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IEEE Internet of Things Journal

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Review & Tutorial Papers

Purpose and scope.

The IEEE IoT Journal (IoT-J) , launched in 2014 (“ Genesis of the IoT-J “), publishes papers on the latest advances, as well as review articles, on the various aspects of IoT. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT communication and networking protocols, IoT services and applications, and the social implications of IoT. Examples are IoT demands, impacts, and implications on sensors technologies, big data management, and future internet design for various IoT use cases, such as smart cities, smart environments, smart homes, etc. The fields of interest include:

• IoT architectures such as things-centric, data-centric, service-centric architecture, CPS and SCADA platforms, future Internet design for IoT, cloud-based IoT, and system security and manageability.
• IoT enabling technologies such as sensors, radio frequency identification, low power and energy harvesting, sensor networks, machine-type communication, resource-constrained networks, real-time systems, IoT data analytics, in situ processing, and embedded software.
• IoT services, applications, standards, and test-beds such as streaming data management and mining platforms, service middleware, open service platform, semantic service management, security and privacy-preserving protocols, design examples of smart services and applications, and IoT application support.

Editor-in-Chief

Nei Kato, Tohoku University, Japan (Email: [email protected] )

Internet of Things - Open Access Research

Articles, call for papers, journals and more on iot.

Take a look at our open access journals covering the Internet of Things, browse selected freely available research and submit your IoT manuscript to our SpringerOpen journals. 

Selected IoT Article Collections

Research and Challenges of Wireless Networks in Internet of Things

Published in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

Recent Advances in Internet of Things Security and Privacy

Published in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking.

Internet of Things Article Highlights

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Featured Open Access Journals covering IoT

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A comprehensive review of internet of things: technology stack, middlewares, and fog/edge computing interface.

1. Introduction

• A comprehensive insight into IoT technology stack, adaptation and growth trends.
• The detailed investigation of IoT Functional blocks at every layer (referred to as horizontal fabric), state-of-the-art research corresponding these elements, and the associated challenges.
• The characterization of Middleware, enterprise platforms and integration challenges for enterprise solutions (referred to as vertical markets).
• Future directions to optimize the IoT Technology Stack and its integration with enterprise systems.
• Interfacing Fog/Edge network to extend coverage, convergence and deployment scope for IoT networks.
• State-of-the-art research in Fog/Edge networks, open challenges and directions towards IoT interfacing, thus enhancing application of vertical markets.

2. Research Design

Research questions.

• What is the current state of IoT technology stack (referred to as horizontal fabric) and application scenario (referred to as vertical markets)? This question aims to identify the current state-of-the-art of IoT technology, growth trends, associated challenges and the range of applications and domains.
• What is the impact of utilizing middlewares in existing enterprise IoT applications? This question allowed us to classify the current state of middlewares currently being deployed for enterprise applications.
• What are the current technological and integration challenges, and how can the current technology stack be optimized? This question focuses on the integration effect, feasibility, and scope of these IoT application domains. It further aims at providing gaps and solutions to optimize the IoT technology stack from a layered perspective.
• How can Fog/Edge networks extend the capabilities of current IoT applications? This question is aimed at investigating the current state of Fog/Edge networks and the possibilities of extending these services to IoT deployments.

3. IoT Market Growth by Industry Sectors

4. iot architectures, platforms and technology stack, 5. understanding iot functional blocks, 5.1. identification, 5.2. sensing, 5.3. communication, 5.4. compute, 5.5. services, 5.6. semantics and analytics, 6. characterizing middlewares for the iot, 7. iot stack optimization.

• First: complete vendor dependability to deploy one-off application solely run and managed by the vendors in the cloud;
• Intermediary: on-premise solution deployment managed by end business as well as vendors. Thus, opens room for expansion and optimization;
• Mature: an end-to-end ecosystem either deployed on-premise, on-cloud or a hybrid solution that demands a complete optimization of the entire IoT stack.

