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• Queensland Government - Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Search - Neem Tree
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• Frontiers - The Antimicrobial Potential of the Neem Tree Azadirachta indica
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• MedicineNet - What Is Neem Extract? Benefits, Uses, Risks, and Side Effects
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• Academia - Azadirachta indica (neem): a plant of multiple biological and pharmacological activities
• Table Of Contents

neem , ( Azadirachta indica ), fast-growing tree of the mahogany family ( Meliaceae ), valued as a medicinal plant , as a source of organic pesticides, and for its timber. Neem is likely native to the Indian subcontinent and to dry areas throughout South Asia . It has been introduced to parts of Africa, the Caribbean, and numerous counties in South and Central America. The plant has long been used in Ayurvedic and folk medicine and is used in cosmetics and in organic farming applications.

Neem trees can reach 15–30 metres (49–98 feet) in height and have attractive rounded crowns and thick furrowed bark . The compound leaves have toothed leaflets and are typically evergreen but do drop during periods of extreme drought . The small fragrant white flowers are bisexual or staminate (male) and are borne in clusters in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a smooth yellow-green drupe and has a sweet-flavoured pulp.

Neem is usually grown from seed but can be propagated from cuttings or root suckers. The plant is hardy and resilient and grows well in poor, rocky soils . Neem tolerates a wide variety of environmental conditions but cannot survive freezing temperatures or being waterlogged.

Nearly all parts of the neem tree are useful, and many of its medicinal and cosmetic uses are based on its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Neem is commonly used in shampoos for treating dandruff and in soaps or creams for skin conditions such as acne , psoriasis , and athlete’s foot . It is also a component in some toothpastes and mouthwashes, especially in the Indian subcontinent, and young twigs are used directly as crude toothbrushes in rural areas. Neem leaves have long been used as a traditional treatment for diabetes , and there is some clinical evidence suggesting that it may help control blood sugar levels. Neem oil and neem bark and leaves are unsafe for consumption by pregnant women and can cause miscarriage .

Oil extracted from the seeds can be used directly as an insect and mite repellent, insecticide , and fungicide and is the source of many commercial pesticide products, including dusts, granules, and concentrates. The primary active insecticidal ingredient, azadirachtin, works to disrupt the hormones involved with insect molting , preventing larvae from developing properly into adults, and is a feeding inhibitor. Neem oil can kill soft-bodied insects on contact and decreases mating and reproductive behaviours, reducing pest fecundity. As a fungicide , neem oil is used to control rust , black spot , mildew , scab , anthracnose , and blight . Given that neem oil breaks down quickly with exposure to ultraviolet light , repeated applications are often necessary. Neem-based pesticides generally have low toxicity for mammals and are common in organic farming applications.

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Neem Tree: A Comprehensive Guide to the “Village Pharmacy”

The neem tree ( Azadirachta indica ) has been celebrated for thousands of years for its wide-ranging medicinal properties, ecological benefits, and cultural significance. Known as the “village pharmacy” in its native India, the neem tree is truly a remarkable and multifaceted species. In this comprehensive blog post, we will explore the neem tree’s botanical characteristics, traditional uses, modern applications, cultivation, environmental impact, and much more.

Botanical Overview

The neem tree is a member of the mahogany family (Meliaceae) and is native to the Indian subcontinent. It is a fast-growing, evergreen tree that can reach up to 15-20 meters tall.

Key Characteristics:

• Leaves: Compound, with serrated leaflets.
• Flowers: Small and fragrant, typically white and arranged in drooping panicles.
• Fruits: Olive-like drupe containing a seed; the source of neem oil .

Traditional Uses

Medicinal applications.

• Skin Care: Neem leaves and oil are used to treat various skin conditions, including acne, eczema, and psoriasis.
• Dental Health: Neem twigs have been used traditionally as toothbrushes.
• Digestive Health: Neem is used to combat ulcers, intestinal worms, and other digestive issues.
• Anti-malarial: The tree’s anti-parasitic properties have been used to prevent and treat malaria.

Spiritual and Cultural Significance

• Neem has a profound spiritual significance in Indian culture and is often associated with various festivals and rituals.

Modern Applications

Agriculture.

• Pest Control: Neem oil, known for its insecticidal properties, is used as a natural pesticide .
• Soil Health: Neem cake , a by-product of oil extraction, is used as a soil conditioner.

Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industry

• Neem is found in many modern skin and hair care products.
• Extensive research is being conducted into its potential pharmaceutical applications, such as anti-cancer treatments.

Cultivation

Growing conditions.

• Climate: Thrives in tropical and subtropical regions.
• Soil: Adaptable to various soil types but prefers well-drained, sandy soil.
• Watering: Drought-resistant but benefits from regular watering.

Propagation

• Generally propagated from seeds but can also be grown from cuttings.

Pest and Disease Management

• Typically resistant to most common pests and diseases.

Environmental Impact

• Soil Conservation: Helps in preventing soil erosion.
• Pollution Mitigation: Has the potential to absorb certain pollutants.
• Wildlife Habitat: Provides shelter and food for various animals and birds.

The neem tree, with its deep roots in history and vast potential in modern applications, is more than just a tree; it is a symbol of nature’s immense capacity to nourish, heal, and inspire.

From its leaves to its bark and oil, every part of the neem tree has found a purpose across cultures and economies. In an age where synthetic and artificial products often reign supreme, the neem tree stands as a reminder of nature’s wisdom and generosity.

Whether it’s a farmer seeking an organic solution to crop protection, a herbalist concocting a skin potion, or an environmentalist planting trees for a greener tomorrow, the neem tree continues to be a friend and guide, leading the way towards a sustainable and healthy life.

By embracing the neem tree’s holistic approach to well-being, we are not just preserving an ancient heritage but fostering a future where mankind lives in harmony with nature. The neem tree, in its humble grandeur, teaches us that the answers to our most pressing challenges may very well lie in our own backyards, waiting to be discovered and cherished.

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The Neem Tree

Prof. H. Schmutterer

 The most comprehensive and best illustrated treatment of the fascinating Indian neem tree (Azadirachta indica ) and its unique substances.

 The extracts from the tree have an enormously broad range of applications. The main substance azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid, influences the hormonal system of insects, exerting thereby a pesticidal effect. Feeding activity, reproduction and flying ability of insects are also affected. Azadirachtin has a very low toxicity to mammals, is biologically degradable and can be easily extracted from the seeds of the tree. Side effects on non- targets are slight.

