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MLA Footnotes & Endnotes | Format & Examples

Published on August 23, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on March 5, 2024 by Jack Caulfield.

MLA style requires you to cite sources using MLA in-text citations , not notes. However, you can still use footnotes or endnotes in MLA style for other purposes:

Citing a lot of sources at once

• Providing any extra explanation needed about your citation or translation practice
• Elaborating on ideas
• Providing additional examples that don’t fit into the main text

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper, just before the Works Cited list. MLA allows the use of either type, but stick to one or the other.

Any sources you cite in your footnotes or endnotes must also be included in your Works Cited list , just like sources in the main text. Scribbr’s free MLA Citation Generator can help you create accurate MLA citations.

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Table of contents

Formatting footnotes and endnotes in mla, explaining citation or translation practice, using notes to elaborate on ideas, providing more examples in notes, frequently asked questions about mla notes.

Both footnotes and endnotes are indicated by superscript numbers. The number usually appears at the end of a sentence, after the period.

If you need to use a note in the middle of a sentence to avoid ambiguity, place the number directly after a punctuation mark (with the exception of the dash , where the number comes before).

Four main factors have been determined as possible characteristics of any successful fictional work: 6 popularity, enduring fame, commercial success and scholarly appeal. Each of the case studies must possess at least one of these. 7

The note itself begins with the corresponding number, again in superscript, followed by a space, and then the content of the note. Notes should be in the same font as the rest of your document, but a smaller font size; the first line of each note is slightly indented.

Your word processing program should allow you to automatically insert footnotes .

Formatting the endnotes page

If you are using endnotes, list them on a separate page directly before the Works Cited list. The title (“Notes” or “Endnotes”) appears centered at the top of the page. Like the rest of an MLA format paper , the endnotes should be double-spaced.

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When you have a lot of sources to cite at once, you can save space in your text by placing them in a note instead. These can be sources for a statement you made in the text, or sources providing supplementary information relevant to the discussion.

Note that you don’t need to use parentheses around the page numbers when the note just consists of a list of sources.

When there’s any important information that might not be immediately obvious from your citations, you can explain it in a note at the first point where it comes up.

For example, you might use your own translations for some texts but not others, or you might cite different editions of a text in different ways. These details can be clarified in notes where relevant.

When you mention something in passing but think more information may be useful to the reader, you can add the extra information, as well as related sources if relevant, in a note.

Bear in mind that long notes with superfluous information can be distracting for readers. Use notes of this kind sparingly, and keep them brief. If a piece of information is essential to your point, you should usually include it in the main text.

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Sometimes you have more examples than you can smoothly fit into your text. In those cases, it can be worth placing further examples in a note, if you think they add something to your point. You might also provide a counterexample to acknowledge the limitations of your argument.

No, you should use parenthetical MLA in-text citations to cite sources. Footnotes or endnotes can be used to add extra information that doesn’t fit into your main text, but they’re not needed for citations.

If you need to cite a lot of sources at the same point in the text, though, placing these citations in a note can be a good way to avoid cluttering your text.

In MLA style , footnotes or endnotes can be used to provide additional information that would interrupt the flow of your text.

This can be further examples or developments of ideas you only briefly discuss in the text. You can also use notes to provide additional sources or explain your citation practice.

You don’t have to use any notes at all; only use them to provide relevant information that complements your arguments or helps the reader to understand them.

Footnotes appear at the bottom of the relevant page.  Endnotes appear in a list at the end of the text, just before the reference list or bibliography. Don’t mix footnotes and endnotes in the same document: choose one or the other and use them consistently.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style , you can use either footnotes or endnotes, and citations follow the same format in either case.

In APA and MLA style , footnotes or endnotes are not used for citations, but they can be used to provide additional information.

Some source types, such as books and journal articles , may contain footnotes (or endnotes) with additional information. The following rules apply when citing information from a note in an MLA in-text citation :

• To cite information from a single numbered note, write “n” after the page number, and then write the note number, e.g. (Smith 105n2)
• To cite information from multiple numbered notes, write “nn” and include a range, e.g. (Smith 77nn1–2)
• To cite information from an unnumbered note, write “un” after the page number, with a space in between, e.g. (Jones 250 un)

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What are Endnotes? Most Comprehensive Guide to the Perfectly Referenced Paper

Updated 21 Jun 2024

Adding endnotes is one of the ways to give your readers more insights or citation details about a source not included in the main text. In this article, we have discussed how to use this referencing type in various citation styles ─ keep reading to get to endnotes’ examples. You will also find an answer to what endnotes are and how they differ from footnotes. 

Key things to know about endnotes 

What are endnotes? They are references or annotations at the end of a document, chapter, or section but not at the bottom of each page (like footnotes). 

• They may cover some information you want to include in your text, but it is not quite relatable to the main chapters.
• Endnotes allow you to include citations without interrupting the flow of the text.
• You can use them to credit sources used in the text.
• The text becomes cluttered with too many footnotes. 

The difference between endnotes and footnotes

They are used for the same purpose but differ in placement: while a footnote is placed at the bottom of each page, you should look for an endnote at the end of the document or section. You can also notice the difference in length, as footnotes are usually shorter. 

Use footnotes to:

• Give short explanations or comments closely related to the main text.
• Provide a citation for a source directly quoted or paraphrased in the text.
• Avoid disrupting the text flow by providing a lengthy citation.
• Provide additional information best placed on the same page as the reference.

Use endnotes to:

• Give more extensive commentary or explanation, being distractive as footnotes.
• Provide a citation for a source that is not directly quoted or paraphrased in the text.
• Avoid cluttering the page with too many footnotes.
• Write a book or article that requires a more formal and structured approach.

How to use endnotes? Important steps to follow

Keep in mind that following one of the styles covered below, you must always adjust the formatting to match their requirements. Also, add a heading for the endnotes page. 

Look out for these general formatting rules:

Place and number.

Typically, this referencing type is placed at the end of a document, chapter, or section. Make sure you assign a number corresponding to the text referenced in the note. 

In most formatting styles, use single-spaced with a double space between each note. The first line of each one is usually indented.

Include relevant information.

Depending on the note's purpose, you may need to include the cited source's author, title, publication date, and page number.

Adding endnotes in Word

• Place the cursor in the text when you want to add an endnote.
• Click on the "References" tab and choose “Insert Endnote”.
• Type the text of the endnote. You can add as many of them as you need, and they will be numbered sequentially according to their insertion order.

Endnotes in Chicago style 

Chicago format is a common citation style in the humanities, particularly history, literature, and the arts. It is known for using both endnotes and footnotes. It offers two different citation options: the notes-bibliography system , which uses either endnotes or footnotes (you can choose which to use depending on the purpose), and the author-date system , which uses in-text citations.

• Number endnotes consecutively throughout the document.
• The number for the note is superscripted in the text and appears at the beginning of the corresponding note in the according section.
• Place the number marker at the end of a sentence after the period. Otherwise, you can place them at the end of a statement or phrase within a sentence, but again it comes after punctuation like a comma or semicolon. An exception is a dash.
• The endnotes page is titled with bold and centered "Notes" after the main text and any appendices.
• The Chicago style requires a separate bibliography with full citations for all sources. The title “Bibliography” is preferred, but “Works Cited” or “Literature Cited” is acceptable. Unless you’re writing a short paper and have been told you don’t need to.

Here is a Chicago style endnotes example:

                     1. Jane Doe. "The Great Depression and Its Impact on American Society." Journal of American History 123, no. 4 (2018): 56.

Endnotes in APA style 

You will find a few cases of APA endnotes, as in-text citations and reference lists serve this purpose. Yet, they are used to add additional comments or explanations that are not essential to understanding the main text.

• Such notes are listed at the end of the document after the reference list with the heading “Footnotes” (APA style doesn’t use the “endnotes” term) in bold and centered at the top.
• APA requires double-spaced, indented paragraphs.
• Start each note with its number in superscript, followed by a space.
• Each one is numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals.
• The superscript number appears in the text immediately after the punctuation mark for the sentence or phrase it relates to.
• They should be used sparingly and only for content that cannot be easily integrated into the main text.

Endnotes in MLA style 

Endnotes are typically used when the note's content is too long or detailed to include in the main text or when the information interrupts the main text flow. Nevertheless, MLA in-text citations appear in parentheses, but you can use endnotes to avoid cluttering the text if you need a lot of citations in one place.

• In MLA style, “Notes” or “Endnotes” are listed at the end of the document before the Works Cited list.
• The superscript number for the endnote appears in the text immediately after the punctuation mark for the sentence or phrase that the endnote relates to.
• Indent the first line of each endnote, and start the note with the number in superscript followed by a space.
• Endnotes should be double-spaced.

Now you know what are endnotes used for and how to integrate them into your paper to reach maximum efficiency. To use them correctly in your paper, you must follow guidelines for required formatting that differ in styles, such as Chicago, APA, and MLA. Understanding what endnotes are and how to use them can be time-consuming, so if you need help, you might consider the option to pay someone to do my homework for accurate and properly formatted endnotes.

In which cases is using endnotes appropriate? 

The purpose of endnotes depends on the style you are using. In Chicago, an endnote is used for in-text citations. In APA and MLA, endnotes are used to provide copyright information or to clear up confusing content. Thus, you can use them to add lengthy information to your paper that looks cluttering as a footnote.

What should I add to the endnote?

It should include information that expands upon a point, references or citations to sources used in the document, and acknowledgments or other relevant notes.

Which purpose does an endnote serve? 

Endnotes can serve various purposes: citing sources, adding extra information, directing readers to other areas, etc. Thus, it offers extensive information, comments, or references to sources used in a paper, without interrupting the main text flow. 

Should endnotes be included on every page?

No, footnotes serve this purpose. While endnotes are formatted identically to footnotes, they are presented as a single list at the end of your paper. The definition of endnotes implies they are part of a different section and are not included in the bibliography section, even though they both explain sources used in a document. 

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Endnote Note citing a particular source or making a brief explanatory comment placed at the end of a research paper and arranged sequentially in relation to where the reference appears in the paper.

Footnote Note citing a particular source or making a brief explanatory comment placed at the bottom of a page corresponding to the item cited in the corresponding text above.

Fiske, Robert Hartwell. To the Point: A Dictionary of Concise Writing . New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2014.

Structure and Writing Style

Advantages of Using Endnotes

• Endnotes are less distracting to the reader and allows the narrative to flow better.
• Endnotes don't clutter up the page.
• As a separate section of a research paper, endnotes allow the reader to read and contemplate all the notes at once.

