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It can be difficult to know how to write numbers in academic writing (e.g. five or 5 , 1 million or 1,000,000 ). This section gives some guidelines on when to use words to write numbers, and when to use numerals . There are also some exceptions to the rule which are considered, i.e. times when you might expect to use words but should instead use numerals. There is also a checklist at the end, that you can use to check the use of numbers in your own writing.
In general, words should be used for zero to ten , and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in your department/on your course), and remember that some common referencing systems have their own, different requirements, as follows.
Before looking at when to use numerals (which is almost all other situations, see next), it is useful to look at important exceptions.
(1) When the number begins a sentence , you should use words , whatever the size of the number (though if possible, rewrite the sentence so the number is not at the beginning).
(2) When expressing part of a very large round number , e.g. million, billion, you should use words for that large number part (it is common to use abbreviations m for million and bn billion ).
Conversely, numerals should be used rather than words, whatever the size of the number, when large and small numbers are combined , since this makes comparisons easier.
Numerals are used for almost all other situations. These include the following.
The following are a few other points to remember when using numbers.
American Psychological Association (2019a) Numbers Expressed in Words . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/words (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
American Psychological Association (2019b) Numbers Expressed in Numerals . Available at: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/numbers/numerals (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
Harvard Wiki (2019) Numbers . Available at: https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/display/HSG/Numbers . (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Bristol (2015) Using numbers . Available at: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/page_33.htm (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of New England (nd) Numbers in academic writing . Available at: https://aso-resources.une.edu.au/academic-writing/miscellaneous/numbers/ (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
University of Oxford (2015) Style Guide . Available at: https://www.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxford/media_wysiwyg/University%20of%20Oxford%20Style%20Guide.pdf (Accessed: 26 December, 2019).
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Below is a checklist for using numbers in academic writing. Use it to check your writing, or as a peer to help.
Words have been used for , and numerals for numbers 11 and above (unless there are different requirements e.g. ). | ||
Numbers (written as numerals) are used to . | ||
Very are expressed using . | ||
If , numerals are used throughout. | ||
Numerals have been used for . |
Read more about using complex grammar in the next section.
Go back to the previous section about describing data .
Author: Sheldon Smith ‖ Last modified: 16 January 2022.
Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .
Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.
Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).
Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.
Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).
Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.
Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.
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Should you write “one” or “1,” “ten” or “10”? Read on to learn when you should write numbers with words instead of digits.
When it comes to writing numbers , using digits might be the easier option. But is using digits instead of words acceptable in all settings, including formal writing? We’ll discuss this and more below.
When writing numbers , deciding to use digits (e.g., “7”) versus words (e.g., “seven”) varies from writer to writer and style guide to style guide. If you’re writing for a publication like a newspaper, magazine, or online blog, you should ask what their rules are for writing numbers . Otherwise, using numbers or words is up to you. But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind.
One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers “0–10” (sometimes “0-9” or “0–12”) in words and numbers that are higher in digits.
I was four years old when my mom first took me to Disney World.
My baby brother turned 16 yesterday.
Benjamin guessed that there were 230 marbles in the jar.
Keep in mind that you might have to adapt this guideline for extraordinarily large numbers. For example, AP style suggests a combination of both numbers and words when writing a number like 7 million.
Additionally, certain style guides advise spelling out numbers if doing so results in two words or fewer . For example, instead of using the digits “23”, you’d write out twenty-three.
If you opt to use this guideline, remember to include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words.
Sixty-five students auditioned for the lead role.
We had three hours to bake fifty cookies.
Mr. Bouchard went from a class with thirty students to a class with twenty-five students.
Just as every sentence should start with a capital letter , sentences that begin with numbers should always use the word, not the digit.
54 countries make up the continent of Africa.
Fifty-four countries make up the continent of Africa.
If the number is large and has more than two words, try rearranging the sentence.
Four hundred and twenty-five degrees is how hot the oven should be when baking the bread.