 Other important uses of neem tree products are:-

• Cure of diseases of men and animals
• population control
• manure and nitrification inhibitors
• feeds for domestic animals
• soap production

 With this exhaustive treatment of the neem tree and closely related plants, this book provides us with an impressive example of the varied uses of renewable resources in sustainable agriculture and elsewhere…………………

Table of Contents

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A Tree for Solving Global Problems

The neem tree, one of the most promising of all plants, may eventually benefit every person on the planet. Probably no other plant yields as many varied products or has as many exploitable by-products. Indeed, as foreseen by some scientists, this tree may usher in a new era in pest control; provide millions with inexpensive medicines; cut the rate of population growth; and perhaps even reduce erosion, deforestation, and the excessive temperature of an overheated globe.

On the other hand, although the enthusiasm may be justified, it is largely founded on exploratory investigations and empirical and anecdotal evidence. The purpose of this book is to marshal the various facts about this little-known species, to help illuminate its future promise, and to speed realization of its potential.

• Biology and Life Sciences — Animals, Plants and Other Organisms

Suggested Citation

National Research Council. 1992. Neem: A Tree for Solving Global Problems . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/1924. Import this citation to: Bibtex EndNote Reference Manager

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The Ultimate Guide to Neem Trees: Benefits, Uses, and Cultivation

Neem trees, also known as Azadirachta indica, are a tropical evergreen species native to India and Pakistan. They are a highly versatile plant, with a wide range of benefits and uses. In this guide, we will explore the various benefits of neem trees, their uses, and how to cultivate them.

Benefits of Neem Trees:

Medicinal Properties: Neem leaves and bark have been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. The leaves contain compounds that have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties.

Pest Control: Neem oil, extracted from the seeds of the tree, is a natural pesticide that can be used to control a wide range of pests, including insects, mites, and nematodes. It is also effective in controlling fungal diseases in plants.

Soil Improvement: Neem trees help to improve soil quality by adding organic matter and increasing the fertility of the soil. The leaves of the tree are rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, which are essential nutrients for plants.

Water Conservation: Neem trees have deep roots that can tap into underground water sources, making them an excellent choice for drought-prone areas. They also help to conserve water by reducing evaporation from the soil.

Uses of Neem Trees:

Medicinal: Neem leaves and bark can be used to make teas, extracts, and powders that can be used to treat a variety of illnesses. The oil extracted from the seeds can be used as a natural remedy for skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis.

Pest Control: Neem oil can be used as a natural pesticide to control pests in gardens and on crops. It is also effective in controlling fungal diseases in plants.

Cosmetics: Neem oil is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as soap, lotion, and hair oil, due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Fuel: The wood of neem trees is a good source of fuel, and the leaves can be used as an alternative to charcoal.

Cultivation of Neem Trees:

Climate: Neem trees prefer tropical and subtropical climates, with temperatures between 21-32 degrees Celsius. They can tolerate drought and can grow in poor soils, but prefer well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7.

Propagation: Neem trees can be propagated from seeds or by taking cuttings from mature trees. The seeds should be planted in well-drained soil and kept in a warm and sunny location.

Care: Neem trees require regular watering and should be fertilized once a month with a balanced fertilizer. They also require regular pruning to control their shape and size.

In conclusion, neem trees are a versatile and valuable plant with a wide range of benefits and uses. They are an excellent choice for gardens, farms, and landscaping projects due to their medicinal properties, pest control capabilities, and soil improvement properties. With proper care and cultivation, neem trees can thrive in tropical and subtropical climates.

Introduction to Neem Trees: Overview of the Neem Tree and its history

The Neem tree, scientifically known as Azadirachta indica, is a tropical evergreen species native to India and Pakistan. It is a member of the Meliaceae family, which also includes mahogany and chinaberry. The Neem tree has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine and agriculture in India, where it is often referred to as the "village pharmacy" or "the curer of all ailments."

The Neem tree can grow up to 30 meters tall and has a broad, spreading crown. It has a straight trunk with a rough, dark brown bark and large, pinnate leaves that are bright green in color. The tree produces fragrant, white or yellow flowers, followed by small, greenish-yellow fruit. The tree's seeds are enclosed in a hard, woody shell that is used to extract oil, which is used in a wide range of products, including cosmetics, soap, and pesticides.

The Neem tree has been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. The leaves and bark of the tree contain compounds that have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties. The oil extracted from the seeds is also used as a natural pesticide, and the tree's leaves and bark can be used to improve soil quality and conserve water.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the Neem tree and its potential benefits in modern medicine and agriculture. Studies have shown that Neem oil can be effective in controlling a wide range of pests, including insects, mites, and nematodes. It also has potential as an anti-cancer agent and can be used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis.

Overall, the Neem tree is a valuable and versatile plant with a rich history and many potential benefits. Its cultivation and use continue to be an important part of traditional and modern societies.

Nutritional and Medicinal Benefits of Neem Trees: How Neem can improve health and wellness

Neem trees have a wide range of nutritional and medicinal benefits that can improve health and wellness. Some of the key benefits include:

Anti-inflammatory properties: The compounds present in the leaves and bark of the neem tree have anti-inflammatory properties that can help to reduce inflammation in the body. This can help to alleviate pain, swelling, and redness associated with conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and eczema.

Antibacterial properties: The compounds present in the neem tree have antibacterial properties that can help to fight off harmful bacteria and prevent infections. This can help to improve the immune system and reduce the risk of bacterial infections.

Antifungal properties: The compounds present in the neem tree have antifungal properties that can help to fight off fungal infections. This can help to improve the health of the skin and nails, and reduce the risk of fungal infections such as candida and ringworm.

Immune system support: The compounds present in the neem tree can help to boost the immune system, making it more effective in fighting off infections and diseases. This can help to improve overall health and wellness.

Antioxidant properties: The compounds present in the neem tree have antioxidant properties that can help to protect the body against the damaging effects of free radicals. This can help to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

Blood sugar control: Neem leaves have been traditionally used to control blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Studies have shown that compounds present in the neem leaves can help to reduce blood sugar levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and protect against diabetic complications.

Cardiovascular health: The compounds present in neem leaves and bark can help to improve cardiovascular health by reducing blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglycerides levels.

skin health: Neem oil is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as soap, lotion, and hair oil, due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help to improve the health of the skin by reducing inflammation, acne and eczema.

