directly from the testing agency using Institute code 2760.

What are the English language test score requirements? As an international student do I need to submit scores?

An official score report for the TOEFL, IELTS Academic, PTE Academic exam, or  RIT English Language Proficiency Test  is required of all international applicants who are not eligible for a waiver. We do not accept letters from your college or university indicating "English proficiency" or letters indicating courses were taught in English in place of official English language test scores. We do not accept Duolingo scores. See the “English Language Test Requirements” section in the  Application Materials  section of the  Application Instructions  for full details.

Do I need to have authored research papers to apply for admission to a doctoral degree?

No, you do not need published research papers to apply for a doctoral degree. A majority of admitted students do not have prior experience authoring research papers. However, admission to a doctoral degree is very competitive, and having published research papers helps strengthen your application.

How many students apply for doctoral study, and how many are admitted?

Admission to an RIT doctoral program is highly competitive. The number of applications received and the number of fully funded opportunities are limited and vary from year to year and by program.

Will the stipend fully cover living costs in the US?

The stipend should cover modest living expenses (housing and food), fees (student activity fee and health services fee), and costs for books, supplies, and some personal expenses. However, each student differs in their preferred living styles and their relative expenses. Doctoral students are permitted to take on other part-time employment so long as it does not interfere with their doctoral work (international students are only able to work on campus, for a total of 20 hours per week including their research positions). On-campus opportunities can be found through Career Connect .

Do doctoral students need to have personal finances available upon arriving at RIT?

Though our Ph.D. is fully funded, students do need to have their own funds available for travel and arrival in the US and to get settled in Rochester immediately upon entering the program. Please be sure to keep this in mind as you consider applying and your finances. If admitted, your first payment/stipend would not be until a few weeks into the program, so you will need to have a foundation of funds available for housing and other living expenses before that.

Is funding throughout the program guaranteed?

Your full tuition and assistantship stipend responsibilities will be determined by your graduate advisor and/or program director. It is our expectation that you will fulfill your duties responsibly and make satisfactory progress towards your degree. Funding in future years will depend on your satisfactory academic and research performance. It is expected that starting your second year, funding will be provided from your college either through a Teaching Assistantship or by your graduate advisor from external funds.

Our team is here to help you as you apply to RIT's doctoral programs. Do not hesitate to reach out if you have questions or need assistance.

Contact Your Admissions Counselor

Email  [email protected] to be connected with your admissions counselor

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Requirements, Evaluation and Advising

Graduate program requirements, evaluation and advising.

Our graduate program accepts students with a proven record of accomplishment and a dedication to future success. As a student-tailored program, you will develop a plan of study in consultation with anadvisory committee of your choosing. We have high expectations of our students and are here to support you every step of the way.

The Graduate Studies Committee (GSC) develops, updates and maintains the rules, policies and degree requirements for the graduate program in Communication Studies.  This information is available to students via the Graduate Student Handbook which is updated yearly and posted here for reference.

Current Graduate Student Handbook

Comprehensive exam instructions.

Graduate students must abide by the rules, policies and degree requirements established at the time of their first semester in the program.  

Our graduate program is student-tailored. Students develop a plan of study in consultation with advisory committees of their choosing. Ordinarily, an M.A. program is complete in 2 years, a Ph.D. in 4 years Students who complete an M.A. program in the department and would like to continue at UT-Austin must apply through the department for admission into the Ph.D. program. As the quality of the dissertation may be jeopardized when it is completed out of residence, and the increasing specialization within the various areas of communication, we encourage most students in the doctoral program to create a 4 year Ph.D. work plan.

Goal of the degree

The doctoral program in Communication Studies at the University of Texas is devoted to increasing understanding of the processes and effects of communication. The goal of the doctoral program is to prepare students to conduct original research extending human knowledge in one of these areas: Interpersonal Communication, Organizational Communication, Rhetoric, Language & Political Studies.

Expectations and Student Responsibilities

The Doctoral degree is seen by faculty members as a research degree; completion of the doctoral program assumes a willingness and capacity on the part of students to conduct original research in a chosen area, and a receptivity to a well-rounded education in Communication Studies. The Department's philosophy is to produce specialists in Communication Studies who:

• have a broad understanding of their discipline
• can contribute importantly to scholarly dialogues with their colleagues in the discipline
• articulate the tenets of their discipline throughout the academic community
• are capable of imparting and applying their insights to the public through teaching and service.

Before the doctoral degree is awarded, students are expected to:

• achieve mastery of a body of literature pertinent to the student's major area of interest and necessary supportive area,
• obtain proficiency in a research methodology appropriate to the focus of the student's research program,
• acquire basic teaching skills necessary to teach courses in the student's major area of interest,
• demonstrate a minimum understanding of at least one other area in Communication Studies outside of the student's individual academic concentration.
• degree requirements and enrolling in courses that fit their degree program.
• University regulations concerning the standard of work required for continuance in the Graduate School
• University and departmental regulations of employment as a TA or AI.

Regulations

No more than 20 percent of the hours on the Program of Work for a master's degree may be taken on the credit/no credit basis, and no more than a comparable portion of the Program of Work for the doctoral degree. No CMS courses may be taken Credit/No Credit unless that is the only way they are offered.

Courses for which the symbol X (incomplete) or I (permanent incomplete) is recorded may not be included on the Program of Work. The student has one long semester to change an incomplete into a letter/credit/no credit grade. This change must be reported prior to the last class day of the following long semester.

Procedures for adding and dropping courses are outlined in the Course Schedule.