The oven should be set to 425 degrees when baking the bread.
Not only can LanguageTool help you with spelling and grammar, but it can also help you with numbers. This intelligent writing assistant will remind you to add a hyphen to compound numbers, and will also recommend not starting a sentence with a digit. Enhance your writing. Try it out today.
Clearly, there are a lot of things to consider when writing numbers. Two additional guidelines to remember are:
At the end of the day, how to write numbers is up to the writer’s stylistic preference. The only major rule that you should follow is to remain consistent. Pick a style and stick with it throughout your text. And if you’re writing for a publication, your best bet is to ask what the style guidelines are. Now that you’re familiar with writing numbers , start writing in three … two … one .
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Whether it’s dates, survey results or statistical data, numbers and numerals play an important role in every field of academic writing . However, the best way to format numbers in academic writing is a contentious matter.
One prominent issue is whether numbers should be written using words (e.g. one, two, three) or Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3). Generally, the rule here is to write out numbers up to nine and use numerals for larger values.
Nevertheless, different systems have different rules ; for instance, while APA recommends using numerals for ten and up (or ‘10 and up’, if you prefer), the Chicago Manual of Style suggests spelling out all numbers up to one hundred (or 100).
There are other exceptions too, since very big numbers may require a combination of words and numerals, particularly if they’re more than three words long (e.g. ‘4.5 billion’ is clearer and more concise than ‘four and a half billion’).
Another good guideline is to always spell out numbers at the start of a sentence unless they’re a decimal or a date.
The main things to keep in mind here are commas and hyphens. Commas are often used to separate thousands in large numbers:
One hundred thousand = 100,000
Two million = 2,000,000
Using commas isn’t compulsory, but make sure to apply a consistent style throughout your work.
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In addition, you should hyphenate numbers when they contain more than one word (e.g. 42 = forty-two) or when they’re part of an adjectival phrase (e.g. ‘the seven-year itch’).
Years (e.g. 2012, 45-12 BCE) are almost always written using numerals, though dates can be presented either numerically (e.g. 03/02/16) or written out in full (3 rd February, 2016).
For the most part, it’s better to write out months as a word if a date appears in the main text of your essay . Likewise, you should always write out centuries in full in academic texts (i.e. ‘nineteenth century’, not ‘19 th century’).
It’s helpful to familiarise yourself with the basics of Roman numerals . You won’t need them too often, but they are still used for things like the pre-body material in longer essays (e.g. contents pages), the titles of monarchs (e.g. Phillip III) and film credits (e.g. MCMLXVIII = 1986).
In technical writing, especially in the sciences and mathematics, it’s generally better to present numbers as numerals, particularly when dealing with decimals, percentages and fractions.
Furthermore, numerals are often preferable when a number is followed by a unit of measurement (e.g., ‘six centimetres’ can also be written as ‘6 cm’).
Again, however, the most important things are clarity and consistency, so the style you choose to adopt may depend on what you’re trying to communicate.
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According to APA Style, you should normally use numerals for the numbers 10 and above. You should use words to express numbers below 10 (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine).
Note, however, that APA lists a wide variety of exceptions. For instance, numbers that appear right before a unit of measurement should be expressed as numerals, regardless of where they fall, before or after 10. Example: Give him 5 cups of soup.
The APA also addresses this question directly in this webpage .
The sections in APA that address numbers are 6.32-6.39 in the 7th edition of the Publication Manual.
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Spell out numbers that can be expressed in either one or two words.
Always spell out the number if a sentence begins with a number.
Example: Two thousand twelve was an election year in the United States.
Use numerals if you are writing an essay about a scientific subject or an essay that includes frequent use of numbers, like statistical findings.
Always use numerals:
Exceptions:
Simple and clear rules for writing numbers in an essay that will impress any reader.