8. Fog/Edge Computing: Technological Advancements, Integration Challenges and Edge-Enabled Vertical Markets

• Reduced network latency;
• Enhanced compute, storage and network capacity;
• Increased network bandwidth;
• An overall increase in system response time;
• Privacy and node-aware security;
• Fault-tolerance and mitigation at node level;
• Energy conservation by reducing the amount of data sent to the cloud;
• Network robustness—by improving the network hierarchy.

8.1. Fog/Edge Architecture Model

8.2. security and orchestration, 9. discussion, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Ali, O.; Ishak, M.K.; Bhatti, M.K.L.; Khan, I.; Kim, K.-I. A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface. Sensors 2022 , 22 , 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

Ali O, Ishak MK, Bhatti MKL, Khan I, Kim K-I. A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface. Sensors . 2022; 22(3):995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

Ali, Omer, Mohamad Khairi Ishak, Muhammad Kamran Liaquat Bhatti, Imran Khan, and Ki-Il Kim. 2022. "A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface" Sensors 22, no. 3: 995. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22030995

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IEEE Internet of Things

Join the IoT Technical Community

Publications

IEEE publications on IoT include:

IEEE Internet of Things Journal (IoT-J)

Launched in 2014, the IEEE IoT-J publishes papers on the latest advances, as well as review articles, on the various aspects of IoT from open call and special issues. Topics include IoT system architecture, IoT enabling technologies, IoT communication and networking protocols, IoT services and applications, and the social implications of IoT. The current issue is available in IEEE Xplore .

The IEEE IoT-J solicits original work that must not be currently under consideration for publication in other venues. For more information, view the Call for Papers .

IEEE Communications Magazine - This award-winning magazine brings you the latest international coverage of current issues and advances in key areas of wireless, optical and wired communications. Written in tutorial applications-driven style by the industry's leading experts, IEEE Communications Magazine delivers practical, current information on hot topics, implementations, and best industry practices.

IEEE Transactions on Communications - The IEEE Transactions on Communications (TCOM) publishes high-quality papers reporting theoretical and experimental advances in the general area of communications. TCOM has a broad scope spanning several areas such as wireless communications, wired communications, and optical communications.

IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications - The IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications is a major archival journal that is committed to the timely publication of very high-quality, peer-reviewed, original papers that advance the theory and applications of wireless communication systems and networks.

IEEE Communications Letters - IEEE Communications Letters provides researchers with an ideal venue for sharing their newest results in a timely manner. Every month this journal publishes 20-25 short (up to 4 pages) high-quality contributions on the theory and practice of communications.

IEEE Wireless Communications Letters - Publishes timely, novel and high-quality recent results on Wireless Communications in letter format. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters have a 4-page limit. The journal's goal is rapid dissemination of original, cutting-edge ideas and timely, significant contributions in the theory and applications of wireless communications.

IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking - The IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 's high-level objective is to publish high-quality, original research results derived from theoretical or experimental exploration of the area of communication/computer networking, covering all sorts of information transport networks over all sorts of physical layer technologies, both wireline (all kinds of guided media: e.g., copper, optical) and wireless (e.g., radio-frequency, acoustic (e.g., underwater), infra-red), or hybrids of these.

IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management - IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management (IEEE TNSM) is a journal for timely publication of archival research on the management of networks, systems, services and applications, as well as on issues in communications software, service engineering, policies and business processes for network and service management.

IEEE Pervasive Computing - IEEE Pervasive Computing explores the many facets of pervasive and ubiquitous computing with research articles, case studies, product reviews, conference reports, departments covering wearable and mobile technologies, and more.

IEEE Sensors Journal - The IEEE Sensors Journal is a peer-reviewed, semi-monthly online journal devoted to sensors and sensing phenomena.