It's important to note that while these benefits are supported by traditional and some scientific evidence, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of neem. Also, consuming or using neem products should be under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Overall, the Neem tree has a wide range of nutritional and medicinal benefits that can improve health and wellness. Its leaves, bark, and oil have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, which can help to fight off infections and diseases, boost the immune system, and improve overall health.

Neem Tree Uses in Pest Control and Agriculture: How Neem is used as a natural pest repellent and in crop cultivation

Neem trees have a wide range of uses in pest control and agriculture. Some of the key uses include:

Pest Control: Neem oil, extracted from the seeds of the tree, is a natural pesticide that can be used to control a wide range of pests, including insects, mites, and nematodes. It is also effective in controlling fungal diseases in plants. The oil works by disrupting the pests' reproductive and feeding cycles, making it difficult for them to reproduce and survive.

Organic Farming: Neem oil can be used as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in organic farming. It is a natural and biodegradable product that does not leave harmful residue on the crops, making it safe for consumption.

Crop Production: Neem trees can also be used to improve crop production. The leaves of the tree are rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, which are essential nutrients for plants. When the leaves fall, they decompose and add organic matter to the soil, improving its fertility and making it more suitable for crop growth.

Soil Conservation: Neem trees have deep roots that can tap into underground water sources, making them an excellent choice for drought-prone areas. They also help to conserve water by reducing evaporation from the soil. This can help to improve crop yields in dry regions.

Livestock Feed: Neem leaves and seeds are used as a natural feed supplement for livestock. The leaves are high in protein, and the seeds contain fatty acids that can improve the health of the animals.

Planting Neem trees around crop fields: Planting neem trees around the crop field can act as a natural pest repellent, as the neem oil present in the leaves and bark of the tree can repel a wide range of insects and pests.

In conclusion, neem trees have a wide range of uses in pest control and agriculture. Their oil can be used as a natural pesticide, and their leaves, bark, and deep roots can improve soil fertility and conserve water. Neem trees can also be used to improve crop production and as a natural feed supplement for livestock. Their ability to act as a natural pest repellent makes them a valuable addition to any agricultural setting.

Neem Tree Cultivation and Care: Tips and techniques for planting, growing, and maintaining Neem Trees

Neem trees are relatively easy to cultivate and maintain, but they do have specific requirements for optimal growth. Here are some tips and techniques for planting, growing, and maintaining neem trees:

Propagation: Neem trees can be propagated from seeds or by taking cuttings from mature trees. The seeds should be planted in well-drained soil and kept in a warm and sunny location. They should be watered regularly and kept in a warm, humid environment until they sprout.

Planting: Neem trees should be planted in a sunny location with well-drained soil. They should be spaced at least 10 feet apart to allow for proper growth and development.

Pest and Disease Control: Neem trees are relatively resistant to pests and diseases, but they can be affected by pests such as mealybugs and scale insects. These pests can be controlled with neem oil or other natural pesticides.

Harvesting: Neem leaves and bark can be harvested throughout the year, but it's best to harvest them during the growing season when they are most active. The seeds can be harvested when the fruit is ripe.

Drought Tolerance: Neem trees are drought-tolerant, but they prefer to be watered regularly. If you live in an area with low rainfall, you'll need to water your neem tree frequently.

Soil and Drainage: Neem trees can grow in various types of soil, but they prefer well-drained soil with a pH between 6 and 7.

In conclusion, Neem trees are relatively easy to cultivate and maintain, but they do have specific requirements for optimal growth. Proper care and attention, including regular watering, fertilization, and pruning, will help to ensure that your neem tree thrives. Be mindful of the climate and soil condition, as well as pests and diseases, when growing neem trees. With proper care and cultivation, neem trees can be a valuable addition to any garden or farm.

Neem Tree Products and Extracts: An overview of the various Neem-based products available and their uses

Neem trees are a valuable source of a wide range of products, including oil, leaves, bark, and seed kernels. These products can be used in a variety of ways, including in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics, and personal care. Here is an overview of some of the most common neem tree products and extracts and their uses:

Neem Oil: Neem oil is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree and is used as a natural pesticide, insect repellent, and fungicide. It can also be used in cosmetics and personal care products, such as soap, lotion, and hair oil, due to its moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Neem Leaves: Neem leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. They can also be used as a natural pesticide and insect repellent.

Neem Bark: Neem bark is used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. It is also used as a natural pesticide and insect repellent.

Neem Seed Kernels: Neem seed kernels are used to extract neem oil, which can be used as a natural pesticide, insect repellent, and fungicide. The kernels can also be used as a natural feed supplement for livestock.

Neem Leaf Powder: Neem leaf powder is made by grinding dried neem leaves. It can be used as a natural pesticide, insect repellent, and fungicide. It can also be used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems.

Neem Leaf Extracts: Neem leaf extracts are used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. They can also be used as a natural pesticide and insect repellent.

Neem Bark Extracts: Neem bark extracts are used in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, including fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. They can also be used as a natural pesticide and insect repellent.

Neem Oil Soap: Neem oil soap is made by mixing neem oil with other ingredients, such as coconut oil and essential oils. It can be used to clean the skin, and it has moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties.

Neem Tea: Neem tea is made by boiling neem leaves in water. It can be consumed to help with fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems, as well as for its antioxidant properties.

In conclusion, Neem trees are a valuable source of a wide range of products, including oil, leaves, bark, and seed kernels. These products can be used in a variety of ways, including in agriculture, medicine, cosmetics, and personal care. Each product has its unique properties and uses, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Conclusion: The importance of Neem Trees in sustainable living and environmental conservation.

Neem trees are a valuable and versatile plant that can play an important role in sustainable living and environmental conservation. Their ability to improve soil quality, conserve water, and control pests make them an ideal choice for organic farming, landscaping, and gardening. Additionally, their medicinal properties and natural pesticide properties make them a valuable resource in traditional medicine and in the fight against disease.

In terms of environmental conservation, Neem trees have deep roots that can tap into underground water sources, making them an excellent choice for drought-prone areas. They also help to conserve water by reducing evaporation from the soil. They also help to improve air quality by absorbing carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

Neem trees are also known to be relatively easy to cultivate and maintain, making them a suitable choice for farmers, gardeners, and landscapers alike. Their ability to grow in poor soils and withstand drought conditions makes them an excellent choice for regions that are prone to these conditions.

