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After two failed attempts, Canada bans conversion therapy

Rachel Treisman

People carry a rainbow flag at the WorldPride 2014 Parade in Toronto in 2014. Geoff Robins/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

People carry a rainbow flag at the WorldPride 2014 Parade in Toronto in 2014.

Canada has formally banned conversion therapy, the widely discredited practice aimed at changing a person's sexual orientation or gender identity.

Legislation that makes it illegal to provide, promote and profit off conversion therapy was officially approved on Wednesday and will take effect in 30 days, on Jan. 7.

"It's official: Our government's legislation banning the despicable and degrading practice of conversion therapy has received Royal Assent - meaning it is now law," tweeted Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. "LGBTQ2 Canadians, we'll always stand up for you and your rights."

(The Canadian government utilizes the acronym "LGBTQ2" to include Two-Spirit, a term that some Indigenous people use to describe their sexual, gender and/or spiritual identity.)

The bill defines conversion therapy as any practice, treatment or service designed to change or repress a person's sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.

Those techniques can range from talk and behavioral therapy to medical treatments , and have been discredited by major medical associations in many countries (including the U.S.) as well as the United Nations, World Health Organization, Amnesty International and other groups. Critics say the practice causes harm to its victims and is based on the false premise that sexual orientation and gender identity can or should be "cured."

As many as one in 10gay, bi, trans and queer men and Two-Spirit and nonbinary people in Canada have experienced conversion therapy, according to recent findings of a study by the Community-Based Research Centre. Among them, 72% started before the age of 20. Lower-income, Indigenous and other marginalized groups are disproportionately represented, according to Canada's Justice Department .

The Justice Department notes that some jurisdictions, like Ontario and Québec, have enacted legislation addressing different aspects of conversion therapy, while certain municipalities have banned the practice and promotion within their city limits.

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This was Canada's third attempt at banning the practice nationally, with the Toronto Star noting that the bill went farther than previous versions by making it a crime to have anyone to undergo conversion therapy, regardless of whether they consent. This time, the bill was unanimously approved in both the House of Commons and the Senate.

"The consensus demonstrated by Parliamentarians in Canada is a part of an emerging global consensus surrounding the real and life - long harms for conversion therapy victims and survivors," Justice Minister David Lametti said in a statement cheering the bill's passage. "In fact, with these changes to the Criminal Code, Canada's criminal laws on conversion therapy are among the most comprehensive in the world."

The complete ban on so-called conversion therapies has received Royal Assent. This is a victory for Canada, in particular the bravery and the courage of the survivors who have been speaking out for years. This is what making history feels like. Thank you. 🏳️‍🌈 — David Lametti (@DavidLametti) December 8, 2021

The text of the bill says it harms society because "it is based on and propagates myths and stereotypes about sexual orientation, gender identity and gender expression, including the myth that heterosexuality, cisgender gender identity, and gender expression that conforms to the sex assigned to a person at birth are to be preferred over other sexual orientations, gender identities and gender expressions."

It makes it a criminal offense to cause someone to undergo conversion therapy, promote or advertise the practice, receive financial or other material benefits from providing it and do anything for the purpose of removing a child from Canada with the intention of making them undergo conversion therapy in another country.

It also authorizes courts to order the removal of advertisements for conversion therapy .

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Former 'ex-gay' leaders denounce 'conversion therapy' in a new documentary.

"This legislation represents an important milestone in the Government's commitment to protecting the dignity and equality of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and Two-Spirit communities, by criminalizing a shameful, unscientific, and destructive practice," Lametti said, adding that more work must be done to protect LGBTQ2 people.

Many politicians and LGBTQ2 rights advocates are applauding the bill's passage, and crediting the activists who shared their personal stories with making it possible.

"It's hard to describe how significant this is to so many survivors, but beyond the LGBTQ2+ community, all Canadians should be proud of this historic moment of nonpartisanship to do the right thing," tweeted Nick Schiavo , one of those activists. "This matters. This sends a clear message. This is Canada at its best."

Conversion therapy bill passed in @SenCa ! A major milestone just passed for the rights of LGBTQ2+ communities in this country and I am beyond proud. #polcan https://t.co/qlbiTv7jlM — Sén. René Cormier (@SenCormier) December 7, 2021

BREAKING: Canada has banned conversion therapy. Bill #C4 received Royal Assent today after unanimous votes in both the House of Commons & Senate. This bold action sends a resounding message of support to LGBTQ youth across the world. — Amit Paley (@amitpaley) December 8, 2021

There's been a growing push to ban conversion therapy around the world.

In the U.S., 20 states and some 100 municipalities have banned the practice, according to a tracker from the National Center for Lesbian Rights' Born Perfect campaign.

Three European countries have outlawed conversion therapy: Malta, Germany and Albania. And there could soon be a fourth, as France's Senate voted to criminalize it this week.

This story originally appeared on the Morning Edition live blog .

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Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau addresses the Canadian Parliament before President Joe Biden speaks on March 24, 2023, in Ottawa, Canada. (AP)

No, proposed Canadian law wouldn’t ban Christianity or criminalize Bible quotes

If your time is short.

A Canadian bill, C-367, calls for removing religious exemptions from a section of the nation’s criminal code regarding hate speech. 

The proposal, which hasn’t advanced from its first reading in Canada’s House of Commons and is not close to becoming law, does not mention Christianity.

Experts said the law would not ban Christianity or make quoting from the Bible a hate speech crime, unless it were accompanied by extreme rhetoric vilifying a group or inciting violence. 

Here’s how PolitiFact chooses  which statements to fact-check.

A proposed amendment to Canada’s criminal code regarding hate speech has some social media users claiming it would ban Christianity or allow Christians to be jailed for quoting the Bible.

"Canada is passing a bill to essentially ban the idea of Christianity," read a March 5 Instagram post ’s caption. The post shared a screenshot of an X post that said, "Canada is the new North Korea. Bill proposes to jail Christians who quote the Bible in public and to jail pastors who preach against certain sins as guilty of hate crimes."