When it comes to showcasing numerical information within an essay or any other form of written content, it is essential to master the art of effectively conveying numerical data. Numbers, whether they represent statistical figures, percentages, monetary values, or quantities, require a unique approach in order to engage the reader and provide a clear understanding of the information being presented.
In the realm of written expression, numbers can often appear mundane and monotonous, dulling the impact of the overall message. However, through the use of creative and thoughtful techniques, one can transform these numerical figures into engaging storytelling tools that enhance the flow and impact of the written work.
Emphasizing numerical data can be achieved through various methods , starting with the careful selection of appropriate linguistic devices. Utilizing vivid and descriptive language, such as powerful adjectives and adverbs, can bring numbers to life and create a visual representation in the reader’s mind. For example, instead of simply stating that the company’s profit increased by 20%, one could say that the profit skyrocketed or surged by an astounding 20%. This not only adds excitement and energy to the writing but also captures the reader’s attention and encourages them to delve deeper into the information being presented.
When it comes to writing numbers in an essay, there are certain rules and guidelines that should be followed. These rules ensure clarity and consistency throughout the essay, making it easier for readers to understand the information being presented. By adhering to these rules, writers can effectively communicate numerical information in a way that is both accurate and professional.
1. Spell out numbers from zero to nine. Numbers that are spelled out from zero to nine should be written as words in an essay. For example, “two apples,” “sixty-three percent,” or “nine thousand.” This helps to maintain consistency and readability in the text.
2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above. Numbers that are 10 or greater should be written using numerals in an essay. For example, “14 fish,” “85 participants,” or “101 pages.” This makes it easier for readers to quickly comprehend the numerical information without any confusion.
3. Follow specific style guides for exceptions. In some cases, specific style guides may have exceptions to the general rules for writing numbers. For example, certain style guides may require the use of numerals for numbers that are greater than 100. Make sure to consult the appropriate style guide for any exceptions that may apply to your writing.
4. Use numerals for dates, times, and measurements. When writing dates, times, and measurements, it is generally preferred to use numerals rather than spelling them out. For example, “On July 4, 2023,” “at 12:30 p.m.,” or “3 meters long.” This helps to convey the exactness and precision of the information being presented.
5. Be consistent. Consistency is key when it comes to writing numbers in an essay. Choose a specific style and stick to it throughout the entire essay. Whether you choose to spell out numbers from zero to nine or use numerals for all numbers, make sure to apply the same formatting consistently.
By following these rules for writing numbers in an essay, writers can ensure that their numerical information is presented accurately and professionally. This enhances the overall clarity and comprehension of the essay, making it easier for readers to engage with the content.
Gain a solid understanding of the fundamental principles for expressing numerical values in your academic essays. Properly presenting numbers is essential for maintaining clarity and consistency in your writing. By adhering to these basic guidelines, you can ensure that your essays adhere to standard formatting conventions and effectively convey information to your readers.
1. Spell out small whole numbers: In general, numbers from one to nine are spelled out in academic essays. For example, instead of writing “2 cats,” you would write “two cats.” This practice helps to maintain a smooth flow of reading and prevents numerical symbols from disrupting the text.
2. Use numerals for large numbers and numbers with decimal points: When dealing with numbers greater than nine or numbers that involve decimal points, it is appropriate to use numerals. For instance, you would write “17 participants,” “6.5 percent,” or “2,500 words.” Numerals are especially useful for conveying exact values and facilitating comparisons.
3. Express common measurements with symbols: When discussing well-known units of measurement, it is acceptable to use their symbols without spelling them out. For example, “3 km” instead of “three kilometers” or “5 kg” instead of “five kilograms.” This approach saves space and is widely understood in academic writing.
4. Be consistent in expressing numerical ranges: When indicating a range of values, use the appropriate punctuation for clarity. For instance, you would write “between 5 and 10 books,” “from 200 to 300 participants,” or “in the years 1990-2000.” Consistency within a range helps the reader easily grasp the scope of the given information.