In conclusion, Neem trees are an essential plant for sustainable living and environmental conservation. They offer a wide range of benefits, including medicinal properties, pest control, soil improvement, and water conservation. With proper care and cultivation, neem trees can thrive in tropical and subtropical climates and play an important role in promoting sustainable living and environmental conservation.

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• v.3(7); 2013 Jul

Neem ( Azadirachta indica ): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind

Venugopalan santhosh kumar.

1 Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

Visweswaran Navaratnam

2 Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), 1 Place St Gervais, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland

The divine tree neem ( Azadirachta indica ) is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent. Neem has been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability of written records which recorded the beginning of history. The world health organization estimates that 80% of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary health care. More than half of the world's population still relies entirely on plants for medicines, and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditional medical products. The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat various ailments from prehistory to contemporary.

1. Introduction

Neem is an omnipotent tree and a sacred gift of nature. Neem tree is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent. Neem is a member of the mahogany family, Meliaceae. Today it is known by the botanical name Azadirachta indica ( A. indica ) A. Juss. Neem has been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability of written records which recorded the beginning of history. Since prehistoric times, neem has been used by humankind.

The latinized name of neem, Azadirachta indica , is derived from the Persian. Azad means “free”; dirakht means “tree”; i-Hind means “of Indian origin”. Hence it literally means “the free tree of India” [1] . The neem tree is an incredible plant that has been declared the “Tree of the 21st century” by the United Nations [2] . The US National Academy of Science published a report in 1992 entitled “Neem: A tree for solving global problems” [3] .

2. Neem during prehistoric times

The age of the earth is (4.54±0.05) billion years. Plants from the supercontinent spread onto the land 475 million years ago. Anatomically modern humans inhabited 200 000 years ago [4] . Pangaea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, forming about 300 million years ago. The name Pangaea is derived from ancient Greek pan meaning “entire”, and Gaia meaning “earth”. The single global ocean which surrounded Pangaea is accordingly named Panthalassa [5] .

Pangaea broke into two pieces, one in the north, and the other in the south ( Figure 1 ) [5] . Scientists called the two new continents Laurasia (the continent in the north), and Gondwanaland (the continent in the south).

The concept of Lemuria was born in the 1860s when certain British geologists noted the striking similarity between rock formations and fossils found in India and Africa. Maps of the lost land were produced taking the idea from the palaeo-continent of Gondwana that existed from approximately 510 to 180 million years ago ( Figure 2 ) [6] .

It separated from Laurasia 200-180 million years ago during the breakup of Pangaea. Two hundred million years ago, the continents of Antarctica, South America, Africa, India and Australia were joined together as a single supercontinent known as Gondwana, or Gondwanaland [6] .

In the research of Joseph, the existence of a land is called Lemuria, which is one of the world's oldest civilizations about 2.0 lakhs years ago [7] . Due to tsunami, people regularly moved from the Island Mu to Atlantis in Mexican Sea and Kumari Kandam in Indian Ocean about 100 000 years ago ( Figures 3 – 5 ) [8] – [10] .

Kumari Kandam is said to have been located in the Indian Ocean, to the south of present day Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu at the southern tip of India [10] . There are certain references in Tamil Sangam (Sangam literature) classics to a landmass where people lived and which was swallowed up by the sea. The literary references of the lost land were about three Tamil Sangams (Academy of poets). The other meaning of Sangams is assemblies of siddhars.

First two Sangams taking place in a sunken land mass was called Kumari Kandam. The first Tamil Sangam located in Thenmadurai, had 4 449 poets and 549 members including the father of Siddha medicine Agathiyar and lasted for 4 440 years. The head of Sangam was Agathiyar ( Figure 6 ) [11] .

Agathiyar specialized in medicine, language, alchemy and spirituality. Siddhars were the great scientists of ancient days. After the sea swallowed Thenmadurai, the capital was shifted to Kaptapuram. The second Sangam functioned for 3 700 years and had 59 members, with 3 700 poets participating. This city was also submerged in the sea. The capital was shifted to the present Madurai. Here the third Sangam was established and functioned for 1 850 years. The academy had 49 members, and 449 poets were described as having participated in the Sangam [12] . The Tamil Sangam classics refer to a populated land Kumari Kandam, which was submerged in the sea.

Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to mankind [13] . Its origin goes back to 10 000 B.C to 4 000 B.C. As per the textual and archeological evidences which indicated the remote antiquity of the Dravidian civilization of the erstwhile submerged land Kumari Kandam, situated in the Indian Ocean. Kumari Kandam civilization went back to 50 000 B.C. The Siddha system of medicine (traditional Tamil system of medicine), which has been prevalent in the ancient Tamil land, is the foremost of all other medical systems in the world.

In the annals of the ancient Siddha system of medicine, the first medicinal plant mentioned as well as found a place, in ancient Tamil literature is neem or margosa. Neem has been used by humankind from time immemorial as a deterrent for smallpox and other infectious diseases and is also considered to possess powers to ward off evil spirits. The earliest mention about the uses of medicinal plants were found in Thirumular Thirumantiram-Ennayiram, Tholkappiam and the ancient Tamil works of Sangam literature, which were believed to have been written thousands of years ago [14] .

The roots of Siddha medical system, which has been practiced in South India, go far beyond the historical boundaries. It has existed as a separate system of medicine thousands of years before the dawn of history.

3. Siddha mission to China and transmigration

Bhogar Siddhar proceeded to China to spread the knowledge of Siddha sciences as per the last wishes of his guru Kalangi Nathar who belongs to China ( Figure 7 ) [15] . In his palm leaf manuscripts, Bhogar claims to have flown to China at one point in a sort of airplane which he built and he held discussions with Chinese Siddhas before returning to India. Kalangi Nathar made China the center of his teaching activities. Kalangi Nathar decided to enter into samadhi in seclusion for 3 000 years. In China, Bhogar was instructed by Kalangi Nathar in all aspects of the Siddha sciences. These included the preparation and use of the kaya kalpa herbal formulae to promote longevity. After Kalangi Nathar entered into trance, Bhogar assumed his teaching mission to the Chinese. To facilitate this, he transmigrated and thereafter went by the name “Bo-Yang”. “Bo” is a derivation of the word “Bhogam” which means bliss, material and spiritual [16] .

This bliss, for which he was named “Bo-Yang” is experienced when the Kundalini shakti, the feminine primordial yin energy awakens, passes up to the crown of the head, the masculine yang pole, in the Sahasra cakra (Sanskrit word) at the summit of the head and unites with it. Many natural dualities (such as female and male, dark and light, low and high, cold and hot, water and fire, life and death and so on) are thought of as physical manifestations of the yin-yang concept.