This post was flagged as part of Meta’s efforts to combat false news and misinformation on its News Feed. (Read more about our partnership with Meta , which owns Facebook and Instagram.)

The Instagram post didn’t specifically say what it was referring to, but the X post it shared linked to an article on a conservative website that made the accusations about Bill C-367 in Canada. We found other social media posts making similar claims .

Bill C-367 was filed in November by Yves-François Blanchet, the leader of Canada’s Bloc Québécois party. 

The bill does not mention Christianity or any other religion. It seeks to remove religious exemptions as a defense for inciting hatred, antisemitism, or violence, its author said. It doesn’t ban Christianity and wouldn’t lead to arrests for simply quoting the Bible. Under the bill’s terms, someone might be arrested if they are quoting the Bible while inciting violence and vilifying a group, but quoting the Bible is not in itself an offense, experts told PolitiFact.

(Instagram screenshot)

The bill sought to amend Canada’s criminal code in a section about hate propaganda . It proposed two changes to the code.

First, it proposed repealing paragraph 319(3)(b) of the code, which said a person can’t  be convicted of an offense for the willful promotion of hatred "if, in good faith, the person expressed or attempted to establish by an argument an opinion on a religious subject or an opinion based on a belief in a religious text."

Second, it proposed repealing paragraph 319(3.1)(b), which said a person can’t be convicted for the willful promotion of antisemitism "if, in good faith, they expressed or attempted to establish by an argument an opinion on a religious subject or an opinion based on a belief in a religious text."

In a Nov. 28 Canadian Parliament debate , Blanchet told Prime Minister Justin Trudeau the bill was in response to threats against the Jewish community.

"Mr. Speaker, gunfire has been heard in Montreal over the past few days. Windows have been broken, and graffiti has been directed specifically against the Jewish community," Blanchet said. "There are fears that these actions were in some way encouraged by an exception in the Criminal code that allows hate speech and the incitement of violence."

Blanchet’s proposal does not refer to Christianity but critics argue that the changes could lead to charges against a Christian who made statements opposing the LGBTQ+ community.

Joanie Riopel, the press secretary for Bloc Québécois, which Blanchet leads, told PolitiFact that in the context of the war between Israel and Hamas, hate speech, violence and antisemitism have increased in Quebec and Canada. Riopel cited a religious preacher in Montreal calling for the death of "Zionists" at a pro-Palestinian rally.

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Because of this, Bloc Québécois proposed Bill C-367, "the only purpose of which is to remove religious exemptions for public incitement to hatred, wilful promotion of hatred and wilful promotion of antisemitism," Riopel said.

The code as it stands "allow anyone to hide behind religion in the context of public incitement to hatred," Riopel said.

The bill has yet to make it past the first of three required readings in the House in Commons. If passed there, it would also need to make it through three readings in the Senate.

In February, Alexis Brunelle-Duceppe, another Bloc Québécois member, offered a similar bill in the House of Commons, Bill C-373 . It also has not moved past its initial reading there, but because of parliamentary rules, would be debated before C-367. The debate on the second reading of C-373 should happen before June 30, Riopel said.

The proposed bill would not mean banning Christianity, said Richard Moon, a University of Windsor law professor who researches religious freedom and freedom of expression.

"The Criminal Code hate speech ban extends only to speech that vilifies the members of a particular group — racial, religious, etc. The speech must be extreme, for example, describing the group members as subhuman or as inherently dangerous," Moon said. "I'm not sure what a Christian might say that would be so extreme."

Moon said a Christian simply saying that homosexuality is sinful wouldn’t be considered hate speech, but saying gays are pedophiles might.

"But that is not, as far as I know, the view of any Christian group, or at least any mainstream group," Moon said.

Emmett Macfarlane , a University of Waterloo political science professor who studies online hate speech and free expression, called the claims about Bill C-367 "mostly nonsense."

"The exemptions that the bill would remove from the law would not change the very high threshold that must be met before any expression is deemed to be the wilful promotion of hatred or the wilful promotion of antisemitism," said Macfarlane, who added that there is a very high bar in Canada’s hate speech law and few charges have been brought forward.

Striking religious exemptions from the law wouldn’t prevent people quoting Bible passages or other texts generally, Macfarlane said.

"An individual would almost certainly have to be incorporating additional extreme and incendiary speech in their expression to run afoul of the law, with or without the exemptions," he said.

An Instagram post claimed that Canada is passing a bill to "essentially ban the idea of Christianity."

But the bill neither mentions Christianity, nor seeks to ban any religion. In response to antisemitic rhetoric during the Israel-Hamas war, its author proposed amending Canada’s criminal code regarding hate speech to remove religion as a defense for public incitement to hatred or antisemitism. The bill has not progressed in the House of Commons and is not close to being a law.

Experts said simply quoting from a religious text such as the Bible wouldn’t result in hate speech charges, unless it was accompanied by extreme, explicit language. We rate the claim False.

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The Principles of the Truth-O-Meter

Our Sources

House of Commons, C-367, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (promotion of hatred or antisemitism) , accessed March 11, 2024

Government of Canada, Criminal code , accessed March 11, 2024

Government of Canada, Criminal code - Hate propaganda , accessed March 11, 2024

Open Parliament, House of Commons debates , Nov. 28, 2023 

Email interview, Richard Moon, University of Windsor law professor, March 11, 2024

Email interview, Emmett Macfarlane, University of Waterloo political science professor, March 11, 2024

Email interview, Joanie Riopel, the press secretary for Bloc Québécois, March 11, 2024

House of Commons, Bill C-373 An Act to amend the Criminal Code (promotion of hatred or antisemitism) , accessed March 11, 2024

Nunatsiaq News, Nunavik MP wants to change Criminal Code on hate speech , Feb. 7, 2024

The Christian Post, Canadian bill would remove religious exemption from 'hate speech' laws, critics warn , March 7, 2024

Catholic Vote, Canadian Bill Could Send Christians to Jail for Quoting Bible , March 6, 2024

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Trudeau says kids denied a Pride flag at their schools have one on Parliament Hill

Children who do not see a Pride flag at their schools should know one is flying for them on Parliament Hill, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said Thursday, as he condemned the sharp rise in laws curtailing the rights of transgender people across the United States.