5. Follow specific style guides: Different style guides may have their own rules for writing numbers. For example, APA style may differ from MLA style. It is important to consult the style guide specified by your academic institution or instructor to ensure accurate and consistent presentation of numbers in your essays.
By following these basic guidelines, you can effectively incorporate numbers into your academic essays and enhance the overall clarity and professionalism of your writing.
Consistency plays a crucial role when it comes to writing numbers in various contexts. Maintaining a consistent style throughout an essay or any written piece not only enhances readability but also ensures clarity and professionalism. Consistency in writing numbers refers to using the same format and style when expressing numerical values, whether they are written in digits or spelled out in words. Consistency helps to avoid confusion and allows readers to understand and interpret the numbers accurately.
One aspect of consistency in writing numbers involves deciding whether to use numerals or words. It is important to establish a set of guidelines and follow them consistently. For example, in scientific or technical writing, it is common to use numerals for measurements, percentages, statistics, and mathematical expressions. On the other hand, when writing literary or journalistic pieces, it is often preferred to spell out numbers up to ten and use numerals for larger values. By consistently applying these guidelines, writers can ensure that their numerical references are not only stylistically appropriate but also coherent within the context of their work.
Another aspect of consistency in writing numbers is ensuring that the same format is used throughout the entire essay or document. This includes deciding whether to use commas or spaces for thousands separators, the placement of decimal points, the use of currency symbols, and the format for dates and times. Consistency in these formatting choices helps readers to quickly and accurately interpret the numbers presented. It also helps to establish a professional and organized appearance in the written piece.
In addition to maintaining consistency within a single piece of writing, it is also important to be consistent across different documents or sources. This is particularly relevant when referencing numbers or data from external sources, such as research studies or statistical reports. By using consistent formats and styles, writers can provide a clear and cohesive presentation of numerical information, making it easier for readers to compare and understand the data across different sources.
Consistency in Writing Numbers |
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Enhances readability |
Ensures clarity and professionalism |
Avoids confusion |
Allows accurate interpretation |
Deciding between numerals and words |
Establishing formatting guidelines |
Maintaining consistency across documents |
Consistency plays a vital role when it comes to writing numbers in an essay. It ensures uniformity and clarity in conveying numerical information to the readers. By maintaining consistency in the representation of numbers, writers can effectively communicate their ideas and avoid confusion or misinterpretation. This section will delve into the importance of consistency and how it helps in enhancing the overall quality of an essay.
Consistency eliminates ambiguity: When writing numbers, inconsistency can lead to ambiguity, making it difficult for readers to comprehend the intended meaning. By following consistent formatting rules, such as using numerals for larger numbers or spelling out numbers for general descriptions, writers can ensure clarity and eliminate any confusion that arises from inconsistent presentation.
Consistency enhances readability: Readers easily navigate through an essay when it follows a consistent style and structure, including the representation of numbers. Consistent use of numerals or spelled-out numbers within the same context creates a visual rhythm, making the text more readable and engaging. It also helps readers to quickly identify relevant information and grasp the intended message without any distractions.
Consistency promotes professionalism: In academic and professional writing, consistency is valued as it reflects a meticulous approach to communication. By consistently using the appropriate conventions for writing numbers, writers demonstrate attention to detail and adherence to established standards. This conveys professionalism and enhances the credibility of the essay, making it more persuasive and impactful.
Consistency ensures accuracy: Writing numbers inconsistently can lead to inaccuracies and errors, especially when dealing with statistical or technical information. By maintaining consistency, writers can avoid potential mistakes and convey accurate data to support their arguments. Whether it is using consistent formatting for decimal places, percentages, or measurements, consistency ensures the precision and reliability of the information presented.
Consistency fosters a cohesive narrative: Writing an essay involves presenting ideas and arguments in a logical and coherent manner. By employing consistent styles and conventions for numbers, writers create a cohesive narrative that flows smoothly throughout the text. This consistency not only aids in the readability of the essay but also contributes to the overall coherence and structure of the piece, allowing the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought effortlessly.