After this incident with the Chinese disciples, Bo-Yang became also known as Lao-Tzu (“Old Master”), and was accessible for nearly 200 years, and trained hundreds of Chinese disciples. The courtesy name of Lao Tze was Bo-yang ( Figure 8 ) [17] .

In the fifth century B.C, Confucius met Lao-Tzu and afterwards said of him: “I know a bird can fly, a fish can swim, and an animal can run. For that which runs, a net can be fashioned; for that which swims, a line can be strung. But the ascent of a Dragon on the wind into heaven is something which is beyond my knowledge. Today I have met Lao-Tzu, who is perhaps like a dragon”. Bo-Yang's leading disciple was Yu (whom he also gave the Indian name Pulipani).

At the end of his mission to China, about 400 B.C, Bo-Yang, with his disciple Yu and other close disciples, left China by the land route. As recorded in the Taoist literature, at the request of the gatekeeper at the Han Ku mountain pass Lao-Tzu crystallized his teachings. He did so in two books, the Tao Ching, with 37 verses, and the Te Ching with 42 verses.

Upon Bhogar return to Tamil Nadu, India, he submitted his 7 000 verse manuscript for evaluation to his guru, Agathiyar at Courtrallam and to an academy of Siddhas there. It was endorsed by all of them as a great work.

Later, after the period of the Six Dynasties (220 to 590 A.D), Bhogar returned with some Tamil disciples to China as a second mission to China. He left his mission in Tamil Nadu with Pulipani (Yu), the Chinese Siddha.

The emergence of Lao Tze with his theory of duality of matter and the journey of Bhogar to China seem to have taken place at same time and it is even possible Bhogar himself transmigrated as Lao Tze in China, like another Siddhar Sri Ramadevar, who was known as Yacob in Arabia.

According to the traditions of Southern India, there are 18 siddhars in particular who attained perfection, which included their spiritual, intellectual, mental, vital and physical bodies. The names of these 18 siddhars vary according to different sources. Siddhars travel across the world. Ramadevar Siddhar travelled to India and Arabia. In Arabia, he was known as Yacob. Pulasityar Siddhar belongs to Sri Lanka. Punnaikannar Siddhar belongs to Egypt. As Bhogar had close connection with China, it was said to be that Roma Rishi Siddhar had connection with Rome. Hence he was called Roma Rishi.

Bhogar visiting to South America has been confirmed by accounts left by the Muycas of Chile “Bocha, who gave laws to Muycas, was a white, bearded man, wearing long robes, who regulated the calendar, established festivals, and vanished in time like others (other remarkable teachers who had come across the Pacific according to numerous legends of Incas, Aztecs and Mayans)”.

4. Neem in Siddha

All parts of neem tree are commonly used in traditional Indian medicine for household remedy against various human diseases [18] . The definition of Siddha medicine is conquest of death: “that which ensures preventive against mortality”. This statement is attributed to Tirumular, a revered Siddha whose treatise called Tirumantiram [19] . This system of medicine originated from Tamil Nadu, South India. The system was very popular in ancient India. Believed to be more than 10 000 years old, the Siddha system of medicine is considered to be one of the most antiquated traditional medical systems. The Siddha system of medicine is prevalent in the southern states of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Singapore. The first medicinal plant mentioned in the Siddha medical system is neem.

The uniqueness of Siddha system is evident by its continuous service to the humanity for more than 5 000 years in combating diseases and also in maintaining its physical, mental and moral health while many of its contemporaries had become extinct long ago [20] .

Siddhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the Ashta Siddhis, or the eight supernatural powers. The word Siddha came from the word siddhi, which means the perfection of heavenly bliss. Sage Agathiyar is considered the guru of all Sidhars, and the Siddha system is believed to have been handed over to him by Lord Muruga.

Typically siddhars were saints, doctors, alchemists and mysticists all at once. They wrote their findings, in the form of poems in Tamil language, on palm leaves which are collected and stored in what are known today as palm leaf manuscript, today still owned by private families in Tamil Nadu and handed down through the generations, as well as public institutions such as universities all over the world (India, Germany, Great Britain and USA).

5. Palm leaf manuscript

Palm leaf manuscript is one of the oldest medium of writing in India especially in Southern India. It is also the major source for writing and painting in South and Southeast Asian countries. Digital enhancement of palm leaf manuscripts images using normalization techniques was carried out in the State University of New York. In 1997, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognized the Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection as part of the Memory of the World Register [21] . A very good example of usage of palm leaf manuscripts to store the history is a Tamil grammar book named Tolkappiyam, which was written during the 4th century B.C. A global digitalization project led by the Tamil Heritage Foundation collects, preserves, digitizes and makes ancient palm leaf manuscript documents available to users via the internet.

The Memory of the World Register is a compendium of documents, manuscripts, oral traditions, audio-visual materials, library, and archival holdings of universal value. The Institute of Asian Studies, Chennai serves as Asian regional training centre for UNESCO's Memory of the World project to conserve and digitalize thousands of Asian palm leaf manuscripts, starting with the Tamil Medical Manuscript Collection of the Institute of Asian Studies and other manuscript repositories in South India. Palm leaf manuscripts are also conserved in McCain Library, the University of Southern Mississippi.

Most Tamil medical manuscripts preserved at the Institute of Asian Studies reflect the ancient system of medicine. This system explains the methods of obtaining medicines from herbs, herbal roots, leaves, flowers, barks and fruits. The proportions of the ingredients as well as the specific processes are explained in detail [22] .

Three hundred and fifty years old palm leaf manuscript conserved in the Centre for Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR), Chennai, India, reveals the medicinal uses of neem trees ( Figure 9 ).

The above palm leaf manuscript reveals the therapeutic uses of neem and explicit that neem flower will be used to prevent and treat bile disorders; neem leaf will be used to prevent and treat ulcers; and neem bark will be used to prevent and treat CNS disorders, paralysis and psychatric disorders. This palm leaf manuscript is 350 years old. This particular palm leaf manuscript was called Agathiyar Gunavagadam. Originally Agathiyar Gunavagadam which was written by the great Siddhar Agathiyar in the 6th century B.C and it was carried generations to generations by siddhars.