Trudeau hoisted the flag that celebrates the LGBTQ2S+ community at an event where he was joined by MPs from all political parties, marking the eighth time he has done so since being elected to power in 2015.

"We all thought it would get easier after that moment," he said, referring to the first time the flag was raised on the Hill in Ottawa.

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“But we've been reminded by a rise in anger, hatred and ignorance and intolerance, that things getting easier is not automatic.”

The prime minister echoed other speakers who warned of the discrimination faced by members of the LGBTQ2S+ community, both online and in their daily lives.

It has grown worse in recent years as conservative groups, particularly in the U.S., protest drag queen performances and fight to take away gender-affirming care for transgender people, especially minors.

The speakers underscored that Canada is not immune to such sentiments, given such protests are also happening in the country,with Trudeau saying “transphobia, biphobia, homophobia are all on the rise.”

Among the issues speakers pointed to were proposed changes by New Brunswick Premier Blaine Higgs' government that seek to change some school rules around LGBTQ2S+ students. One such change would mean that students younger than 16 who identify as transgender and non-binary would not be allowed to officially change their names or pronouns without parental consent.

Higgs's Progressive Conservative government has defended the move as fulfilling the wishes of parents, but it has been met with backlash.

NDP MP Blake Desjarlais, a co-chair of the recently-founded parliamentary Pride caucus comprised of federal lawmakers from the LGBTQ2S+ community, said Thursday that Canada was witnessing extremism pushed by individuals who are trying to take away others' rights.

“We will not accept going backwards,” said Desjarlais, who is two-spirit.

“We are not here to make kids queer. We are here to make sure queer kids are not made into dead kids. That is why the raising of this flag today is not only a symbol of our love for community, it is also a symbol that we will be unrelenting in our discovery of who we are.”

During his address, the prime minister saidattempts have been made to stop Pride celebrations and noted that over the past few weeks, Canadians have watched as people try to remove books about gender and sexuality from schools.

That is cruel to children who struggle with questions about their identities or live in homes where such questions are not met with love, said Trudeau.

The Brandon School Division in southern Manitoba recently voted against a call to remove books with LGBTQ2S+ content from its libraries.

Trudeau also said students are often the ones fighting for the Pride flag to be hoisted at their schools, and in some places, those efforts have been denied.

Such was the case for the York Catholic District School Board, which voted last week against flying the flag outside its main office.

Addressing students who are without a Pride flag, the prime minister said: “I'm here to say even though the flag may not fly at your school, know that it proudly flies here, in your seat of government.”

NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh and Green Party Leader Elizabeth May both attended the ceremony. Melissa Lantsman, who serves as deputy leader for the Conservatives and is lesbian, also attended.

At a separate news conference on Parliament Hill, Conservative Leader Pierre Poilievre said he was up late filibustering the Liberals' budget in the House of Commons the previous night when asked why he didn't attend.

“I believe every Canadian, regardless of who they are, regardless of their race, sexuality, gender, deserves to be safe,” he said Thursday, adding that if a Canadian commits violence against another, “they should be thrown in the slammer.”

Poilievre characterizes his job as Conservative leader as to promote freedom for all Canadians. Speaking in Winnipeg last week, he wished Canadians “a happy Pride month,” saying “our freedom is something in which all of us can take pride.”

He did not answer, however, when asked whether he plans to attend an event, with festivities spanning the country until the end of the month.

On Twitter, Sport Minister Pascale St-Onge accused Poilievre of being “all talk and no action” for being “nowhere to be seen” during the morning's event.

“A leader's greatness is measured by their ability to rally everyone around them. His absence today speaks volumes. Now, more than ever, we must fight against the rising hate towards 2SLGBTQI+ people.”

This report by The Canadian Press was first published June 8, 2023.

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Trudeau Declares Rare Public Emergency to Quell Protests

“We cannot and will not allow illegal and dangerous activities to continue,” Canada’s prime minister said in a speech to the nation.

By Ian Austen and Dan Bilefsky

Follow our live coverage on the trucker protests in Canada .

OTTAWA — Prime Minister Justin Trudeau took the rare step of declaring a national public order emergency on Monday in a push to end protests that have paralyzed the center of the Canadian capital for more than two weeks and reverberated across the country.

Mr. Trudeau and several of his cabinet ministers said the move would allow the government to take a variety of steps, including freezing bank accounts of protesters, to clear the blockade of about 400 trucks in Ottawa and smaller protests that have closed border points in Alberta and Manitoba.

“We cannot and will not allow illegal and dangerous activities to continue,” the prime minister said in a speech to the nation, pointing to “serious challenges to law enforcement’s ability to effectively enforce the law.”

The invocation of the Emergencies Act confers enormous, if temporary, power on the federal government.

It allows the authorities to move aggressively to restore public order, including banning public assembly and restricting travel to and from specific areas. But Mr. Trudeau and members of his cabinet offered repeated assurance that the act would not be used to suspend “fundamental rights.”

It has been half a century since emergency powers were last invoked in Canada. Mr. Trudeau’s father, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, imposed them during a terrorism crisis in Quebec. Monday was the first time that the 1988 Emergencies Act has been used.

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SUNshine Girl Kathryn

Decision to allow olympic boxers who failed gender test to compete causes outrage, sims: trudeau’s electric car mandate breaks the bank, mandel: toronto cop's behaviour 'like a schoolyard hissy fit,' police charge, hunter: father-son's toronto terror attack plan in 'advanced stages' when thwarted, rcmp allege, explainer: what canadians needs to know about trudeau's gun ban.