IEEE Calls for Papers

IEEE Internet of Things Journal IEEE Communications Magazine IEEE Communications Standard Magazine IEEE Internet of Things Magazine IEEE Network IEEE Wireless Communications

IEEE Talks IoT

Check out our ongoing series of Q&A articles with the IEEE experts! Read more

Selected Articles from IEEE Xplore

The IEEE Xplore digital library is a powerful resource for scientific and technical content on a vast breadth of topics including the Internet of Things (IoT). Each month IEEE IoT will select articles from this influential repository of information published by the IEEE and its publishing partners, and make them available to the IEEE IoT Technical Community members on a complimentary basis. Read more

Search IEEE Xplore for more articles on IoT

IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) Conference Proceedings

2018 IEEE WF-IoT, 5-8 February 2018, Singapore

2016 IEEE WF-IoT, 12-14 December 2016, Virginia, USA

2015 IEEE WF-IoT, 14-16 December 2015, Milan, Italy

2014 IEEE WF-IoT, 6-8 March 2014, Seoul, Korea

IEEE IoT Brain Trust Blog (ECN Magzine)

The IEEE IoT Brain Trust series is a collection of blogs exploring IoT in the industry.

Meeting Cloud Challenges May Pave Way for IoT - 28 July 2016

The Increasingly Concerning Carbon Footprint of Information and Telecommunication Technologies - 29 April 2016

Standardizing 3D Body Processing Technology - 8 March 2016

IoT’s Special Gift to Big Data - 22 January 2016

IoT and the Cloud - 22 December 2015

IEEE 802.11’s Role in Enabling the Internet of Things - 1 December 2015

Defining the Internet of Things: A Work in Progress - 3 November 2015

How the Smart Grid Will Impact IoT - 19 June 2015

What Does IoT + Big Data Mean to You? - 27 April 2015

How IoT Will Affect Telecom (Part II) - 31 March 2015

In June 2016, IEEE-USA, along with the IEEE Internet Initiative, had the opportunity to comment on the National Telecommunication and Information Administration's role in promoting and regulating the IoT.

Read more (PDF, 92 KB)

IEEE-SA IoT Ecosystem Study

IEEE-SA engaged stakeholders in key regions of the world to create an IoT Ecosystem Study . The study comprises three principal areas: Market, Technology, and Standards, along with an examination of the role of academia and research and the importance of user acceptance. An executive summary (PDF, 116 KB) of the study is available.

IoT Comic Book - Inspiring the Internet of Things Internet of Things International Forum & Alexandra Institute

The IoT Comic Book, Inspiring the Internet of Things, is a fun, easy to read and understand publication about the Internet of Things. Released by the IoT Forum and Alexandra Institute , the comic book features 15 illustrative IoT application scenarios, over 25 IoT concepts, and 4 IoT expert interviews.

Read more at iotcomicbook.org

News Articles

Connected Tech at CES IEEE Transmitter - December 2016

With smart home devices now owned by 15% of households, IoT products for the home are catching on. At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), you can expect to see the latest in IoT smart home gadgets, smart tech partnerships, and advancements in voice-activated technologies. Additional tech on display includes facial recognition, thermal imaging, and connected luggage.

Read more at IEEE Transmitter

IoT Will Demand a Step-Change in Search Solutions Scientific Computing - December 2016

The article, "On Searching the Internet of Things: Requirements and Challenges", recently published in IEEE Intelligent Systems , examines the need to develop new search engine solutions to effectively index, crawl, and find data that IoT devices need to collect while ensuring the data remains safe from hackers.

Read more at Scientific Computing

Interoperability in the Internet of Things Computing Now - December 2016

The original IoT vision is of a hyper-connected global ecosystem in which "things" communicate with other "things" whenever needed to deliver highly diversified services to users. Yet, today, vendor-specific solutions have created local IoT silos. To address this situation, many IoT researchers and industry leaders are now focusing on interoperability.

Read more at Computing Now

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Internet of Things (IOT): Research Challenges and Future Applications

2022, International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

With the Internet of Things (IoT) gradually evolving as the subsequent phase of the evolution of the Internet, it becomes crucial to recognize the various potential domains for application of IoT, and the research challenges that are associated with these applications. Ranging from smart cities, to health care, smart agriculture, logistics and retail, to even smart living and smart environments IoT is expected to infiltrate into virtually all aspects of daily life. Even though the current IoT enabling technologies have greatly improved in the recent years, there are still numerous problems that require attention. Since the IoT concept ensues from heterogeneous technologies, many research challenges are bound to arise. The fact that IoT is so expansive and affects practically all areas of our lives, makes it a significant research topic for studies in various related fields such as information technology and computer science. Thus, IoT is paving the way for new dimensions of research to be carried out. This paper presents the recent development of IoT technologies and discusses future applications and research challenges. I.