All Communication Studies courses on a work program should be at the graduate level. Out-of-the-department undergraduate courses may be included in the supporting work of a masters' student with the approval of the student's Supervisor and the Graduate Advisor.

A maximum of 6 graduate hours may be transferred for the M.A. or Ph.D. degree. A student must have a special reason for requesting transfer of graduate credit and must submit a written petition to the Graduate Advisor. Attached to this written petition should be a copy of the transcript showing the grade obtained in the course being petitioned, and a copy of the page in the graduate catalogue which furnishes a description of the course. The petition ultimately must be approved by the Dean of the Graduate School.

Auditing may be done only with the consent of the instructor of the course.

All Communication Studies graduate students are individually advised by a faculty member in their area of study. Faculty advisors guide students through the selection of their courses every semester. In addition, they help students prepare for comprehensive exams (doctoral), and guide students in the preparation of the thesis (masters) or the dissertation (doctoral).

Time Limits

All requirements for a master's degree must be completed within one six-year period. Work over six years old can be reinstated only with the permission of the graduate dean, upon recommendation of the Graduate Studies Committee.

All completed work that is included in a doctoral student's degree program at the time of admission to candidacy must have been taken within the previous six years (exclusive of a maximum of three years of military service). The Graduate Studies Committee will review the program of students who have not completed the degree at the end of three years from admission to candidacy; the committee will review the status of the student's program yearly thereafter. At those times, the committee may recommend additional coursework, further examinations, or termination of candidacy. In addition, the program is subject to review by the graduate dean.

Degree requirements may be changed from one catalog to the next. The student is normally bound by the requirements of the catalog in force at the time of his or her first registration; the student may choose, however, to fulfill the requirements of a subsequent catalog. If the student does not fulfill the requirements within six years of his or her first enrollment in the Graduate School, he or she is then bound by the requirements of a subsequent catalog. The student may choose the catalog in effect in any year in which he or she is enrolled in the Graduate School, within the six-year limit.

Ordinarily, students must be registered for the semester in which they graduate and must apply for graduation by the deadline published in the academic calendar. There are no exceptions to this policy for fall semester and spring semester graduation; if students complete all degree requirements but miss the deadline for acceptance of the thesis, report, dissertation, or treatise, then they must register and pay tuition and fees the following semester or summer session in order to receive the degree. An exception is made for students who apply to graduate in the summer session but miss the deadline for acceptance of the thesis, report, dissertation, or treatise. In this case, the student will be registered in absentia for the fall semester, only for the purpose of receiving the degree, by degree evaluators in the Office of Graduate Studies. The thesis, report, dissertation, or treatise must be accepted by the deadline for in absentia registration, which falls the day before the beginning of the following fall semester. The fee for in absentia registration is $25. The student will be registered in absentia only once.

Advising Details

The faculty gather annually every spring semester as the Graduate Studies Committee (GSC) to review the progress of each student in the program. Students are informed of their progress by the Chair of the Graduate Studies Committee via letter. A copy of the letter is also placed in the student's file in the Graduate Coordinator's Office.

Students must maintain, within the overall grade-point average, a 3.0 average for all upper-division and graduate courses in their major area and minor fields of study

The faculty of each program annually review the progress of each student in the program. The review usually takes place during the Spring semester. Students are informed of their progress by the Chair of the Graduate Studies Committee. A copy of the letter is also placed in the student's file in the Graduate Coordinator's Office.

The types of recommendations made from the evaluation are:

• that the student be continued in her/his program.
• that s/he be put on probationary status. The procedure for being removed from probation is set forth in the evaluation letter.
• that her/his program is to be terminated. The student may appeal this decision by writing a letter to the student's advisor and to the graduate advisor with details of how the student will correct the reasons for termination.

The Graduate Studies Committee (GSC) includes all assistant, associate, and full professors who are active in the program. Committee members review applicants' credentials, make admissions recommendations, and serve on master's thesis/report and doctoral dissertation committees. In addition, each students progress is reviewed annually by the GSC, and students' work programs and thesis/dissertation proposals are subject to the GSC's approval.

The department Graduate Advisor is a faculty member elected to chair the GSC and take the lead on all matters pertaining to graduate program's policies and procedures.  Duties include:

• Represents the Vice President, Dean of Graduate Studies, and the Graduate Studies Committee in all matters pertaining to the advising of graduate students taking major coursework in Communication Studies
• Refers students to the Vice President and Dean of Graduate Studies for exceptions requiring their action.
• Acts as the representative of the Vice President and Dean of Graduate Studies in all matters that may be assigned.
• Provides information to those who inquire about graduate programs in Communication Studies.
• Assists the graduate faculty in selecting students for admission.
• Provides students and faculty with information about the policies and procedures of The University, Graduate School, and Departments that govern graduate programs.
• Counsels students who are having academic problems.
• Chairs Graduate Studies Committee.

The Graduate Program Coordinator provides administrative support to the Graduate Advisor and the department regarding any and all policies and procedures for the graduate program. Duties include:

• Assists students in applying for admission.
• Assists in the supervision of orientation and registration of graduate students.
• Checks registration on each graduate student and acts on adds, drops, and section changes.
• Maintains a record of each student's work of previous degrees, as well as copies of registration and grades in work done at The University of Texas at Austin
• Informs current and prospective students about graduate work and refers students in appropriate instances to other faculty members for advice.
• Assists students in applying for financial aid: fellowships, research, professional development awards, etc.
• Assists the graduate faculty in its annual evaluation of students.
• Reports periodically to the Graduate Dean and the graduate faculty of the Department about graduate programs, their size, the academic characteristics of the students, etc.