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With the stroke of a pen in the spring of 2020, Justin Trudeau banned more than 1,500 types of legally-held firearms.

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EXPLAINER: What Canadians needs to know about Trudeau's gun ban Back to video

Trudeau’s Order-in-Council, which targeted what he called “military-style assault weapons” and their variants, will effectively remove thousands of firearms owned by law-abiding Canadians. There was no debate in the House of Commons — just a simple signature on a piece of paper.

And in the months since the ban took effect — there is an amnesty until April 2022, preventing anyone who owns any of the banned guns from being deemed non-compliant — additional firearms have been added to the list, increasing the number of newly-prohibited guns to roughly 1,800 types, including some shotguns and bolt-action hunting rifles.

That might seem logical to Canadians who advocate for more gun control in the hopes of curtailing gun violence, but most Canadians who don’t own firearms are uneducated about the process of being licensed to acquire firearms and what exactly those firearms are used for in this country.

That, combined with a mountain of misinformation and fudging of facts by Trudeau and Minister of Emergency Preparedness Bill Blair, the former chief of the Toronto Police Service, have created confusion and anger among the gun-owning community of hunters and sport-shooters, which number in the millions.

“It’s a deliberate campaign to confuse the public,” Canadian Coalition for Firearm Rights CEO Rod Giltaca said of the gun ban. “They are subject to a tsunami of misinformation.”

At the heart of Trudeau’s ban is the AR-15, a previously restricted sport-shooting firearm popular among range shooters in Canada, and the Ruger Mini-14, which was used in the 1989 Ecole Polytechnique shooting.

These are the “military-grade” guns Trudeau says are designed “for one purpose and one purpose only: to kill the largest number of people in the shortest amount of time,” a fallacy that has been touted time and time again and name-dropped when discussing mass shootings in Sandy Hook, Las Vegas and Orlando. The problem with that logic is those tragic shootings happened in the United States, where firearms laws are drastically different than in Canada — and much looser, with some states allowing open (and concealed) carry of guns.

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Thousands of AR-15s and their many variants were owned legally by Canadians — upwards of 90,000, according to most experts — and none can be called “assault rifles,” based on the commonly accepted definition. Assault rifles, which have been banned in Canada since 1977, must be selective fire (fully automatic, meaning it can fire many rounds with one pull of the trigger; or semi-auto, which fires one round per trigger pull). And AR doesn’t stand for “assault rifle,” if you were wondering.

“Number one, the idea that these firearms are somehow inappropriate for civilian use is absurd,” said Giltaca, who helms one of the groups that have launched a court challenge to overturn the ban. “In the case of AR-15s, they’ve been used safely and responsibly, virtually without exception, since they were introduced to Canada in the 1970s. That’s one really important point.

“The AR-15 has been exclusively used for target shooting for the past 30-plus years. There is no problem with AR-15s in Canada.”

Fortunately, mass shootings in Canada are much rarer than in the U.S. and Giltaca says an AR-15 has never been used in one in this country.

A study by Statista.com shows 73% of mass shootings in the U.S from 1982-2021 were committed with a handgun, not the oft-vilified AR-15.

The Mini-14 was used in the Ecole Polytechnique shooting but Teresa Sourour said in the official coroner’s report released two years later that Marc Lepine “would probably have been able to achieve similar results even with a conventional hunting weapon.”

Gabriel Wortman, who was unlicensed to own firearms, was found to have used a Colt Law Enforcement Carbine (it looks similar to an AR-15) sourced to a California gun shop and smuggled into Canada during his rampage in Nova Scotia that killed 22 people less than a month before Trudeau’s OIC ban was announced.

“One of the most egregious things to be sacrificed in the whole OIC gun ban issue is the sacrifice of truth,” Giltaca said. “It’s just been one misleading statement after the other and a public relations campaign against licensed gun owners exclusively.”

Regardless of where you stand on the issue of gun control, there are indisputable facts.

THE ROUTE TO GUN OWNERSHIP

Anyone wanting to buy or possess a firearm, even a simple .22-calibre rifle, must be licensed by the RCMP.

“Firearms are dangerous devices, that’s why we license people that can purchase firearms and that’s why we have hundreds of regulations around the acquisition and use, and transfer, of firearms,” Giltaca said. “These are highly-regulated pieces of property.”

Here’s the process for being licensed to buy and use non-restricted (most common long guns) and restricted (all non-prohibited handguns and some rifles, like the AR-15):

• The first step to acquiring a PAL is to attend an RCMP-approved Canadian Firearms Safety Course open to anyone over the age of 12 and pass the written and practical exams (80% is considered a pass), which allows you to buy/possess non-restricted guns. To get a license that allows you to buy/use restricted firearms, a further safety course must be passed.
• If you pass the safety course, you will be sent paperwork by the instructor, which will then be forwarded with the licensing fee to the RCMP for approval. There is a mandatory 28-day waiting period — your application won’t even be looked at during that time — but the process can take much longer.
• If your license is approved after you have been fully vetted — it will be valid for five years — you may then buy firearms. If you’re licensed to buy non-restricted guns, you can take them with you right away; restricted firearms will be held by the owner (gun shop or other PAL holder) until the transfer is complete, which often takes weeks or months. Restricted firearms must have an Authorization to Transport (ATT), which is now attached to your license, and can only be used at approved shooting clubs or ranges.
• Anyone licensed to buy/own firearms is continually vetted by the Canadian Firearms Program to assess their eligibility to remain licensed. Any incident involving violence (offences specified in the Firearms Act) is reported and sent to the provincial Chief Firearms Officer to review. No other Canadians are assessed by law enforcement as frequently as PAL holders.