In conclusion, consistency in writing numbers is essential as it eliminates ambiguity, enhances readability, promotes professionalism, ensures accuracy, and fosters a cohesive narrative. By applying consistent formatting and following established rules, writers can effectively communicate numerical information in an essay, making it more accessible, impactful, and engaging for the readers.
Choosing whether to write a number as a numeral or spell it out can be a matter of style and convention. There are certain guidelines that can help determine when it is appropriate to spell out numbers in an essay.
When considering whether to use numerals or words to represent numbers, it is important to consider the context and purpose of the writing. In academic or formal writing, it is generally recommended to spell out numbers that can be expressed in one or two words, and to use numerals for numbers greater than nine or when emphasizing a specific quantity. However, in more informal or creative writing, it is often acceptable to use numerals for any number, as long as it is consistent throughout the essay.
Another factor to consider is the specific style guide or formatting guidelines being used. Different style guides, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago, have their own rules for when to spell out numbers and when to use numerals. It is important to consult the appropriate style guide for the specific requirements of the essay or writing assignment.
Additionally, when writing about percentages, currencies, and measurements, it is generally recommended to use numerals instead of spelling them out. This helps to ensure clarity and consistency in the representation of these specific types of numbers.
Ultimately, the decision to spell out numbers or use numerals in an essay may vary depending on the style, context, and guidelines being followed. It is important to consider the specific requirements and expectations of the writing situation to determine the most appropriate approach for representing numbers in the essay.
One of the key elements in writing a well-crafted essay is effectively using numbers. While it may be tempting to use numerals for convenience and brevity, there are instances when it is important to spell out numbers. By doing so, you can enhance readability, maintain consistency, and adhere to established writing conventions.
When it comes to writing numbers, it is important to consider the context and purpose of your essay. In some cases, it is best to spell out numbers to provide clarity and avoid confusion. For instance, when expressing exact quantities, such as counting individuals or items, it is generally preferred to spell out numbers from one to nine. This helps to maintain flow and avoid disruption in the text.
Furthermore, when writing about statistics or data that are not precise measures, it is often recommended to spell out the numbers. This can help to convey a sense of importance and avoid the appearance of unnecessary precision. For example, instead of writing “5.3 million people,” you could write “over five million people” to capture the magnitude of the statistic without an excessive level of detail.
In addition, spelling out numbers can be particularly important when discussing percentages or ratios. This allows you to emphasize the proportion or relationship being described without the distraction of numerals. For example, instead of writing “25% of the population,” you could write “a quarter of the population” to convey the same information in a more engaging and understandable way.
Another instance where spelling out numbers is important is when they are used at the beginning of a sentence. It is considered more appropriate and aesthetically pleasing to spell out numbers in these cases to maintain consistency and avoid starting sentences with numerals. This can help to create a smoother reading experience for your audience.
Overall, understanding the instances when numbers should be spelled out in your essay can greatly enhance the quality of your writing. By being mindful of the context, purpose, and conventions of your essay, you can effectively utilize numbers to enhance clarity and readability. So, whether you are discussing exact quantities, statistics, percentages, or starting a sentence, remember to consider when it is best to spell out the numbers rather than using numerals.
Utilizing digits and numbers effectively is a fundamental aspect of academic writing. The correct presentation of numerical data can enhance the clarity, precision, and professionalism of your writing. Whether you are discussing statistics, presenting results, or referencing research findings, understanding how to use numerals properly is essential.
In academic writing, it is common practice to use numerals for numbers greater than nine. This helps to ensure consistency, readability, and ease of comprehension for your readers. Additionally, using numerals can also help to create a concise and efficient writing style.
When discussing percentages, decimal numbers, or fractions, it is generally best to use numerals. For example, “The study found that 75% of participants reported an improvement in their overall well-being.” Similarly, numerical measurements such as distances, weights, and temperatures should also be expressed using digits, such as “The experiment was conducted at a temperature of -20°C.”