Related Papers

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology

antima shendge

This paper focus on future applications of Internet of Things. The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet. With the Internet of Things (IoT) gradually evolving as the subsequent phase of the evolution of the Internet, it becomes crucial to recognize the various potential domains for application of IoT, and the research challenges that are associated with these applications. Ranging from smart cities, to health care, smart agriculture, logistics and retail, to even smart living and smart environments IoT is expected to infiltrate into virtually all aspects of daily life. Even though the current IoT enabling technologies have greatly improved in the recent years, there are still numerous problems that require attention. Since the IoT concept ensues from heterogeneous technologies, many r...

International Journal of Computer Applications

Emrah Irmak

Wireless Personal Communications

HARISHCHANDER ANANDARAM

Alex Phoummalayvane

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology and devices constitute an exciting field in computer science that is rapidly emerging worldwide. IoT devices function by connecting real-world objects to the internet, resulting in a higher number of interconnected devices than ever witnessed in history. Through internet connectivity, these devices can be utilized in various ways, such as monitoring and tracking. Their prevalence is increasing exponentially, coinciding with advancements in wireless networking technologies. The internet’s enhanced connectivity has played a vital role in fostering the proliferation of IoT devices. Presently, almost any everyday object can be network-connected. The demand for automation and efficiency has also been a contributing factor to the advancements in this technology. This paper aims to review the emergence of IoT devices, analyze their common applications, and explore the future prospects in this promising field of computer science. The examined applicat...

Tarek Attia

The advent of internet of things (IoT) has influenced and revolutionized the information systems and computing technologies. A computing concept where physical objects used in daily life, will identify themselves by getting connected to the internet is called IoT. Physical objects embedded with electronic, radio-frequency identification, software, sensors, actuators and smart objects converge with the internet to accumulate and share data in IoT. IoT is expected to bring in extreme changes and solutions to most of the daily problems in the real world. Thus, IoT provides connectivity for everyone and everything at any time. The IoT embeds some intelligence in Internet connected objects to communicate, exchange information, take decisions, invoke actions and provide amazing services. It has an imperative economic and societal impact for the future construction of information, network, and communication technology. In the upcoming years, the IoT is expected to bridge various technologi...

IJFRCSCE Journal

— Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any device (so long as it has an on/off switch) to the Internet and to other connected devices. The IoT is a giant network of connected things and people, all of which collect and share data about the way they are used and about the environment around them. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020. This paper presents a study based on IoT and its applications in different field of science and technology. Along with the introduction of the IoT literature review is also provided. The paper also discusses the architecture and elements of the IoT along with its different applications.

Antar Abdul-Qawy , E. Magesh

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) controls our daily behaviors. It becomes a main part of our life critical infrastructure bringing interconnection of heterogeneous devices in different aspects. Personal computing, sensing, surveillance, smart homes, entertainment, transportation and video streaming are examples, to name a few. As a critical living entity, Internet is contentiously changing and evolving leading to emerging new technologies, applications, protocols and algorithms. Acceleration of wireless communication trends brings an ever growing innovation in Internet connectivity and mobile broadband. Infrastructureless communication devices become ubiquitous, smart, powerful, connectible, smaller, cheaper, and easier to deploy and install. This opens a new future direction in the society of ICT: the Internet of Things (IoT). Nowadays, the IoT, early defined as Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, becomes a key concern of ICT world and research communities. In this paper, we provide an overview study of the IoT paradigm, its concepts, principles and potential benefits. Specifically, we focus on the IoT major technologies, emerging protocols, and widespread applications. This overview can help those who start approaching the IoT world aiming to understand and participate to its development.

