2020).
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Rakich, N. (2020) âHow does Biden stack up to past Democratic nominees?â, , 28 April. Available at: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-does-biden-stack-up-to-past-democratic-nominees/ (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. [username] (Year) or text [Website name] Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Dorsey, J. [@jack] (2018) Weâre committing Twitter to help increase the collective health, openness, and civility of public conversation ⌠[Twitter] 1 March. Available at: https://twitter.com/jack/status/969234275420655616 (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) [Medium]. Institution, City or Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Bosch, H. (1482) [Triptych]. Groeningemuseum, Bruges. |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) . Date. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Vox (2020) . 10 April. Available at: https://youtu.be/BE-cA4UK07c (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , date, p. page number. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Butler, S. (2020) âWomenâs fashion manufacturer to make reusable gowns for NHSâ, , 28 April. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/28/womens-fashion-manufacturer-to-make-reusable-gowns-for-nhs (Accessed: 29 April 2020). |
Notes |
Format | Author surname, initial. (Year) âArticle titleâ, , Volume(Issue) or (Month) or (Season), pp. page range. Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year). |
Example | Newman, J. (2020) âFor autistic youths entering adulthood, a new world of challenges awaitsâ, , (May), pp. 20â24. |
Notes |
When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by â et al. â:
Number of authors | Reference example |
---|---|
1 author | Davis, V. (2019) ⌠|
2 authors | Davis, V. and Barrett, M. (2019) ⌠|
3 authors | Davis, V., Barrett, M. and McLachlan, F. (2019) ⌠|
4+ authors | Davis, V. (2019) ⌠|
Sometimes a source wonât list all the information you need for your reference. Hereâs what to do when you donât know the publication date or author of a source.
Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words âno dateâ. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:
When a source doesnât list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with âScribbrâ in the above example. When thatâs not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:
Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:
In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by â et al. â
In-text citation | Reference list | |
---|---|---|
1 author | (Smith, 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
2 authors | (Smith and Jones, 2014) | Smith, T. and Jones, F. (2014) … |
3 authors | (Smith, Jones and Davies, 2014) | Smith, T., Jones, F. and Davies, S. (2014) … |
4+ authors | (Smith , 2014) | Smith, T. (2014) … |
In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:
Add âaâ to the first one you cite, âbâ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .
To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 9 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/
Other students also liked, a quick guide to harvard referencing | citation examples, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
A publication of the harvard college writing program.
Harvard Guide to Using SourcesÂ
If you are using Chicago style footnotes or endnotes, you should include a bibliography at the end of your paper that provides complete citation information for all of the sources you cite in your paper. Bibliography entries are formatted differently from notes. For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines. Hereâs a link to a sample bibliography that shows layout and spacing . You can find a sample of note format here .
Complete note vs. shortened note
Hereâs an example of a complete note and a shortened version of a note for a book:
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated , 27-35.
Note vs. Bibliography entry
The bibliography entry that corresponds with each note is very similar to the longer version of the note, except that the authorâs last and first name are reversed in the bibliography entry. To see differences between note and bibliography entries for different types of sources, check this section of the Chicago Manual of Style .
For Liquidated , the bibliography entry would look like this:
Ho, Karen, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Citing a source with two or three authors
If you are citing a source with two or three authors, list their names in your note in the order they appear in the original source. In the bibliography, invert only the name of the first author and use âandâ before the last named author.
1. Melissa Borja and Jacob Gibson, âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees,â The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17, no. 3 (2019): 80-81, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .
Shortened note:
1. Borja and Gibson, âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics,â 80-81.
Bibliography:
Borja, Melissa, and Jacob Gibson. âInternationalism with Evangelical Characteristics: The Case of Evangelical Responses to Southeast Asian Refugees.â The Review of Faith & International Affairs 17. no. 3 (2019): 80â93. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2019.1643983 .
Citing a source with more than three authors
If you are citing a source with more than three authors, include all of them in the bibliography, but only include the first one in the note, followed by et al. ( et al. is the shortened form of the Latin et alia , which means âand othersâ).
1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., âRisk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults,â Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1271.
Short version of note:
1. Justine M. Nagurney, et al., âRisk Factors for Disability,â 1271.
Nagurney, Justine M., Ling Han, Linda LeoâSummers, Heather G. Allore, Thomas M. Gill, and Ula Hwang. âRisk Factors for Disability After Emergency Department Discharge in Older Adults.â Academic Emergency Medicine 27, no. 12 (2020): 1270â78. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.14088 .
Citing a book consulted online
If you are citing a book you consulted online, you should include a URL, DOI, or the name of the database where you found the book.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), 27-35, https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .
Bibliography entry:
Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1215/9780822391371 .
Citing an e-book consulted outside of a database
If you are citing an e-book that you accessed outside of a database, you should indicate the format. If you read the book in a format without fixed page numbers (like Kindle, for example), you should not include the page numbers that you saw as you read. Instead, include chapter or section numbers, if possible.
1. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham: Duke University Press, 2009), chap. 2, Kindle.
Ho, Karen. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street . Durham: Duke University Press, 2009. Kindle.
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / Creating an MLA Bibliography
If you write a research paper in MLA format, then you will need to include a Works Cited page according to the current 9th edition of the Modern Language Association (MLA) guidelines. Along with citing your sources within the body of your paper, you also need to include full citations of all sources at the end of your paper. The references in a bibliography are formatted in the same way as they would be in a Works Cited page. However, a bibliography refers to all works that you have consulted in your research, even if you did not use their information directly in your paper.
When you use the correct MLA bibliography format, it shows the reader what sources you consulted, makes finding your sources easier for the reader, and gives credibility to your work as a researcher and writer. This MLA sample paper will show you how the bibliography is incorporated into the rest of your paper. We also have a guide on APA reference pages , if you are following APA style in your paper.
You may be wondering, what is a bibliography, and how is it different from a Works Cited page? The difference between the two is that while a bibliography refers to any source you consulted to write your research paper, a Works Cited page only includes full citations of the sources you quoted or paraphrased within your paper.