René Dailey

Graduate Advisor [email protected]

Jenn Porras

Graduate Coordinator   [email protected]

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PhD Degree Requirements

During the first three years in the program, the School of Social Work requires full-time enrollment, defined as 10 or more credits per quarter during the autumn, winter, and spring quarters. Although students may register part-time starting in their fourth year, they must register for at least 10 credits during any quarter they hold a research assistantship (RA) or teaching assistantship (TA). Students are strongly advised to remain in residence while working on their dissertation. (See the Doctoral Degree Requirements for details.)

The first year of the program is the most heavily prescribed, with required courses that must be taken in sequence and in combination. Starting In the summer following year 1, students take a comprehensive series of examinations covering the content of the first-year courses in methods, theory, and policy ( approved by Social Welfare Faculty, May 2005 ).

During the second year, students have considerably more flexibility in selecting courses specifically related to their substantive and research methods interests. Students confer closely with advisors and members of their Supervisory Committee to choose courses relevant to their scholarly objectives. During the second and the third years, students research and write the required Qualifying Scholarly paper that serves as the written portion of the General Examination ( approved by Social Welfare Faculty, May 2005 ).

Once all course requirements are successfully completed (the University of Washington Graduate School requires that doctoral students earn a minimum of 90 credits in order to graduate) and the Qualifying Scholarly Paper is approved by the Supervisory Committee, the Oral General Examination is scheduled, typically during the third year. After passing the Examination, the student is advanced to candidacy (PhC status) and begins formally working on the dissertation prospectus, followed by the dissertation. Completion and successful defense of the dissertation are required before the PhD is conferred.

Required Courses

Consistent with the requirements for all courses offered at the School of Social Work (undergraduate, masters, and doctoral), all required PhD courses in the School of Social Work must include content on diverse populations, including the disadvantaged and oppressed. This includes, for example, content on people of color, women, gay men and lesbians, and persons with disabilities. In addition all courses should endeavor to include objectives identified in the Social Justice Learning Objectives (from the PhD Program Manual). The specific type or nature of the content (e.g.., readings, exemplars, exercises) and how it is introduced and integrated will likely differ across courses. In all cases, content on diversity must be in accord with course objectives and be visibly present in the course syllabus.

All required coursework (with the exception of the 800 tutorials) must be completed before or during the quarter in which the Oral section of the General Examination takes place.

The following courses are required of all students in the program and must be taken on a graded basis unless only offered as Credit/No Credit.

Elective Courses

NOTE : Most electives are offered every other year in rotation.

• Qualitative Methods in Social Work Research.
• Advanced Topics in Data Analysis.
• Social Movements and Participatory Action Research Methods.
• West Coast Poverty Center Seminar Series
• Research to Policy
• Interdisciplinary Prevention Science: Children and Adolescents. Overview of developmental perspective examining factors that promote or inhibit health development at different stages and during transitions (focus on birth through age 21).
• Promoting Well-Being among At-Risk Groups: guidance for Health promotion/prevention Research.

Statistics Track

The statistics track is largely built around a curriculum developed by the Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences (CS&SS). Students who complete the Statistics Track in Social Work have advanced training in statistics for social science research relevant to their own area of specialization. The CS&SS provides a document certifying that the student completed the Statistics Track.

Taking a coherent set of advanced statistical methods courses prepares students to work at the cutting edge of statistics and the social sciences.

Students complete four courses in social statistics with the grade of 3.3 or above in each course and attend two quarters of the CS&SS seminar, CS&SS 590.

For more information see  Statistics Track.

Additional Course Expectations

In addition to required courses, students may also take tutorials (Soc WL 600) with faculty members during the advanced course work and the writing of the integrative Qualifying Paper (prior to the Oral General Examination). These tutorials should be well planned and include one or more written products.

Students are also encouraged to take additional courses (beyond those required) that bear on their substantive areas of interest. Courses may be taken in any department or school of the University but should ordinarily be at the 500 level or above. Students are encouraged to consult with their advisors or committee chairpersons, or the director of the program for advice and assistance in arranging courses of study in other schools or departments.

PhD Quarterly Schedule

For more information, see  PhD Course Descriptions . This is a sample schedule and subject to change.

PhD Program Milestones

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Important Facts

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How to Become A Doctorate? - Steps, Cost, Eligibility [2024]

Kopal Srivastava Sep 5, 2024 1K Reads

All we know and hear is that Learning is a continuous journey. The saying “Keep learning till our last breath” captures this well. Formal education usually peaks with a Doctorate in your field. However, many Doctorate holders continue their education with post-doctoral courses.

Choosing higher education, like a PhD Program, is a personal decision. Postgraduate students    pursuing a Doctorate have various motivations.

This article addresses questions such as: What is an Online PhD Program? How does one obtain an Online PhD Degree? Why pursue an Online Doctorate Degree? It also explores if you can achieve a Doctorate Degree Online. The answer is ‘Yes.’ Let's dive deeper into these aspects. 

Who Is Eligible For The PhD Doctorate Program In India? 

You must fulfill the mentioned eligibility criteria to apply for a PhD Program:

• Master's degree holders can apply for PhD programs. 
• For some subjects, a Master's in Philosophy is needed. 
• Students must have at least 50-55% marks in post-graduation. 
• Some universities admit students based on interviews, sometimes with a written exam. Candidates with research work experience are preferred.