OTHER THINGS TO KNOW

• Restricted firearms like AR-15s must be securely stored unloaded with a trigger lock or other locking device and stored in cabinet, container or room that is difficult to break into. To transport them, provided you have an ATT, they must be unloaded, locked with a trigger lock, locked in a non-transparent container and locked in the trunk of your vehicle. You must drive directly to the range/gun shop/gunsmith.
• The capacity of standard, legal magazines are five rounds for a centrefire semi-automatic rifle or shotgun and 10 rounds for a handgun. Larger capacity magazines must be pinned to five rounds, preventing more from being loaded. Over-capacity magazines is a misnomer since magazines can’t hold more cartridges than designed for. Possession of a magazine that holds more rounds than legally allowed is prohibited and punishable by up to five years in prison.
• Most magazines for .22-calibre rifles are unlimited because the round is of reduced power. Some legal magazines designed for rimfire .22 Long Rifle ammunition are built for 100 rounds.
• The Trudeau government has indicated it will institute a “buyback” program that will compensate gun owners financially for banned guns that are turned in but no details have been announced. Gun activists insist this will be cost taxpayers hundreds of millions of dollars and call the buyback a seizure.

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Trudeau’s Use of Emergency Law to Quell Protests Provokes Confusion and Criticism

P rime Minister Justin Trudeau defended his use of emergency powers to get protests across Canada under control after the opposition Conservatives accused him of using an “unprecedented sledgehammer.”

Debate in the legislature turned fiery Tuesday after Trudeau’s government gave itself the power to ban public assembly in certain locations and ordered Canada’s banks to freeze the accounts of those involved in the blockades. Conservative Leader Candice Bergen said the prime minister’s decision to use the emergency law is about an “ideological attachment to keeping Covid restrictions and mandates.”

Trudeau said the measures will be temporary and targeted to specific areas. “They are reasonable and proportionate to the threats they are meant to address,” he told lawmakers.

But details remain scarce, both in public and behind the scenes. Canadian bank executives still have numerous questions about the government’s orders, including which types of accounts it covers and how the banks will be indemnified, according to people familiar with the matter.

It will take time for banks to change their systems for screening transactions, Sue Ling Yip, a partner in KPMG Canada’s risk consulting and financial crimes practice, said in an interview. “For them to start monitoring for additional things and add additional criteria to what is deemed suspicious — it doesn’t happen overnight,” she said.

The financial-system measures are designed to cut off the flow of funds to demonstrators, including foreign donations. Banks may be inclined to overreact in enforcing the mandate in order to avoid running afoul of the government, according to Andreas Park, a professor of finance at the University of Toronto.

“They may very well catch a lot of normal people in the process, like international students and snowbirds. We’re going to see some disruption, probably,” Park said in an interview. “Essentially what we’re doing now is deputizing the private sector to do monitoring of citizens on behalf of the government and act on the basis of suspicions without due process.”

Columns of big-rig trucks converged on the streets outside the parliament buildings in Ottawa, the Canadian capital, on Jan. 28. Offshoot demonstrations spread to U.S. border posts, including the Ambassador Bridge to Detroit and two major crossings in western Canada.

Trudeau initially dismissed the convoy as a “small fringe minority” and said it was up to provincial and local police to maintain order. That changed Monday when, flanked by his attorney general and finance minister, he announced he would use the Emergencies Act in a bid bring the protesters to heel.

The Canadian Civil Liberties Association said in a statement it doesn’t believe the situation meets the “high and clear” threshold needed to invoke the act, and voiced concern the move could result in the normalization of emergency legislation.

Traffic across the Detroit bridge, which carries one quarter of Canada’s commerce with the U.S., resumed late Sunday after a six-day halt. Protesters who had blocked border crossings in the western provinces of Alberta and Manitoba have also departed or made plans to leave.

Ottawa’s downtown core, however, remains paralyzed and its police chief resigned Tuesday, deepening the crisis.

The full slate of emergency measures must be approved by lawmakers in parliament within seven days.

Francois-Philippe Champagne, the minister responsible for Canada’s auto sector, said the decision to use emergency powers is a message to the industry that the government is fully committed to keep trade with the U.S. moving.

Champagne, speaking by phone Tuesday morning, said he assured auto executives in calls on Monday that the government’s “decisive action” aims to uphold Canada’s “great reputation for stability, predictability and the rule of law.”

The emergency powers “will go a long way in order to reassure our partners that we are taking the measures which are necessary to protect and maintain these very critical supply chains,” he said.

Public Safety Minister Marco Mendicino told reporters the legislation was necessary because police are not just up against truckers protesting Covid restrictions, but also a hardcore group with more violent intentions. He pointed to the seizure of a cache of weapons at an Alberta protest as an example.

“What is driving this movement is a very small, organized group that is driven by an ideology to overthrow the government, through whatever means they may wish to use,” Mendicino said. “Yesterday’s arrests in Coutts should be a cautionary tale.”

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Trudeau won't comment on future of TikTok in U.S., says Canadian safety a priority

U.s. bill would ban tiktok unless parent company sells the app.

Biden to sign law that could ban TikTok in U.S.

Social sharing.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau says he's not going to comment on the future of TikTok in the United States but his own government will continue to look out for Canadians' security.

The U.S. Senate has passed a bill that would force TikTok's parent company, Beijing-based ByteDance, to sell the social media app within the year or face an American ban.

Trudeau asked about potential U.S. TikTok ban

The proposed ban was slipped into a multi-billion dollar aid package for Ukraine, Israel and Taiwan.

Trudeau says that when it comes to TikTok, the security, privacy and data protection of Canadians needs to come first.

The federal Liberals ordered a national security review of TikTok last September and the app has been banned from federal government devices.

Western governments have suggested that the popular platform could put sensitive data in the hands of China's government or be used as a misinformation tool.