Typically, when someone says, âMLA bibliographyâ they really mean a Works Cited page, since the MLA format usually uses a Works Cited page instead of a bibliography.
A bibliography in MLA format may also refer to a Works Consulted page. If you used other sources that you did not directly quote or paraphrase within the paper, you will need to create a Works Consulted/Additional Resources page. A Works Consulted page starts on a separate page and follows the Works Cited page. It follows the same formatting guidelines as a Works Cited page, but you will use Works Consulted (or Additional Resources) as the title.
If you’re unsure of what to include in your citations list (works cited, works consulted, or both), ask your instructor. For the rest of this article, we will refer to this page as the MLA bibliography.
These are the formatting rules you need to follow to create your bibliography according to MLAâs current edition guidelines. Your first page(s) will be your Works Cited page(s) and include the references that you directly refer to in your paper. Usually, this is all that is needed. If your instructor wants you to also include the works you consulted but did not include in your paper (more like a bibliography), then add Works Consulted or Additional Resources page for these sources.
If you have a Works Consulted or Additional Resources page after your Works Cited page, format it in the same way, but with the title of Works Consulted or Additional Resources instead of Works Cited. Alternatively, your instructor may require a bibliography. If this is the case, all your sources, whether they are cited in your paper are not, are listed on the same page.
These are the rules you need to follow to create citations for an MLA bibliography. This section contains information on how to correctly use author names, punctuation, capitalization, fonts, page numbers, DOIs, and URLS in the citations on your MLA bibliography.
After the title Works Cited, the last name of the author of a source should be the first thing to appear on your page.
List the authorâs last name followed by a comma, then the first name followed by the middle name or middle initial if applicable, without a comma separating the first and middle names. Add a period after the name.
Rowling, J.K.
Smith, Alexander McCall.
For a source with two authors, list the author names in your citation in the order they appear on the source, not alphabetically.
Type the last name of the first author listed on the source followed by a comma, then the first authorâs first name followed by a comma. Then type the word âandâ then list the second authorâs first name and last name in the standard order. Follow the second name with a period.
Include middle names or initials and suffixes when applicable according to the guidelines for one author as listed above.
1st Authorâs Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Authorâs First Name Last Name.
Lutz, Lisa, and David Hayward.
Clark, Mary Higgins, and Alafair Burke.
For a source with three or more authors, only type the last and first name of the first author listed in the source, followed by a comma and the phrase et al., which is Latin for âand others.â Be sure to always place a period after the al in et al. but never after the et.
1st Authorâs Last Name, First Name, et al.
Charaipotra, Sona, et al.
Williams, Beatriz, et al. All the Ways We Said Goodbye . HarperLuxe, 2020.
For sources with organizations or corporations listed as the author, type the name of the corporation in place of an authorâs name. If the organization begins with an article like a, an, or the, it should be excluded in the Works Cited entry.
Modern Language Association of America. MLA Handbook . 2016.
*Note: If the organization is listed as both the author and the publisher, begin the citation with the title and include the organization’s name within the publisher field instead.Â
For a source with no author listed, simply omit the authorâs name and begin the citation with the title of the source. Use the first letter of the title when considering alphabetical order in your MLA bibliography.
Use MLA title case when citing titles of sources.
Include page numbers in your full citations whenever possible. This helps the reader find the information you cited more quickly than if you just cited the entire source and lends more credibility to your argument. If you cite different pages from the same source within your paper, you should cite the entire source on your MLA bibliography instead of listing all of the page numbers you used.
When including page numbers in a citation, use the abbreviation p. to cite one page and the abbreviation pp. to cite multiple pages with a hyphen between the page numbers.
p. 25 or pp. 16-37
When citing page numbers in MLA, omit the first set of repeated digits.
pp. 365-69, not pp. 365-369
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is used to locate and identify an online source. While URLs may change or web pages might be edited or updated, a DOI is permanent and therefore more useful in a source citation.
Butarbutar, R, et al. âAnalyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.â IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , vol. 343, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208.
Since the previous 8th edition of the MLA Handbook was published, you do NOT need to list an accessed date for a stable source (e.g., online newspaper article, journal article, photograph, etc.). However, including an access date is good to include when a source does not have a publishing date, and some instructors will request that accessed dates be included for all sources.
If you do include an access date, hereâs how to format it:
Butarbutar, R, et al. âIOPscience.â IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , IOP Publishing, 1 Oct. 2019, iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208/meta. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.
Note: If you choose to list an accessed date after a DOI, the accessed date part of the citation will follow the period after the DOI and will end with a period at the end of the citation
Butarbutar, R, et al. âAnalyzing of Puzzle Local Culture-Based in Teaching English for Young Learners.â IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , vol. 343, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012208. Accessed 8 Oct. 2020.
The 9 th edition of the MLA handbook re-introduces guidelines regarding paper formatting (which were not present in the 8 th edition). The guidance in the 9 th addition is consistent with the guidance in previous editions and expands on the formatting of tables, figures/illustrations, and lists. The 9 th edition also offers new guidance in areas like annotated bibliographies, inclusive language, and footnotes/endnotes.
Many of the differences between the 8 th edition and 9 th edition have to do with the formatting of the core elements in reference list entries. Some of the main changes include:
DOI format: doi:10.1353/aeh.2021.0012 | DOI format: https://doi.org/10.1353/aeh.2021.0012 |
Seasons for publications capitalized: Winter 2021 | Seasons for publications not capitalized: winter 2021 |
Publisher format: Use âUâ for University and âPâ for Press in publisher names (i.e., MIT P) | Publisher format: Use âUâ for University and âPâ for Press in publisher names unless the word âuniversityâ is not present (in any language) (e.g., MIT Press) |
Organization authors: full name should be used | Organization authors: if the organization has a long name, it should be shortened in the in-text citation (i.e., American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals = American Society) |
Social media: authorâs username should be used | Social media: authorâs real name or account name (if available) should be used |
URLs: include full URL | URLs: Shorten URL if longer than 3 lines (include at least the host) and always eliminate the https:// except in DOIs |
Pseudonyms: include in parentheses | Pseudonyms: include in square brackets |
Written by Grace Turney , freelance writer and artist. Grace is a former librarian and has a Masterâs degree in Library Science and Information Technology.Â
MLA Formatting
Annotated Bibliography
Bibliography
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
An MLA bibliography is similar to the Works Cited list that you include at the end of your paper. The only difference between a Works Cited list and a bibliography is that for the former, you need to include the entries for only the sources you cited in the text, whereas for the latter you can also include the sources you consulted to write your paper but didn’t directly cite in your writing. MLA generally prefers Works Cited lists to bibliographies.