What Is A Doctorate Degree? 

A Doctorate Degree is the highest academic qualification in any field. This includes areas like Psychology, Engineering, Computer Science, Humanities, Social Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, and Bio-Sciences. A Doctorate program usually takes four years of full-time study.

Doctorates contribute new knowledge to their field or improve existing systems. With more students aiming for dream careers and higher qualifications, the demand for Doctorate degrees is rising. This trend is also seen among students in Africa who want to build specialized careers. In today's world, Doctorate degrees are more relevant than ever.

To become a doctorate you need a master’s degree with a minimum mark of 50-55 percent from a government-recognised university. Moreover, you also need to take an entrance exam which is later followed by the personal interview round. Once you complete PhD program you will become a doctorate.

Who Should Opt For A Doctorate Degree?

Doctorate degrees are mainly for those who want careers in academics or research but you should know that your degree is not only useful to build an academic career but it is also useful in making you a manager in a top organization as it is believed that people having doctorate degree are experts in their fields as they have advanced knowledge and are fond of research and having research skill attract more recruiters and increases your chances of getting placed at top organization.Recently, more students aiming for industry jobs are also pursuing a doctorate. 

Different postgraduates have different reasons for this. Here are some important ones:  

• Intellectual Curiosity
• Academic Career
• Improve Research Skills
• Career Growth Outside Academia
• Private Sector Jobs
• Last Resort
• Personal Satisfaction and Accomplishment
• Recognition and Rewards
• Expertise in Chosen Field

1) Intellectual Curiosity: Many pursue a Doctorate driven by a deep desire to gain advanced knowledge.

2) Academic Career Aspirations: Those aiming to become professors or work in top educational institutions often choose a Doctorate.

3) Career Advancement: Doctorate holders find numerous career opportunities beyond academia, including well-paying private-sector jobs.

4) Desire for Recognition: Some seek societal respect and recognition, which a Doctorate can provide.

5) Job Market Demand: Many pursue a Doctorate to enhance employability, as there are ample opportunities in the private sector.

6) Personal Fulfillment: The satisfaction and sense of accomplishment from mastering new concepts motivates many to pursue a Doctorate.

7) Expert status: Some want to be recognized as experts in their field and influence organizational and social decisions.

8) Career advancement and salary: Better job prospects and higher salaries tend to attract postgraduate doctoral degrees.

Research Doctorates 

A Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or similar research degrees focus on specialized study in a specific field. These programs prepare students for careers in academia, usually as professors or researchers.

Examples of research doctorates include:

• Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.)
• Doctor of Arts (D.A.)
• Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
• Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)

What Is The Difference Between A Doctorate And A PhD Program? 

No, there is no difference between these two both are doctorate degrees.  A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, is one type of doctorate degree. There are several other types of doctorate degrees. Keep reading to learn about the main categories and how they differ from each other.

What are the types of Doctoral Degrees? 

Just like there are different types of undergraduate and graduate degrees, such as a BA versus a BS, or an MBA versus an MPA, doctoral degrees are also divided into categories.

There are two main types of doctorate degrees:

• Professional doctorate degrees
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees

Let's compare and contrast these two types of doctorate degrees.

What Is A Professional Doctorate Degree? 

Professional doctoral degrees, also known as terminal or applied doctorates, focus on practical problem-solving rather than research and analysis. These degrees are crucial for certain careers and these degrees are specially designed for working professionals.

They can opt for these degrees to advance their career and to add a “Dr” title before their name. For example, to become a lawyer, you need a Juris Doctor (JD) degree along with passing the bar exam. Here are four more examples of professional doctorate degrees:

What Is A Doctor Of Philosophy (PhD) Program? 

This category includes a Doctor of Philosophy or PhD degree, it covers many fields such as economics or psychology. For example, a Doctor of Arts (DA) is actually a form of PhD. Moreover, once you complete the program you can add a “Dr” title before your name and it also signifies that you are an expert in your field.

Here are four other examples of PhD degrees:

• Doctor of Public Health (DPH) 
• Doctor of Organizational Innovation (EdD)
• Doctor of Theology (ThD).
• Psychiatrist (PsyD) 

Unlike professional degrees like the JD or DPH, the PhD is research-based. It focuses on transferring new knowledge or ideas through a student’s thesis. This is why PhD programs are called "doctor of philosophy", even though they are not related to philosophy.

What Are The Steps To Obtain A Doctorate?  

Here are the basics of getting a doctorate and what to do in each category:

• Prepare Academically: Start by completing undergraduate and graduate courses to develop the knowledge and skills you need for your doctoral studies.
• Evaluate and implement: Research doctoral programs that align with your career goals. If you feel you qualify, submit your application.
• Completion of academic work: Participate in your academic career, which will include further study in your field and further your skills.
• Dissertation work: Conduct original research and write a dissertation on your chosen topic. This is where you will contribute new insights to your business.

Following all these steps is very important as these steps help you in obtaining your doctorate degree:

Step-1:You Need To Complete Your Undergraduate (Ug) And Post Graduate (Pg) Degree

• Doctorate programs are increasingly popular and competitive, with strict application requirements. You need a bachelor’s or higher degree from an accredited college or university, along with meeting specific criteria set by the institution and their chosen field of study.
• If you're starting your academic journey, consider choosing an undergraduate program that aligns with your future master’s or doctorate plans. For instance, if your goal is a Doctor of Clinical Psychology (PsyD), starting with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) could be a strategic path. Even if you've already completed your undergraduate degree, career changes are still possible.