Disadvantages of Using Endnotes

• If you want to look at the text of a particular endnote, you have to flip to the end of the research paper to find the information.
• Depending on how they are created [i.e., continuous numbering or numbers that start over for each chapter], you may have to remember the chapter number as well as the endnote number in order to find the correct one.
• Endnotes may carry a negative connotation much like the proverbial "fine print" or hidden disclaimers in advertising. A reader may believe you are trying to hide something by burying it in a hard-to-find endnote.

Advantages of Using Footnotes

• Readers interested in identifying the source or note can quickly glance down the page to find what they are looking for.
• It allows the reader to immediately link the footnote to the subject of the text without having to take the time to find the note at the back of the paper.
• Footnotes are automatically included when printing off specific pages.

Disadvantages of Using Footnotes

• Footnotes can clutter up the page and, thus, negatively impact the overall look of the page.
• If there are multiple columns, charts, or tables below only a small segment of text that includes a footnote, then you must decide where the footnotes should appear.
• If the footnotes are lengthy, there's a risk they could dominate the page, although this issue is considered acceptable in legal scholarship.
• Adding lengthy footnotes after the paper has been completed can alter the page where other sources are located [i.e., a long footnote can push text to the next page].
• It is more difficult learning how to insert footnotes using your word processing program than simply adding endnotes at the end of your paper.

Things to keep in mind when considering using either endnotes or footnotes in your research paper :

1.    Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a research paper, except for those notes accompanying special material (e.g., figures, tables, charts, etc.). Numbering of footnotes are "superscript"--Arabic numbers typed slightly above the line of text. Do not include periods, parentheses, or slashes. They can follow all punctuation marks except dashes. In general, to avoid interrupting the continuity of the text, footnote numbers are placed at the end of the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the quoted or paraphrased material. 2.    Depending on the writing style used in your class, endnotes may take the place of a list of resources cited in your paper or they may represent non-bibliographic items, such as comments or observations, followed by a separate list of references to the sources you cited and arranged alphabetically by the author's last name. If you are unsure about how to use endnotes, consult with your professor. 3.    In general, the use of footnotes in most academic writing is now considered a bit outdated and has been replaced by endnotes, which are much easier to place in your paper, even with the advent of word processing programs. However, some disciplines, such as law and history, still predominantly utilize footnotes. Consult with your professor about which form to use and always remember that, whichever style of citation you choose, apply it consistently throughout your paper.

NOTE:   Always think critically about the information you place in a footnote or endnote. Ask yourself, is this supplementary or tangential information that would otherwise disrupt the narrative flow of the text or is this essential information that I should integrate into the main text? If you are not sure, it's better to work it into the text. Too many notes implies a disorganized paper.

Cermak, Bonni and Jennifer Troxell. A Guide to Footnotes and Endnotes for NASA History Authors . NASA History Program. History Division; Hale, Ali. Should You Use Footnotes or Endnotes? DailyWritingTips.com; Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Lunsford, Andrea A. and Robert Connors. The St. Martin's Handbook . New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989; Saller, Carol. “Endnotes or Footnotes? Some Considerations.” The Chronicle of Higher Education 58 (January 6, 2012): http://chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2012/01/06/endnotes-or-footnotes-some-considerations/.

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What Are Endnotes, Why Are They Needed, and How Are They Used?

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An "endnote" is a reference, explanation, or comment placed at the end of an article, research paper, chapter, or book. Like footnotes  (which are used in this article), endnotes serve two main purposes in a research paper: (1) They acknowledge the source of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary; and (2) They provide explanatory comments that would interrupt the flow of the main  text .

Endnotes vs. Footnotes

"Your department may specify whether you should use footnotes or endnotes, especially for a thesis or dissertation.

If not, you should generally choose footnotes, which are easier to read. Endnotes force readers to flip to the back to check every citation. On the other hand, choose endnotes when your footnotes are so long or numerous that they take up too much space on the page, making your report unattractive and difficult to read. Also, endnotes better accommodate tables, quoted poetry, and other matter that requires special typography."

(Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 7th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2007.)

"Readers of academic and scholarly books usually prefer footnotes to endnotes because the former allows them to skim the notes without losing their place in the text. Popular wisdom, however, says that nonscholarly readers are either reluctant or unwilling to purchase a nonfiction trade book whose feet are hemmed with ribbons of tiny type; thus most trade books place (the shop term is 'bury') the notes containing sources and references at the back of the book ."

(Einsohn, Amy. The Copyeditor's Handbook,  University of California Press, 2006.)

Endnote Conventions

"An author or title mentioned in the text need not be repeated in the footnote  citation , though it is often helpful to do so. In an endnote, however, the author (or at least the author's last name) and title should be repeated, since at least some readers may have forgotten whether the note number was 93 or 94 by the time they find it at the back of a work.

Such frustration can be prevented by the devices illustrated in the examples below."

34. This and the preceding four quotations are all from  Hamlet , act 1, sc. 4. 87. Barbara Wallraff,  Word Court  (New York: Harcourt, 2000), 34. Further citations to this work are given in the text.​

(​ The Chicago Manual of Style,  University of Chicago Press, 2003.)

Endnote Numbering

"Endnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a chapter or article, with each new chapter or section starting over with endnote 1. The notes section at the back is then broken down by chapter or section, with the corresponding endnote numbers listed underneath.

Place endnote numbers within the text in superscript type (small typeset above the line). In the notes section, use the same number to identify the endnote with the number in the text."

(Robbins, Lara M.  Grammar, and Style at Your Fingertips,  Alpha, 2007.)

Sample Endnotes From Pennebaker's 'The Secret Life of Pronouns '

"Chapter 2: Ignoring the Content, Celebrating the Style 19. The drawing is from the Thematic Apperception Test by Henry A. Murray, Card 12F, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. 20. Throughout this book, I include quotations from people who have been in my studies or classes, from text on the Internet, or even from conversations or e-mails from friends or family members. In all cases, all identifying information has been removed or altered. 22. In this book, the terms style, function , and stealth words are used interchangeably. They have many other names as well —  junk words, particles , and closed-class words . Linguists tend to disagree about the precise definitions of each of these overlapping terms."

(Pennebaker, James W.  The Secret Life of Pronouns: What Our Words Say About Us,  Bloomsbury Press, 2011.)

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Endnotes – Guide to How to Use Them Correctly

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Citing sources properly is required to give acknowledgement to the writers whose work influenced your own, to direct readers to the sources you used, and to demonstrate the scope of your research. Although endnotes are used less frequently in student or academic papers than in-text citations or footnotes, they are extremely prevalent in books, where they contribute to a cleaner page. This article provides a thorough guide to using endnotes correctly with examples.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 Endnotes – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: Endnotes
• 3 Endnotes vs. footnotes
• 4 How to use endnotes
• 5 How to insert endnotes in Word

Endnotes – In a Nutshell

• They may be used instead of a list of cited sources, depending on the writing style.
• Even with the advent of word-processing software, these notes are considerably simpler to include in a document.
• Unlike footnotes, they don’t take up much space on the page.

Definition: Endnotes

Endnotes are the notes that come at the end of the text in an academic paper. They are denoted in the text by numbers or, occasionally, other symbols.

They are employed:

• for citations in particular styles
• to add supplementary material that does not flow with the primary text

Endnotes vs. footnotes

Endnotes and footnotes are commonly mistaken. Footnotes are similarly used to offer citations or additional information; however, they appear at the bottom of each page rather than at the conclusion .

Footnotes or endnotes should typically be used consistently. Your instructor may advise you on the appropriate note format.

How to use endnotes

Endnote numbers are placed after the clause or sentence to which they pertain. Unless an em dash concludes the sentence, the number comes before the punctuation , after which it is displayed. There is no space following the number.

The general agreement now—though there are dissenting voices 1 —is that this experiment was too methodologically faulty to provide valid results. 2

Notes are consecutively numbered in the order that they occur in the text. Each endnote is assigned a unique number; do not reuse a number, even when citing the same source multiple times.

Endnotes in Chicago style

Using footnotes or endnotes for citations is standard practice in Chicago style bibliographies and notes. Either type of note may also provide additional information, such as more examples, commentary on the sources you quote, or a more in-depth analysis of concepts mentioned in the text.

Place Chicago endnotes after the clause or sentence to which they pertain. A citation note provides complete information on a source the first time it is cited, and simplified information for subsequent citations.

You should still provide a complete list of your sources in a bibliography following the notes unless you are writing a brief paper and have been instructed otherwise.

The notes page follows the bibliography and begins with the word “Notes” printed in bold and centered. The basic format of the notes is as follows:

• A blank line should separate the notes, and the notes should be single-spaced.
• Start each note with an indentation.
• Place a period and a space after the note numbers, which should be written in regular text rather than a superscript.

Endnotes in APA style

Additional information can be included in endnotes or footnotes when writing in APA style . They are not used for citations; instead, use APA in-text citations .

When applicable, copyright attributions are included using APA endnotes. In addition, they can be used to build on the text’s themes or provide further instances. However, do so sparingly, as the APA advises against including redundant information.

The notes are placed on a separate page following the reference list, with the heading “Footnotes” (APA does not use the phrase “endnotes”) bold and centered at the top.

The notes are formatted as indented, double-spaced paragraphs. Each note should begin with its number in superscript, followed by a space.

Endnotes in MLA style

Endnotes can be used instead of MLA in-text citations if you must include many references in a single paragraph.

MLA notes may also convey more information, including clarifications, further illustrations, or elaboration of concepts briefly discussed in the text.

They should appear on a separate page before the Works Cited list and be titled “Notes” or “Endnotes.” Each endnote’s first line should be indented, and the number should be superscripted, followed by a space. They must use double spacing.

How to insert endnotes in Word

Many word processors, such as Microsoft Word, make it simple to insert notes automatically. Follow the steps below:

• Click the point within the text where the note number should appear.
• Click “Insert Endnote” after opening the “References” tab at the top.
• Input text in the note that appears at the end of your manuscript.

However, if you use one of the above styles, you must alter the formatting to meet their criteria and include a heading for the notes page.

What should I write in an endnote?

Footnotes and endnotes perform the same function. These are brief clarifications, additions, or copyright information. You can improve the reader’s experience by adding an endnote example outside the text.

How do I make the endnote numbers?

Don’t enter the numbers manually! The “Insert Citation” or “Insert Reference” function in your word processing software (such as MS Word) will add the note numbers and make room for the note automatically. This function’s name differs slightly between programs.

How is an endnote supposed to look?

A five-space indentation marks the first line of each endnote, and subsequent lines are flush to the left margin. Each endnote number should be preceded by a period and space, with the right note following the space.

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How to Do Endnotes

Last Updated: March 23, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 234,977 times.