If your instructor advises you to create an MLA bibliography, follow the same guidelines you would follow for creating an MLA Works Cited list.
The bibliography list appears at the end of the paper, after any endnotes if they are present.
All margins (top, bottom, left, and right) should be set at 1 inch.
Write the running head in the top right of the page at 0.5 inch from the top. Use the running head âSurname Page #.â
The font should be clear enough to read. Use Times New Roman font of size 12 points.
Entries should be double-spaced. If any entry runs over more than a line, indent the subsequent lines of the entry 0.5 inch from the left margin.
Bibliographic entries are arranged alphabetically according to the first item in each entry.
Title your bibliography as “Bibliography.”
Braidotti, Rosi. The Posthuman . Polity, 2013.
Brisini, Travis. âPhytomorphizing Performance: Plant Performance in an Expanded Field.â Text and Performance Quarterly , vol. 39, 2019,      pp. 1â2.
Riccio, Thomas. âReimagining Yupâik and Inupiat Performance.â Northwest Theatre Review , vol. 12, no. 1, 1999, pp. 1â30.
General rules for creating an annotated bibliography
The annotation is given after the source entry and is generally about 100-150 words in length. The annotation should be indented 1 inch from the left margin to distinguish it from the hanging indent within the citation entry.
The annotation, in general, should be written as short phrases. However, you may use full sentences as well.
The annotation for each source is usually no longer than one paragraph. However, if multiple paragraphs are included, indent the second and subsequent paragraphs without any extra line space between them.
The annotation provides basic information about the source, but does not include details about the source, quotes from the author, etc. The information can be descriptive (by generally describing what the source covers) or evaluative (by evaluating the source’s usefulness to the argument in your paper).
Example annotated bibliography
The below is an example of an annotated bibliography:
Morritt, Robert D. Beringia: Archaic Migrations into North America . Cambridge Scholars Pub, 2011.
The author studies the migration of cultures from Asia to North America. The connection between the North American Athabaskan language family and Siberia is presented, together with comparisons and examinations of the implications of linguistics from anthropological, archaeological, and folklore perspectives. This book explores the origins of the earliest people in the Americas, including Siberian, Dene, and Navajo Creation myths; linguistic comparisons between Siberian Ket Navajo and Western Apache; and comparisons between indigenous groups that appear to share the same origin.
MLA Citation Examples
Writing Tools
Citation Generators
Other Citation Styles
Upload a paper to check for plagiarism against billions of sources and get advanced writing suggestions for clarity and style.
Get Started
Free printable to elevate your AI game đ¤
Give credit where credit is due.
Writing a research paper involves a lot of work. Students need to consult a variety of sources to gather reliable information and ensure their points are well supported. Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below.
Plus grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . Just fill out the form on this page to get the free guide.
IMPORTANT: Each style guide has its own very specific rules, and they often conflict with one another. Additionally, each type of reference material has many possible formats, depending on a variety of factors. The overviews shown here are meant to guide students in writing basic bibliographies, but this information is by no means complete. Students should always refer directly to the preferred style guide to ensure theyâre using the most up-to-date formats and styles.
When youâre researching a paper, youâll likely consult a wide variety of sources. You may quote some of these directly in your work, summarize some of the points they make, or simply use them to further the knowledge you need to write your paper. Since these ideas are not your own, itâs vital to give credit to the authors who originally wrote them. This list of sources, organized alphabetically, is called a bibliography.
A bibliography should include all the materials you consulted in your research, even if you donât quote directly from them in your paper. These resources could include (but arenât limited to):
These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the materials you used while researching your paper, whether or not you quote from them or refer to them directly in your writing.
A list of references only includes the materials you cite throughout your work. You might use direct quotes or summarize the information for the reader. Either way, you must ensure you give credit to the original author or document. This section can be titled âList of Works Citedâ or simply âReferences.â
Your teacher may specify whether you should include a bibliography or a reference list. If they donât, consider choosing a bibliography to show all the works you used in researching your paper. This can help the reader see that your points are well supported and allow them to do further reading on their own if theyâre interested.
Citations refer to direct quotations from a text that are woven into your own writing. There are a variety of ways to write citations, including footnotes and endnotes. These are generally shorter than the entries in a reference list or bibliography. Learn more about writing citations here.
Depending on the reference material, bibliography entries include a variety of information intended to help a reader locate the material if they want to refer to it themselves. These entries are listed in alphabetical order and may include: ADVERTISEMENT
These entries donât generally need to include specific page numbers or locations within the work (except for print magazine or journal articles). That type of information is usually only needed in a footnote or endnote citation.
In most cases, writers use one of three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style . There are many others as well, but these three are the most common choices for Kâ12 students.
Many teachers will state their preference for one style guide over another. If they donât, you can choose your own preferred style. However, you should also use that guide for your entire paper, following their recommendations for punctuation, grammar, and more. This will ensure you are consistent throughout.
Below, youâll learn how to write a simple bibliography using each of the three major style guides. Weâve included details for books and e-books, periodicals, and electronic sources like websites and videos. If the reference material type you need to include isnât shown here, refer directly to the style guide youâre using.
Technically, APA style calls for a list of references instead of a bibliography. If your teacher requires you to use the APA style guide , you can limit your reference list to only items you cite throughout your work.
Here are some general notes on writing an APA reference list:
For books, APA reference list entries use this format (only include the publisherâs website for e-books):
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title with only first word capitalized (unless thereâs a proper name/noun) . Publisher. Publisherâs website
For journal or magazine articles, use the following format. If you viewed the article online, include the URL at the end of the citation.
