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Diffraction Grating Questions and Answers for Viva

Diffraction Grating Viva Questions and Answers

Frequently asked questions and answers of Diffraction Grating in Optics of Physics to enhance your skills, knowledge on the selected topic. We have compiled the best Diffraction Grating Interview question and answer, trivia quiz, mcq questions, viva question, quizzes to prepare. Download Diffraction Grating FAQs in PDF form online for academic course, jobs preparations and for certification exams .

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Interview Question and Answer of Diffraction Grating

Question-1. Define Diffraction?

Answer-1: The phenomenon of bending of light waves around the edges of obstacles and their spreading into the geometrical shadow of the obstacle is called diffraction of light.

Question-2. What is grating?

Answer-2: A grating is a plane glass plate on which a large number of opaque rulings are drawn at equidistance with a diamond head.

Question-3. What is grating element?

Answer-3: It is the distance between the centers of any two successive ruled lines or transparent stripes.

Question-4. Why is light incident on the side of grating which has no rulings?

Answer-4: To avoid refraction of diffracted light.

Question-5. Mention the two types of diffraction?

Answer-5: The two types of diffraction are Fresnel diffraction and Fraunhofer diffraction.

Question-6. What gives a more intense spectrum ? prism or grating?

Answer-6: A prism gives more intense spectrum because in prism entire light is concentrated into one spectrum while in the case of grating light is distributed in the grating spectra of different orders.

Question-7. Why does red color deviate the most in case of grating?

Answer-7: This is so because in case of grating, the angle of diffraction is proportional to the wavelength and the wavelength of red is maximum.

Question-8. What is the type of diffraction in the diffraction grating experiment?

Answer-8: Fraunhofer diffraction is involved because the source and the screen are effectively at infinite distance.

Question-9. When will the even order spectra disappear?

Answer-9: They will disappear if the size of opaque lines and transparent stripes is made equal.

Question-10. What is the difference between prism and grating spectrum?

Answer-10: In grating spectrum violet color is least deviated and red color is most deviated but in prism the reverse is true.

Question-11. What is diffraction grating?

Answer-11: A plane diffraction grating consists of an optically plane glass plate on which number of equidistant, parallel straight lines are ruled.

Question-12. What is grating element?

Answer-12: It is sum of which of transparent and opaque portion is called grating element or granting constant.

Question-13. How is grating element related to the number of ruling per cm?

Answer-13: Grating element is the reciprocal of number of rulings per cm.

Question-14. What is difference between spectra of grating?

Answer-14: Differences between spectra of grating : Prism gives only one spectrum on both sides of the center. The order of the color is reverse in one another. Prism spectrum depends of material of the prism. Grating spectra are independent of material of grating. Prism spectra are due to dispersion of light. The grating spectra are formed by diffraction of light.

Question-15. Are the spectra of different orders of the same intensity?

Answer-15: No, they are of different intensities. The intensity decreases with the increase of the order number.

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LASER Wavelength Determination by Diffraction Grating Method

applications of diffraction grating , diffraction grating , diffraction grating definition , diffraction grating experiment , diffraction grating experiment viva questions , diffraction grating formula , diffraction grating pdf , grating , grating element , Physics , plane diffraction grating , plane transmission grating , radiation , transmission grating , Viva , wavelength of laser light diffraction grating experiment results , what is grating element

Last updated on Wednesday, May 22nd, 2024

Diffraction Grating  

Table of Contents

In this experiment, you determine the laser wavelength using a diffraction grating. To cover all the physical concepts associated with this experiment, I have created this quiz. You can attempt it and learn more about the experiment.

In the video, you can watch the demonstration of the experiment, including the practical lab session with the diffraction grating. The grating is a glass slab that contains a specific number of lines known as grating elements. You might have noticed the text on the glass slab, which reads ‘15000 LPI.’ This stands for ‘15000 lines per inch.

Find LASER Wavelength by a Diffraction Grating

You may know that one inch is equal to 2.54 cm. So, if you want to determine the grating element, you can calculate it mathematically. This can be done during a diffraction grating practical lab using any laser.

During this lab, you will not only learn about the applications of a diffraction grating but also gain insights into plane diffraction gratings. In the experiment, I’ve used the formula nλ = 2d sin θ, although in general, we don’t include the ‘2’ in the diffraction grating formula.

In this diffraction grating experiment, you will observe a pattern of diffracted light. If you’re using white light, you’ll see it split into seven colors. If it’s monochromatic light, you’ll observe only dark and bright regions. For more detailed information, you can refer to this video.

Diffraction grating definition:

A grating is a finely crafted glass slab upon which you can observe multiple slits. Each of these slits is referred to as a ‘grating element,’ and its width is also known as the ‘grating element.’

In the quiz provided below, you’ll find various viva questions related to the diffraction grating experiment. These questions will aid in your understanding of this phenomenon and its practical applications. If your question is ‘What is a grating element?’ it should now be clear to you.

https://apniphysics.com/ruby-laser-construction-working/#google_vignette

1Q. What is full form of the LASER?

• Light Amplification of Spontaneous Emission by Radiation
• Light Amplification of Simple Emitted Radiation
• Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
• Light After Source that is Emitted by Radiation

2Q. What is Interference?

• It is the interaction between two or more waves of the same or close frequencies emitted by the Coherent sources.
• It is an optical phenomenon, that can be seen everywhere.
• This occur when light distribute in random directions
• Interference when grating is placed in the path of laser light and light collect at a certain point.

Interference is the phenomenon based on the principle of superposition. Where intensity distribute of two or more than two waves in a defined manner. For the interference the two sources should emit waves in phase and light of same frequency.

3Q. What is diffraction grating?

• A rectangular type plate of glass on which ruled very close and parallel lines. When monochromatic light falls on it light get diffracted which provides a definite pattern of light.
• A mirror that can diffract the laser light
• A device which is helpful to take the readings in this experiment.
• An optical instrument or device which have several parallel lines.

In this experiment grating is a glass plate ruled with very fine, close and parallel lines. Each line is said to be slit. The number of lines may vary in one inch dimension of the grating. For an example 300 LPI (line per inches), 15000LPI, etc.

4Q. Step to calculate the percentage error:

• Determine the difference between the observed value and the standard value
• divided by the standard value
• now multiply by the 100 to change in percentage
• use label of % in result.

5.  What is grating Element?

• Grating element is the sum of slit width and opaque spacing
• The distance between two consecutive slits
• This is element by which grating is made
• Grating element is a device that we use in experiment for the determination of wavelength.

6.  What is the condition for constructive interference?

• Grating should be clean and straight
• Path difference should be integral multiple of lembda (wavelength) path difference = n x lembda
• Grating should have at least two slits
• Light Source should be a Laser

In order to obtain constructive interference the two rays should arrive at a point in same phase. Also the path difference should be integral multiple of the wavelength.

7.  What are the Laser light characteristics ?

• Highly directional, low angle divergence, monochromatic, coherent, highly intense,
• For DJ nights, decorations, and experiments
• Spontaneous and stimulated emission, population inversion
• two energy levels, excited state life time 10^{-8} sec, remain focus

LASER characteristics are those which remain same for different lasers, whether that is Ruby Laser, Semiconductor laser or He-Ne Laser, etc. In all cases emitted light radiation will be highly direction. That you call uni directional, highly collimated beam, monochromatic, etc. as mention in option one.

8Q. How to find the grating element of a given diffraction grating having 1500 Lines Per Inch (LPI)?

• This is aim of the experiment
• by using the formula n lambda= d sin theta
• In one inch available lines are 15000 it means number of slits available. So one slit i.e. grating element will be=1 inch/15000
• This is standard value which we can determine by the formula

For a given diffraction grating, first you see what text is mentioned on that. This text tells about the number of slits in this glass plate. For an example in this case 15000 lines per inch given. So from the result we will get standard value of grating element that is single slit width d. Use it for percentage error.

1 inch= 2.54 cm

15000 lines=2.54 cm

so this is the standard result for grating element.

By this way you can determine the grating element for a given grating of like 300 LPI, or 500 LPI.

9Q. What is population Inversion?

• Large number of atoms in ground state as compared to the excited state
• Large number of atoms in the higher energy state as compared to the lower energy state
• When metastable state have large enough time to hold the atoms the ground state populated more by atoms, this is called population inversion
• In Ruby Laser we observe the population inversion, where meta stable state get more populated as compared to the excited state

For the LASER action population inversion is must. In an atom, the electrons absorbs the energy and goes in higher states and after spending the life time come back in its original state. This is transition of the electron from one state to the other. Because this reason electronic configuration changes of the atoms. The change in electronic configuration is termed as excited state of the atom correspond to the absorbed energy.

The distribution of the atoms in any state can be defined by the Maxwell-Boltzmann’s distribution law.

Like this one can say that N 1  are the number of atoms are correspond to the E 1  state.  N0 are the total number of atoms.

When atoms stay for longer duration in higher energy state, the amount of atoms in ground state decreases, known as population inversion. This result is opposite to the general case for atoms, where more number of atoms in ground state and few atoms in the excited state.

10Q. Does diffracted Waves can interfere?

11Q. What is the standard value of Red Color wavelength in He-Ne gas LASER?

• 6328 x10^{-10} meter
• 4526 x10^{-10} meter
• 3598 x10^{-10} meter
• 5864 x10^{-10} meter

12Q. What is spontaneous and stimulated emission process?

• In spontaneous emission, atom remain in excited state for the definite time period and after that jumps in lower energy state without any induction
• Spontaneous emission process is that process in which atom jumps from one state to the other along with emission and absorption of the light
• During the period of atomic excitation (in higher energy state of atom) one spontaneously emitted photon or incident photon interact electromagnetically with it (induce excite atom). As a result a photon emits with same nature as of the incident one. This is stimulated emission.
• When atom is in excited state an incident photon interact with it and as a result it get induce. This induced atom emits two photon of same frequency.

In LASER there are two process one is of absorption and the other of emission. Further emission of photon may be either through spontaneously or by stimulated process. For the LASER light stimulate emission is required. In stimulated emission one photon emit from the excited atom and second photon is just the incident one.

13.  Why do you use n lambda = d sin theta formula? What is the origin to derive this formula for this experiment?

• Constructive interference condition
• Destructive Interference condition
• Farting element condition
• None of these

This equation is condition for constructive interference i.e. maxima.

n is the order of maxima, n=1 first order; n=2 second order, etc.

λ is the wavelength of laser light

d is spacing between slit

is the angle for 1st, 2nd or 3rd ordered patterns. Which you determine by the geometry.

R.H.S. is the path difference between two waves which interfere at the screen which is D distance away from the grating.

L.H.S. is the condition for maxima i.e. constructive interference.

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Good questions.. looking forward for more on different topics and experiments as per the present bsc. Course

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Optics – Diffraction, Resolving and Dispersive Power [VIVA QUESTIONS]

Diffraction:

• Explain diffraction of light.
• What is the difference between diffraction and interference?
• Distinguish between Fraunhoffer and Fresnel’s classes of Diffraction.
• What is the significance of this phenomenon?
• Object of what size is needed to diffract a light wave?
• Why is diffraction easily observed for sound waves but not light waves?

Plane Transmission Grating:

• What is a plane transmission grating?
• What is reflection grating?
• Define grating Element.
• What is the effect of increasing the number lines per cm of the grating on the diffraction pattern?
• What type of grating is used in the experiment?
• Distinguish between a grating and prismatic spectra.
• What will happen if you illuminate the slit with white light?
• What happens if the ruled surface of the grating faces the collimator?
• What are the uses of a diffraction grating?
• Does the separation of spectral lines remain the same in different orders of the spectra?
• In the experiment on diffraction grating what kind of diffraction occurs and how?

Resolving and Dispersive Power

• Define ‘resolving power’ and ‘dispersive power’. How are they mathematically expressed?
• What is Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution?
• Upon what factors does the resolving power of a grating depend?
• The twosodium lines appear as separate in the 2nd order but not in the first order. Why?
• Upon what factors does the dispersive power of a grating depend?
• Differentiate between dispersive power and resolving power of a grating.
• What will happen to the dispersive power if the number of lines in the same space is doubled?
• How can one increase the resolving power of the grating, keeping the same dispersive power?

I’m a physicist specializing in computational material science with a PhD in Physics from Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Germany. I write efficient codes for simulating light-matter interactions at atomic scales. I like to develop Physics, DFT, and Machine Learning related apps and software from time to time. Can code in most of the popular languages. I like to share my knowledge in Physics and applications using this Blog and a YouTube channel.

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Laser & diffraction grating.

August 29, 2017 English Posts , Light 74,298 Views

With the new Laser He-Ne (described in the Laser He-Ne post), you can easily test the physical properties of the diffraction grating . We propose, in particular, to measure the pitch of the grating through the measurement of the diffraction produced on the He-Ne laser beam.

The Diffraction Grating

When a collimated beam of light passes through an aperture, or if it encounters an obstacle, it spreads out and the resulting pattern contains bright and dark regions. This effect is called diffraction , and it is characteristic of all wave phenomena. It can be understood by considering the interference between different parts of the wavefront, which was altered in passing through the aperture. The angle of of diffraction is of order  λ / d with λ  the wavelength and d the dimension of the aperture. Thus, for visible light, apertures in the range 10-100 μm produce easily resolved diffraction patterns. The diffraction phenomena has been treated in the post  Light as a Wave : Slit Diffraction .

If instead of a single slit, two slits are illuminated by a plane wavefront, a series of interference fringes parallel to the slits will appear on a far screen, as shown in the image below.

This is the classical experiment of Thomas Young (1800). If the spacing between the slits is d and the width of the slits  b  is greater than the wavelength, the Fraunhofer diffraction equation gives the intensity of the diffracted light as:

Where the sinc function is defined as sinc( x ) = sin( x )/( x ) for  x  ≠ 0, and sinc(0) = 1. The sinc function includes the effects of diffraction due to the width of the slits.

The intensity of the principal maxima can be calculated and it decreases as the diffraction order is increased, as shown in the image below.

Experimental Setup and Gratings Measurements

The experimental setup is very simple and consists in pointing the beam laser emitted from the He-Ne source on the diffraction grating. The beam undergoes diffraction and produces on the screen behind the grating the diffraction pattern with the first and second order maxima. Measuring the distance between the grating and the screen and measuring the position of the maxima is immediate to obtain the angles  θ m  and from these we can calculate the grating pitch, using the equation previously described and knowing that λ  is 632.8 nm. In the image below you can see the laser, the diffraction grating and the screen on which you can see the luminous spots corresponding to the diffraction maxima.

From the measurements made with the Paton – Hawksley grating on the first and second order diffraction maxima we obtained the following data:

First Order – θ1  = 0.402 rad – d = λ / sin( θ1 )   = 1.62 μm which corresponds to a pitch of  617 l/mm Second Order – θ2  = 0.873 rad – d = 2λ / sin( θ2 )   = 1.65 μm which corresponds to a pitch of  605 l/mm

With the holographic grating for the first order we obtained the following data:

First Order – θ1  = 0.675 rad – d = λ / sin( θ1 )   = 0.99 μm which corresponds to a pitch of 1012 l/mm

As you can see, the results obtained fit quite well with nominal grating data .

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Gamma Spectroscopy with KC761B

Abstract: in this article, we continue the presentation of the new KC761B device. In the previous post, we described the apparatus in general terms. Now we mainly focus on the gamma spectrometer functionality.

Required Practical: Young's Slit Experiment & Diffraction Gratings ( AQA A Level Physics )

Revision note.

Required Practical: Young's Slit Experiment & Diffraction Gratings

Equipment list.

• Metre ruler = ±1 mm
• Vernier Callipers = ±0.01 mm

Young’s Double-Slit Experiment

The overall aim of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between the slit-screen distance, D , and the fringe width, w

• Independent variable = Distance between the slits and the screen, D
• Dependent variable = Fringe width, w
• Wavelength of laser light, λ
• Slit separation, s

The setup of apparatus required to measure the fringe width w for different values of D

• Set up the apparatus by fixing the laser and the slits to a retort stand and place the screen so that D is 0.5 m, measured using the metre ruler
• Darken the room and turn on the laser
• Measure from the central fringe across many fringes using the vernier callipers and divide by the number of fringe widths to find the fringe width, w
• Increase the distance D by 0.1 m and repeat the procedure, increasing it by 0.1 m each time up to around 1.5 m
• Repeat the experiment twice more and calculate and record the mean fringe width w for each distance D
• An example table might look like this:

Analysing the Results

• The fringe spacing equation is given by:

• w = the distance between each fringe (m)
• λ = the wavelength of the laser light (m)
• D = the distance between the slit and the screen (m)
• s = the slit separation (m)
• Gradient = λ / s (unitless)
• Plot a graph of w against D and draw a line of best fit
• The wavelength of the laser light is equal to the gradient multiplied by the slit separation, because:

Interference by a Diffraction Grating

The overall aim of this experiment is to calculate the wavelength of the laser light using a diffraction grating

• Information on how a diffraction grating works can be found in the revision note 3.4.2 The Diffraction Grating
• Independent variable = Distance between maxima, h
• Dependent variable = The angle between the normal and each order, θ n (where n = 1, 2, 3 etc)
• Distance between the slits and the screen, D
• Laser wavelength, λ
• Slit separation, d

The setup of apparatus required to measure the distance between maxima h at different angles θ

• Place the laser on a retort stand and the diffraction grating in front of it
• Use a set square to ensure the beam passes through the grating at normal incidence and meets the screen perpendicularly
• Set the distance D between the grating and the screen to be 1.0 m using a metre ruler
• Identify the zero-order maximum (the central beam)
• Measure the distance h to the nearest two first-order maxima (i.e. n = 1, n = 2) using a vernier calliper
• Calculate the mean of these two values
• Measure distance h for increasing orders
• Repeat with a diffraction grating that has a different number of slits per mm

The diffraction grating equation is given by:

n λ = d sin θ

• n = the order of the diffraction pattern
• d = the distance between the slits (m)
• θ = the angle between the normal and the maxima
• The distance between the slits is equal to:

• N = the number of slits per metre (m –1 )
• Since the angle is not small, it must be calculated using trigonometry with the measurements for the distance between maxima, h , and the distance between the slits and the screen, D

• Calculate a mean θ value for each order
• This is usually 635 nm for a standard school red laser

Evaluating the Experiments

Systematic errors:

• Ensure the use of the set square to avoid parallax error in the measurement of the fringe width
• Using a grating with more lines per mm will result in greater values of h. This lowers its percentage uncertainty
• Measure the distance between each bright fringe from the centre of each bright spot

Random errors:

• The fringe spacing can be subjective depending on its intensity on the screen, therefore, take multiple measurements of w and h (between 3-8) and find the average
• Use a Vernier scale to record distances w and h to reduce percentage uncertainty
• Reduce the uncertainty in w and h by measuring across all visible fringes and dividing by the number of fringes
• Increase the grating to screen distance D to increase the fringe separation (although this may decrease the intensity of light reaching the screen)
• Conduct the experiment in a darkened room, so the fringes are clear

Safety Considerations

• Lasers should be Class 2 and have a maximum output of no more than 1 mW
• Do not allow laser beams to shine into anyone’s eyes
• Remove reflective surfaces from the room to ensure no laser light is reflected into anyone’s eyes

Worked example

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• Understanding Diffraction Grating Experiment
• Physics experiments

Welcome to our comprehensive guide on understanding diffraction grating experiments! In the world of physics, optics experiments are a fundamental part of understanding how light behaves and interacts with different materials. One of the most fascinating and useful experiments in this field is the diffraction grating experiment. This experiment allows us to observe and measure the properties of light, such as wavelength and intensity, as it passes through a diffraction grating. Whether you are a student, researcher, or simply interested in the wonders of physics, this article will provide you with all the necessary information to understand and conduct a successful diffraction grating experiment.

So let's dive into the world of diffraction gratings and unravel the mysteries of light together. In this article, we will dive into the world of diffraction grating experiment and discover its significance in the field of physics. Whether you are a student looking to conduct experiments or a professional seeking to stay updated on the latest research, this article will provide all the necessary information you need to know. We will begin by discussing the basic concepts of diffraction grating, including its definition, types, and properties. This will give readers a clear understanding of what a diffraction grating is and how it works.

A diffraction grating is a device used to separate light into its component wavelengths, allowing for the study of light properties and phenomena. There are two main types of diffraction gratings: transmission and reflection. Both types have their own unique characteristics and applications. Next, we will move on to cover the different formulas and equations related to diffraction grating experiment, including the grating equation and the intensity distribution formula . These formulas may seem complex at first, but we will break them down into simple explanations and provide examples to make them easier to understand.

The grating equation relates the wavelength of light with the angle of diffraction, while the intensity distribution formula predicts the intensity of light at different angles of diffraction. Furthermore, we will delve into the practical aspect of diffraction grating experiment. We will guide readers through the step-by-step process of setting up a diffraction grating experiment and conducting measurements. This will include a list of materials needed and detailed instructions on how to carry out the experiment. Common problems that may arise during the experiment will also be discussed, along with troubleshooting techniques. For those looking for additional resources and tutorials, we will provide a list of recommended websites, videos, and books that cover diffraction grating experiment in detail.

Formulas and Equations

Intensity distribution formula:, understanding diffraction grating.

It involves the use of a device called a diffraction grating, which is a thin, flat surface with a series of parallel lines or grooves etched into it. These lines act as a series of parallel slits, causing light to diffract and create a distinct pattern. There are two main types of diffraction gratings: transmission and reflection. Transmission gratings allow light to pass through the material, while reflection gratings reflect light back. Both types have their own unique properties and uses. The properties of a diffraction grating depend on the spacing between the lines, also known as the grating constant.

Conducting a Diffraction Grating Experiment

• Start by setting up the diffraction grating in a well-lit area. The grating should be placed at a distance from the light source, with the screen or detector placed behind it.
• Turn on the light source and adjust its position until a clear pattern of diffracted light is visible on the screen or detector.
• Measure the distance between the diffraction grating and the screen or detector, as well as the angle of incidence and diffraction.
• Repeat the experiment with different light sources and distances to gather more data and compare results.
• Ensure that the diffraction grating is clean and free of any obstructions or defects.
• Check that the light source is strong enough to produce clear diffraction patterns.
• Make sure that the distance between the grating and screen/detector is appropriate for the type of diffraction being studied.

Resources and Applications

Books: If you prefer a more in-depth study of the diffraction grating experiment, there are several books that can help. Some recommended titles include Fundamentals of Photonics by Bahaa E. A. Saleh and Malvin Carl Teich, and Introduction to Optics by Frank L.

Real-World Applications:

In telecommunications, diffraction gratings are used to split and combine light signals in fiber optic networks. By now, readers should have a thorough understanding of diffraction grating experiment and its importance in the field of physics. We have covered everything from the basic concepts to practical applications, and provided additional resources for further learning. Whether you are a student or a professional, we hope this article has been informative and helpful in your understanding of diffraction grating.

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