• Will a wildly popular app become a casualty of the new cold war between China and the U.S.?
• 'Ground is shifting' for social media giants, says federal justice minister pushing Online Harms Act

Canada's Justin Trudeau Introduced Law To Imprison Anyone Who Ever Posted Hate Speech?

Canada's proposed online arms act was described as "orwellian" by some social media users., nick hardinges, published may 14, 2024.

On May 7, 2024, an X user claimed Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's government had introduced a new "Orwellian" law called the Online Harms Bill C-63 that would allow police to arrest people for posting hate speech online, even if the offense took place before the legislation existed.

The user wrote:

The Trudeau regime has introduced an Orwellian new law called the Online Harms Bill C-63, which will give police the power to retroactively search the Internet for "hate speech" violations and arrest offenders, even if the offence occurred before the law existed. This new bill is aimed at safeguarding the masses from so-called "hate speech."

The post referenced articles by two conservative news outlets, Revolver News and The People's Voice , that also discussed the claim.

Similar posts appeared all over X , where one user declared: "WTF." The platform's owner, Elon Musk , added: "This sounds insane if accurate!"

Examples  also emerged on Facebook , while Musk's and the original X user's posts had amassed more than 140 millions views combined, at the time of this writing.

Snopes looked into the legislation to see whether there was any evidence police would have the power to retroactively arrest people for posting hate speech prior to the bill's implementation.

What Do We Know About the Bill?

Canada's ruling Liberal Party unveiled proposed legislation called  Bill C-63  on Feb. 26, 2024.

A government media release said the bill would create an Online Harms Act that would "hold social media platforms accountable for addressing harmful content on their platforms and for creating a safer online space that protects all people in Canada, especially kids … and better safeguard everyone in Canada from online hate."

The proposals specifically target seven types of harmful content: 

• Content that sexually victimizes a child or revictimizes a survivor.
• Intimate content communicated without consent.
• Content used to bully a child.
• Content that induces a child to harm themself.
• Content that foments hatred.
• Content that incites violence.
• Content that incites violent extremism or terrorism.

Under the act, social media companies would be subject to three duties: acting responsibly, protecting children, and making certain content inaccessible — such as content that sexually victimizes a child or revictimizes a survivor, or intimate images posted without consent

The legislation would also establish a Digital Safety Commission, which would oversee and enforce new regulations on hate speech and the protection of children, and a digital safety ombudsperson, who "would act as a resource and advocate for users and victims." Both would be supported by a Digital Safety Office.

Importantly, the media release showed it would be the commission that enforces the laws, not the police.

In addition, Bill C-63 — which was not legally enforceable at the time of this writing as it had not yet received royal assent, the monarch's formal approval of legislation — proposed changes to Canada's Criminal Code and the Canadian Human Rights Act that would "better combat hate speech and hate crimes, provide improved remedies for victims and hold individuals accountable for the hatred they spread."

It would also increase the maximum sentences for illegal hate speech and allow Canadians to report such incidents to a human-rights tribunal. If successful, victims could be compensated up to CA$20,000, and fines of up to CA$50,000 could be levied.

What Is Unclear in the Bill?

Snopes found no evidence in Bill C-63 to support the claim the police would have the power to arrest someone if they found that person had posted hate speech online before the legislation's implementation.

However, text in section 41 of the bill, which listed proposed amendments to the CHRA, was somewhat unclear. It said if the person or panel conducting a Digital Safety Commission inquiry into discriminatory practice, such as hate speech, upholds a complaint, they may order the accused to pay a penalty of up to CA$50,000 to the government if the member or panel considers it appropriate with regard to:

• The nature, circumstances, extent and gravity of the discriminatory practice.
• The wilfulness or intent of that person.
• Any prior discriminatory practices that the accused has engaged in.
• The accused's ability to pay the penalty.

The proposed bill did not define whether "prior discriminatory practices" would include offenses that took place before the legislation was implemented. However, the clause about "prior discriminatory practices" appeared to be relevant only if someone had a new complaint filed against them. 

Snopes contacted the Canadian government for clarity on this and numerous other matters relating to the Bill and will update this article if we receive a response.

Another fact-checking outlet also addressed the claims about retroactive punishments for hate speech, finding that the focus was on continuous  hate speech.

Bill C-63 is available in full below:

(House of Commons Canada)

What Did the Bill's Opponents Say?

Some individuals and civil-rights groups condemned the legislation, branding it an attack on free speech.

Snopes spoke to the Canadian Civil Liberties Association, which  opposes the bill  in its current form, and asked whether the legislation would allow the police to imprison anyone who has ever posted hate speech online.

The group said any such claims were inaccurate. Anaïs Bussières McNicoll, director of the CCLA's Fundamental Freedoms Program, told Snopes:

The general rule under Canadian law is that statutes are not to be construed as having retroactive effect unless such a construction is expressly or by necessary implication required by the language of the law. Part 2 of Bill C-63 does propose some amendments to the Criminal Code with respect to hate crimes, but nothing indicates that these amendments would have a retroactive effect.

However, McNicoll explained that a different part of the bill would amend the Canadian Human Rights Act further as to which hate speech communicated online would be considered "discriminatory." She said the text in part 3 of section 34 "is not clear."

One can read it as implying a retroactive effect, although that is not explicitly mentioned. In any event, that section does not relate to criminal proceedings, but human rights legislation.

McNicoll concluded by saying the CCLA did not believe the amendments being considered under the bill should be enforced retroactively if it is granted royal assent.

Government Bill (House of Commons) C-63 (44-1) - First Reading - An Act to Enact the Online Harms Act, to Amend the Criminal Code, the Canadian Human Rights Act and An Act Respecting the Mandatory Reporting of Internet Child Pornography by Persons Who Provide an Internet Service and to Make Consequential and Related Amendments to Other Acts - Parliament of Canada . https://www.parl.ca/documentviewer/en/44-1/bill/C-63/first-reading. Accessed 14 May 2024.