The siddhars wrote their knowledge in palm leaf manuscripts. They also propagated Siddha system of medicine in Arabia, Persia, Turkey, China and other places. Siddha is the science which takes human and nature as part of closed system. The basis of Siddha science is understanding that earth, air, water, fire and ether correspond to five senses of human body are fundamentals to all living things. All created or evolved matters in the world, whether animal or vegetable or mineral, all fall under these categories. The human anatomy and physiology, causative factors of diseases, materials for the treatment and cure of the disease, also fall in the five elemental categories. These give rise to three doshas or humors. This knowledge has been passed from one generation to another through written medium mostly in palm leaf parchments.

Perhaps they were aware of the germicidal action and the medicinal properties of the margosa. Tirumular, the great Siddha is said to have been in deep penance for several thousands of years in eternal bliss under a sacred papal tree.

The neem tree has been widely used in the traditional systems of medicine. It is of immense use in a number of medicines and personal products. Its curative power is being used on a large scale to manufacture medicines for skin diseases including leprosy, ulcers, gastro intestinal problems, oral care, urinary track problems, hair problems, diabetes, blood Pressure and cholesterol.

6. Neem in Indus Valley civilization

On the Indian subcontinent, the neem tree has been used for more than 4 500 years. The earliest documentation of neem mentioned the fruit, seeds, oil, leaves, roots and bark for their advantageous medicinal properties.

The first recorded indication that neem was being used in the medical treatment was about 4 500 years ago. This was the high point of the Indian Harappa culture, one of the great civilizations in the ancient world. There is evidence found from excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in Northwestern and Western India, in which several therapeutic compounds including neem leaves, were gathered in the ruins.

In 1922, British archaeologists began to excavate the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They uncovered the remains of long-forgotten cities. British archaeologists discovered the 5 000 year-old Indus Valley civilization. They were amazed to discover two cities - Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. These cities were so advanced that they could practically compete with cities today in areas of architecture, engineering and construction. The streets were designed in a grid system that was well planned and organized. There was an underground sewer system with stone manhole covers for access. A sophisticated water supply and drainage system with waterproof brickwork ran throughout the city. The houses were spacious in the upper class sections containing modern amenities like lavatory facilities.

They also found skulls upon which cranial surgery had been performed, and clay pots, which contained medicinal herbs. One of the most prominent medicinal herbs they found was A. indica , which is also known as neem. It shows the first evidence of an advanced medical system that includes both surgery and phytopharmacology in one of the world's most ancient and developed civilizations [23] .

7. Distribution of neem

At the beginning of this century, the neem tree was still highly esteemed by Indian emigrants who took it along to the places where they settled. Thus, the neem tree was introduced in places such as Australia, East and sub-Sahelian Africa, South East Asia, and South America. Today, the neem is well established in at least 30 countries worldwide, in Asia, Africa and Central and South America. Some small scale plantations are also reportedly successful in Europe and United States of America.

Neem trees are fast growers, and in three years may grow to 20 feet in height from seed planting. It will grow where rainfall is only 18 inches per year and it thrives in areas of extreme heat up to 120 degrees. It is estimated that a neem tree has a productive life span of 150 - 200 years. It is estimated that there are around 18 millions neem trees in India.

Neem tree is found all over in Malaysia. It exists mainly in Kedah, Penang, Langkawi and Perlis. Neem tree is found widely in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia.

Neem trees were also introduced in Pan Zhi Hua, Sichuan province, China [24] . There are over 400 000 neems in Yunnan province that make Yunnan the biggest artificial area of neem planting globally and the raw material center of neem products in China. In 1995, the researcher of Chinese Academy of Forestry introduced the neem in India to the hot river valley areas in Yunnan and the neem grows well there. The research group has introduced the neem from South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa to China since 1997. In 1998, the demonstration of industrial neem planting was started out in China. Because of the advantages on climate and terrain, the neem planting was popularized and promoted in Yunnan rapidly. Yunnan has had the largest area of neem plantation. Chinese Academy of Forestry plays an important role in cultivating technology of neem [25] .

In the last two decades, research on neem has been intensified and many of the agricultural and medical properties of neem were rediscovered. Today, neem plays a major role in the rural industry of India, and projects for the commercial use of neem have been successfully introduced in the places like Kenya [26] .

Earlier this century, people somehow managed to introduce this Indian tree to West Africa, where it has since grown well. They probably expected neem to be useful only as a source of shade and medicinal especially for malaria. But in Ghana, it has become the leading producer of firewood for the densely populated Accra Plains, and from Somalia to Mauritania, it is a leading candidate for helping halt the southward spread of the Sahara Desert. A. indica is an extensively popular tree in Nigeria and is commonly referred to as Neem (English), “Dogon Yaro” (Hausa) and “Akun shorop” (Igbo). Senegal Neem Foundation (SNF) was created by Dr. D. D. Faye, as a crucial part of Africa Bound Corporation. Africa considers neem as a green gold. In Senegal, neem tree is known as the “Independence Tree” [27] .

The world's largest neem plantations are 10 sq km in the plains of Arafat, Saudi Arabia. A Saudi philanthropist planted 50 000 neem trees to shade and comforts the two million pilgrims [28] . In the last decade, neem has been introduced into the Caribbean, where it is being used to help reforest several nations. Neem is already a major tree species in Haiti.

8. Drugs from nature

The world health organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary health care. More than half of the world's population still relies entirely on plants for medicines, and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditional medical products. Researchers generally agree that natural products from plants and other organisms have been the most consistently successful source for ideas for new drugs. Drug discovery scientists often refer to these ideas as “leads,” and chemicals that have desirable properties in lab tests are called lead compounds [29] . Plants became the basis of traditional medicine system throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide mankind with new remedies. The plant based indigenous knowledge was passed down from generation to generation in various parts of the world, especially in the Indian sub-continent and has significantly contributed to the development of different traditional systems of medicines [30] .

9. Contemporary medicinal uses of neem in humankind

Neem ( A. indica ) is a divine tree mainly cultivated in Indian subcontinent and it is commonly known as neem [31] , [32] . All the parts of A. indica tree is commonly used in traditional Indian medicine for household remedy against various human diseases [33] . Indian people have long revered the neem tree ( A. indica ). For centuries, millions have cleaned their teeth with neem twigs, smeared skin disorders with neem leaf juice, taken neem tea as a tonic, and placed neem leaves in their beds, books, grain bins, cupboards, and closets to keep away troublesome bugs. The tree has relieved so many different pains, fevers, infections, and other complaints so that it has been called “the village pharmacy.” In rural India, peoples often used water decoction of neem leaves for the prevention and treatment of various ailments. Research undertaken in the University of Nigeria showed the medicinal properties of fractionated acetone/water neem leaf extract [34] . Tests conducted at the King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chennai in December 2012 found that the Siddha neem preparation brought down symptoms and speeded up the recovery of patients affected by dengue [35] .