Proper citation of sources is necessary to give credit to the authors whose work informed yours, to point readers to the sources you used, and to show the breadth of your research. Though endnotes are less commonly used in student or academic papers than in-line citations or footnotes, they are quite common in books, where they make for a cleaner page. The basics of endnotes are always the same – numbered notes within the text refer to numbered entries in a notes section at the end of the document – but there are minor differences depending on whether you use Chicago or MLA (Modern Language Association) style.

Inserting Endnotes

• To avoid plagiarism, you must correctly attribute ideas and quotations, which is using someone else's ideas or material without acknowledgement (intentionally or unintentionally). If you are a student, plagiarism may result in disciplinary action. If you are an academic or professional, plagiarism will result in, at best, the rejection of your manuscript, and at worst disciplinary action. People have even their degrees revoked when plagiarism was discovered. [1] X Research source
• To allow the reader to check your work. Proper citations allow readers to look up the quotes and ideas you used in context, to see if they agree with your interpretation. [2] X Research source
• To allow interested readers to dig deeper. Endnotes allow readers interested in your topic to easily locate the sources that informed it so that they can read them as well.
• To show that you have considered a variety of sources. Endnotes allow you to show the reader that you have considered all of the major arguments regarding your given topic, or if you have not, allows them to easily see which authors you have failed to consider.

• Page number
• Author name, as well as the name of any editors or translators
• Book name, place of publishing, name of publisher, and year of publishing if a book
• Article name, periodical name, volume and series number, and date of publication

• Pushing citations to the end of a paper or work helps to create clean, uncluttered pages. This is why endnotes are often preferred in books.
• Having all the citations in one place allows the reader to digest them as a whole.
• On the other hand, not having citations on the page means the reader will have to flip to the back of your manuscript each time they want to look something up, which can be frustrating.
• Endnotes can give the impression that you are trying to hide your citations.

• Note numbers should follow punctuation. Never put a note number before a period, comma, or quotation mark.
• Note numbers should be consecutive throughout an entire paper.
• In a book, note numbers may restart with each chapter, in which case the endnotes should be divided by chapter.
• Put the superscript number at the end of the clause or sentence in which you reference someone else's materials. [5] X Research source For example: "According to Hoskins and Garrett, IQ tests are often problematic, 1 but I argue that it is still possible to implement them usefully in school settings."

• Indent the first line of each endnote half an inch (or 5 spaces) from the left margin. Additional lines within a single endnote should be flush with the left hand margin.
• Use the appropriate citation form per your style guide.

Using Chicago (Turabian) Style

• Chicago style uses endnotes (or footnotes) to cite sources, rather than providing inline citation. This is a key difference from MLA style, which uses inline citation.
• In Chicago style, it is recommended to always write the author name and title, not just the author name, in subsequent citations after the first full one.
• In Chicago style, a bibliography typically follows the endnotes. The bibliography lists all sources in alphabetical order by author’s last name. You should add entries to it every time you create a note. The format is slightly different from endnotes. See http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html for more information.

• Book (author) – Author’s First and Last Name, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s).
• Book (editor) – Author’s First and Last Name, ed., Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page number(s).
• Journal Article – Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Journal Volume (Year): page number(s).
• Newspaper – Author’s First and Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper , date, page number(s).
• For all source types, if there are two to three authors, list their names with commas between them. For more than three authors, write the first author's name, a comma, and “et al.” in place of any remaining authors.
• For a complete list of source types and their appropriate formats, see http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html .

• Author’s last name, Title, page number(s). (If the title is not fiction or poetry, you can use a shortened form of the title if it is longer than four words.)

• 1 Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Love in the Time of Cholera , trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 27-28.
• 2 Ibid., 45.

• In some cases, your teacher may prefer you to single-space endnotes and leave a blank line between each entry. If you have questions, consult with your teacher. [12] X Research source

Using MLA Style

• MLA style does not recommend using endnotes to cite works. You should use inline citation in MLA style unless specifically told otherwise.
• In most cases, you will still need to provide a Works Cited page in addition to your endnotes.

• For example, "For further discussion of this phenomenon, see also King, 53; Norris, 175-185; and Kozinsky, 299-318."
• For example, "Several other studies also reach similar conclusions. For examples, see also Brown and Spiers 24-50, Chapel 30-45, and Philips 50-57."

• For example, "Although it is less commonly known than her major works, singer-songwriter Wendy's 1980 album Cookies also deals with the idea of ecofriendly agriculture."
• For example, "Johnson reiterated this point in a conference talk in 2013, although she worded it less forcefully there."

• Center the word Notes on the page. Do not use any formatting or quote marks. If you have only one endnote, use the word Note.
• Double-space endnotes in MLA style.

Community Q&A

• Other style guides may also use endnotes, although APA Style, commonly used in social sciences, does not. [16] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source If you are writing for a journal or publisher that has an in-house style guide, consult with them about endnote requirements. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/useinformationcorrectly/avoiding-plagiarism/1/
• ↑ http://web.grinnell.edu/Dean/Tutorial/EUS/IC.pdf
• ↑ https://www.trentu.ca/academicskills/documentation-guide/chicago-style/footnotes-and-endnotes
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/c.php?g=293795&p=1956824
• ↑ https://guides.lib.uw.edu/hsl/ama/intext
• ↑ https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Add-footnotes-and-endnotes-BFF71B0C-3EC5-4C37-ABC1-7C8E7D6F2D78
• ↑ https://support.office.com/en-US/article/Add-footnotes-and-endnotes-61F3FB1A-4717-414C-9A8F-015A5F3FF4CB
• ↑ https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/dam/jcr:e7d5f449-dd5e-42c7-89dc-a264d75f4c23/Turabian-Tip-Sheet-11.pdf
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/chicago_manual_17th_edition/cmos_formatting_and_style_guide/chicago_manual_of_style_17th_edition.html
• ↑ http://www.library.georgetown.edu/tutorials/research-guides/turabian-footnote-guide
• ↑ http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0240.html
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_endnotes_and_footnotes.html
• ↑ https://guides.library.brandeis.edu/citations/MLA
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa6_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/footnotes_and_endnotes.html

About This Article

To use endnotes in a paper, start by inserting a superscript number that corresponds with the source each time you reference it in your paper. Then, at the end of your paper, create a new page with the heading, “Notes.” List the sources, including the author’s first and last name, the title and date of the publication, and the page number for each one. Separate each element with a comma, then add a period after the page number. For two different ways to format your endnotes, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style

Table of Contents: Books E-books Journal Articles (Print) Journal Articles (Online) Magazine Articles (Print) Magazine Articles (Online) Newspaper Articles Review Articles Websites For More Help

The examples in this guide are meant to introduce you to the basics of citing sources using Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (seventh edition) .  Kate Turabian created her first "manual" in 1937 as a means of simplifying for students The Chicago Manual of Style ; the seventh edition of Turabian is based on the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual . For types of resources not covered in this guide (e.g., government documents, manuscript collections, video recordings) and for further detail and examples, please consult the websites listed at the end of this guide, the handbook itself or a reference librarian .

Whenever you refer to or use another's words, facts or ideas in your paper, you are required to cite the source. Traditionally, disciplines in the humanities (art, history, music, religion, theology) require the use of bibliographic footnotes or endnotes in conjunction with a bibliography to cite sources used in research papers and dissertations. For the parenthetical reference (author-date) system (commonly used in the sciences and social sciences), please refer to the separate guide Turabian Parenthetical/Reference List Style . It is best to consult with your professor to determine the preferred citation style.

Indicate notes in the text of your paper by using consecutive superscript numbers (as demonstrated below). The actual note is indented and can occur either as a footnote at the bottom of the page or as an endnote at the end of the paper. To create notes, type the note number followed by a period on the same line as the note itself. This method should always be used for endnotes; it is the preferred method for footnotes. However, superscript numbers are acceptable for footnotes, and many word processing programs can generate footnotes with superscript numbers for you.

When citing books, the following are elements you may need to include in your bibliographic citation for your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author or editor; 2. Title; 3. Compiler, translator or editor (if an editor is listed in addition to an author); 4. Edition; 5. Name of series, including volume or number used; 6. Place of publication, publisher and date of publication; 7. Page numbers of citation (for footnote or endnote).

Books with One Author or Corporate Author

Author: Charles Hullmandel experimented with lithographic techniques throughout the early nineteenth century, patenting the "lithotint" process in 1840. 1

Editor: Human beings are the sources of "all international politics"; even though the holders of political power may change, this remains the same. 1

Corporate Author: Children of Central and Eastern Europe have not escaped the nutritional ramifications of iron deficiency, a worldwide problem. 1

First footnote:

1 Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850 (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

1 Valerie M. Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy (Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997), 5.

1 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , edited by Alexander Zouev (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999), 44.

Note the different treatment of an editor's name depending on whether the editor takes the place of an author (second example) or is listed in addition to the author (third example). 

Subsequent footnotes:

       Method A: Include the author or editor's last name, the title (or an abbreviated title) and the page number cited.

2 Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., Culture and Foreign Policy, 10.

2 UNICEF, Generation in Jeopardy, 48.

       Method B: Include only the author or editor's last name and the page number, leaving out the title.  

2 Twyman, 50.

2 Hudson, ed., 10.

2 UNICEF, 48.

Use Method A if you need to cite more than one reference by the same author.

1. Michael Twyman, Lithography 1800-1850  (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), 145-146.

Ibid., short for ibidem, means "in the same place."  Use ibid. if you cite the same page of the same work in succession without a different reference intervening.  If you need to cite a different page of the same work, include the page number.  For example:   2 Ibid., 50.

Bibliography:

Hudson, Valerie, N., ed. Culture and Foreign Policy . Boulder: L. Rienner Publishers, 1997.

Twyman, Michael. Lithography 1800-1850 . London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

UNICEF.  Generation in Jeopardy: Children in Central and Eastern Europe and the             Former Soviet Union . Edited by Alexander Zouev. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1999.

Books with Two or More Authors or Editors

1 Russell Keat and John Urry, Social Theory as Science, 2d ed. (London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982), 196.

1 Toyoma Hitomi, "The Era of Dandy Beauties," in Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  eds. Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker ( Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007), 157.

For references with more than three authors, cite the first named author followed by "et al." Cite all the authors in the bibliography.

1 Leonard B. Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , ed. Berel Lang (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979), 56.

2 Keat and Urry, Social Theory as Science , 200.

2 Meyer, et al., The Concept of Style , 90.

Keat, Russell, and John Urry. Social Theory as Science , 2d. ed. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1982.

Hitomi, Toyoma. "The Era of Dandy Beauties." In Queer Voices from Japan: First-Person Narratives from Japan's Sexual Minorities,  edited by Mark J. McLelland, Katsuhiko Suganuma, and James Welker, 153-165.   Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007.