Step- 2: You Need To Apply To Doctorate Programs

• The doctorate program requires a lot of time, effort, and dedication. It’s important to choose a reputable and accredited plan that offers grants, flexibility, and financial aid options. Look for programs with scholarships, accelerated degree options, and resources for military service members and veterans. 

You can find various universities that offer you a PhD program. Some of the top universities offering a PhD program are mentioned below:

• IIT Bombay 
• ISC Banglore 
• Amity University 
• Aligarh Muslim University 
• Aligappa University 
• Moreover, Choosing online coursework can also be flexible but the only problem is Online PhD is not a valid option in India but you can opt for an online DBA program , and you can complete this doctorate program without even quitting your job. Moreover, if you choose an Online DBA, you will be able to earn your doctorate degree from an International university without even relocating to another country. Furthermore, you get an opportunity to learn from international faculties who have years of experience and have published their work in top journals so they can guide you better.
• One of the biggest advantages of choosing an Online Doctorate program is, that you do not have to take any entrance exam, International universities offer you direct admission if you fulfill the eligibility criteria. Various universities offer you an Online DBA.

Some of them are mentioned below:

Step- 3: You Need To Complete Your Program Course Work

• In a doctoral program, students complete core courses, seminars, practicums, labs, and electives, ending with a dissertation or capstone project. The specific coursework depends on your area of study. For example, Ed.D. students take courses in innovation theory and inquiry methods, while PsyD students study psychopathology, clinical theory, and multicultural awareness.
• Doctorate coursework is rigorous, whether online or in-person. At this stage, you have completed your basic education and moved on to more challenging research. You will tackle complex real-world problems and present innovative solutions.

Step- 4: You Need To Complete Your Dissertation

• Most doctorate programs end with a major research project called a dissertation. In this project, students present their own original theories, research, or data analysis, or expand on previous scholarly work. A dissertation is usually a written paper, generally between 100 and 300 pages long, depending on the data volume and subject complexity.

How Long Does It Take To Complete Your Doctorate Program? 

The time required to complete a doctorate varies, generally from three to eight years. The exact time depends on several factors:

• How your degree program is structured
• You may be working or taking a break between classes
• Attend full-time or part-time
• The time needed to research, write, and prepare your essay
• The specific degree you are seeking

All of these factors influence how long it will take to complete your doctorate.

Moreover, if you opt for an Online DBA program, you can complete this doctorate program in a minimum of 3-5 years. Moreover, you do not have to even quit your job to pursue it. Furthermore, you can even visit the country if you want as many universities offer you weekly campus immersion in which you can even visit the campus for weeks and can experience the joy of the place. 

What Is The Demand For A Doctoral Degree? 

Demand for doctoral degrees is increasing as industries demand specialist skills and advanced research skills. According to the U.S. and according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment in physician-staff-level jobs is expected to grow by about 13% between 2016 and 2026. This is faster than growth in all industries, especially healthcare, education, and technology. 

How Much Do I Need To Expect After Completing A Doctorate Program? 

A doctoral degree brings new challenges and puts you at the forefront of research in your field. Financially, it can qualify you for high-paying, unique positions and help you stand out from other job seekers. So, how much can you earn to get a doctorate?

Statistics from the U.S. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) shows that a doctorate is associated with higher earnings. According to the BLS, the average weekly wage for doctoral degree holders is about $1,900 ( Rs.158755).

By comparison, master’s degree holders earn about $1,570 (Rs.131181) bachelor’s degree holders about $1,330 (Rs.111128), and associate degree holders about $960 (Rs. 80213). While earning a doctorate requires a significant investment in your education, it provides a practical return in increased lifetime earning potential, especially if you qualify for income that will be used to help you or financial aid.

What Are The Specializations Of A PhD Program? 

Employment for PhD candidates depends on their specialization. The PhD program offers various specializations with different career profiles. Some examples include: including PhDs in Management, PhDs in the Arts, PhDs in Engineering, PhDs in Medicine, PhDs in Legal Studies, etc.

The details are mentioned below:

PhD Specialisations and Career Options

• PhD in Management:  HR Manager, Entrepreneur, etc. 
• PhD in Business Administration:  Economist, Professor, etc. 
• PhD in AI:  Data Scientist, Research Scientist, etc. 
• PhD in Psychology: Research Psychologist, Clinical Psychologist, Professor, Therapist
• PhD in law:   Legal Advisor, Lawyer, etc. 
• PhD Medical: Hospital Administrator, Medical Scientist, Professor, Researcher
• PhD Engineering : Research Scientist, Mechanical Design Engineer, Executive Engineer
• PhD Mechanical Engineering: Executive Engineer, Research Scientist, Professor, Mechanical Design Engineer
• PhD in Computer Science:  Data Scientist, Research Scientist, etc. 
• PhD in Data Science:  Website Developer, Software Developer, Hardware Engineer, Network Engineer, etc. 
• PhD in commerce:  Data Analyst, Finance Analyst, etc. 
• PhD Arts: Content Writer, Economist, Professor, Clinical Psychologist
• PhD Marketing: Deputy Manager, Marketing Manager, New Product Manager, Marketing Executive
• PhD Economics: Professor, Banker, Financial Manager, Accountant, Economist
• PhD Mathematics: Accountant, Cashier, Finance Manager, Professor, Loan Counsellor
• PhD Biology: Professor, Microbiologist, Research Biologist.
• PhD Chemistry: Forensic Chemist, Junior Scientist, Chemical Researcher, Medical Technologist.