To those millions in India, neem has miraculous powers, and now scientists around the world are beginning to think they may be right. Two decades of researches have revealed promising results in so many disciplines that this obscure species may be of enormous benefit to countries both poor and rich. Even some of the most cautious researchers are saying that “Neem deserves to be called a wonder plant”.

9.1. Antibacterial activity

Recent research shows the isolation and identification of the antibacterial active compound from petroleum ether extract of neem oil [36] . The study of Zhong et al . showed an antibacterial activity of 9-octadecanoic acid-hexadecanoic acid-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl ester from neem oil [37] . Elavarasu et al. studied in vitro anti-plaque microbial activity of neem oil [38] .

9.2. Antiviral

Galhardi et al . studied the in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus [39] . The study of Saha et al. showed water extracted polysaccharides from A. indica leaves with anti-bovine herpes virus type 1 (BoHV-1) activity [40] . The research of Xu et al . showed the in vitro antiviral activity of neem seed kernel extracts against duck plague virus [41] . Tiwari et al . showed the in vitro antiviral activity of neem ( A. indica L.) bark extract against herpes simplex virus type-1 infection [42] .

9.3. Sexually transmitted disease

Few researchers have focused on neem efficacy in treating sexually transmitted diseases. The reports that have been completed are overwhelmingly positive. Recent research of Shokeen et al. showed the evaluation of the activity of 16 medicinal plants against Neisseria gonorrhoeae [43] .

9.4. Neem and the immune system

Thoh et al . studied that azadirachtin interacts with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) binding domain of its receptors and inhibits TNF induced biological responses [44] .

9.5. Anti-inflammatory activity

The study of Alam et al. showed the anti-inflammatory activity of epoxyazadiradione against macrophage migration inhibitory factor [45] . Thoh et al . found that azadirachtin interacts with retinoic acid receptors and inhibits retinoic acid-mediated biological responses [46] .

9.6. Antioxidant effect

Manikandan et al . researched that antioxidant and protective effects of active neem leaf fractions against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage to pBR322 DNA and red blood cells [47] .

9.7. Anticarcinogenic activity

Chatterjee et al. showed that identification of a sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride from A. indica and studies on its cytotoxic activity and DNA binding properties [48] . Perumal et al. studied ethanolic neem ( A. indica A. Juss) leaf extract induced apoptosis and inhibits the IGF signaling pathway in breast cancer cell lines [49] . Aravindan et al. showed that molecular basis of ‘hypoxic’ breast cancer cell radio-sensitization with phytochemicals [50] . Induction of apoptosis in human breast cancer cells by nimbolide were carried out by Elumalai et al [51] . Srivastava et al. showed that neem oil limonoids induces p53-independent apoptosis and autophagy [52] . A review of the anticancer biology of Azadirachta indica was carried out by Paul et al [53] . Research of Veeraraghavan et al. showed the effect of neem leaf extract on rel protein-regulated cell death/radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer cells [54] . Mahapatra et al. showed novel molecular targets of Azadirachta indica associated with inhibition of tumor growth in prostate cancer [55] .

9.8. Skin diseases

Neem has a remarkable effect on chronic skin conditions. Acne, psoriasis, eczema, ringworm and even stubborn warts are among the conditions that can clear up easily when high quality, organic neem oil is used. Neem oil and leaves has been used in Siddha medicine for the treatment of skin diseases [56] . In addition, neem oil can be used as an excellent component of cosmetics to help clear, beautify and rejuvenate the skin.

9.9. Antisnake venom activity

Ashis et al. studied a snake venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (AIPLAI) was isolated from leaves of A. indica (neem) and the mechanism of PLA2 inhibition by AIPLAI in vitro condition was also studied [57] .

9.10. Digestive disorders

Neem is generally accepted in the ayurvedic medical tradition as a therapy for ulcers and other types of gastric discomfort. Neem promotes a healthy digestive system by protecting the stomach, aiding in elimination and removing toxins and harmful bacteria. Bandyopadhyay et al. studied the neem bark extract of gastroprotective effect [58] .

9.11. Parasitic diseases

Historically, neem has been used to rid the body of all forms of parasites. Neem quickly kills external and internal parasites. Neem extracts have hormone mimics that interfere with the life cycle of parasites, inhibit their ability to feed and prevent the eggs from hatching. Abdel et al . studied the efficacy of a single treatment of head lice with a neem seed extract [59] . Luong et al. found that neem leaf slurry is a sustainable, natural product and anopheline larvicide in west African Villages [60] .

10. Conclusion

This article clearly shows that neem ( A. indica ) has been used by humankind to treat various ailments from prehistory to contemporary.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. T. Thirunarayanan, Centre for Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. This work was financially supported by Digitalization of Tamil Siddha Palm Manuscripts, Project of Centre For Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR), Department of AYUSH, Government of India (Grant No: Z28016/14/2010IEC).

A majority of the world population in developing and low income countries relies on traditional medicine for their primary health care. In this context, neem tree is a promising prospect for the alleviation of common health problems in the developing world. The manuscript emphasizes the historical links of neem tree with ancient medicines systems around the globe and its role in health care systems in the ancient medicine. It also stresses the need for its further exploration and its incorporation into modern medicine.

Research frontiers

The authors had highlighted the biodiversified applications of neem tree in the ancient health care system with well supported literature. The historical links of neem tree with human evolution and its application in health care management have been widely discussed. It also calls for further exploration of the biopotential of neem tree in its utilization in modern medicine.

Related reports

The authors had presented the manuscript in a well organized manner and the literature support for the claims and postulations had been correlating well.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The manuscript provides a detailed description of the existing historical evidences of neem tree with the mankind and its application in health care systems from ancient times to the modern medicine. It portraits a clear description of neem tree and its broad biopotential activity.

Applications

The recommendation of the present studies emphasizes on exploration of neem tree as a major source for development of more therapeutic molecules and creation of more scientific evidences for its various medicinal applications.