Heritage, Canadian. Proposed Bill to Address Online Harms . 26 Feb. 2024, https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/online-harms.html.

McNicoll, Anaïs Bussières. 'Online Harms Act (Bill C-63): CCLA Joins Civil Society Call to Separate Parts Two and Three from the Bill'. CCLA , 8 May 2024, https://ccla.org/criminal-justice/online-harms-act-bill-c-63-ccla-joins-civil-society-call-to-separate-parts-two-and-three-from-the-bill/.

Wong, Adrian, Dr. 'Will Bill C-63 jail those who ever posted hate speech online?!' TechARP . 8 May 2024, https://www.techarp.com/crime/bill-c-63-jail-hate-speech-online/. Accessed 14 May 2023.

By Nick Hardinges

Nick Hardinges is a London-based reporter who previously worked as a fact-checker at Reuters.

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US DoJ tells US court to throw out TikTok's petition against ban claiming national security concerns

The US DoJ contends that TikTok under Chinese ownership is a threat due to its access to vast amounts of Americans’ personal data, which China could use to manipulate the information Americans consume through the app. TikTok has denied sharing US user data with China read more

The US Department of Justice (DoJ) has taken a firm stand against TikTok by asking a court to dismiss the app’s legal challenge against a law mandating its Chinese parent company, ByteDance, to sell its US assets or face a ban by January 19. The government has stressed that TikTok poses a significant national security threat, emphasizing the potential for data collection and covert content manipulation by the Chinese government.

TikTok, used by 170 million Americans, along with ByteDance and a group of creators, has filed lawsuits to block the law. The DoJ’s filing elaborates on the extensive security concerns associated with ByteDance’s ownership. The government believes China’s long-term strategy involves developing assets it can use strategically, and the US does not need to wait for a direct harmful action to respond to this perceived threat.

In addition to the public filing, the government is submitting a classified document to the court that further outlines security risks. This document includes declarations from the FBI, the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and the DoJ’s National Security Division.

The DoJ contends that TikTok under Chinese ownership is a threat due to its access to vast amounts of Americans’ personal data, which China could use to manipulate the information Americans consume through the app. Although TikTok has denied sharing US user data with China, it has not provided an immediate comment on the latest development.

President Joe Biden signed the law in April, setting a deadline for ByteDance to sell TikTok by January 19 or face a ban. The White House aims to end Chinese ownership on national security grounds without outright banning the app. The DoJ has rejected TikTok’s arguments that the law violates First Amendment rights, asserting that the law addresses security concerns rather than restricting free speech. Additionally, the government has deemed TikTok’s efforts to protect US user data insufficient.

The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia is set to hear oral arguments on the legal challenge on September 16, placing TikTok at the centre of the final weeks of the 2024 presidential election. Republican candidate Donald Trump, who recently joined TikTok, has stated he would not support a ban, while Vice President Kamala Harris, also a presidential candidate, joined TikTok this week.

The law also prevents app stores like Apple and Google’s Alphabet from offering TikTok and bars internet hosting services from supporting it unless ByteDance divests its ownership. This measure, passed overwhelmingly in Congress, reflects the growing concerns among US lawmakers about the potential for China to access or exploit data on American users through the app.

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Introduction

(born 1971). As leader of the Liberal Party, Justin Trudeau became prime minister of Canada in 2015. He led the Liberals back to power after a decade of Conservative Party rule.

Early Life and Start in Politics

Justin Pierre James Trudeau was born on December 25, 1971, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He was the eldest son of Pierre Trudeau , who was Canada’s prime minister at the time of Justin’s birth. Justin’s mother, Margaret, was the daughter of Canadian politician James Sinclair. After the Trudeaus divorced when Justin was six, he and his two brothers were raised by their father.

Trudeau earned a bachelor’s degree in English from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, in 1994. He received a degree in education from the University of British Columbia in 1998. Thereafter he taught high-school French and elementary-school math in Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2000, at age 28, he delivered a moving eulogy at his father’s funeral that thrust him into the national spotlight.

After returning to Quebec in 2002, Trudeau began and then abandoned engineering studies at the University of Montreal. He also pursued but did not complete a master’s degree in environmental geography at McGill. In the meantime, he worked at a Montreal radio station and had a role in the television miniseries The Great War (2007). He also was an unpaid spokesman for the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society. From 2002 to 2006 Trudeau served as chairman of the board of directors of Katimavik, the national youth volunteer organization established by his father in 1977.

In 2002, soon after Trudeau delivered his father’s eulogy, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien offered him a place in the Liberal Party. Trudeau won a seat in Parliament in 2008 and was reelected in 2011, even as the Liberals as a whole were badly defeated. Youthful and charismatic, he was seen by many as the Liberals’ best hope to lead them back to prominence. In 2013 he won the party leadership, capturing nearly 80 percent of the vote.

Prime Ministership

During the 2015 federal election campaign, Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper sought to portray Trudeau as ill-prepared to lead the country. The campaign began as a close three-way race that was initially led by the New Democratic Party (NDP). As the NDP faded, the race became a contest between the Conservatives and the Liberals. Trudeau ran a strong campaign and performed well in the debates, helping the Liberals to surge ahead in opinion polls in the final weeks of the campaign. In the October 2015 election the Liberals won a decisive victory, capturing 39.5 percent of the vote and 184 seats in Parliament. The Conservatives won about 32 percent of the vote, and the NDP about 20 percent. The Liberals formed a majority government with Trudeau as prime minister.

Trudeau’s campaign had championed a number of progressive causes. Claiming that Conservative policies had unfairly benefited the wealthy, he promised to create new jobs and boost the economy for middle-class Canadians. He vowed to encourage diversity and inclusion and to improve the government’s relationship with Canada’s indigenous peoples ( First Nations , Inuit , and Métis). He also pledged to take action to fight climate change . Upon taking office, Trudeau, a self-proclaimed feminist , followed up on one of his promises by appointing 15 women to his 30-member cabinet. He proposed billions of dollars in new funding for programs to assist indigenous communities in such areas as education, health, and infrastructure. His government also promoted inclusion by welcoming tens of thousands of refugees fleeing civil war in Syria . In late 2016 Trudeau took a step to combat climate change by announcing that Canada was declaring a five-year ban on oil drilling in its Arctic waters.