What Are The Salaries For Different Professions?

 Various PhD specializations and their respective salaries are listed in the table below:

What Are The Benefits Of Pursuing A Doctorate?

Earning a doctorate offers many career advantages. Here are some of the benefits:

• Improved credibility: A doctoral degree increases your credibility and authority in your field, and signifies your expertise and commitment. Doctoral degree holders generally earn more than those with other degrees because of their advanced knowledge and skills.
• Advanced problem-solving skills: The latest coursework and final projects in the doctoral program enhance your problem-solving skills, making you a valuable candidate for employers.
• Career transition: With a doctoral degree, you are eligible for advanced academic and non-academic positions, such as department head or high-level manager
• Job security: Fewer doctoral degree holders are unemployed. In 2021, the unemployment rate for doctoral degree holders is 1.5%, compared to 2.6% for master’s degree holders, 3.5% for bachelor’s degree holders, and 4.6% for associate’s degree holders. 

What Are The Challenges Faced By The PhD Students?

There are various challenges faced by the students who enroll in a PhD program. Some of them are mentioned below:

• Managing Your Time: Strong time management is crucial for doctoral studies. Treat your doctorate like a full-time job, but don't neglect leisure time for your health and success. Plan your campus time carefully, like booking study spaces in advance.
• Time management :It is vital for writing your thesis. Regularly send short pieces of work to your supervisors, giving them enough time to critique. Avoid sending large chunks at once. Balance additional duties like teaching or student representation. If these tasks affect your PhD quality, it's okay to say no.

Supervisor Issues 

A good relationship with your supervisor is key to your PhD's success. However, problems can arise:

• Absence: If your supervisor is often unavailable, ask your second supervisor for more support or demand regular contact.
• Conflict: If you have two supervisors with conflicting advice, meet with them separately but don't take sides.
• Intimidation: If your supervisor is overly involved, ask them to step back.
• Leave: If your supervisor retires or goes on leave, discuss the next steps with your department.

If issues persist, consider changing your supervisor.

• Second-Year Blues: PhD studies can lead to a dip in motivation and morale, known as the "second-year blues." Stay optimistic and talk with other PhD students and your supervisor. Presenting at conferences and pursuing varied tasks can boost your confidence. Training courses and support programs, like those at the University of Reading, can help you strengthen skills and stay motivated. Set realistic expectations from the start to avoid disappointment.
• Starting Your Thesis: Starting your thesis can be tough. Begin with the easiest parts and plan in advance. Learn to critique research effectively, identifying gaps and weaknesses. Some sections you write may not make the final cut, but this is part of the learning process and can be useful for future academic work.
• Feeling Lonely or Stressed: Doctoral research can be isolating. Stay connected with other PhD students by joining clubs and societies. Blogging or podcasting about your research can help you make new contacts.Explain your busy schedule to friends and family. It's okay to say no to social opportunities, but discussing your PhD with a layperson can improve your work.If you feel stressed, check out resources on managing student stress and maintaining mental health at university.

How To Get A Doctorate Without PhD? 

If you are searching for options to get a doctorate without doing a PhD program, then you can opt for its alternative and the best alternative of a PhD is DBA. It stands for Doctor of Business Administration and it is also a doctorate program and adds up the “Dr” title before your name.

Moreover, you can even opt for an Online DBA, it will be a perfect alternative for you if you want to get your doctorate without doing PhD and without even quitting your job.

Moreover, the biggest advantage of choosing an Online DBA is you can earn your doctorate degree from an international faculty and without even relocation to another country.

Furthermore, in a PhD program, you do not get an opportunity to learn from an international faculties but in an online DBA, you will get this opportunity to learn from an international faculty who have years of experience and published their work in top journals they will guide you to publish your papers too.

Various universities offer you an Online DBA, some of them are mentioned below:

• ESGCI International School of Management Paris 
• Rushford Business School 
• Golden Gate Universiy 

There is one more option for you to get your doctorate and that is a Ph.D. for working professionals. This program is specially designed for students who want to do a PhD program but are unable to quit their jobs.

You can opt for this program and can get your doctorate without even quitting your job. Moreover, you can easily attend classes in the evening or classes conducted on the weekend to understand everything clearly. 

What Are The Easy Ways To Get Your PhD? 

I would like to tell you that there is no easy way to get your PhD. PhD is not an easy task it is a lengthy process. First, you need to take an entrance exam which is followed by the personal interview round and if you pass the interview round only then you will admitted to the university.

Moreover, doing a PhD is not easy as it is focused on research, and doing research becomes difficult for one who is not interested in research, so if you are someone who only wants to get recognized by the “Dr” title and does not want to do a PhD, you must opt for an Online DBA program, it is also a doctorate program and adds up the “Dr” title before your name. 

What Do We Need To Prepare For A PhD Entrance Exam? 

The syllabus for PhD entrance exams is based on the candidate's chosen specialization. It majorly includes topics from their UG and PG courses. Many universities also conduct an interview round for PhD admissions in 2024.

How To Get A Doctorate Degree In Business? 

Are you also a working professional looking to advance your career and have relevant working experience then you must opt for a DBA program. These doctorate programs are specially designed for people who are working and can not quit their jobs and who want to advance their careers.

By opting for a DBA program you will be able to advance your career and will be able to get recognized with a “Dr” title just like to get recognized with a “Dr” title after completing PhD program. Moreover, you can opt for an Online DBA program, if you choose an Online DBA, you will be able to earn your doctorate degree from an International university without even relocating to another country.