Meyer, Leonard B., Kendall Walton, Albert Hofstadter, Svetlana Alpers, George Kubler, Richard Wolheim, Monroe Beardsley, Seymour Chatman, Ann Banfield, and Hayden White. The Concept of Style . Edited by Berel Lang.  Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979.  

Electronic Books

Follow the guidelines for print books, above, but include the collection (if there is one), URL and the date you accessed the material.

1 John Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy (Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834), in The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

2 Rae, Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy .

Rae, John.  Statement of Some New Principles on the Subject of Political Economy. Boston: Hillard, Gray and Company, 1834. In The Making of the Modern World,   http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/MOME?af=RN&ae=U104874605&srchtp=a&ste=14  (accessed June 22, 2009).  

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

For periodical (magazine, journal, newspaper, etc.) articles, include some or all of the following elements in your first footnote or endnote and in your bibliography, in this order:

1. Author; 2. Article title; 3. Periodical title; 4. Volume or Issue number (or both); 5. Publication date; 6. Page numbers.

For online periodicals   , add: 7. URL and date of access; or 8. Database name, URL and date of access. (If available, include database publisher and city of publication.)

For an article available in more than one format (print, online, etc.), cite whichever version you used.

Journal Articles (Print)

1 Lawrence Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 52.

Here you are citing page 52.  In the bibliography (see below) you would include the full page range: 39-56.

If a journal has continuous pagination within a volume, you do not need to include the issue number:

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 520.

Subsequent footnotes :

2 Freedman, "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict," 49.   

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 545.

Freedman, Lawrence. "The Changing Roles of Military Conflict."   Survival 40, no. 4 (1998): 39-56.

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor."  American Journal of Philology 118 (1997): 517-554.  

Journal Articles (Online)

Cite as above, but include the URL and the date of access of the article.

On the Free Web

1 Molly Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Through a Subscription Database

1 John T. Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

1 Michael Moon, et al., "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Subsequent Footnotes:

2 Shea, "Hacking Nostalgia."

2 Kirby, "Aristotle on Metaphor," 527. 

2 Moon, "Queers in (Single-Family) Space," 34. 

Shea, Molly. "Hacking Nostalgia: Super Mario Clouds," Gnovis 9, no. 2 (Spring 2009), http://gnovisjournal.org/journal/hacking-nostalgia-super-mario-clouds  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Kirby, John T. "Aristotle on Metaphor," American Journal of Philology 118, no. 4 (Winter 1997): 524, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/v118/118.4.kirby.html  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Moon, Michael, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Benjamin Gianni, and Scott Weir. "Queers in (Single-Family) Space." Assemblage 24 (August 1994): 30-7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3171189  (accessed June 25, 2009).

Magazine Articles (Print)

Monthly or Bimonthly

           1 Paul Goldberger, "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile," Architectural Digest, October 1996, 82.

1 Steven Levy and Brad Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," Newsweek , March 25, 2002, 45.

          2 Goldberger, "Machines for Living," 82.

          2 Levy and Stone, "Silicon Valley Reboots," 46.

Goldberger, Paul.  "Machines for Living: The Architectonic Allure of the Automobile." Architectural Digest, October 1996.

Levy, Steven, and Brad Stone. "Silicon Valley Reboots." Newsweek , March 25, 2002.

Magazine Articles (Online)

Follow the guidelines for print magazine articles, adding the URL and date accessed.

1 Bill Wyman, "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble," Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

1 Sasha Frere-Jones, "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Wyman, Bill. "Tony Soprano's Female Trouble." Salon.com, May 19, 2001, http://www.salon.com/2001/05/19/sopranos_final/ (accessed February 13, 2017).

Frere-Jones, Sasha. "Hip-Hop President." New Yorker , November 24, 2008. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=35324426&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009).

Newspaper Articles

In most cases, you will cite newspaper articles only in notes, not in your bibliography. Follow the general pattern for citing magazine articles, although you may omit page numbers.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition.

        1 Eric Pianin, "Use of Arsenic in Wood Products to End," Washington Post , February 13, 2002, final edition, in LexisNexis Academic (accessed June 27, 2009).

Note: In the example above, there was no stable URL for the article in LexisNexis, so the name of the database was given rather than a URL.

Review Articles

Follow the pattern below for review articles in any kind of periodical.

1 Alanna Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard," review of Basket Case, by Carl Hiassen, New York Times , February 3, 2002, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=105338185&sid=2&Fmt=6&clientId=5604&RQT=309&VName=PQD (accessed June 26, 2009).  

1 David Denby, "Killing Joke," review of No Country for Old Men , directed by Ethan and Joel Coen,  New Yorker, February 25, 2008, 72-73, http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fah&AN=30033248&site=ehost-live (accessed June 26, 2009). 

Second footnote:

2 Nash, "Hit 'Em With a Lizard."

2 Denby, "Killing Joke."

In most cases, you will be citing something smaller than an entire website. If you are citing an article from a website, for example, follow the guidelines for articles above. You can usually refer to an entire website in running text without including it in your reference list, e.g.: "According to its website, the Financial Accounting Standards Board requires ...".

If you need to cite an entire website in your bibliography, include some or all of the following elements, in this order:

1. Author or editor of the website (if known) 2. Title of the website 3. URL 4. Date of access

Financial Accounting Standards Board .  http://www.fasb.org  (accessed April 29, 2009).

FOR MORE HELP

Following are links to sites that have additional information and further examples:

Turabian Quick Guide (University of Chicago Press)

Chicago Manual of Style Online

RefWorks Once you have created an account, go to Tools/Preview Output Style to see examples of Turabian style.

Purdue's Online Writing Lab (OWL) Excellent source for research, writing and citation tips.

Citing Sources Duke University's guide to citing sources. The site offers comparison citation tables with examples from APA , Chicago , MLA and Turabian for both print and electronic works.

How to Cite Electronic Sources From the Library of Congress. Provides MLA and Turabian examples of citing formats like films, photographs, maps and recorded sound that are accessed electronically.

Uncle Sam: Brief Guide to Citing Government Publications The examples in this excellent guide from the University of Memphis are based on the Chicago Manual of Style and Kate Turabian's Manual .

Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Citation Basics / Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical Citations

Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical Citations

There is a lot of terminology when it comes to citations and giving proper credit to sources. Three of the terms that sometimes get mixed up are footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical citations. Each is different, as we will see below.

No matter which of these types of in-text citations you use, you will need to include a works cited list or bibliography at the end of your paper that includes the full references for your sources. Your instructor may also ask you to create an annotated bibliography where you also include a short paragraph summarizing and evaluating each source along with its full reference.

Here’s a run-through of everything this page includes:

What is a footnote?

Footnotes vs. endnotes, parenthetical citations, troubleshooting.

A footnote is a type of in-text citation. The information in the text body is marked with a superscript number 1 (raised number), and the corresponding source citation and note is at the bottom (or the foot ) of the page the superscript appears on.

Both footnotes and endnotes are common writing tool features implemented when using various citation styles. They provide writers with a clear method in directing the reader to further information on the research topic and additional citations . Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, footnotes and endnotes have a few key differences.

The most obvious difference between footnotes and endnotes is the placement of each within a paper. Footnotes are found at the bottom of a page (i.e. in the footer) and endnotes are located at the end of a complete document, or sometimes at the end of a chapter or section .

While the content in footnotes and endnotes can look the same, they serve different functions. Footnotes are used as a citation vehicle for a short citation, while endnotes can contain more text without compromising the format of the paper. They each also typically use a different numbering system, which allows the reader to determine where they should look for the additional information (either in the footer of the page, or at the end of the document).

APA format only uses parenthetical citations/reference list. MLA format can have footnotes and/or endnotes, but more commonly uses parenthetical citations and work cited. Chicago format almost always has footnotes or endnotes.

Both footnotes and endnotes tend to be supplemented by a bibliography or works cited page, which displays the complete citation of each source the writer cited in each footnote and endnote throughout their paper. Depending on the citation style, the footnote/endnote entry provides more specific location information than the entry in the bibliography. For instance, when citing a whole book in Chicago Manual of Style, the page number of the cited information is contained in the footnote, whereas this localized information is omitted from that source’s entry in the bibliography.

Footnote Entry Example :

F. Scott Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise (New York: Scribner, 1920), 25.

Bibliography Entry Example :

Fitzgerald, F. Scott. This Side of Paradise . New York: Scribner, 1920.

Parenthetical Citations are citation tools commonly used in APA and format  MLA format . They usually contain the cited works author’s name, and an additional piece of information that further describes the source, usually the publication date of the source or the page number where the cited material can be located within the source.

Parenthetical Citations are used directly following the quote or cited material written in the document. Typically, they come at the end of the sentence that contains the cited material. They let the reader know when the author is using information or words that are not their own. While they demonstrate that a citation is being made, they should not be treated as a substitute for quotation marks when an author’s words are being presented exactly. They should also be included even when paraphrasing someone else’s work.

Each parenthetical citation made in a document should correspond to an entry in a works cited page or reference list at the end of the document. The entry in the works cited or reference list provides further detail about the source being cited.

Parenthetical Citation Example:

(James, 2009)

Reference List Entry Example:

James, Henry. (2009). The ambassadors. Rockville, MD: Serenity Publishers.

Solution #1: How to choose between using footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical in-text citations

1. Look at the citation style’s guidelines; what does it recommend to use for in-text citations?

Most citation styles favor a certain in-text citation format, but allow flexibility to use notes if needed.

Generally, use parenthetical in-text citations for these styles

• MLA — Notes are allowed in some cases (bibliographic notes, content notes), but are not often used. Click here for more information.
• APA– Notes are allowed in some cases (content footnotes, copyright attribution), but are not encouraged. Click here for more information.
• Chicago, author-date

Use notes for:

• Chicago, notes-bibliography

2. What in-text citation style does your instructor, journal, colleagues, or even area of expertise usually use?

Ask others or examine guidelines from your instructor or journal. Context matters! For example, Chicago style has two styles of citation: notes-bibliography (uses footnotes) and author-date (uses parentheticals).

• Notes-Bibliography :  Often used in the humanities.
• Author-Date:  Often used in the science and social sciences.

Solution #2: How to create small, raised numbers (superscript) numbers for footnotes

The small, raised numbers you see in footnotes are called superscript . It looks like this:

See the example of superscript at the end of this sentence. 1

Below, we will cover how to create superscript in a Google Doc, in a Word document, and via HTML.

• Highlight the number you want to turn into superscript.
• Go to the “Format” section and follow this page:  Format –> Text –> Superscript
• Select “Superscript” to format the number.
• Windows:   [Ctrl] and [.]
• Mac:  [Command] and [.]

Word document

• On the “Home” editing bar/menu, look for the superscript button. It looks like this: [X 2 ]

Place the number you want as super script with the tags ¹.

Find free citing help for  MLA format  at www.easybib.com! We also have guides to help anyone make APA citations for books, websites, and other sources.

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• Citation Examples
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Page Numbers
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide
• Bibliography
• Works Cited
• MLA 8 Updates
• View MLA Guide

The DOI is not included in parenthetical citations. The DOI is usually only included in a source’s full reference in the bibliography.

For more information, see these guides on citing a journal in MLA and citing a journal in APA .

A parenthetical citation is a form of in-text citation. The only difference is it is enclosed in parentheses unlike a narrative citation (APA style) or a citation in prose (MLA style). Narrative citation and citation in prose are incorporated into the text and act as a part of the sentence along with the text.

Rutledge (2018) urged the need for a proper education system.

Parenthetical:

The need for a proper education system is urged (Rutledge, 2018).

Citation in prose:

First occurrence: Bill Rutledge urged the need for a proper education system.

Subsequent occurrences: Rutledge urged the need for a proper education system.

The need for a proper education system is urged (Rutledge).

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EndNote Guide / APA Referencing Guide

• About EndNote and APA referencing
• Accessing EndNote on campus computers
• Setting the reference style to APA 7th edition
• Navigating EndNote
• What are in-text citations and references?
• Manually adding references
• Exporting a reference from online databases
• Exporting a reference from Google Scholar
• Exporting a reference from Ebook Central
• Exporting a reference from eBook Academic Collection
• Editing a reference
• Attaching and annotating files

Adding your own research notes

• Books, Ebooks & Book Chapters
• Journal, Magazine & Newspaper Articles
• Reports & Legislation
• Conference Papers, Posters & Presentations
• Dissertations & Theses
• Film, Television & Videos
• Audio works
• Visual works
• Social Media
• Using groups
• Searching and sorting your references
• Dealing with duplicate references
• Backing up your EndNote Library
• EndNote tab in Word
• Formatting your reference list
• Inserting and editing an in-text citation
• Inserting a secondary citation
• Deleting an in-text citation
• Mac computer EndNote tab loading issue
• Quick reference guides for using EndNote on Mac & Windows devices

EndNote provides a space for you to add your own personal notes to a reference.  Write any information about the source that will prove helpful when writing your assignment.  These notes can be referred back to at any time.

Please note: These research notes do not appear in the in-text citation or full reference.  

To add your own notes to the reference click the reference in the centre panel → In the right panel select Edit → Scroll down to the Research Notes section and write your notes.  Save your changes.  

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• Next: APA 7th & EndNote: What information goes in which fields? >>
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• Ask a Librarian

Using EndNote

• EndNote 20 (Desktop)
• EndNote Basic
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Adding References

You can use these resources from Clarivate to help add references to your EndNote libraries:

• Adding References - EndNote 20 (Windows) How to guide on adding references in EndNote 20 for Windows.
• Adding References - EndNote 20 (MacOS) How to guide for adding references in EndNote 20 for Mac operating systems.
• Adding citations from Google Scholar - Desktop How to import citations from Google Scholar to EndNote Desktop.
• Adding citations from Google Scholar - EndNote Online How to import a citation using EndNote Online.

Inserting Citations

You can find resources to help insert citations into the document that you are working on here:

• Inserting Citations for Windows How to guide on inserting an in-text citation to a document on a Windows operating system.
• Inserting Citations for MacOS How to guide on inserting and in-text citation to a document for a Mac operating system.
• Video Tutorial - Inserting Citations Inserting citations video tutorial for Windows.
• Video Tutorial - Inserting a Selected Citation A video tutorial on how to insert a selected citation in Windows.
• Cite While You Write - Endnote Online How to guide on using the Cite While You Write feature for EndNote Online.

Editing and Managing Citations

You can use these resources from Clarivate to help add edit and manage your citations in your EndNote libraries:

• Editing and Managing Citations - Windows How to guide on editing and managing citations in EndNote 20 for Windows.
• Editing and Managing Citations - MacOS How to guide on editing and managing citations in EndNote 20 for Mac operating systems.
• Video tutorial - Removing Citations A video tutorial on how to remove citations in EndNote 20 for Windows.
• Video Tutorial - Editing and Managing Citations A video tutorial on editing and managing citations in EndNote 20 for Windows.
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Footnotes and Endnotes

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Note:  This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here .

APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce. However, if explanatory notes still prove necessary to your document, APA details the use of two types of footnotes: content and copyright.

When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( — ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.

When using the footnote function in a word-processing program like Microsoft Word, place all footnotes at the bottom of the page on which they appear. Footnotes may also appear on the final page of your document (usually this is after the References page). Center the word “Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout.

Content Notes

Content notes provide supplemental information to your readers. When providing content notes, be brief and focus on only one subject. Try to limit your comments to one small paragraph.

Content notes can also point readers to information that is available in more detail elsewhere.

Copyright Permission Notes

If you quote more than 500 words of published material or think you may be in violation of “Fair Use” copyright laws, you must get the formal permission of the author(s). All other sources simply appear in the reference list.

Follow the same formatting rules as with content notes for noting copyright permissions. Then attach a copy of the permission letter to the document.

If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information. You should also submit written permission along with your work. Begin the citation with “ Note .”

Note . From “Title of the article,” by W. Jones and R. Smith, 2007, Journal Title , 21, p. 122. Copyright 2007 by Copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.

AI Generator

Endnotes are references or notes placed at the end of a document , chapter, or book. They provide additional information, citations, or explanations that support the text without disrupting its flow. Endnotes are typically numbered and listed in order of appearance, making them easy to locate by referring to the corresponding superscript number in the text. This format helps maintain a clean and uncluttered main body of text while still offering depth and scholarly rigor.

What Are End Notes?

End notes are references and notes at the end of a document or chapter, providing citations or additional explanations linked to the main text via superscript numbers. They are essential for adding scholarly depth without disrupting the flow of reading, making them ideal for academic and detailed scholarly works.

How to Use End Notes

Using end notes effectively in your writing involves several key steps. Here’s a guide on how to incorporate end notes into your documents:

1. Decide When to Use End Notes

• Use end notes for detailed comments, additional information, or citations that are too lengthy or distracting to include in the main body of the text.
• They are ideal for providing source details or elaborations without interrupting the flow of your writing.

2. Mark the References in the Text

• As you write, insert a superscript number at the end of the sentence or clause that requires a citation or note. This number corresponds to the end note at the end of the document.
• Ensure each superscript number is sequential throughout your document.

3. Create the End Note Section

• At the end of your chapter or document, add a section titled ‘Notes’ or ‘End Notes’.
• List your notes in numerical order, matching the superscript numbers in the text. Each end note should start with the superscript number, followed by the details or citation.

4. Format Your End Notes

• Use a consistent format for your citations within the end notes. Common styles include MLA, APA, and Chicago Manual of Style.
• If an end note justifies further development, it’s acceptable to include a few sentences providing additional context or explanation.

5. Cross-Referencing Within End Notes

• If you refer to the same source multiple times, you can cross-reference within your end notes. After the first full citation, subsequent notes might simply refer to the note number: “See note 3.”

6. Review and Revise

• Review your end notes to ensure they are clear and provide valuable information or citation. Make sure they enhance and support the material in your text.
• Ensure that all superscript numbers in the text correspond correctly to the numbers in the end notes section.

7. Proofread

• Proofread your end notes for consistency and accuracy in formatting, numbering, and citation details. Errors here can compromise the credibility of your entire document.

End Notes vs. Footnotes

End Notes vs. Bibliography

How to Create End Notes Online

Creating end notes for your documents online can be efficient and straightforward. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to generate end notes using various online platforms, such as word processors and reference management tools:

1. Using Google Docs

• Write Your Document : As you draft your document, decide where you need to insert an end note.
• Insert End Note : Click on “Insert” in the top menu, select “Footnote” from the dropdown, and then Google Docs will automatically insert a superscript number in the text and link it to a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page. To convert these to end notes, cut and paste them to the end of the document.
• Format the End Notes Section : At the end of your document, create a new section titled ‘End Notes’ and paste your notes here, ensuring they are in the correct numerical order.

2. Using Microsoft Word

• Mark the Text : Type a number or a symbol in superscript where an end note is required.
• Insert End Note : Go to the “References” tab, click on “Insert End Note.” This will place a corresponding superscript number in the text and take you to the end of the document where you can type your note.
• Manage End Notes : Word allows you to manage end note formatting. Click on the small arrow in the “Footnotes” section under the “References” tab to open the Footnote and Endnote box, where you can adjust the numbering format, location, and layout.

3. Using Reference Management Tools

• Choose a Tool : Tools like Zotero, EndNote, or Mendeley can help you manage citations and create end notes.
• Insert Citations : As you write your document in a word processor, use the plugin from your chosen reference management tool to insert citations.
• Generate End Notes : These tools often have the functionality to compile and format a list of end notes based on the citations you’ve inserted into your document.

4. Proofreading and Formatting

• Review Your End Notes : Ensure that all citations are accurately reflected in your end notes and that the information is correctly formatted according to your required citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.).
• Consistency Check : Verify that the numbering of your end notes matches the superscript numbers in the text.

5. Final Adjustments

• Adjust Layout : Make sure that the layout of the end notes section is clean and consistent, with proper spacing and indentation.
• Hyperlink for Digital Documents : If your document will be viewed digitally, consider adding hyperlinks in your end notes back to the corresponding text in the document for easy navigation.

End Notes Format

Proper formatting of end notes is crucial for clarity, consistency, and professionalism in academic writing or any formal document. Here’s a guide on how to format end notes correctly:

1. Location

• End notes are placed at the end of the chapter or the document, under a separate heading titled “End Notes” or “Notes”.

2. Numbering

• End notes should be numbered sequentially throughout the document. The numbering should restart with each chapter if the document is divided into chapters.
• Each end note number in the text should correspond to a superscript number placed immediately after the text or quote referenced.

3. Content Layout

• Single Spacing : Each end note should be single-spaced, but there should be a double space between consecutive entries.
• Indentation : The first line of each end note should be indented from the left margin. Subsequent lines should align with the first line’s start.

4. Font and Size

• Use the same font as the main text, but the font size can be slightly smaller. Typically, a 10-point font is used if the main text is 12-point.

5. Citation Style

• The format of the citation within the end note depends on the citation style you are using (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). Ensure consistency in style throughout your document.

Example of End Note Entries in Chicago Style:

• 1. Stephen King, On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft (New York: Scribner, 2000), 150.
• 2. J. M. Robertson, “Understanding Infrared Thermography: Challenges and Opportunities,” Thermal Science Journal 22, no. 1 (2018): 345-350.

6. Cross-Referencing

• If you refer to the same source multiple times, after the first full citation, subsequent references might simply state: “See note 3,” if you’re referring to details provided earlier in the third end note.

7. Special Notes

• If adding content that requires explanation or further comments not directly cited from a source, these should also be numbered and included in the end notes section, providing additional insights or clarifications as needed.

8. Proofreading

• Carefully proofread your end notes to ensure accuracy in the citations and coherence in the additional information provided. Errors in end notes can detract from the credibility of the entire document.

Examples of End Notes in Chicago Style

Below are ten examples of end notes formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style. These examples cover a range of sources including books, journal articles, websites, and more:

1. Book by a Single Author

• James Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science (New York: Penguin, 1987), 29.

2. Book by Multiple Authors

• Brian Greene and Mark Warner, The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality (New York: Knopf, 2004), 205.

3. Chapter in an Edited Book

• Angela Davis, “Reflections on the Black Woman’s Role in the Community of Slaves,” in Black Women in America: Social Science Perspectives , ed. Micheline R. Malson et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990), 267.

4. Journal Article

• Steven Pinker, “The Moral Instinct,” The New York Times Magazine , January 13, 2008, 32-33.
• Philip K. Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (New York: Doubleday, 1968), 88, Kindle.

6. Website Content

• “Privacy Policy,” Facebook, last modified May 1, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/policy.php .

7. Newspaper Article

• Mark Johnson, “Ebola Outbreak in West Africa Declared Over,” The Guardian , January 14, 2016, accessed January 16, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/14 .

8. Film or Video

• The Social Network , directed by David Fincher (2010; Los Angeles, CA: Columbia Pictures, 2011), DVD.

9. Thesis or Dissertation

• Lisa Flowers, “A Study of Personality Types Found Within the Professional Acting Community” (PhD diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 2019), 101-102.

10. Lecture or Presentation

• Jeremy Green, lecture, Modern Art and Culture, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, March 15, 2020.

End Notes in APA Style

In APA style, end notes are not typically used for citing sources. Instead, APA emphasizes the use of in-text citations and a comprehensive reference list at the end of the document. However, end notes can still be employed for providing additional comments, explanations, or clarifications that might disrupt the flow of the main text. Here’s how to format and use end notes in APA style when necessary:

1. When to Use End Notes

• Use end notes in APA style for supplementary information or detailed explanations that are not vital to include in the main body of the text but could be helpful for the reader.

2. Setting Up End Notes

• Placement : Place end notes at the end of the paper in a separate section labeled “Notes” before the “References” section.
• Numbering : Number end notes consecutively throughout your paper. The numbering should start at 1 and continue sequentially.

3. Formatting the Notes Section

• The word “Notes” should be centered and bolded at the top of the page where you begin your end notes.
• Each end note should be numbered using Arabic numerals, followed by a period, and the text of the note should be double-spaced.
• The first line of each end note should be flush left, and subsequent lines should be indented.

4. Content of End Notes

• The content in the end notes should provide additional insights, elaborate on complex details, or offer acknowledgments that do not fit within the scope of the text.

5. Referencing within End Notes

• If you mention a source in an end note, include a full reference in the main reference list, not within the end note itself. In the end note, just provide a brief mention or a parenthetical citation.
• Example of an end note reference: According to Brown (2020), the implications of this theory are profound. (See also Brown, 2020, for a full discussion).

6. Examples of APA Style End Notes

• Example 1 : See Black and Blue (2019) for more on the psychological impact of color.
• Example 2 : For a detailed analysis of statistical methods see Green (2018, pp. 75-85).

7. Cross-Referencing Other End Notes

• If you need to refer to another end note within your document, you can simply indicate the note number. For example: (see Note 3).

8. Proofreading and Final Checks

• Review your end notes to ensure they are succinct and directly related to the content they supplement. Make sure all end notes are necessary and contribute meaningfully to the reader’s understanding.

End Notes in MLA Style

In MLA style, end notes are used primarily for offering additional information on a point discussed in the text, not for providing bibliographical citations. Here’s how to properly format and use end notes in MLA style:

1. Placement and Numbering

• Place end notes at the end of your document but before the Works Cited page.
• Number end notes consecutively throughout your essay with superscript Arabic numerals corresponding to the note references within the text.

2. Formatting the Notes Section

• The section should be titled “Notes,” centered on the first line below the top margin of a new page.
• Each note is numbered corresponding to the superscript number in the text.
• Begin each note with its number followed by a period and a space. Then start the note text, which should be double-spaced.

3. Content of End Notes

• End notes in MLA are used for providing extra information, clarifications, or acknowledgments that may distract from the main text if included directly.

4. Examples of MLA Style End Notes

• Further discussions on the implications of this theory can be found in Johnson’s work. See Johnson, David. Theoretical Boundaries , University of Minnesota Press, 2019, pp. 157-190.
• The experiment conducted yielded results consistent with previously published data, which confirmed the hypothesized outcomes. For a detailed comparison of experimental results, see Smith, Lorraine. “Comparative Analysis of Theoretical and Experimental Physics,” Journal of Applied Physics , vol. 112, no. 4, 2016, pp. 760-789.
• Additional data collected from the survey is available upon request from the authors. This data includes a broader statistical analysis covering different demographic groups.
• The artwork discussed herein is part of a larger collection owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which has been subject to various scholarly interpretations over the years.
• For a broader historical context of this discussion, refer to Thompson, Emily. History of Western Philosophies . Oxford University Press, 2011, chapters 4-6.

End Notes example in Research

End notes in research are essential for providing additional information, citations, or explanations that are related to the content in the main body but would disrupt its flow if included directly. Here is an example of how end notes can be effectively used in a research paper, following a typical format used across many academic disciplines:

Research Topic: The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs

Main text from the research paper:.

“In recent years, studies have shown an alarming rate of coral bleaching events attributed to rising sea temperatures (1). The implications of these events are profound, as coral reefs support a vast biodiversity and are crucial to marine life ecosystems (2). Researchers have also identified ocean acidification as a significant threat to coral calcification (3).”

End Notes Section:

1. Mark Eakin, et al., “Global Coral Bleaching 2014-2017: Status and an Appeal for Observations,” Coral Reefs Journal , vol. 36, no. 3 (2017): 873-878. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the global coral bleaching event, highlighting the temperature anomalies recorded during this period.

2. James Porter, “The Global Impact of Coral Bleaching,” in Environmental Impacts of Coral Bleaching , ed. Thomas Hardy (New York: Springer, 2018), 45-67. Porter discusses the ecological and economic importance of coral reefs, emphasizing their role in supporting marine biodiversity and local economies through tourism and fishing.

3. Lucy Hughes, “Ocean Acidification and Its Impact on Coral Calcification,” Marine Biology Today , vol. 54, no. 2 (2016): 205-222. Hughes’ research focuses on the chemical processes affected by increased CO2 levels, which lead to ocean acidification, a direct threat to the calcification process in coral structures.

What is the Purpose of EndNote?

EndNote is a reference management software that helps streamline the process of collecting, organizing, and formatting citations and bibliographies, aiding researchers, scholars, and students in managing references efficiently for academic writing and publishing.

How to Properly do End Notes?

To properly do end notes, number them consecutively throughout your document. Place the superscript number in the text where referenced. At the document’s end, under a separate “Notes” section, list each end note with its corresponding number, providing detailed citations or explanatory information as required. Ensure consistency in formatting.

Do I Need End Notes?

Whether you need end notes depends on your document’s purpose and audience. They are useful for providing detailed citations and additional commentary without cluttering the main text, ideal for academic, scholarly, or extensively researched materials.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

10 Examples of Public speaking

20 Examples of Gas lighting

EndNote Online

• Register for EndNote Online
• Downloading EndNote Plug-ins
• Adding in References

EndNote Reference Examples

• Referencing Styles and Bibliography
• Using EndNote in Microsoft Word
• Organize References
• Sharing References
• Troubleshooting - FAQ

The following examples show the fields required in EndNote Online for each reference type and an example in the ATU (Galway/Mayo) Harvard reference style.

	Book	Author Title Year Place Published Publisher Edition (if not 1st)	McLaney, E.J. and Atrill, P. (2020) . 10th edn. London: Pearson.
	Edited Book	Editor Title  Year Place published Publisher Edition (if not 1st)	Peate, I. (ed.) (2021) . 4th edn. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
	Book section	Author Title Year Editor Book Title Place Published Publisher Pages Edition (if not 1st)	Lowman, R. (2019) 'Ethics and Assessment Centres', in S. Schlebusch and G. Roodt (eds.) . 2nd edn. Randburg: KR Publishing, pp. 61-76.
	Electronic book	Author Title Year Place Published Publisher Edition (if not 1st) DOI Date accessed URL	Dukelow, F. and Considine, M. (2017) . 2nd edn. Bristol: Bristol University Press. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t89cg8.    Iyer, N. (2021) . London: Bloomsbury India.
	Blog	Author Title of entry Year Title of WebLog Date URL Access date	Hanley, M. (2020) 'Winter solstice at Newgrange, Ireland', , 21 December. Available at: https://michaelhanley.ie/elearningcurve/winter-solstice-newgrange-ireland/ (Accessed 30 April 2021].
	Report	Author Title Year Place published Institution Report number Access date URL	Gaelic Athletic Association (2023) . Dublin: DBA Publications. Available at: https://www.gaa.ie/news/gaa-report-healthy-financial-year/ (Accessed: 15 January 2024).
	Conference paper	Author Title Year Conference name Conference location Date Place Published Publisher Pages DOI	Deacon, L. and Ní Fhloinn, E. (2023) 'Online synchronous maths support attendance post-Covid', , Dublin (Ireland), 13-14 October. Dublin: Dublin City University, pp. 124-131. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.10062556.
	Conference proceeding	Author Editor Title  Year of conference Series title Conference name Conference location Place published Publisher Pages DOI or URL Date	Corcoran, P. (ed.) (2023) . Galway (Ireland), 30 August - 1 September. Dublin: Irish Pattern Recognition and Classification Society. Available at: https://iprcs.github.io/pdf/IMVIP2023_Proceeding.pdf (Accessed: 1 July 2024).
	Electronic article	Author Title Year Periodical title Volume Issue  Pages Date accessed  URL or DOI	Gouveia, L., McGarraghy, S. and Brugha, C.M. (2021) 'Feature Cluster: Proceedings of the Thirtieth European Conference on Operational Research (EURO 2019) Introduction', , 291(3), p. 807. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.02.011.
	Conference paper	Author Title Year Conference name Conference location Date URL Access date	HUSSAIN, A., 2019. 'The creative case for diversity', In: . Galway, 27-28 March 2019. Available from:   [Viewed 4 May 2021].   Edit reference to add in URL and viewed date as it does not appear.
	Dataset	Investigators Title  Year Date type URL Access date	HEALTH SERVICE EXECUTIVE, 2017.  , [Dataset]. Available from:   [Viewed 4 May 2021].
	Book section	Author Title Year Editor Book title Place published Publisher Pages	SOMMER, W. & SCHOENFELD, H.M., 2019. 'Absentee'. In Berlin: De Gruyter, p. 14.
	Report	Title Year  Pages Publisher Report number	'Council Directive (EU) 2020/1151 amending Directive 92/83/EEC on the harmonization of the structures of excise duties on alcohol and alcoholic beverages' 2020   L256, pp. 1-10.
	Pamphlet	Author Title Year Publisher Place Published Type of work	CHESTER BEATTY, 2020.   [exhibition catalogue]. Exhibition held at the Chester Beatty Library, 14 June 2019 - 26 January 2020. Dublin: Chester Beatty Library.   Edit reference to add in location and date of the exhibition.
	Online Multimedia	Created by Title  Year Date cited Date accessed Type of work URL	WEEE IRELAND, 2021.   [Facebook]. 25 March. Available from:   [Viewed 6 May 2021].
	Film or Broadcast	Director Title Year released Country Distributor Medium	2019 [Film]. Directed by Greta Gerwig. USA: Columbia Pictures.
	Webpage	Author Title Year Place published Publisher Access date URL	IRELAND. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 2021.  . Dublin: Stationery Office. Available from:   [Viewed 4 May 2021].   Enter Author with 2 commas after Ireland like this: Ireland,, Department of Health
	Select relevant source: Journal article Book  Book Chapter Website	Add in 'Type of Medium' (i.e. fig., table, image)	CHAUDHARY, K., 2020. [Fig.]. Oakville, ON: Delve Publishing. CENTRAL STATISTICS OFFICE, 2021. [table]. CSO. Available from: [Viewed 27 May 2021].
	Online multimedia	Created by Title  Year Distributor Date accessed Type of work URL	MACENTEE, S., 2015.   [Photograph]. Flickr. Available from:    [Viewed 11 January 2021].   Distributor = Flickr; Type of work = Photograph
		Artist Title Year Date Type of work URL Access date	BURNELL, N.J., 2019.   [Photograph]. 26 November. Available from:   [Viewed 22 March 2021].   Could also use 'Online multimedia' reference type. Enter date of image manually in your reference (i.e. 26 November)
	Journal article	Author Title Year Journal Volume Issue  Pages Date	O'MEARA, N., PRENDERGAST, M. & TREACY, P., 2020. 'What's the point? Impact of Ireland's bonus points initiative on student profile in mathematics classrooms'.   30 (4)  pp. 1418-1441.
	Electronic article	Author Title Year Periodical title Volume Issue  Pages Date accessed  URL or DOI	HUGHES, N., 2021. 'Higher Education and Desistance From Crime'. [Online], 9 (1), Available from: [Viewed 6 September 2021].
	Electronic article	Author Title Year Periodical title Volume Issue  Pages E-Pub Date DOI	KENNY, S. & LENNARD, J., 2018. 'Monetary aggregates for Ireland, 1840–1921'.  [Online], 71 (4), pp. 1249-1269.
	Journal article	Author Title Year Journal Volume Issue  Article number Date	LV, Y.Z. & LI, Z.K., 2022. 'Is fully distributed adaptive protocol applicable to graphs containing a directed spanning tree?'. 65 (8) August, article number: 189203.   Edit reference to add in article number.
	Electronic article	Author Title Year Periodical title Volume Issue  Pages E-Pub Date DOI or URL Access date	CAMPEDELLI, G.M. & D’ORSOGNA, M.R., 2021. 'Temporal clustering of disorder events during the COVID-19 pandemic'. [Preprint], 16 (4), e0250433. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.06458v2 [Viewed 7 September 2021].   Edit reference to add in [Preprint] after Journal Title.
	Case	Case name Year decided Reporter volume Reporter abbreviation First page	[1999] 3 I.R. 1.
	Unpublished work	Author Title of work Year Series Title Institution Type of work URL Access date	HUGHES, M., 2011. 'Exam techniques' [lecture notes].  . Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology. Available from:   [viewed 6 May 2021].
	Unpublished work	Author Title of work Year Series Title Institution Type of work	JAMES, P., 2007. 'An introduction to law'.  . Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, unpublished.
	Map	Cartographer Title Year Series Title Place published Publisher Type Scale Call number	ORDNANCE SURVEY OF IRELAND, 1999.    Sheet 30, 1:50,000. Dublin: Ordnance Survey of Ireland. (Discovery Series).
	Web page	Author Title Year Access date URL	MINTEL, 2022. . Available from: [Viewed 17 January 2023].
	Music	Composer Title Year Album title URL Access date	KODALINE 2020. ‘Say something’.  Available from:   [Viewed 7 May 2021].   Edit reference to add in URL and viewed date.
	Generic	Author Title Year Place published Publisher Type of work	O’DONOVAN, J., 1959.    [Microfilm].  Dublin: National University of Ireland.    Edit reference to add in 'type of work' e.g. Microfilm.
	Newspaper article	Reporter Title Year Newspaper Pages Issue date	BURNS, S., 2021. 'College student's sneaker cleaning business is a runner'.  . 30 March, p. 3. Access date MURPHY, P., 2021. 'Ireland’s sculptures: Where are the women?'.  The Irish Times . 21 April. Available from:  https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-art/ireland-s-sculptures-where-are-the-women-1.4539459  [Viewed 25 May 2021]. Edit reference to add in 'URL' and 'Date accessed'. Series title Date recorded Date accessed Type of work Year released Distributor Date released Liveline,  2021 RTE Radio 1. 24 May 13:45. Available from:  https://www.rte.ie/radio/radioplayer/html5/#/radio1/21957668  [Viewed 25 May 2021]. Edit reference to delete title repeated after year of publication and add in 'URL' and 'Access date'. Series Title DOYLE, M., 2021. Communication through body language [Recorded lecture]. Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Available from: https://web.microsoftstream.com/video/12345 [Viewed 10 May 2021]. Institution Place published NATIONAL STANDARDS AUTHORITY OF IRELAND, 2015. IS EN ISO 14644-1: Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments. Classification of air cleanliness by particle concentration . Dublin: National Standards Authority of Ireland. Name of Act Statute number ACAMPORA, H., 2017.  Interactions between seabirds and pollution in Irish waters.  Ph.D. Thesis, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology. Available from:  https://research.thea.ie/handle/20.500.12065/2214  [viewed 19 April 2021]. Edit reference to add in 'URL' and 'Access date'. TOLU_IBIXX, 2021.  Dublin TikTokers with Nigerian heritage do hilarious take on accent challenge  [TikTok]. 15 April. Available from:  https://www.tiktok.com/@tolu_ibixx?lang=en%22  [Viewed 5 May 2021]. Síle Seoige: Deireadh Tochta .  2021. TG4. 7 April: 20.00. Edit reference to have name of programme appear once (as above). ‘Iarnród Enda’.  2021.  Ennis to Kilkee,  Series 1, episode 3. RTE 1, 19 April, 20.30. Edit reference to have name of programme appear once (as above) and replace with name of episode, series number and episode number.. NOLAN, B., 2021.  Pretty pastel swirls grace the sky as #twilight subsumes the #sunset, lifting yellow, blue, cream, ochre, and violet hues off the artist’s palette, creating Mother Nature’s spring wardrobe, this evening at Barna  [Twitter]. 7 April. Available from:  https://twitter.com/GalwayWalks  [Viewed 6 May 2021]. Edit reference to ​​​​insert date before URL.  ATU CHANNEL, 2021.  ATU Virtual Choir performs Bohemian Rhapsody  [Online video]. Available from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7NXIv53jyQ  [Viewed 4 May 2021]. Edit reference to make title in italics.  << Previous: Adding in References Next: Referencing Styles and Bibliography >> Last Updated: Jul 3, 2024 4:08 PM URL: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/endnote Research Guides Vanderbilt University Libraries Eskind Biomedical Library APA Citations / Endnote Nursing: APA Citations / Endnote Finding Articles, Books, & Journals Which Resource to Use? Searching Tutorials Apps for Mobile Devices CE Credits (free) VUSN Course Textbooks EBP Resources APA Citation Style Writing Studio EndNote is a program for managing bibliographic citations. It simplifies much of the work of organizing and formatting citations and bibliographies in your writing. EndNote works with Microsoft Word and other word processing programs to automatically add references to your paper and format your bibliography into a proper citation style. How to: • set up your free endnote online account (provided by vanderbilt) • sync your online account with your desktop version (if you have the paid version) • share libraries  • set up cite while you write, training videos:. How to use EndNote 21 in seven minutes: macOS Video tutorial, available from Endnote.com How to use EndNote 21 in seven minutes: Windows Video tutorial, available from Endnote.com EndNote Support, Training, and Other Resources EndNote Online Training Information on using EndNote Online, with links to resources. Available from EndNote.com Endnote Online - Quick Guide Quick Reference Guide for Online The VU & VUMC Software Stores offer discounted price on the desktop version: EndNote 20 VUMC Software Store VU Software Store American Psychological Association (APA) Citation Style Is the dominant style used in the social sciences and the required style for vusn. , apa citation style provides a standard system for giving credit to others for their contribution to your work, 1st    determine what types of sources you have.  2nd   formulate in text citations and reference. 3rd    follow apa guidelines for formatting your paper.  . Use these resources if you have questions APA Style and Grammar Guidelines Examples and instructions on how to cite certain materials. APA Style Blog For when you need help with citing a source or working with an unusual resource  One-on-on Writing Support at the Writing Studio Getting feedback benefits writers at all skill levels. writing studio consultants can offer a fresh perspective on any of your writing projects. the vanderbilt writing studio staff is available to help students master the skills of writing at any stage in the writing process., this may include anything, create an outline, effectively incorporate the evidence into your papers, revise a paper. Writing Studio Homepage -Find handouts, dictionaries, grammar guides, and more. -Schedule an Appointment with a Writing Tutor, You'll need to login with your VUNet ID and password. Checklists & Sample Papers Common Reference Examples In-Text Citation Checklist Reference List Guide Finished Paper Checklist eBooks on Writing << Previous: Searching Tutorials Next: Apps for Mobile Devices >> Last Updated: Sep 3, 2024 1:41 PM URL: https://researchguides.library.vanderbilt.edu/nursing_researchguide Sample Paper Question Paper NCERT Solutions NCERT Books NCERT Audio Books NCERT Exempler Model Papers Past Year Question Paper Writing Skill Format RD Sharma Solutions HC Verma Solutions CG Board Solutions UP Board Solutions Careers Opportunities Courses & Career Courses after 12th Home » Extras » CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 with Answer Key – Download PDF Here CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 with Answer Key – Download PDF Here CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 has been released by the Central Board of Secondary Education. You can now download the Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2024-25 with Solutions PDF from Aglasem. The CBSE Class 12 Sample Paper for Boti includes model questions based on the latest Boti syllabus. The corresponding Boti sample paper solution provides the correct answers and the marking scheme for those questions. To maximize your marks in the board exams, complete studying NCERT textbooks and notes, then solve the Boti sample paper , and finally, do thorough revision. CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 What is CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper? The CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Boti includes model questions based on the Boti exam pattern that you will encounter in the board exam. These model questions represent the types of questions you can expect in the CBSE Class 12 Boti question paper for 2025. This sample paper helps you understand the difficulty level of the Boti exam, the number of MCQ or subjective questions, and the important chapters and questions you should focus on for the Class 12 Boti exam. CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 PDF Download Link – Click Here to Download Sample Question Paper CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper Solution 2025 PDF Download Link – Click Here to Download Solutions / Marking Scheme You can practice more CBSE class 12 study material here – CBSE class 12 CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 PDF The complete CBSE class 12 Boti sample paper 2024-25 is as follows. However the download link for cbse sample paper Boti class 12 marking scheme is given above. Note – CBSE Sample Paper 2025 for Class 12 Boti is also referred to as CBSE Sample Paper 2024-25 for Class 12 Boti. It is for the upcoming board exams that will be held in March/April 2025. So if you studied in class 12 in 2024-2025 session, then you need to use the sample paper 2025 only. CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Here on this page you got the Boti model question paper. However there are more subjects to study in 12th standard. Therefore here are the subject-wise specimen paper of CBSE for class 12 students. Accountancy Agriculture Applied Arts Applied Maths Bharatanatyam Biotechnology Business Studies Carnatic Music Melodic Instrument Carnatic Music Percussion Instrument Carnatic Music Vocal Commercial Arts Computer Science Creative Writing Engineering Graphics English Core English Elective Entrepreneurship Fashion Studies Graphic Design Heritage Craft Hindi Elective Hindustani Music Melodic Instruments Hindustani Music Percussion Instrument Hindustani Music Vocal Home Science Human Right And Gender Studies Informatics Practices Legal Studies Library And Information Science Manipuri Dance Mass Media Studies Elective Multimedia And Web Technologies Physical Education Political Science Sanskrit Core Sanskrit Elective Telugu Andhra Telugu Telangana Theatre Studies Urdu Elective CBSE Sample Papers The class-wise model question papers for CBSE board are as follows. Class 12 Boti Sample Paper With Solutions 2025 CBSE has released the CBSE Boti sample paper class 12 2025 solutions at cbseacademic.nic.in. The class 12 sample paper solutions for Boti subject includes the correct answers of all questions asked in the model question paper. It is also known as the CBSE sample paper Boti class 12 marking scheme as it also conveys how many marks you will get for steps or keywords in the answer. Therefore you should check the class 12 Boti sample question paper solutions to know how to write answer to get full marks in board exams. Class 12 Boti Boti is an interesting subject for 12th standard pupils. Here are some key points. You should study all topics given in CBSE Class 12 Boti Syllabus 2024-25 . Moreover refer Class 12 Boti NCERT Books to study the chapters. You can also use NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Boti to solve exercises. Solve the CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12 Boti to know what type of questions were asked last year. Finally study from CBSE Class 12 Boti Notes and summary to revise the chapters quickly before exam. CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 – An Overview Some key details of this study material are as follows. Aspects Details Board CBSE Class Class 12 Subject Boti Study Material Here CBSE Sample Paper 2024-25 for Class 12 Boti More Sample Papers of This Class CBSE Full Form Central Board of Secondary Education All Sample Papers of This Board Class 12 Boti Book Class 12 Boti Solutions If you have any queries on CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025, then please ask in comments below. To get study material, exam alerts and news, join our Whatsapp Channel . CBSE Class 10 Sanskrit Communicative Sample Paper 2025 with Answer Key – Download PDF Here Cbse class 12 informatics practices sample paper 2025 with answer key – download pdf here, related posts. Class 8 Science Competency Based Questions 2024-25: Download PDF Class 9 english competency based questions 2024-25: download pdf, class 9 maths competency based questions 2024-25: download pdf, class 9 science competency based questions 2024-25: download pdf, leave a reply cancel reply, cbse board quick links. CBSE Date Sheet CBSE Result CBSE Syllabus CBSE Question Papers CBSE Practice Papers CISCE Board Quick Links CISCE Time Table CISCE Results CISCE Specimen Papers CISCE Syllabus CISCE Question Papers Class Wise Study Material Board exams 2023. Solved Sample Papers Revision Notes State Board Study Material Class Notes Courses After Class 12th JEE Main 2024 Fashion & Design Terms of Use Privacy Policy © 2019 aglasem.com Discover more from AglaSem Schools Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive. Continue reading 189 IMAGES Using Endnotes in a Research Paper Endnotes ~ Guide to How to Use Them Correctly Research Simplified Using EndNote Endnote How to Use Endnotes: Tips, Examples, and How to Add Them in Word 😊 Endnotes in a paper. How to Write an Endnote in APA Style. 2019-01-28 VIDEO How to find and remove duplicate references in endnote library? EndNote Part I ENDNOTE Demonstration, How To Cite Paper using EndNote, Referencing With EndNote, Beginners Guide How to cite research article/research paper using Endnote 寫論文,常用到的word技巧,2007~2010版 EndNote: Useful Tools for PhD Research Paper #phd #education #phdlife COMMENTS What Are Endnotes? What Are Endnotes? | Guide with Examples How to Use Endnotes: Tips, Examples, and How to Add Them in Word 1. Place your cursor where you would like the superscript to appear. 2. Under the References tab, click Insert Endnote. This will make the superscript appear in the text, where you placed your cursor. 3. The corresponding number will automatically appear at the end of your text, where you can write your citation. MLA Footnotes & Endnotes MLA Footnotes & Endnotes | Format & Examples Using Endnotes in a Research Paper Learn how to write endnotes using an endnotes example in MLA, APA, and Chicago style. Using Research Paper Endnotes Example. Endnotes and footnotes are created the same way in a research paper. The difference between endnotes and footnotes is placement: a footnote is at the bottom of the page; an endnote belongs at the end of a paper, book, or ... MLA Endnotes and Footnotes MLA Endnotes and Footnotes - Purdue OWL What are Endnotes? A Practical Guide with Examples Endnotes are typically used when the note's content is too long or detailed to include in the main text or when the information interrupts the main text flow. Nevertheless, MLA in-text citations appear in parentheses, but you can use endnotes to avoid cluttering the text if you need a lot of citations in one place. A Helpful Guide to Writing Endnotes A Helpful Guide To Writing Endnotes Footnotes or Endnotes? Things to keep in mind when considering using either endnotes or footnotes in your research paper:. 1. Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a research paper, except for those notes accompanying special material (e.g., figures, tables, charts, etc.). Numbering of footnotes are "superscript"--Arabic numbers typed slightly above the line of text. Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes - Purdue OWL What Are Endnotes, Why Are They Needed, and How Are They Used? What Are the Purpose of Endnotes and How to Use Them Endnotes Many word processors, such as Microsoft Word, make it simple to insert notes automatically. Follow the steps below: Click the point within the text where the note number should appear. Click "Insert Endnote" after opening the "References" tab at the top. Input text in the note that appears at the end of your manuscript. Chicago Style Citation Guide: Sample Papers The following sample papers present all three formats. Footnotes / Endnotes sample papers. Footnotes, which are located at the bottom of each page, acknowledge which parts of the paper reference particular sources. Footnotes should match with a superscript number at the end of the sentence referencing the source. Footnotes should begin with 1 ... 3 Ways to Do Endnotes Author's last name, Title, page number (s). (If the title is not fiction or poetry, you can use a shortened form of the title if it is longer than four words.) 4. Write "ibid" if you are citing the same source in two or more consecutive endnotes. In this case, there is no need to write even the author's name. Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style Turabian Footnote/Endnote Style Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and Parenthetical ... Differences Between Footnotes, Endnotes, and ... PDF How to Use EndNote: An Introductory Guide for Beginners To get started, simply navigate to the EndNote toolbar, select a sentence in your paper and click, "Go to EndNote". Then, select the appropriate citation and click "Insert citation" to automatically insert an in-text reference. You can use a dropdown menu to select different styles. Adding your own research notes Adding your own research notes. EndNote provides a space for you to add your own personal notes to a reference. Write any information about the source that will prove helpful when writing your assignment. Adding References and Inserting Citations Learn how to add references and insert citations using EndNote, a popular software for managing bibliographies and references. Find tutorials, guides, and tips for using EndNote effectively. Footnotes and Endnotes Footnotes and Endnotes - Purdue OWL End Notes End Notes example in Research. End notes in research are essential for providing additional information, citations, or explanations that are related to the content in the main body but would disrupt its flow if included directly. Here is an example of how end notes can be effectively used in a research paper, following a typical format used ... LibGuides: EndNote Online: EndNote Reference Examples A-Z EndNote Reference Examples A-Z - EndNote Online Using Endnotes and a Bibliography Breaking down endnotes and a bibliography is actually pretty simple. Endnotes will provide a short citation of all the different sources that you used in the paper, article, or essay. A bibliography is an entirely different creation that provides all the sources that went into the inception of the paper. That doesn't mean that all citation ... Nursing: APA Citations / Endnote EndNote is a program for managing bibliographic citations. It simplifies much of the work of organizing and formatting citations and bibliographies in your writing. EndNote works with Microsoft Word and other word processing programs to automatically add references to your paper and format your bibliography into a proper citation style. How to: CBSE Class 12 Boti Sample Paper 2025 with Answer Key Note - CBSE Sample Paper 2025 for Class 12 Boti is also referred to as CBSE Sample Paper 2024-25 for Class 12 Boti. It is for the upcoming board exams that will be held in March/April 2025. So if you studied in class 12 in 2024-2025 session, then you need to use the sample paper 2025 only. CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 essay homework paper phd project resume review study thesis