Trudeau’s critics, however, argued that his policies did not always live up to his promises. Some environmentalists , for example, questioned Trudeau’s commitment to fighting climate change. They were troubled by his support of massive energy projects that would encourage the use of fossil fuels , such as the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline between Canada and the United States. Some indigenous Canadians objected to the pipeline and other energy projects because they would violate indigenous land rights. Indigenous peoples also criticized Trudeau’s government for not providing all of the funds that had been promised to their communities.

In foreign affairs, Trudeau notably clashed with U.S. President Donald Trump , who entered office in early 2017. Tensions between Canada and the United States escalated in 2018 after Trump announced a plan to impose tariffs on imports of Canadian steel and aluminum. That action threatened to start a trade war. In response, Trudeau indicated that, if necessary, Canada would reluctantly impose counter-tariffs on the United States. He added that Canadians are “polite, we’re reasonable, but we also will not be pushed around.” On Twitter , Trump accused Trudeau of having made false statements and characterized him as “dishonest & weak.” In the aftermath of the diplomatic dustup, the House of Commons unanimously passed a motion condemning Trump’s personal attacks on Trudeau. Trudeau later joined Trump and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto in signing a proposed new trade accord, known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement. The proposed accord was intended to replace the 1992 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The United States subsequently lifted its tariffs on steel and aluminum from Canada in May 2019.

Also in 2019 Trudeau faced a major political crisis. Allegations surfaced that Trudeau aides had improperly pressed attorney general and justice minister Jody Wilson-Raybould to abandon the prosecution of SNC-Lavalin, a giant Quebec-based construction company. In 2015 the firm had been charged with corruption and fraud stemming from allegations that it had used bribery to win contracts from the Libyan government. In January 2019 Wilson-Raybould was reassigned as veterans affairs minister in a cabinet reshuffle. She resigned from Trudeau’s cabinet the following month. Days later she told the House of Commons justice committee that there had been a “consistent and sustained effort” to pressure her to intervene in the prosecution of SNC-Lavalin. She also testified that she had received “veiled threats” relating to the matter from the offices of the prime minister, Privy Council, and finance minister.

In August a report issued by Canadian Conflict of Interest and Ethics Commissioner Mario Dion found that Trudeau and his staff had indeed attempted to unduly influence Wilson-Raybould in the SNC-Lavalin case. Responding to the report, Trudeau said “I take responsibility for the mistakes I have made.” He claimed, however, that his actions had been intended to prevent the loss of Canadian jobs that he said would result from legal action against SNC-Lavalin. Dion’s report threatened Trudeau and the Liberal Party’s prospects in the federal election scheduled to be held on October 21. Before that election took place, Trudeau’s reputation suffered another hit after photos emerged showing him wearing “blackface” and “brownface” makeup at several events in the 1990s and early 2000s. Trudeau repeatedly apologized for the images, saying, “It was something that I didn’t think was racist at the time, but now I recognize it was something racist to do, and I am deeply sorry.” Trudeau’s political opponents sharply criticized him over the images and accused him of lacking judgment and integrity.

In the October 2019 election the Liberal Party lost its majority in Parliament but won enough seats to form a minority government and secure a second term for Trudeau as prime minister. The Conservatives claimed 121 seats in Parliament, second to the Liberal Party’s 157, though the Conservatives narrowly edged out the Liberal Party in the popular vote. The Bloc Québécois and NDP trailed distantly, capturing 32 and 24 seats, respectively. Despite the Liberal Party’s loss of its parliamentary majority, Trudeau thanked voters for handing him a second term and vowed that his minority government would “work hard for all Canadians.”

In early 2020 the COVID-19   pandemic  began to affect Canada. The virus hit home for Trudeau when he was forced to go into brief self-isolation in March after his wife, Sophie Grégoire-Trudeau, contracted COVID-19. She soon recovered from the illness. Although the federal government was slow to stress mask-wearing and social-distancing measures, it did enact significant restrictions on travelers entering the country. It also sought to limit the economic consequences of the pandemic. It did so in part by providing monthly payments to individuals who had lost their jobs as a result of the lockdown undertaken to stem the spread of the virus.

The first wave of the pandemic began to recede in Canada during the summer of 2020. A second wave of COVID-19 cases peaked in January 2021. The Trudeau government’s rollout of its COVID-19 vaccination program got off to a slow start. Nevertheless, by mid-July about 49 percent of Canadians were fully vaccinated, and some 70 percent had received at least one dose, thus surpassing vaccination rates in the United States. With the number of reported cases and deaths from COVID-19-related causes on the decline in Canada, public opinion polling indicated widespread approval of Trudeau’s handling of the public health crisis.

Hoping to capitalize on the favorable poll ratings, Trudeau announced on August 15 that he was calling an early federal election. Among other campaign pledges, Trudeau and the Liberals promised the creation of a comprehensive child-care program and an aggressive plan to tackle climate change. Trudeau’s principal rival was Conservative Party leader Erin O’Toole, who staked out a position as a moderate. O’Toole and other opposition candidates accused Trudeau of endangering the lives of Canadians by holding a snap election at a time when a new variant of the coronavirus that caused COVID-19, the so-called Delta variant, was sweeping the country. Meanwhile, Trudeau attacked O’Toole for his advocacy of a voluntary response to the virus based on frequent testing rather than vaccination.

The election was held on September 20. Relatively early on election night, the media was able to project that the Liberals would fall short of a majority in Parliament. Once again, however, the Liberals were poised to form a minority government with Trudeau as prime minister.

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