Furthermore, you get an opportunity to learn from international faculties who have years of experience and have published their work in top journals so they can guide you better. One of the biggest advantages of choosing an Online DBA program is, that you do not have to take any entrance exam, International universities offer you direct admission if you fulfill the eligibility criteria.

How To Get A Doctorate Degree In Psychology?  

The PhD in Psychology is a three-year program that leads to a doctorate and opens up many opportunities in medicine and academics. This doctoral degree focuses on medical science and research projects, making it ideal for students interested in a field of study or research.

For a PhD in Psychology, you need a Masters Degree in Psychology with at least 55% marks from a recognized university. Admission may be based on entrance examination or performance. Course fees range from Rs 20,000 to Rs 2 lakh.

Some of the top universities offering this program in India include Amity University, Lady Sri Rama College for Women, and Madras Christian College. With a PhD in psychology, one can become a professor at leading universities in India and abroad, work as a trained psychologist, and become a researcher and researcher in the field of psychology.

What Is a Ph.D. in Psychology?

Psychology is a vast field with many specialized fields for students to explore and research. Advanced psychology courses help students develop deeper knowledge and are trained to share this information effectively. These courses can improve job performance and improve relationships.

Understanding psychology leads to better human relationships. With mental health on the rise, it is increasingly important for professionals such as counselors, therapists, and psychologists to help those in need.

Here are the top reasons why you should pursue a PhD in psychology:

• Advanced Qualifications : A PhD is the highest academic qualification, giving you the cutting edge of psychology.
• Career opportunities: Graduates can help clients with stress and mental health, and better understand the mind and its problems.
• Earning Prospects : You can earn between Rs 2 lakh and Rs 6 lakh per year after doing a PhD.Private enterprise: A PhD enables you to start your own business or consulting firm.
• Research opportunities: You can research topics such as depression, self-confidence, and decision-making.
• Broad role: Expertise in areas such as neuropsychology, sport psychology, school psychology, industrial psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology, human factors psychology, educational psychology, abnormal psychology, health psychology, and developmental psychology. 

Conclusion 

A Doctorate is the highest academic qualification in any field. This includes areas like Psychology, Engineering, Computer Science, Humanities, Social Sciences, Physics, Chemistry, and Bio-Sciences. A Doctorate program usually takes four years of full-time study. Doctorate degrees are mainly for those who want careers in academics or research but you should know that your degree is not only useful to build an academic career but it is also useful in making you a manager in a top organization as it is believed that people having doctorate degree are experts in their fields as they have advanced knowledge and are fond of research and having research skill attract more recruiters and increases your chances of getting placed at top organization.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

⭐ how long does it take to get a doctorate.

On average, a Ph.D. can take up to three to five years to complete. 

⭐ How do you get a doctorate degree?

Here are the steps to getting a PhD:

• Complete coursework.
• Finish one or more doctoral residency experiences.
• Pass a comprehensive exam.
• Develop and complete an independent research project.
• Get approval for your dissertation manuscript.

⭐ Is getting a doctorate the same as a PhD?

No, a Ph.D. is an academic degree, while a doctorate can be academic or professional. A Ph.D. is highly theoretical and research-focused. A professional doctorate is practical and applies research to specific professional settings.

⭐ Can I complete a PhD in 2 years?

It's very rare but possible. A few students finish their Ph.D. in two years, and some elite students even do it in 12 months. The key is to have a strong academic CV before starting.

⭐ Who is eligible for a PhD?

To pursue a PhD, you need to have completed a master’s degree in the same or a related field. Some colleges may also require an MPhil degree.

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UCLA Graduate Programs

Program Requirements for Master of Public Health in Health Policy and Management

Applicable only to students admitted during the 2024-2025 academic year.

Health Policy and Management

Fielding School of Public Health

Graduate Degrees

The Fielding School of Public Health offers a school-wide Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) degree in Health Policy and Management.

For information on the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Health Policy and Management, applicants should see the listings for the department.

Admissions Requirements

Master’s Degree

Upon entering the program, students are assigned to the MPH Program Director as their primary adviser whose responsibility is to counsel students concerning program of study and progress toward the fulfillment of degree requirements.  Throughout the course of study, the program director and student will meet with the student academic advisor and faculty as needed. Students are expected to meet with the MPH Program Director each quarter.

Foreign Language Requirement

Course Requirements

The M.P.H. requires Public Health 200A, 200B, and 401 (20 units). Students may also satisfy Public Health 401 with a School-approved alternative course in consultation with the Associate Dean of Public Health Practice.

The Health Policy and Management concentration (56 units) requires Health Policy and Management 200B, M233, 234, M236 (or 230A and 230B), 286, M287, 400, 403, 433, 436, M422 or 423, 441, and 8 units of elective coursework (200 series and 400 series) selected from departmental offerings. Consult department for list of approved elective courses. Students must also successfully pass an Excel knowledge exam consisting of eight tasks gauging basic knowledge and skills of the program. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

The Health Policy and Management concentration for students admitted to the accelerated one-year program (32 units) requires Health Policy and Management 200B, M236 (or 230A and 230B), 400, 403, one course from 215A, M233, M422 or 423, 441, and 12 units of graduate level (200 series and 400 series) coursework selected from departmental or School offerings. Students must also successfully pass an Excel knowledge exam consisting of eight tasks gauging basic knowledge and skills of the program. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

M.D./M.P.H. Program

Medicine, M.D./Health Policy & Management, M.P.H.