Peer review

The manuscript is convincing and is based on the diversified application of neem tree. The article has been highlighted with the historical links of neem tree with the ancient medicines. It also gives a detailed description of the existing historical evidences of need tree with the mankind and in medicine. It has provided a new insight into the exploration and utilization of neem tree as a source for development of new therapeutic molecules.

Foundation Project: Financially supported by Digitalization of Tamil Siddha Palm Manuscripts, Project of Centre For Traditional Medicine and Research (CTMR), Department of AYUSH, Government of India (Grant No: Z28016/14/2010IEC).

Conflict of interest statement: We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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Medicinal Use of Neem. Introduction of Neem Tall ever green tree  Native to South Asia  Nim, Nimmi, Vepa, Tamarkha  Azadiracta Indica  Melia Azadirachta.

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Medicinal use of neem introduction of neem tall ever green tree native to south asia nim, nimmi, vepa, tamarkha azadiracta indica melia azadirachta mittha or sweet ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Tall ever green tree
• Native to South Asia
• Nim, Nimmi, Vepa, Tamarkha
• Azadiracta Indica
• Melia Azadirachta
• Mittha or sweet Neem
• Karwa or bitter Neem
• English name is Margosa
• Sanskrit, it is called Nimba
• The fruit is small, yellow, and oval-shaped
• Neem oil is made from the seed of this fruit
• Neem seed oil has been clinically tested as an external Contraceptive
• Neem seed oil, antiseptic, and insecticide
• Protect the bark of other trees from termites
• It is injected into red cedar seedling, found in North Queensland, Australia, to protect it against moths
• The bark, and a resin, that it contains, is burnt to clean air and keep it free from insects.
• A mixture, made from steaming ground Neem bark acts as a boost, and is useful in irregular fever, loss of appetite
• Neem leaves should be taken in the early morning, in an empty stomach
• Tender new leaves
• The villagers in India use the thinner branches of the bitter Neem as a toothbrush
• Datoon , meaning Tooth
• Keeps the teeth dirt free and the gums fit and germ-free due to limonoids
• Chewing cures Pyorrhea
• In some places in India, before a girls marriage, a ritual is performed involving the Neem tree.
• The Neem represents the girl and it is married to the Banyan tree, which is the representation of her husband
• In Orissa, the Neem tree is especially well-regarded and not cut for anything but sacred purposes
• The statues of Lord Jagannath (Krishna), Balarama (Krishnas elder brother), and Subhadra (Krishnas younger sister) carved from the stem of Neem trees
• The statues are taken through the streets, twice a year, during religious ceremonies
• Curative of fever
• Elimination of intestine worms
• Diabetes, leprosy, eye problem
• Asthma, cough
• Scabies, wounds, skin diseases,
• Intestine worms, leprosy
• Intestine worms, skin diseases
• Refrigerant, diuretic
• Reduce hearing problems. If a bug comes in your ear it can be killed by putting few drops of neem juice in ears
• Treatment of fever and malaria
• inhibits the development of virus and helps to stimulate the liver
• Jaundice and hepatitis
• Blood Disorders     
• Heart Disease    
• Dental Care
• Birth Control
• Liver damage
• Difficulty in breathing
• Destruction of RBCs
• Rash, swelling, itching and wheezing
• Unconsciousness
• High amount of WBCs
• Brain swelling
• Researchers have given it a name of wonder plant
• Largest production of neem tree is in India
• Each neem tree has the capability of producing 50kg of fruit every year
• Neem is commercially being used for large scale production of
• Cosmetics- Neem soap and shampoos
• Increases soil fertility
• Pesticides 1 neem oil kerosene lamp keep away mosquitoes
• Neem oil prevents hair falls
• Snake bites
• Avoid using neem over children may cause sudden death by over dose
• Neem bark or neem oil fatal for pregnant womens lead to miscarriage
• Neem may cause the immune system to become more active and there is a high possibility of auto immune diseases. To avoid from this condition, stop using neem

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1.The Neem Tree

• 2.Objective
• 3.Distribution
• 5.Chemical constituents
• 6.Commercialization
• 8.Conclusion
• 9.References

Introduction

The neem tree known scientifically as azadirachta indica a.juss derived from azad dirakht-i-hind which means noble/free tree of india was bestowed by muslim travellers who migrated or visited india from west asia. the tree has also been given several titles such as the ‘village pharmacy & the divine tree’, this can be accredited to its many diverse use., native to india & myanmar, some of the common names of the neem tree are;, indian lilac, margosa tree, nimba in the indonesian language, veembu in the indian language, pokok daun mapley in the malay language, for centuries people all across the asian continent have used different parts of the tree for various uses from;, oil and extracts for pest control, seed kernel cake for fertilisers, branches and twigs for tooth-brush, leaves as vegetables and tea., year 1959 in sudan, hailed as the father of modern neem, german entomologist named heinrich schmutterer sparked interest around the world, many researches were done an compiled in a seminal volume called the neem tree first published 1995.

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15 SURPRISING BENEFITS OF NEEM TREE

Jun 14, 2023

40 likes | 48 Views

The neem tree has always been revered in our Indian culture. Neem is an evergreen tree found in tropical countries. Being native to India, it is found throughout the country. In Sanskrit, neem is also called "arista," which means "imperishable" or "perfect." The neem tree possesses divine qualities.

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The neem tree, scientifically known as Azadirachta indica, offers several surprising benefitsAntibacterial and Antifungal Properties: Neem has potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it effective against a wide range of microorganisms.Skin Health: Neem is beneficial for the skin. It helps treat acne, soothes irritation, reduces redness, and promotes a clear complexion.Dental Care: Neem is used in oral care products like toothpaste and mouthwash due to its antibacterial properties. It helps prevent gum diseases and cavities.Hair Care: Neem is known to promote hair growth, treat dandruff, and nourish the scalp. It is often used in hair oils, shampoos, and conditioners.

Hair Care: Neem is known to promote hair growth, treat dandruff, and nourish the scalp. It is often used in hair oils, shampoos, and conditioners.Immune System Boost: Consuming neem boosts the immune system, helping the body fight against infections and diseases.Blood Purification: Neem is considered a blood purifier. It helps remove toxins from the blood and supports liver health.Anti-inflammatory Properties: Neem possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in various conditions like arthritis and skin disorders.Immune System Boost: Consuming neem boosts the immune system, helping the body fight against infections and diseases.

For more information visit our websitehttps://hindusanskriti.in/benefits-of-neem-tree/

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