Communications on Applied Electronics

Dr. Yusuf Perwej

International Journal IJRITCC

—Internet of Things (IoT) is the extension of Internet into the physical environment around us; by the embodiment of electronics into the everyday physical objects that we tend to use. This makes the digital and physical entities linked by the means of appropriate communication technologies. Penetration of these everyday objects into the web strengthens the goal of offering a whole new set of services to the users, showing them the amalgamation of varied devices, versatile data and various technologies as one common operating picture, using IoT. With the IoT advancements in various sectors, more number of devices are being digitally augmented leading to the discovery of newer issues and challenges that are faced due to these 3 Vs; varied devices, versatile data and various technologies. This survey focuses on identification of such issues and challenges in IoT; suggesting some clues for future research.

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• Frontiers in the Internet of Things
• Artificial Intelligence of Things
• Research Topics

The AIoT Landscape: Emerging Trends and Future Directions

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The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), commonly referred to as AIoT, represents a transformative evolution in technology, poised to revolutionize various industries. AIoT integrates the intelligence of AI with the connectivity and data-gathering capabilities of IoT, enabling devices to not only collect and exchange data but also to analyze, learn from, and act on that data in real-time. This symbiotic relationship enhances the efficiency, automation, and decision-making capabilities of systems across diverse sectors such as healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, and smart cities. As IoT devices proliferate, generating vast amounts of data, AI's role becomes increasingly crucial in making sense of this information. AI algorithms can sift through and process massive datasets, identifying patterns, predicting trends, and automating responses without human intervention. This integration enables more responsive and intelligent systems, such as smart homes that adjust to residents' preferences, industrial machinery that predicts and prevents failures, or traffic systems that optimize flow and reduce congestion. However, the AIoT landscape is not without its challenges. Issues such as data privacy, security, and the ethical implications of autonomous decision-making require careful consideration. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancement demands continuous innovation and adaptation from both researchers and industry practitioners. The proposed research topic, "The AIoT Landscape: Emerging Trends and Future Directions," seeks to explore the latest developments in AIoT, identify key trends shaping the future, and address the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. This research will provide valuable insights into the trajectory of AIoT, offering guidance for researchers, developers, and policymakers as they navigate this dynamic field. We welcome contributions that explore the following themes and beyond: 1. Data Management and Processing o Problem: IoT devices generate enormous amounts of data, which can overwhelm current data processing capabilities, especially at the edge. o Recent Advances: The development of edge AI, federated learning, and distributed computing techniques has shown promise in reducing latency and bandwidth requirements. o Research Focus: Explore new architectures and algorithms for edge AI, investigate scalable data processing frameworks, and develop methods to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of real-time data analysis. 2. Security and Privacy o Problem: The interconnectivity of IoT devices and the integration of AI introduce vulnerabilities, leading to significant security breaches and privacy violations. o Recent Advances: Advances in blockchain technology, homomorphic encryption, and AI-driven cybersecurity measures have begun to address these concerns. o Research Focus: Investigate and develop robust security protocols for AIoT systems, enhance privacy-preserving algorithms, and explore the application of AI to detect and mitigate security threats in real-time. 3. AI Algorithm Limitations o Problem: Many current AI algorithms are not optimized for the real-time, resource-constrained environments typical of IoT applications. o Recent Advances: The rise of lightweight AI models, such as TinyML, and the use of hardware accelerators have started to address these limitations. o Research Focus: Develop and optimize AI algorithms specifically for the constraints of IoT devices, including low power consumption, limited computational resources, and the need for real-time processing. 4. Ethical and Societal Implications o Problem: The increasing autonomy of AIoT systems raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding accountability, transparency, and the potential for biased decision-making. o Recent Advances: Efforts to create AI ethics frameworks and guidelines, along with research into explainable AI (XAI), have begun to address these issues. Join us in contributing to this exciting and rapidly evolving field by submitting your research on these and related topics. This collection aims to bridge the gap between theoretical possibilities and practical implementations, ensuring AIoT's full potential is realized while addressing critical challenges.

Keywords : smart city, smart applications, sensor network, intelligent network

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