The articulated degree with Medicine and the M.P.H. in Health Management (52 units) requires Public Health 200A, 200B, and 401, Health Policy and Management 200B, M236 (or 230A and 230B), 400, 403, and 16 units of elective courses from departmental or School offerings. M.P.H. elective courses may not be used towards the M.D. in Medicine. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

See School of Medicine for degree requirements.

M.P.P./M.P.H. Program

Public Policy, M.P.P./Health Policy & Management, M.P.H.

The concurrent degree with Public Policy and the M.P.H. in Health Management (56 units) requires Public Health 200A, 200B, and 401, Health Policy and Management 200B, M287, 400, M422, and 20 units of elective courses from departmental or School offerings. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

See Public Policy M.P.P. listing for degree requirements.

J.D./M.P.H. Program

Law, J.D./Health Policy & Management M.P.H.

The concurrent degree with Law and the M.P.H. in Health Management (56 units) requires Public Health 200A, 200B, and 401, Health Policy and Management 200B, M236 (or 230A and 230B), M287, 400, two courses from 286, 403, or M422, and twelve units of elective courses from departmental or School offerings. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

See School of Law for degree requirements.

M.B.A./M.P.H. Program

Management, M.B.A./Health Policy & Management, M.P.H.

The concurrent degree with Management and the M.P.H. in Health Management (56 units) requires Public Health 200A, 200B, and 401, Health Policy and Management 200B, M236 (or 230A and 230B), 400, M422, and 20 units of elective courses from departmental or School offerings. Students who do not pass the exam are required to take an additional four-unit course (Health Policy and Management 439). Alternatively, students may take the course without first taking the exam.

See Anderson Graduate School of Management for degree requirements.

Teaching Experience

Not required.

Field Experience

An applied practice experience (APEx) in an approved setting is required of all MPH degree candidates. Typically, a full-time APEx is completed during the summer between the first and second year of enrollment. Students must be in good academic standing with a grade point average of 3.0 or better before beginning the APEx.

Capstone Plan

The aim of the capstone is to assess each student’s ability to select theories, methods, and techniques from across the content matter of a field, integrate and synthesize knowledge, and apply it to the solution of public health problems. The requirement is fulfilled by completing a project or exam that is specifically designed for the concentration. Students must be in good academic standing, with a grade point average of 3.0 or better, before undertaking the completion of the capstone requirement.

The M.P.H. in Health Policy and Management requires a written Capstone Project and must be satisfactorily completed by the last term of enrollment. The topic of the Capstone Project will be determined by the student in consultation with their Program Adviser. For Capstone Project guidelines, please consult the department for more information.

Thesis Plan

Time-to-Degree

From graduate admission to award of the degree, normal progress is six quarters of enrollment. Maximum time allowable from enrollment to graduation, including leaves of absence, is five years (15 quarters).

Academic Disqualification and Appeal of Disqualification

University Policy

A student who fails to meet the above requirements may be recommended for academic disqualification from graduate study. A graduate student may be disqualified from continuing in the graduate program for a variety of reasons. The most common is failure to maintain the minimum cumulative grade point average (3.00) required by the Academic Senate to remain in good standing (some programs require a higher grade point average). Other examples include failure on examinations, lack of timely progress toward the degree and poor performance in core courses. Probationary students (those with cumulative grade point averages below 3.00) are subject to immediate dismissal upon the recommendation of their department. University guidelines governing academic disqualification of graduate students, including the appeal procedure, are outlined in Standards and Procedures for Graduate Study at UCLA .

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Major in Psychology

As a psychology major, our program offers hands-on learning experiences. Students may conduct a research project under the direction of a faculty member through a senior honors thesis program, which helps them become more competitive for doctoral psychology programs. Once you are in senior standing and have received department approval, you can also enroll in PSYC 4510 to receive practical experience in a supervised setting.

There are two degree options for psychology majors. Please speak with an advisor to decide which option is best for you. Visit the Advising Page for more information.

Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in Psychology

Bachelor of science (b.s.) in psychology.

Learn more about the steps for Prospective Students on pg. 21 of our Undergraduate Manual .

Graduation requirements

• Completion of 120 hours with 42 advanced hours (3000 or 4000 level)
• Overall GPA of at least 2.0
• At least 35 hours of Psychology course work, 18 of which must be advanced hours. Must also include the Psychology Core: PSYC 1630 , PSYC 2317/3317 (includes lab section), PSYC 3650 , & PSYC 4600
• Must earn a C in each course and a minimum 2.5 GPA in core classes listed above. University composition requirement with a C or better is also required
• The Psychology Department will not apply psychology courses taken at another institution towards the major unless the grade in that is "C" or above.
• Visit the B.A . and B.S . Degree Requirement Pages for more specific information on what is needed to graduate based on your degree of choice.

Minor in Psychology

A minor in psychology requires 18 semester hours , including 6 advanced hours (3000 or 4000). Some fields may require more than the minimum 18 hours to provide adequate background for employment. Faculty advisors are available to assist students who minor in psychology.

Transfer Student Requirements

• At least 18 hours of psychology courses must be taken at UNT, and at least 12 hours must be advanced courses (3000 or 4000 level)
• A maximum of 17 hours in psychology coursework may be transferred and applied toward the psychology major at UNT
• Verify how many hours remain before you reach excessive hours , and then identify the core curriculum you have left

Schedule an appointment with an advisor from the College of Liberal Arts and Social Science (CLASS) Academic Advising or our Psychology Department Academic Advising for further guidance

For more information refer to pgs. 18-19 on our Undergraduate Manual .