However, there are exceptions to the use of numerals in academic writing. For example, when beginning a sentence, it is recommended to spell out numbers instead of using digits. For instance, “Fifty participants were selected for the study.” Additionally, when referring to approximate or rounded numbers, it is often best to use words. For example, “The population of the city is approximately one million people.”
In some cases, the choice to use numerals or words may be a matter of style or preference, and it is important to follow the guidelines set by your academic institution or discipline. Paying attention to these details can help to ensure the accuracy and professionalism of your writing.
Overall, the appropriate use of numerals in academic writing can significantly enhance the clarity and impact of your work. By adhering to the conventions of using numerals for numbers greater than nine, using digits for percentages and measurements, and applying exceptions for certain situations, you can ensure that your writing is accurate, consistent, and engaging.
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Reviewing the Rules
Why do so many people find it difficult to remember the rules for using numbers in formal writing ? Probably because the rules seem a little fuzzy sometimes.
So what can you do? It's no mystery: as with anything, read and study the rules several times, and it will all seem natural, eventually.
Spell out numbers one through ten, as in this example:
Spell out numbers above ten, unless writing the number would involve using more than two words. For example:
It would look odd to begin a sentence with a numeral.
However, you should try to avoid using long, clunky numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Instead of writing that four hundred and fifty people attended a party, you could re-write:
Use numbers for dates:
And use numbers for phone numbers:
And use numbers for telling time if using a.m. or p.m.:
But spell out times when using "o'clock" or when the a.m. or p.m. are omitted:
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Updated on December 23, 2020 Grammar. It is generally best to write out numbers from zero to one hundred in nontechnical writing. In scientific and technical writing, the prevailing style is to write out numbers under ten. While there are exceptions to these rules, your predominant concern should be expressing numbers consistently.
When writing an academic essay, it is important to know how to properly use numerals. Here are some guidelines to follow: 1. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above: When expressing numbers 10 and above, use numerals. For example, "There were 15 participants in the study.". 2.
Revised on July 23, 2023. Numbers can be written either as words (e.g., one hundred) or numerals (e.g., 100). In this article we follow the guidelines of APA Style, one of the most common style guides used in academic writing. In general, words should be used for numbers from zero through nine, and numerals should be used from 10 onwards.
A simple rule for using numbers in writing is that small numbers ranging from one to ten (or one to nine, depending on the style guide) should generally be spelled out. Larger numbers (i.e., above ten) are written as numerals. For example, instead of writing "It cost ten-thousand four-hundred and sixteen dollars to renovate the local library ...
Simpler: eleven hundred fifty-four dollars and sixty-one cents. Rule 8b. When writing out numbers above 999, do not use commas. Incorrect: one thousand, one hundred fifty-four dollars, and sixty-one cents. Correct: one thousand one hundred fifty-four dollars and sixty-one cents.
Repeat numbers in commercial writing. The bill will not exceed one hundred (100) dollars. Use numerals in legal writing. The cost of damage is $1,365.42. Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent. two apples, six oranges, and three bananas. NOT: two apples, 6 oranges, and 3 bananas. 115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'.
4. How to write numbers correctly • Use particular conventions if you are required to write digits . a. In general, use commas between groups of three digits in numbers of 1,000 or more (e.g., 1,360; 566,420; 10,235,362). b. To create a plural, add an 's' (e.g., 20s, 5s). • Use particular conventions if you are required to write numbers ...
Numbers. Numbers are used in all sorts of scholarly works. For example, writers may report numerical information about participants (number of participants, demographic information such as age, etc.) as well as the results of statistical analyses. Even writers who are not conducting empirical research often use statistical information to ...
Numbers Expressed in Numerals. In general, use numerals to express numbers 10 and above, and use words to express numbers zero through nine. there were 15 psychologists at the clinic. the study had 40 participants. students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades. However, there are exceptions to this general guideline for ...