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Publication date). Title of article. Magazine or Journal Title (Volume number) Issue number, page numbers. URL
Hereâs the format for newspapers. For print editions, include the page number/s. For online articles, include the full URL:
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date) Title of article. Newspaper title. Page number/s. URL
For articles with a specific author on a website, use this format:
Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year, Month Date). Title . Site name. URL
When an online article doesnât include a specific author or date, list it like this:
Title . (Year, Month Date). Site name. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from URL
When you need to list a YouTube video, use the name of the account that uploaded the video, and format it like this:
Name of Account. (Upload year, month day). Title [Video]. YouTube. URL
For more information on writing APA bibliographies, see the APA Style Guide website.
MLA style calls for a Works Cited section, which includes all materials quoted or referred to in your paper. You may also include a Works Consulted section, including other reference sources you reviewed but didnât directly cite. Together, these constitute a bibliography. If your teacher requests an MLA Style Guide bibliography, ask if you should include Works Consulted as well as Works Cited.
For both MLA Works Cited and Works Consulted sections, use these general guidelines:
For books, MLA reference list entries use the following format. Add the URL at the end for e-books.
Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . Publisher, Date. URL
Hereâs the MLA-style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing:
For magazines and journals:
Last Name, First Name. âTitle: Subtitle.â Name of Journal , volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, First Page NumberâLast Page Number.
When citing newspapers, include the page number/s for print editions or the URL for online articles:
Last Name, First Name. âTitle of article.â Newspaper title. Page number/s. Year, month day. Page number or URL
Last Name, First Name. Year. âTitle.â Month Day, Year published. URL
Website. n.d. âTitle.â Accessed Day Month Year. URL.
Hereâs how to list YouTube and other online videos:
Creator, if available. âTitle of Video.â Website. Uploaded by Username, Day Month Year. URL.
For more information on writing MLA-style bibliographies, see the MLA Style website.
The Chicago Manual of Style (sometimes called âTurabianâ) actually has two options for citing reference material: Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date. Regardless of which you use, youâll need a complete detailed list of reference items at the end of your paper. The examples below demonstrate how to write that list.
Here are some general notes on writing a Chicago -style bibliography:
For books, Chicago -style reference list entries use the following format. (For print books, leave off the information about how the book was accessed.)
Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Title . City of Publication: Publisher, Date. How e-book was accessed.
Hereâs the style format for magazines, journals, and newspapers. For online articles, add the URL at the end of the listing.
For journal and magazine articles, use this format:
Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. âTitle: Subtitle.â Name of Journal , Volume Number, issue number, First Page NumberâLast Page Number. URL.
When citing newspapers, include the URL for online articles:
Last Name, First Name. Year of Publication. âTitle: Subtitle.â Name of Newspaper , Month day, year. URL.
Last Name, First Name Middle Name. âTitle.â Site Name . Year, Month Day. URL.
âTitle.â Site Name . URL. Accessed Month Day, Year.
Creator or Username. âTitle of Video.â Website video, length. Month Day, Year. URL.
For more information on writing Chicago -style bibliographies, see the Chicago Manual of Style website.
Just fill out the form on this page to grab our printable Bibliography Guide for Students with examples from all three major style guides: APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or The Chicago Manual of Style .
Plus, get all the latest teaching tips and ideas when you sign up for our free newsletters , you might also like.
Get ready for autumn! Continue Reading
Copyright Š 2024. All rights reserved. 5335 Gate Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32256
Literature Review
The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview of existing academic literature on a specific topic and an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments. You are summarizing what research is available on a certain topic and then drawing conclusions about the topic. To make gathering your research easier, be sure to start with a narrow/specific topic and then widen your topic if necessary.
A literature review is helpful when determining what research has already been discovered through academic research and what further research still needs to be done. Are there gaps? Are there opportunities for further research? What is missing from my collection of resources? Are more resources needed?
It is important to note that the conclusions described in the literature you gather may contradict each other completely or in part. A literature review gives the researcher an overview and understanding of research findings to date on a particular topic or issue.
Annotated Bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a list of resources that you have gathered on a topic that includes an annotation following the reference. Like a References list, annotated bibliographies gather all resources discovered in the research process in one document. Each citation in the bibliography is followed by an annotation a 5-7 sentence paragraph consisting of a summary, an evaluation, and a reflection of that resource.
An annotated bibliography is different from a literature review because it serves a different purpose. Annotated bibliographies focus on sources gathered for a specific research project. A literature review attempts to take a comprehensive approach to evaluate all of the research available on a particular question or a topic to create the foundation for a research paper.
For more information, please visit the annotated bibliography page of our APA guide.
Research Paper
A research paper presents a single argument/idea on a topic supported by research that you have gathered. Your own thoughts and opinions will be supported by research that you have gathered on your topic. The resources used in your research paper typically support the argument that you are making.
For more information on writing a research paper, check out our Writing guide .
Generally, either an annotated bibliography or a literature review are written first and set the framework for the final product: your research paper.
Hello! We're here to help! Please log in to ask your question.
Need an answer now? Search our FAQs !
How can I find my course textbook?
You can expect a prompt response, Monday through Friday, 8:00 AM-4:00 PM Central Time (by the next business day on weekends and holidays).
Questions may be answered by a Librarian, Learning Services Coordinator, Instructor, or Tutor.Â
Create citations for free.
We all know that it’s important to cite the sources that we use to write papers, but should they be cited on a reference list, a works cited page or a bibliography?
This basically comes down to the format that you’re required to use. MLA, APA and Chicago are three of the most commonly used academic formatting styles, with each being popular within different subject areas. For example, MLA citation format is most commonly used within the liberal arts and humanities, while APA (American Psychological Association) format is most commonly used within the social sciences. Chicago style is also associated with humanities subjects. Your professor or TA will be able to advise you on which style you should use.
Let’s take a look at the difference between a works cited page, a reference list and a bibliography:
A works cited page usually goes with MLA format citations . It’s basically a list detailing all the sources that you have either quoted or paraphrased within your work. Sources are usually listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. A works cited page is required in addition to parenthetical citations , which are shorter versions of the citation (often just the author’s name and a page number, if relevant) placed within the paper, after the quoted or paraphrased text.
Example of an MLA citation in a works cited page:
Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. Cornerstone, 1989.
A reference list usually goes with APA style citations. Itâs essentially the same as a works cited page, just with a different name. Again, sources are listed alphabetically by the author’s last name, and should be marked in the text by an APA in text citation .
Example of an APA citation in a reference list:
Lee, H. (1989). To Kill A Mockingbird. London, Eng: Cornerstone.
A bibliography may be required when using Chicago or Turabian format citations. It differs in that it requires you to list all sources used during the course of your work, whether you have referred to them specifically in your paper or not. This means that even a source that you used just for background reading needs to be detailed. With Chicago style format , you must include a bibliography (in alphabetical order) in addition to footnotes/endnotes, which often detail the same information.
Example of a Chicago citation in a bibliography:
Lee, Harper. To Kill A Mockingbird. London, Eng: Cornerstone, 1989.
While your tutor can advise you on which style of citation to use, Citation Machine can help you to create them. Choose between thousands of different styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian and Harvard, and create your citations for free! It makes putting together that reference list, works cited page or bibliography really quick and easy.
How useful was this post?
Click on a star to rate it!
We are sorry that this post was not useful for you!
Let us improve this post!
Tell us how we can improve this post?
Know the Differences & Comparisons
Reference and Bibliography is an important part of any project under study because it helps in acknowledging other’s work and also help the readers in finding the original sources of information. It not only prevents plagiarism but also indicates that the writer has done good research on the subject by using a variety of sources to gain information.
Read out the article to know the differences between reference and bibliography.
Comparison chart.
Basis for Comparison | Reference | Bibliography |
---|---|---|
Meaning | Reference implies the list of sources, that has been referred in the research work. | Bibliography is about listing out all the materials which has been consulted during the research work. |
Based on | Primary Sources | Both Primary and Secondary Sources |
Arrangement | Alphabetically and numerically | Numerically |
Includes | Only in-text citations, that have been used in the assignment or project. | Both in-text citations and other sources, that are used to generate the idea. |
Supporting argument | A reference can be used to support an argument. | A bibliography cannot be used to support an argument. |
Used for | Thesis and Dissertation | Journal Papers and Research work |
Reference can be understood as the act of giving credit to or mentioning the name of, someone or something. In research methodology, it denotes the items which you have reviewed and referred to, in the text, in your research work. It is nothing but a way to acknowledge or indirectly showing gratitude, towards the sources from where the information is gathered.
While using references, one thing is to be noted that you go for reliable sources only, because it increases credence and also supports your arguments. It may include, books, research papers, or articles from magazines, journals, newspapers, etc., interview transcripts, internet sources such as websites, blogs, videos watched, and so forth.
These are used to inform the reader about the sources of direct quotations, tables, statistics, photos etc. that are included in the research work.
At the end of the research report, bibliography is added, which contains a list of books, magazines, journals, websites or other publications which are in some way relevant to the topic under study, that has been consulted by the researcher during the research. In finer terms, it comprises of all the references cited in the form of footnotes and other important works that the author has studied.
The bibliography is helpful to the reader in gaining information regarding the literature available on the topic and what influenced the author. For better presentation and convenient reading, the bibliography can be grouped into two parts, wherein the first part lists out the names of books and pamphlets consulted, and the other contains the names of magazines and newspapers considered.
The difference between reference and bibliography can be drawn clearly on the following grounds:
To sum up, references and bibliography are almost same, but there are only subtle differences between the two, which lies in the items which are included in them. The primary use of references is to get recognition and authentication of the research work, whereas bibliography is appended with the aim of giving the reader the information on the sources relating to the topic.
manjitha says
October 5, 2019 at 9:56 am
It was so helpful to study easily. Easy to understand. Gud job
November 5, 2019 at 6:41 am
Thanks for the work.
Amirjan Samim says
November 11, 2019 at 11:22 pm
All of the descriptions and information about the “reference and bibliography” and the difference between them are useful for the readers. Since both terms are closely related, this is why both terms are sometimes confusing for some people. Thanks for the helpful explanations you have given about the two terms mentioned above.
Chiranjit Singha says
January 20, 2020 at 8:01 pm
This webpage is very helpful and easy to understand, Thanks all of you sir.
Maya Zita says
February 10, 2020 at 2:19 pm
Very helpful for my studies… Best explained, thank you very much for this upload.
Amit Kumar Das says
May 6, 2020 at 8:07 pm
Excellent..
Nidhi Suhag says
June 27, 2020 at 9:40 am
very well explained. thanks for sharing such an informative upload.
Ishaka Ibrahim says
March 2, 2021 at 2:07 pm
Very interesting and educative write up but would like to see reference/source of the work.
hassan sakaba says
March 25, 2021 at 5:23 pm
April 8, 2021 at 3:29 pm
Very helpful However I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?
Aladuge says
August 28, 2021 at 1:39 pm
This is a wonderful piece. Thanks for a job well done
Darlington mwape says
September 8, 2022 at 2:17 pm
Thanks for this wonderful piece of information but iam going with S. N says
I had a doubt regarding the placement of bibliography. Usually references are placed after the main body and conclusion. But where is bibliography placed?
OMVITI NOBERT says
January 13, 2023 at 4:41 pm
The comparisons are very good. Thank you. Be blessed more in wisdom.
March 25, 2023 at 4:32 am
So for my podcast, which is mainly audio essays, which should I use?
Pias Hebal Karmakar says
June 9, 2023 at 2:50 pm
I am much more pleased with this work. I helped me a lot in my study. Thanks.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
There is a small difference between a bibliography and a reference: the former includes all works consulted and the latter only those that are cited in the paper. Should we maintain this technical distinction when writing a paper?
Some journal templates require the title of the last section to be 'References'. Does this mean all the references must necessarily be cited in the paper?
From a practical point of view, whenever you send your paper for a peer review, they check if you have all citations both in your text and in sources. It means that "yes" they must be cited.
Saying so, there is normally clear advise from a journal how to cite and produce bibliography. You should do what it says.
At last you can always solve the problem by adding one sentence in your text: "Additional information about ... can be found in [your references]." With this sentence everyone should be happy.
Yes, they are different and should be marked as such. For my thesis, I am required to have both a list of works cited and an annotated bibliography. As mentioned, the list of works cited (reference list) should only contain references that match-up to citations in the text.
Additionally, my thesis also has an annotated bibliography as an appendix. Essentially this is where I can place works which may have influenced my paper, but may not necessarily have been cited in the text. Each entry also has an annotation describing how it is relevant to the paper itself.
An example of this, is that one of the books (which I read while doing research for my thesis) provided insight I used to prototype the testing framework for my project. I did not end up actually using anything from the book for the written portion. But, it did influence the project overall. Therefore I put it in my annotated bibliography, but not in my list of works cited.
I think this is just a misunderstanding about what a bibliography or reference is. If you insist on this difference perhaps you can cite a more reputable source on academic writing. In a paper, references on a subject that you think are useful to the reader, from which you are not citing specific results, also need to be introduced in the text (often footnotes are used for this). How else would a reader know what they are or why they should look at it. It is quite common to write for example: "For a great introduction on the subject of ... we recommend [1]."
Yes, all references must be cited. To skip the citation process is to engage in plagiarism. If you put a reference in your reference list but you do not cite it in your text, then you must ask yourself why is it in your references (since you actually do not reference them)?
In my field (business) you would never add a publication to your reference list unless you actually cited (in the text) from that publication. To do so would be to produce a bibliography which I've never seen anyone outside of primary and secondary school require.
Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged publications citations ..
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2022.
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper , or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
Scribbrâs free Citation Generator allows you to easily create and manage your annotated bibliography in APA or MLA style. To generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography, select the source type, fill out the relevant fields, and add your annotation.
An example of an annotated source is shown below:
Upload your document to correct all your mistakes in minutes
Annotated bibliography format: apa, mla, chicago, how to write an annotated bibliography, descriptive annotation example, evaluative annotation example, reflective annotation example, finding sources for your annotated bibliography, frequently asked questions about annotated bibliographies.
Make sure your annotated bibliography is formatted according to the guidelines of the style guide youâre working with. Three common styles are covered below:
In APA Style , both the reference entry and the annotation should be double-spaced and left-aligned.
The reference entry itself should have a hanging indent . The annotation follows on the next line, and the whole annotation should be indented to match the hanging indent. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
In an MLA style annotated bibliography , the Works Cited entry and the annotation are both double-spaced and left-aligned.
The Works Cited entry has a hanging indent. The annotation itself is indented 1 inch (twice as far as the hanging indent). If there are two or more paragraphs in the annotation, the first line of each paragraph is indented an additional half-inch, but not if there is only one paragraph.
In a Chicago style annotated bibliography , the bibliography entry itself should be single-spaced and feature a hanging indent.
The annotation should be indented, double-spaced, and left-aligned. The first line of any additional paragraphs should be indented an additional time.
For each source, start by writing (or generating ) a full reference entry that gives the author, title, date, and other information. The annotated bibliography format varies based on the citation style youâre using.
The annotations themselves are usually between 50 and 200 words in length, typically formatted as a single paragraph. This can vary depending on the word count of the assignment, the relative length and importance of different sources, and the number of sources you include.
Consider the instructions youâve been given or consult your instructor to determine what kind of annotations theyâre looking for:
These specific terms wonât necessarily be used. The important thing is to understand the purpose of your assignment and pick the approach that matches it best. Interactive examples of the different styles of annotation are shown below.
A descriptive annotation summarizes the approach and arguments of a source in an objective way, without attempting to assess their validity.
In this way, it resembles an abstract , but you should never just copy text from a sourceâs abstract, as this would be considered plagiarism . Youâll naturally cover similar ground, but you should also consider whether the abstract omits any important points from the full text.
The interactive example shown below describes an article about the relationship between business regulations and CO 2 emissions.
Rieger, A. (2019). Doing business and increasing emissions? An exploratory analysis of the impact of business regulation on CO 2 emissions. Human Ecology Review , 25 (1), 69â86. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26964340
An evaluative annotation also describes the content of a source, but it goes on to evaluate elements like the validity of the sourceâs arguments and the appropriateness of its methods .
For example, the following annotation describes, and evaluates the effectiveness of, a book about the history of Western philosophy.
Kenny, A. (2010). A new history of Western philosophy: In four parts . Oxford University Press.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
A reflective annotation is similar to an evaluative one, but it focuses on the sourceâs usefulness or relevance to your own research.
Reflective annotations are often required when the point is to gather sources for a future research project, or to assess how they were used in a project you already completed.
The annotation below assesses the usefulness of a particular article for the authorâs own research in the field of media studies.
Manovich, Lev. (2009). The practice of everyday (media) life: From mass consumption to mass cultural production? Critical Inquiry , 35 (2), 319â331. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/596645
Manovichâs article assesses the shift from a consumption-based media culture (in which media content is produced by a small number of professionals and consumed by a mass audience) to a production-based media culture (in which this mass audience is just as active in producing content as in consuming it). He is skeptical of some of the claims made about this cultural shift; specifically, he argues that the shift towards user-made content must be regarded as more reliant upon commercial media production than it is typically acknowledged to be. However, he regards web 2.0 as an exciting ongoing development for art and media production, citing its innovation and unpredictability.
The article is outdated in certain ways (it dates from 2009, before the launch of Instagram, to give just one example). Nevertheless, its critical engagement with the possibilities opened up for media production by the growth of social media is valuable in a general sense, and its conceptualization of these changes frequently applies just as well to more current social media platforms as it does to Myspace. Conceptually, I intend to draw on this article in my own analysis of the social dynamics of Twitter and Instagram.
Before you can write your annotations, youâll need to find sources . If the annotated bibliography is part of the research process for a paper, your sources will be those you consult and cite as you prepare the paper. Otherwise, your assignment and your choice of topic will guide you in what kind of sources to look for.
Make sure that youâve clearly defined your topic , and then consider what keywords are relevant to it, including variants of the terms. Use these keywords to search databases (e.g., Google Scholar ), using Boolean operators to refine your search.
Sources can include journal articles, books, and other source types , depending on the scope of the assignment. Read the abstracts or blurbs of the sources you find to see whether theyâre relevant, and try exploring their bibliographies to discover more. If a particular source keeps showing up, itâs probably important.
Once youâve selected an appropriate range of sources, read through them, taking notes that you can use to build up your annotations. You may even prefer to write your annotations as you go, while each source is fresh in your mind.
An annotated bibliography is an assignment where you collect sources on a specific topic and write an annotation for each source. An annotation is a short text that describes and sometimes evaluates the source.
Any credible sources on your topic can be included in an annotated bibliography . The exact sources you cover will vary depending on the assignment, but you should usually focus on collecting journal articles and scholarly books . When in doubt, utilize the CRAAP test !
Each annotation in an annotated bibliography is usually between 50 and 200 words long. Longer annotations may be divided into paragraphs .
The content of the annotation varies according to your assignment. An annotation can be descriptive, meaning it just describes the source objectively; evaluative, meaning it assesses its usefulness; or reflective, meaning it explains how the source will be used in your own research .
A source annotation in an annotated bibliography fulfills a similar purpose to an abstract : theyâre both intended to summarize the approach and key points of a source.
However, an annotation may also evaluate the source , discussing the validity and effectiveness of its arguments. Even if your annotation is purely descriptive , you may have a different perspective on the source from the author and highlight different key points.
You should never just copy text from the abstract for your annotation, as doing so constitutes plagiarism .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the âCite this Scribbr articleâ button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, August 23). What Is an Annotated Bibliography? | Examples & Format. Scribbr. Retrieved September 12, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/annotated-bibliography/
Other students also liked, evaluating sources | methods & examples, how to find sources | scholarly articles, books, etc., hanging indent | word & google docs instructions, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
by Antony W
January 26, 2024
A research paper can have an annotated bibliography, but an annotated bibliography canât be a research paper. Get it? If you donât, this annotated bibliography vs research paper guide will help you to understand the connection between the two.
For many students, the first obstacle faced when confronting an assignment is to find out what you have been asked to write.
Professors aren’t exactly known for their clear and direct instructions, which can leave you âconfused. That’s why Help for Assessment is here to set things right and help you understand:
In addition to this guide, the academic experts at Help for Assessment are also ready to do your annotated bibliography assignment or research paper for you at the best rates on the market .
With a combined expertise covering every area of scholarly writing and projects, we place our professional services at your disposal. Check out our calculator âand discover offers âjust for you here .
If youâre here just for the guide, letâs get cracking.
A research paper is a detailed analysis of a subject seeking to develop or prove a single argument, and often contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the process.
It presents the author(s) point of view and is backed by extensive research, data, and credible academic sources.Â
If you are imagining a pile of books and journals, a ton of library experiments, and red eyes from long nights, youâre right.
A research paper is everything you believe it to be, and more. When writing a research paper, you first start by identifying a subject topic.
You may or may not have a particular topic that you want to present at this point, but what follows is an intense research process to consume all the existing knowledge about it.
From there, the author develops a research question which the paper focuses on answering. This main argument becomes the backbone of the paper, and every piece of research or evidence presented will be to prove or disprove it.
An annotated bibliography is a detailed review of a list of resources collected about a specific subject. You can think of it as a typical bibliography or reference list with an extra annotation for each source detailing what information it contains and how it contributes to the overall subject.
The annotation or citation for each source in the bibliography is about 5-7 sentences long, or up to 150 words each. It attempts to provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the source to help guide the reader.
The annotated bibliography rarely stands on its own, where you would typically expect to find another kind of paper called a literature review. Instead, you can find it as part of longer research papers, books, or even journals. However, in school, you can expect to do a few annotated bibliography assignments.
Writing an annotated bibliography usually starts with a collection of sources . Your school librarian should be able to help you with that. Once you have a pile of books, journals, online sources, interviews, speeches, and all other kinds of primary sources, you cite them in either APA or MLA style as instructed. For each entry, however, you make sure to add the ~150-word paragraph detailing what it contains.
If you have trouble writing either research papers , annotated bibliographies, or literature reviews , Help for Assessment has detailed guides for you check them out here on our blog .
The annotated bibliography is very sensitive to the citation style used. Both APA and MLA styles have different guidelines for it.
An annotated bibliography in MLA looks like a Works Cited page and uses the same formatting, with the addition of a 150-200 word annotation. Here are the guidelines for the same.
The annotation can be either summary or evaluative and includes information such as the authorâs expertise, main arguments, relevance, and strengths or weaknesses identified. Read more about how to write an annotated bibliography on here .
The guidelines for an annotated bibliography in APA citation style are as follows:
These are just basic guidelines, and you can find a complete guide and APA citation style and formatting here .
Differences.
Having explored the two types of academic writing, we can infer that an annotated bibliography and a research paper are closely related. The former forms a basis for developing the latter in that the sources contained therein form the foundation for a strong, compelling research paper.
We can even think of an annotated bibliography as part of the research process involved in developing a research paper, even though not everyone is required to include one in the final write-up. A typical reference list or works cited section only provides a listing of the sources, but an annotated bibliography is much more detailed and helpful.
Thus, the bottom line is: while both an annotated bibliography and a research paper are closely related, they are different and distinct. A research paper contributes to the body of knowledge upon a certain subject, while an annotated bibliography is simply a detailed review of the sources during such a paper or other academic project.
Do you need help with either a research paper or an annotated bibliography? Help for Assessment has come to your aid. Our expert team is highly experienced in all forms of academic papers, projects, essays, and assignments. We are dedicated to helping you become better at school and guarantee top-grade papers, reliable and friendly service, and meet set deadlines every time.
Itâs time to leave your stressful workload to experts who know the way forward. Check out our services section today and see what we can do for you. As always, we promise and deliver thoroughly researched, authentic, and plagiarism-free work. Place your order here .
About the author
Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.
The purpose of a literature review is to provide an overview of existing academic literature on a specific topic and an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s arguments. You are summarizing what research is available on a certain topic and then drawing conclusions about the topic.
An annotated bibliography is a list of resources that you have gathered on a topic that includes an annotation following the reference. Like a References list, annotated bibliographies gather all resources discovered in the research process in one document. Each citation in the bibliography is followed by an annotation, a summary of that source.
An annotated bibliography is different from a literature review because it serves a different purpose. Annotated bibliographies focus on sources gathered for a specific research project. A literature review attempts to take a comprehensive approach to evaluate all of the research available on a particular question or a topic to create the foundation for a research paper. This review is often incorporated at the beginning of a research paper in its own section but it may also form the thesis for the paper.
Or as the University of North Alabama puts it " An annotated bibliography examines each source based on its relationship to the topic; a literature review draws together multiple sources to examine where they agree or disagree ."
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
The essential difference between citations and references is that citations lead a reader to the source of information, while references provide the reader with detailed information regarding that particular source. Bibliography in research papers: A bibliography in research paper is a list of sources that appears at the end of a research paper ...
A reference list contains works that specifically support the ideas, claims, and concepts in a paper; in contrast, a bibliography provides works for background or further reading and may include descriptive notes (e.g., an annotated bibliography). The Publication Manual (see Section 9.51) provides formatting guidance and examples for annotated ...
This includes all sources that you have used in order to do any research. Bibliographies are often used in Chicago and Turabian citation styles. They usually contain a long reference that has a corresponding footnote within the body of the paper. Example Bibliography entry: Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution.
Bibliography Entry for a Book. A bibliography entry for a book begins with the author's name, which is written in this order: last name, comma, first name, period. After the author's name comes the title of the book. If you are handwriting your bibliography, underline each title. If you are working on a computer, put the book title in ...
Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. City of Publication, Publisher, Publication. Date. If the cited book was published prior to 1900, is from a publisher with offices in multiple countries, or is from a publisher that is largely unknown in the US, include the book's city of publication. Otherwise, this can be left out.
When you write academic papers, you will need to include a list of sources you used to write the paper. There are two main ways to list your sources, with a reference list or a bibliography. References include sources that have been directly cited in your paper. For each source, you will have at least one in-text citation in the body of your paper.
The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation is the main style guide for legal citations in the US. It's widely used in law, and also when legal materials need to be cited in other disciplines. Bluebook footnote citation. 1 David E. Pozen, Freedom of Information Beyond the Freedom of Information Act, 165, U. PđŚ . L.
Formatting a Harvard style bibliography. Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading 'Reference list' or 'Bibliography' appears at the top. Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used: Harvard bibliography example.
For bibliography entries, you list the sources alphabetically by last name, so you will list the last name of the author or creator first in each entry. You should single-space within a bibliography entry and double-space between them. When an entry goes longer than one line, use a hanging indent of .5 inches for subsequent lines.
However, a bibliography refers to all works that you have consulted in your research, even if you did not use their information directly in your paper. When you use the correct MLA bibliography format, it shows the reader what sources you consulted, makes finding your sources easier for the reader, and gives credibility to your work as a ...
A Chicago style bibliography lists the sources cited in your text. Each bibliography entry begins with the author's name and the title of the source, followed by relevant publication details. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors' last names. A bibliography is not mandatory, but is strongly recommended for all but very short papers.
Research papers include a bibliography, which can be a little tricky for students. Learn how to write a bibliography in multiple styles and find basic examples below. ... Bibliography vs. References. These two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but they actually have different meanings. As noted above, a bibliography includes all the ...
The big difference is that references and works cited are lists of sources you have quoted or paraphrased within your school paper. Each entry in the body of your paper matches up with information in your reference list. While the exact format of works cited vs. references entries will vary, the main objective is the same. But, what about a ...
In general, the list of references is double-spaced and listed alphabetically by first author's last name. For each reference, the first line is typed flush with the left margin, and any additional lines are indented as a group a few spaces to the right of the left margin (this is called a hanging indent). For example:
An MLA in-text citation includes the author's last name and a page numberâno year. When there are two authors, APA Style separates their names with an ampersand (&), while MLA uses "and.". For three or more authors, both styles list the first author followed by " et al. ". APA.
Each citation in the bibliography is followed by an annotation a 5-7 sentence paragraph consisting of a summary, an evaluation, and a reflection of that resource. An annotated bibliography is different from a literature review because it serves a different purpose. Annotated bibliographies focus on sources gathered for a specific research project.
Each is essentially a list of fully written-out citations for all the sources used in a research paper or other work. However, bibliography is also the name used in one specific type of style format (Chicago), whereas reference page is the name used in another format (APA). Because these two formats follow different guidelines, a Chicago ...
Works Cited Page. A works cited page usually goes with MLA format citations. It's basically a list detailing all the sources that you have either quoted or paraphrased within your work. Sources are usually listed alphabetically by the author's last name. A works cited page is required in addition to parenthetical citations, which are ...
Reference implies the list of sources, that has been referred in the research work. Bibliography is about listing out all the materials which has been consulted during the research work. Only in-text citations, that have been used in the assignment or project. Both in-text citations and other sources, that are used to generate the idea.
There is a small difference between a bibliography and a reference: the former includes all works consulted and the latter only those that are cited in the paper. Should we maintain this technical ... An example of this, is that one of the books (which I read while doing research for my thesis) provided insight I used to prototype the testing ...
Published on March 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield. Revised on August 23, 2022. An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that includes a short descriptive text (an annotation) for each source. It may be assigned as part of the research process for a paper, or as an individual assignment to gather and read relevant sources on a topic.
An annotated bibliography will be much shorter than a research paper, depending on the number of entries. Each annotation has a maximum length of 200 words, while a research paper is 3000 to even 10,000 words or more. Annotated bibliographies focus on a wider subject topic while a research paper is limited to a very specific research question.
An annotated bibliography is a list of resources that you have gathered on a topic that includes an annotation following the reference. Like a References list, annotated bibliographies gather all resources discovered in the research process in one document. Each citation in the bibliography is followed by an annotation, a summary of that source.