Dates (e.g., 06/12/2013 or 6 December 2013) and years (e.g., 1948, 300-250 BCE) are usually written using numerals. Centuries, however, should be written out in full (i.e., "eighteenth century" rather than "18 th century"). Technical Numbers. In technical writing, such as in the sciences and math, it's more common to use numerals than ...
Numbers. Generally, you can spell out numbers below 10 in words (seven, three), and use numerals for anything 10 and higher (10, 42). You should use Arabic numerals (1, 7) instead of Roman numerals (II, XI) unless the Roman numerals are part of established terminology in your field. In numbers greater than 1,000, use commas to separate groups ...
Level Up Your Team. See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. Different editorial style manuals have different rules for when to spell out numbers instead of using numerals. Here are a few examples of when to spell out numbers, and when to use numerals.
I like the MLA style, which advises that for a percentage less than one hundred, you should write it in words: two percent, seventy-six percent, ninety-nine percent, but, for a percentage greater than one hundred, write it in numerals: 110 percent, 500 percent, 999 percent. Besides that, as you can see, in non-technical writing, it is better to ...
You need to know and use the conventions for writing numbers correctly when you are writing and proofreading your work. 1. When to write numbers in words • Write in words one or two-word numbers, rounded numbers and ordinal numbers For general academic writing, you need to write these numbers in words: all numbers under one hundred (e.g ...
9. Two numbers next to each other. It can be confusing if you write "7 13-year-olds", so write one of them as a numeral, like "seven 13-year-olds". Pick the number that has the fewest letters. 10. Ordinal numbers and consistency. Don't say "He was my 1st true love," but rather "He was my first true love.".
If you are going to take this approach then you should include a hyphen when writing numbers with two words, e.g. twenty-seven. For larger numbers, it is acceptable to use either numerals or words depending on context (e.g. a thousand people/1,000 people), but you should always use numerals in technical writing, e.g. 200,000 km. For less ...
When to use words. In general, words should be used for zero to ten, and numerals used from 11 onwards. The same rule should be applied to ordinal numbers, i.e. use words for first, second up to tenth, and numbers plus 'th' (or 'st') from 11th onwards. However, it is always best to check what the accepted practice is at your university (or in ...
But if you want advice on writing numbers, you can keep the following general guidelines in mind. 1. Numbers "0-10" should be written with words. Anything higher should be written in digits. One major guideline many writers follow is to write numbers "0-10" (sometimes "0-9" or "0-12") in words and numbers that are higher in ...
One prominent issue is whether numbers should be written using words (e.g. one, two, three) or Arabic numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3). Generally, the rule here is to write out numbers up to nine and use numerals for larger values. Nevertheless, different systems have different rules; for instance, while APA recommends using numerals for ten and up (or ...
Answer. According to APA Style, you should normally use numerals for the numbers 10 and above. You should use words to express numbers below 10 (one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine). Note, however, that APA lists a wide variety of exceptions. For instance, numbers that appear right before a unit of measurement should be ...
When Should I Use Numerals? Use numerals if you are writing an essay about a scientific subject or an essay that includes frequent use of numbers, like statistical findings. Always use numerals: in front of units of measurements. Example: 5 millimeters. with abbreviations such as 6 lbs., 4:20 p.m., $9, 2", 4%. in dates: Example: April 1, 2014.
2. Use numerals for numbers 10 and above. Numbers that are 10 or greater should be written using numerals in an essay. For example, "14 fish," "85 participants," or "101 pages.". This makes it easier for readers to quickly comprehend the numerical information without any confusion. 3.
Always Spell Out Numbers that Begin Sentences. It would look odd to begin a sentence with a numeral. Four hundred fifty people attended the birthday party. However, you should try to avoid using long, clunky numbers at the beginning of a sentence. Instead of writing that four hundred and fifty people attended a party, you could re-write: