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PhD Candidate vs Student: What’s the Difference?

Many people use the terms “PhD student” and “PhD candidate” interchangeably. However, these terms actually mean something quite different, including a different status level at universities.

We’re here to define the differences between a PhD candidate vs student, as well as other essential information, before you continue your educational journey.

Table of Contents

What I s a PhD student?

A doctoral student is anyone who is enrolled in a doctorate degree, also referred to as a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) program. PhD students are typically required to complete a certain number of course credits and sit qualifying exams. Next, they can move on to conduct research and present it in the form of a dissertation.

A PhD is centered around self-directed research and possibly teaching/running tutorials, but they typically also involve a substantial amount of coursework and require attending classes, either online or in person.

Unlike candidates, PhD students are in the process of completing the required coursework for the degree. They haven’t passed the relevant qualifying exams yet.

What Is a PhD Candidate?

A PhD candidate has completed the required coursework and passed the qualifying exams for their doctorate program. They are currently working on their dissertation.

Most PhD students need to go through an application process  and show they meet certain requirements such as a relevant master’s degree . To become a PhD candidate, doctoral students need to pass an internal application process, typically involving a set of exams.

This stage involves significant research usually in innovative areas and incorporating this into a dissertation (this stage is sometimes referred to as “all but dissertation” [ABD]), as they’ve completed all other aspects of the program and satisfied these requirements. To complete their doctoral journey, a PhD candidate must defend their dissertation. Once they’ve successfully done this, they will be awarded their degree and move from PhD candidate to doctor of their chosen field.

PhD Candidate vs Student: 6 Key Differences

There are a number of key differences between a PhD student vs PhD candidate, from their status to the structure and nature of study.

Note: Some universities have recently started adopting hybrid approaches (where there is no clear difference between PhD students and PhD candidates). These programs don’t involve any qualifying exams and students typically begin the dissertation as part of their coursework. Most schools, however, continue with the traditional distinction between a PhD candidate and PhD student.

1. Program Stage

A PhD student could be at any stage of the doctoral program . Coursework still needs to be completed and qualifying exams must be passed. Students may be in the initial stage of the program or about to complete the coursework (before beginning their research).

On the other hand, a PhD candidate has completed all coursework and has at least started their research. They may have completed their dissertation and are preparing to defend it.

2. Research Progress

A PhD student may not have selected their research topic or settled on a particular research question. A candidate’s research is in progress and they should already have a clear research question.

3. Relationship with Advisors

A PhD student may not yet have an advisor. A candidate has an established working relationship with their advisor and works closely with them to complete their research and dissertation.

4. Level of Support

Although they work closely with an advisor, a PhD candidate is generally expected to work more independently than a student enrolled in a doctoral student. Once candidates reach this stage of their doctorate, they typically won’t receive as much direction or supervision.

5. Flexibility and Structure

Understandably, PhD candidates have more freedom and flexibility in their work. Most candidates choose their area of research, as well as the methods used to conduct their work. As part of their coursework, PhD students usually have to work within a set structure (e.g., completing core subjects, meeting deadlines).

Being a PhD candidate comes with a certain degree of status. If they’ve demonstrated a degree of expertise through completing qualifying exams, candidates can put the letters PhD(c) after their name.

Tips for PhD Candidates

A PhD is an advanced degree designed to demonstrate expertise in a given field, as well as high-level skills and abilities in various areas (including research and writing). As such, earning a doctorate can be a challenging process.

The following tips for doctoral candidates will help you put your best foot forward and set yourself up for success.

Stay Organized

Because PhD candidates have to balance many competing priorities, organization is essential. Using organizational tools such as calendars,  note-taking apps , and project management software can help you keep track of deadlines and meet your targets.

Focus on Your Research

PhD candidates likely have busy schedules with plenty of demands (such as teaching commitments and crafting a dissertation). As it’s the backbone of any doctoral program, be sure to prioritize this part of your work and monitor progress to stay on track.

Actively Seek Out Feedback

Because PhD candidates often work independently, there’s a risk of feeling isolated. Ask your advisors, mentors, and fellow candidates for feedback and advice. This will help ensure that you’re considering all aspects of your research question and multiple solutions, rather than focusing too intensely on a single area.

Take Advantage of Networking Opportunities

Networking is one of the biggest benefits for PhD candidates, so take full advantage of these events. Use this time to build a strong network of professors, advisors, fellow candidates, and other professionals you meet at conferences and events.

Take Care of Yourself

A PhD program can be taxing, and it’s easy for your mental and physical health to take a backseat. Make sure you exercise, eat well, and get enough sleep . Remember: Resting and recharging is crucial for working on your dissertation.

How Long Is a Typical PhD Candidacy?

Most PhD students require 1-2 years to complete their coursework and pass their qualifying exams. However, the length of a PhD candidacy is much more open. In most cases, programs take between two and five years, depending on:

• the complexity of the field of research
• the candidate’s other commitments, such as teaching load
• other abilities, such as a candidate’s level of organization.

Once a PhD candidate has completed their dissertation, they have to defend it successfully before a panel of faculty members before they can earn their doctorate degree. This process of defending a PhD dissertation can take several months.

Some universities specify a maximum length for PhD candidacy duration. For example, Carnegie Mellon University limits this to six years .

Benefits of Being a PhD Candidate

Being a PhD candidate can be rewarding for several reasons:

1. Research Opportunities

You’ll be exposed to vast research opportunities in your field. You may contribute to valuable discoveries while developing advanced knowledge and skills.

2. Networking

Through your PhD candidacy, you’ll also be in a great position to build gain a stronger network of fellow professionals.

3. Critical Thinking

A PhD candidacy can help you develop high intellectual independence and critical thinking skills.

4. Career Opportunitie s

A PhD is an advanced degree that allows you to build a rewarding career in the academic, government, and private sectors. PhD-holders can also expect to earn more than other graduates and are most likely to find a job.

5. Salaries

According to Northeastern University , professionals with a doctorate degree earn an average annual salary of $99,290 on average (and much more for the highest-paid PhDs ) and have a 1.5% unemployment rate. For master’s degree holders, the average annual salary is $81,867 average annual salary and a 2.6% unemployment rate.

6. Personal Fulfillment

Being a PhD candidate can help you pursue your passions. This advanced qualification will allow you to become a specialist in your chosen field, allowing you to hone in on the exact subject thatl fulfills you the most.

Qualifying Exams to Become a PhD Candidate

While requirements vary by program, to become a PhD candidate, most students will need to pass a set of exams. These will test students’ knowledge in the field, measure their research skills, and ensure they’re ready to start their dissertation research.

Traditionally, qualifying exams for PhD candidates involved a written test and an oral exam. These will cover a range of topics related to your field of study, with the oral component designed to demonstrate your level of understanding.

Some universities have recently started to issue doctoral students with a set of questions and have them submit the answers within a set timeframe (usually around two weeks). Other schools ask prospective doctoral candidates to submit a dissertation proposal instead of an exam.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can a phd candidate be called a doctor.

In most cases, a doctoral candidate cannot be called a doctor until after they successfully defend their dissertation and receive their doctorate.

Can I Put ‘PhD Candidate’ after My Name?

Once you’ve passed qualifying exams and embarked on dissertation research, you’re technically entitled to put “PhD candidate” or “PhD (c)” after your name. However, this is uncommon and not always recommended. It is generally more acceptable to mention that you are pursuing a doctorate (along with the field of research and university) or that you expect to complete your PhD in a certain year (on your CV and online profiles).

How Long Can You Be a PhD Candidate?

There isn’t a set length of time that a person can be a PhD candidate. The length of candidacy depends on a range of factors, including the subject of research and program requirements. Most PhD candidates complete this phase in around 3-5 years (where some university programs have set limits).

Do PhD Students Take Classes?

Yes, most PhD students must take classes and complete coursework as part of the first 1-2 years of their doctorate program. Once they’ve completed this coursework and passed qualifying exams, they move on to work on their research dissertation. At this stage, they’ll be considered a PhD candidate.

Key Takeaways

Now that you know the differences between PhD candidates vs. students, you’ve got a deeper understanding of how to obtain a doctorate. However you slice it, both will help you build your knowledge and skills to become an expert in your field.

However the program is structured, a PhD is a highly valuable degree that allows you to become a high-level professional and build a successful career.

If you know a PhD candidate who’s celebrating their accomplishments soon? Take a look at this guide to the best PhD graduation gifts .

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Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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The Life of a PhD Student: Understanding the Reality and Challenges

A PhD journey is more than an academic endeavour; it’s an immersion into a unique lifestyle full of discovery, hardship, and growth. But what exactly does life as a PhD student entail?

To truly understand the PhD experience, we first need to decipher the meaning of being a PhD candidate . It’s more than just studying; it’s about developing a unique research proposal, producing a significant contribution to your field, and ultimately proving your worth as an independent scholar.

Central to the life of a PhD student is time management skill. With research, classes, teaching assignments, and more on their plate, maintaining a balanced schedule is crucial. A look at a typical PhD student schedule can offer insights into how doctoral candidates juggle their varied responsibilities.

One might also wonder, what do PhD students do outside the purview of their research? The reality encompasses a multitude of activities, including attending conferences, publishing articles, participating in departmental duties, and sometimes even managing their own classes.

Beyond the tasks, there’s a tangible environment that plays an integral role in a PhD student’s life – the PhD student office . This is where they spend long hours reading, writing, analysing data, and sometimes, simply thinking. It’s a space for both collaborative discussions and intense individual focus.

Age, too, has a role in the PhD student journey. While some start their doctorate journey immediately after their master’s, others opt for the path later in life. The average age of a PhD student varies significantly, with many factors influencing the decision to pursue this highest academic degree. Data on the typical graduate student age can provide a broader perspective on this topic.

Ultimately, the PhD student experience is a personal journey that’s simultaneously challenging and rewarding. It’s a time of intense learning and personal growth, where students evolve from being consumers of knowledge to producers of novel insights.

Life as a PhD student is an intertwining of passion, dedication, resilience, and intellectual curiosity. And, while the journey can be tough, it is these experiences that shape the future academics, thinkers, and leaders of our world.

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• The Daily Life of a PhD Student

Written by Hannah Slack

The daily life of a PhD student can be quite a departure from what you’ve experienced as an undergraduate or Masters student. You’ll have much more independence and little to no ‘taught’ elements. Your average week will likely involve a similar amount of PhD study hours to a full-time job. This will include some teaching and administrative responsibilities.

This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student. We’ll also explain how your daily life will look as you progress through a doctoral degree.

On this page

What does the daily life of a phd student look like.

It might seem like a cliché, but the reality is that isn’t really a typical day for a PhD student. Your daily routine will depend on several different factors, from your research area and the stage of your PhD to what you’ve agreed with your supervisor and your own learning style. We’ve covered the main aspects that will affect how you spend your PhD below.

Subject area

If you’re doing a PhD in the Arts and Humanities , you probably won’t be surprised to learn that you’ll spend a fair chunk of your time reading texts or in the library. This is where you’ll do the bulk of your research. However, depending on the nature of your topic you may visit special collections and archives to view rare books and papers elsewhere.

In the Social Sciences , you’re also likely to spend plenty of time reading. However, you might also find yourself conducting research via surveys or interviews, as well as handling large amounts of data.

STEM PhDs usually involve lots of time in the laboratory, performing experiments and testing out hypotheses. You’ll probably also help supervise undergraduate and Masters students while they conduct work in the laboratory, making sure they’re using the right techniques.

Learning style

Your learning style will also have an effect on your daily routine as a PhD student. The independence afforded by a PhD means that you’ll have plenty of freedom to choose your own ‘working’ hours – as well as where they take place.

Some people value the regularity of a 9-5 schedule, while others may find that they’re more productive early in the morning or later in the evening (or a mixture of all three!). Similarly, you may have the freedom to choose where you want to study. This could be at home, in the library, a local café or a shared workspace with other PhD students.

The stage of your PhD

How far you are into your PhD is another big factor in your daily routine. Your first year will largely involve you getting to grips with your research area. You’ll familiarise yourself with the literature and beginning to lay the groundwork for what will become your PhD thesis .

Second year will see you taking on extra responsibilities, such as teaching or laboratory supervision, as well as undertaking the bulk of your research.

Your third and fourth years will usually be dedicating to writing up your research and producing your thesis, culminating in your PhD viva . This is typically the busiest – and most important! – period of a PhD.

Supervisor meetings

Meetings with your PhD supervisor will take place on a regular basis and are an excellent opportunity to provide updates, ask for advice and get their opinion on drafts. The frequency of these meeting will largely be up to you and your supervisor to agree on, but you can expect them to form an important part of your routine as and when they happen.

How many hours of study is a PhD?

As a general rule, you should expect a full-time PhD to account for 35 hours of work a week – the equivalent of a full-time, 9-5 job. It’s likely that during especially busy periods – such as when you’re writing up – you may work considerably longer hours.

If you’re studying a part-time PhD , your workload will be halved, at around 17 and a half hours per week. Depending on your schedule, this might be across a full week or a few days.

Universities rarely impose a number or pattern of work hours on PhD students, so it’ll be up to you to manage your time effectively. Most of the time, attendance is to do with regular meetings, set departmental deadlines and timely submission of written work.

Whatever your mode of study, it’s important to strike a healthy work-life balance. Peer pressure, demanding supervisors and extreme expectations may make you feel like you have to put in lots of hours. But you should remember that over-exerting yourself won’t necessarily lead to gains in productivity.

This is why some universities prescribe a maximum number of academic-related work, as low as six hours a week (you’ll often see 12-16 hours max) and why off-campus work sometimes require special permission (fairly rare but it happens).

PhD student workloads and holidays

The coursework requirement is likely to be higher at the beginning of your PhD and, while not really measured in hours, this will dictate how often you are on campus. In the UK, you will have some requirements in terms of transferrable skills training (in teaching, professional development and academic skills, for example) and your university may have a minimum number of hours of such courses you must take.

As you progress in your PhD, your workload will become progressively heavier, culminating in the period where you write up your research.

PhD annual leave

Funded PhD students at UK universities are usually entitled to annual leave during their studies, as stipulated in the conditions for their studentship.

The exact amount differs from institution to institution (and according to how you’re funded), but generally speaking you can expect between 25 and 30 days of annual leave if you’re a full-time PhD student, in addition to public holidays.

Part-time funded students will receive half of this allocation. If you’re a self-funded PhD student, you won’t have annual leave per se. But you also won’t be beholden to the same conditions attached to a studentship.

You’ll need to give an appropriate amount of notice to your supervisor and / or colleagues, as well as using the university’s booking system for annual leave.

Do PhD students get summers off?

No, you’ll be expected to continue working on your research throughout the summer – there’s no dedicated summer holiday period in addition to the annual leave you’re entitled to as a PhD student.

PhD responsibilities

The ultimate responsibility for good academic conduct and for successful completion of the PhD lies with you.

However, it’s a slightly different situation if you’re studying a PhD in a country where students are usually treated as a member of research staff (common in the Netherlands , France , Sweden and Norway , to give a few examples).

In these cases, you’ll have an employment contract and will be subject to the same regulations as a member of staff. Similarly, if you are doing an ‘industrial’ PhD, or if your funder has specific rules, you should make sure that you find out whether there is a strict pattern of work you should adhere to.

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Is your supervisor moving universities? Or have you discovered another doctoral programme that better suits your goals? In this guide we take a look at how you can transfer a PhD to another university.

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How the PhD Program Works

Program Overview

Completing your doctorate at Wharton requires 5 years of full-time study. The first 2 years in the program prepare you for admission to candidacy by taking courses, qualifying exams, and starting research projects. In the last few years, you are primarily conducting research full-time including writing and defending your doctoral dissertation.

Admission to candidacy.

You begin by taking courses required for your program of study. All programs requires a preliminary exam, which may be either oral or written.

Some programs may have further requirements, such as an additional exam or research paper. If you enter with a master’s degree or other transfer credit, you may satisfy the formal course requirements more quickly.

Beginning the Wharton PhD Curriculum How the first two years of the Wharton program helped students discover their interests, learn the tools of the profession, and fuel their passion for teaching.

The Doctoral Dissertation

Upon successful completion of coursework and passing a preliminary examination, you are admitted to candidacy for the dissertation phase of your studies.

Your doctoral dissertation should contain original research that meets standards for published scholarship in your field. You are expected to be an expert in the topic you choose to research.

You are admitted to candidacy for the dissertation phase of your studies upon successful completion of coursework and passing a preliminary examination, but you can start thinking about and working on research of relevance at any time.

The dissertation process culminates with a “defense,” in which you defend the proposal orally before your dissertation committee.

While working on your dissertation, you interact extensively with Wharton faculty. Together with interested faculty, you create your own research community that includes your dissertation advisor and dissertation committee.

Policies and Procedures

Get more detailed explanation of course requirements, academic standards, the Teacher Development Program, time limits, and dissertation procedures and requirements.

Sample Program Sequence

Years 1 & 2.

Coursework Examination Research Papers Research Activities Field-Specific Requirements

Directed Reading & Research Admission to Candidacy Formulation of Research Topic

Years 4 & 5

Continued Research Oral Examination Dissertation

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Five Truths About Graduate School That Nobody Tells You

The importance of shifting from the "student" to the "professional" mentality..

Posted October 28, 2013 | Reviewed by Jessica Schrader

There are some crucial things to know about graduate school that are not typically discussed out in the open, but that could make all the difference for you (or for your graduate students). It ultimately boils down to this: The ultimate key to graduate school is transitioning from a “student” mentality to a “professional” mentality. Having published 23 articles in research journals before graduating, I think I successfully made this change of mindset and I can help you to do so, as well. Here are five important truths to assist you in making this transition.

Truth #1: Graduate School Is Not School at All, but an Apprenticeship.

The term “school” makes you think that the most important aspect of this experience is class and that you are a student who must do well in the class. However, your goal is not to get straight As, but to learn to become a productive, independent researcher. A more fitting term for graduate school would be “professorial apprenticeship.” The apprenticeship system was first developed in the later middle ages to help novice tradesman to learn a skilled vocation (such as carpentry) from a master teacher. This is the true purpose of graduate school, to learn the trade (publishing) by doing the trade, not by simply reading about it and talking about it in classes. If you were the manager of a large furniture manufacturer looking to hire someone, would you be more interested in applicants who had read a lot about building furniture, knew all the theory behind it, etc., or would you like to hire someone who had already built several pieces under the hands of a master teacher?

Truth #2: Your Career Starts on Your First Day of Graduate School

People with the “student” mentality think that their career begins when they get the coveted tenure-track position and they procrastinate seriously doing the research job that they’ve been hired to do. Those with the “professional” mentality recognize that everything they do as a graduate student counts towards their overall record and they begin to work on publications immediately. They show up every day ready to work on their job of publishing rather than spending most of their time preparing for their enhancement workshops (class). They know what the priority is and their time allocation reflects this. An important facet of this recognition is to not be limited by the clock. Those with the “student” mentality work until their assigned 10 or 20 research assistantship hours are complete, whereas those with the “professional” mentality know that any additional time they spend on this core task will be “counted” toward getting a job and future advancement and so they do not limit themselves to time for which they are being paid. I often put in two to three times the hours that I was paid for and believe me it paid off. Think of yourself not as a student logging in some hours, but as a salaried professional working toward a promotion.

Truth #3: Grades Don’t Really Matte

As an undergraduate, I was a grade-grubber. I would study long hours and then show up to office hours to demonstrate to the professor why my answer on the test should get partial credit so that I could get an A rather than an A-. That was important back then, but it sure isn’t in graduate school. This was so clear to me as I applied for a job at over 70 universities. How many asked me for my transcripts? One. Don’t just take my word for it. In A Guide to Ph.D. Graduate School: How They Keep Score in the Big Leagues , Charles Lord (2004) writes the following:

Since I have been in my department, we have hired more than half the current faculty. I have been intensively involved in all of these searches, both during the time I was department chair and later. Would it surprise you to know that I have never seen the graduate transcript of any of my colleagues? We do not request a transcript of graduate grades because my colleagues and I would regard that information as useless. We are trying to hire the best scholars, not people who got the best grades in their graduate courses (p.10).

What you have created (your publications) is ultimately the best evidence of a successful apprenticeship and your best selling point. I'm not recommending that you not put in a good effort in class, because you will learn things that will help your publishing and in most programs, you still need a B to pass the class. In some programs, you may lose your funding if you don't meet a certain threshold and certainly if you are just getting a Master's and plan to get a Ph.D. elsewhere, your grades matter. So do try to do pretty well, but I'm just saying that it just shouldn't be your top priority as you don't have to get perfect grades anymore. There's a huge difference in effort from an A- to an A or a B+ to an A-. Put that effort into research.

Truth #4: You Can’t Afford to Check Out For Long Breaks Like Undergraduates

Individuals with the “student” mentality follow the same pattern as undergraduates. Once finals are over, they live it up and check out all through Christmas break and the summer. Life and priorities are scheduled around class. However, with a professional mentality, you realize that you can’t afford to take such long breaks because you’ve got a job to do that is not centered on class. Everything is scheduled around research. I’m not suggesting that you need to become a workaholic . Have some fun, play hard, but don’t play as long as the undergrads because you have already started your career and everything you do counts. For example, those with the professional mentality enjoy the extra time in the summer, unencumbered with classes, to make huge strides in their publishing.

Truth #5: Theses and Dissertations Can Actually Hamper Your Progress

Whoa, you might say, this guy is really radical, how can a thesis or dissertation actually hurt you? Aren’t these research-based, after all? It’s true that going through the research process and getting some extra input and supervision can help you learn the craft. But here’s when it can be counterproductive: when doing this project is perceived as the ultimate objective and the ultimate achievement you should strive for. Let me illustrate. I’ll never forget running my first experiment in a computer lab that was shared by several other graduate students and everyone kept asking me, “So is this for your master’s thesis or for your dissertation?” After a while, I felt like screaming, “No, don’t you get it, there’s more to graduate school than a stupid dissertation. I’m doing this just for the sake of publishing an article!” Focusing on a dissertation gives those with a “student” mentality a false sense of accomplishment as if they have now completed their research requirement. Truly these milestones exist, in my opinion, to give structure for the weakest of students to get them some exposure to the research process. My graduate advisor wisely counseled me to have multiple manuscript projects underway and then when it came time for my dissertation, I could decide which project was at the “right stage” to call my dissertation. Obviously, you need to complete these hurdles, but they can be completed as one step toward your bigger goal of publishing several manuscripts.

Making the mental switch from the “student” mentality to the “professional” mentality will make all the difference for you or for your graduate students. I am curious to hear from you: which of these truths did you find to be most surprising? I cover all of these core truths in much greater depth with helpful application exercises in my book, Publish and Prosper .

Take Action

I encourage you to take action now to change your outlook of graduate school by completing some "wrap-up exercises" that will help you apply the important principles I've discussed here. Simply go to my website , click on "Book Exercise Downloads," and then click on the free download of "Chapter 14 Wrap-Up Exercises." This will be very helpful for you to cement the principles I have discussed.

Nathaniel Lambert, Ph.D. , is a psychology professor at the University of Utah.

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What is a PhD? Advice for PhD students

How long does it take to get a doctorate degree how do you get into grad school are you qualified to do a phd answers to these questions and more.

What is a PhD?

A PhD, which stands for “doctor of philosophy”, is the most advanced academic degree. It’s earned through extensive research on a specific topic, demonstrating expertise and contributing new knowledge to the field.

What does “PhD” mean?

The term “PhD” is often used as a synonym for any doctoral-level qualification. Doctorate degrees can often be split into two categories: MPhil and PhD.

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An MPhil is similar to a PhD as it includes a research element (which is usually shorter and less in-depth than a PhD thesis, and often more akin to a dissertation undertaken at undergraduate or master’s level). 

MPhil students focus more on interpreting existing knowledge and theory and critically evaluating other people’s work rather than producing their own research. The precise nature and definition of an MPhil can vary among institutions and countries. 

A PhD, meanwhile, follows a more widely known and traditional route and requires students, often referred to as “candidates”, to produce their own work and research on a new area or topic to a high academic standard.

PhD requirements vary significantly among countries and institutions. The PhD, once completed, grants the successful candidate the title of “doctor of philosophy”, also called PhD or DPhil.

What is a professional doctorate?

A professional doctorate is a kind of degree that helps people become experts in their fields. Instead of focusing mainly on theory and research like a regular PhD, a professional doctorate is all about practical skills and knowledge.

This kind of doctorate is great for students who want to get better at their jobs in areas like teaching, healthcare, business, law or psychology. The courses and projects in these programmes are designed to tackle real problems you might face at work.

For example, you might have heard of the doctor of education (EdD), doctor of business administration (DBA), doctor of psychology (PsyD) or doctor of nursing practice (DNP). These programmes combine learning, hands-on projects and sometimes a thesis paper or essay to show you’re skilled at solving on-the-job challenges.

How long does it take to study a PhD?

The time required to complete a PhD can vary significantly based on several factors. Generally, a full-time PhD programme takes around three to six years to finish. However, it’s important to take into account individual circumstances and the nature of the research involved.

1. Full-time vs. part-time: If you’re studying full-time, dedicating most of your time to your studies, it usually takes about three to four years to complete a PhD. However, studying part-time while managing other commitments might extend the duration. Part-time PhDs can take around six to eight years, and sometimes even longer.

2. Nature of research: The complexity of your research proposal can influence the time required. Certain research questions may involve intricate experiments, extensive data collection or in-depth analysis, potentially leading to a longer completion timeline.

3. Field of study: The subject area you’re researching can also affect the necessary time. Some fields, such as sciences or engineering, might involve more hands-on work, while theoretical subjects might require more time for literature review and analysis.

4. Supervision and support: The guidance and availability of your academic supervisor can affect the pace of your research progress. Regular meetings and effective communication can help keep your studies on track.

5. Thesis writing: While the research phase is crucial, the stage of writing your thesis is equally significant. Organising and presenting your research findings in a clear and cohesive manner can take several months.

6. External commitments: Personal commitments, such as work, family or health-related factors, can influence your study time. Some students need to balance these alongside their PhD studies, potentially extending the duration.

7. External Funding: The availability of funding can also affect your study duration. Some funding might be linked to specific project timelines or research objectives.

So, although a PhD usually takes between three and six years of full-time study, with potential variations based on research complexity, enrolment as part-time or full-time, field of study and personal circumstances. It’s vital to have a realistic understanding of these factors when planning your PhD journey.

How long is a PhD in the UK?

In the UK, the length of a PhD programme typically ranges from three to four years of full-time study. As explained above, there are many factors to consider.

How long is a PhD in the US?

Similarly to the UK, in the United States, the duration of a PhD programme can vary widely depending on the field of study, research topic and individual circumstances. On average, a full-time PhD programme in the US typically takes between five and six years to complete.

Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US?

PhD programmes generally take longer to complete in the US than in the UK due to various factors in the education systems and programme structures of each country:

1. Programme structure: UK PhD programmes often emphasise early, focused research from the first year, leading to shorter completion times. In contrast, US programmes commonly include more initial coursework in your first and second year and broader foundational training, which can extend the overall duration.

2. Course work requirements: Many US PhD programmes require a lot of course work, which can lengthen the time needed to finish. UK programmes tend to have fewer or no course work demands, allowing students to concentrate primarily on research skills.

3. Research funding: In the UK, PhD funding is often awarded with specific timeframes in mind, motivating completion of the research degree in the agreed duration. In the US, funding approaches can vary, requiring students to secure funding from multiple sources, potentially affecting their progress and completion time.

4. Teaching responsibilities: Some US PhD students take on teaching roles as part of their funding, dividing their time and potentially prolonging their studies.

5. Research approach: Differences in research methodologies and project scopes can affect the time needed for data collection, experimentation and analysis.

6. Academic culture: The US education system values a well-rounded education, including coursework and comprehensive exams. This can extend the time before full-time research begins. UK PhD programmes often prioritise independent research early on.

7. Part-time and work commitments: US PhD candidates might have more flexibility for part-time work or other commitments, which can affect research progress.

8. Dissertation requirements: US PhD programmes generally include a longer and more comprehensive dissertation, involving more chapters and a broader exploration of the research topic.

These variations in programme structures, funding models and academic cultures contribute to the differing completion times between the two countries.

What qualifications do you need for a PhD?

To be eligible for a PhD programme, certain educational qualifications are generally expected by universities. These qualifications serve as indicators of your readiness to engage in advanced research and contribute to the academic community.

First, an undergraduate or bachelor’s degree in a relevant field is typically the most common requirement. This degree provides you with a foundational understanding of the subject and introduces you to basic research methodologies. It serves as a starting point for your academic journey.

Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme?

In addition to an undergraduate degree, many PhD programmes also require candidates to hold postgraduate or master’s degrees, often in fields related to the intended PhD research. A master’s degree offers a deeper exploration of the subject matter and enhances your research skills. Possessing a master’s degree signifies a higher level of expertise and specialisation.

The combination of both undergraduate and postgraduate degrees demonstrates a solid academic background. This background is crucial before you engage in doctoral study because pursuing a PhD involves more than just knowledge; it requires advanced research abilities, critical thinking and the capacity to provide an original contribution and new insights into the chosen field of study.

While these qualifications are usually requested, there are exceptions. Some institutions offer direct-entry programmes that encompass bachelor’s, master’s and PhD degrees in a streamlined structure. This approach is often seen in scientific and engineering disciplines rather than humanities.

In exceptional cases, outstanding performance during undergraduate studies, coupled with a well-defined research proposal, might lead to direct entry into a PhD programme without requiring a master’s degree.

Admission requirements can vary between universities and programmes. Some institutions might have more flexible prerequisites, while others could have more stringent criteria. Make sure that you thoroughly research all admission requirements of the PhD programmes you’re interested in to ensure you provide the right information.

Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries?

PhD entry requirements in Canada and Australia can be somewhat similar to those in the UK and the US, but there are also some differences. Just like in the UK and the US, having a bachelor’s degree followed by a master’s degree is a common way to qualify for a PhD in Canada and Australia. However, the exact rules can vary, such as how much research experience you need or the grades you should have.

In Canada and Australia, as in the UK and the US, international students usually need to show their English language skills through tests like IELTS or TOEFL. And, like in other places, you might need to give a research proposal to explain what you want to study for your PhD.

But remember, even though there are some similarities, each country has its own rules.

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How much does it cost to study a PhD?

The cost of pursuing a PhD can vary significantly between international and home (domestic) students, and it depends on the country, university and programme you choose.

United Kingdom (UK)

Home students in the UK often pay lower tuition fees compared with international students. Home students might also have access to government funding or subsidised tuition rates.

International students typically pay higher tuition fees, which can vary widely depending on the university and programme. Fees can range from around £10,000 to £25,000 or more per year.

United States (US)

PhD programme costs in the US can be quite high, especially for international students. Public universities often have lower tuition rates for in-state residents compared with out-of-state residents and international students.

Private universities in the US generally have higher tuition fees, and international students might be charged higher rates than domestic students.

Canadian universities often charge higher tuition fees for international students compared with domestic students.

Some universities offer funding packages that include tuition waivers and stipends for both domestic and international doctoral students.

In Australia, domestic students (Australian citizens and permanent residents) usually pay lower tuition fees than international students.

International students in Australia might have higher tuition fees, and costs can vary based on the university and programme.

Apart from tuition fees, other aspects play a role in the overall financial consideration:

PhD studentship: Many universities offer PhD studentships that provide financial support to research students, covering both tuition fees and a stipend for living expenses.

Stipend and housing: Stipends are designed to cover living expenses. Stipend amounts can vary depending on the university and location. If you’re studying in London in the UK, stipends might be higher to account for the higher living costs in the city. Some universities also offer subsidised or affordable housing options for doctoral students.

Tuition and stipend packages: Some PhD programmes provide funding packages that include both tuition waivers and stipends. These packages are to help relieve the financial burden on students during their doctoral studies.

Research the financial support options provided by the universities you’re interested in to make an informed decision about the cost of your PhD journey.

What funding options are available for PhD candidates?

PhD candidates have various funding options available to support their studies and research journeys. Some of these options include:

PhD scholarships: Scholarships are a common form of financial aid for PhD candidates. They are awarded based on academic merit, research potential or other specific criteria. Scholarships can cover tuition fees and provide a stipend for living expenses.

Bursaries: Bursaries are another form of financial assistance offered to students, including PhD candidates, based on financial need. They can help cover tuition fees or provide additional financial support.

In the UK, specific funding options are available:

Regional consortium: Some regions have research consortiums that offer funding opportunities for doctoral candidates. These collaborations can provide financial support for research projects aligned with specific regional needs.

UK research institute: Research councils in the UK often offer stipends to PhD candidates. These stipends cover living expenses and support research work.

University-based studentship: Many UK universities offer studentships. You can read more about these above.

In the USA, there are also funding options available:

Research assistantships (RAs): Many universities offer research assistantships where PhD candidates work on research projects under the guidance of faculty members. In exchange, they receive stipends and often have their tuition waived.

Teaching assistantships (TA): Teaching assistantships involve assisting professors in teaching undergraduate courses. In return, PhD candidates receive stipends and sometimes tuition remission.

Fellowships: Fellowships are competitive awards that provide financial support for PhD candidates. They can come from universities, government agencies, private foundations and other institutions. Fellowships can cover tuition, provide stipends and offer research or travel funds.

Graduate assistantships: Graduate assistantships include a range of roles, from research and teaching to administrative support. These positions often come with stipends and sometimes include tuition benefits.

External grants and fellowships: PhD candidates can apply for grants and fellowships from external organisations and foundations that support research careers in specific fields. Examples include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Fulbright Programme.

Employer sponsorship: In some cases, employers might sponsor employees to pursue PhDs, especially if the research aligns with the company’s interests.

You can read about the current available scholarships for international students of all education levels on our website .

What does a PhD Involve?

How does a PhD work?

A PhD includes thorough academic research and significant contributions to your chosen field of study. The timeline for completing a PhD can significantly vary based on the country, college or university you attend and the specific subject you study.

The duration of a PhD programme can vary based on factors such as the institution’s requirements and the academic discipline you’re pursuing. For instance, the timeline for a PhD in a science-related field might differ from that of a humanities discipline.

UK PhD timeline example

Looking at a typical PhD degree in a London higher education institution, we can consider this example timeline.

In the initial year of your PhD, you’ll collaborate closely with your designated academic supervisor. This collaboration involves refining and solidifying your research proposal, which lays the foundation for your entire doctoral journey.

This is also the time to establish a comprehensive plan, complete with well-defined milestones and deadlines. A crucial aspect of this year is conducting an extensive literature review, immersing yourself in existing academic works to understand the landscape of your chosen research area. It’s important to make sure that your research idea is original and distinct from prior studies.

As you begin the second year, you’ll actively collect data and gather information related to your research topic. Simultaneously, you’ll initiate the process of crafting your thesis. This involves combining your research findings and analysis into sections of your thesis document.

This is also the phase where you might have opportunities to share your research insights at academic meetings, conferences or workshops. Depending on the programme, you might even engage in teaching activities. Some PhD candidates also begin contributing to academic journals or books, showcasing their findings to a broader audience.

The third year of a PhD programme often marks the final stage of your research efforts. This is when you dedicate substantial time to writing and finalising your complete thesis. Once your thesis is completed to the highest standard, you’ll submit it for thorough evaluation.

A significant milestone in the third year is the viva voce, an oral examination where you’ll defend your thesis before a panel of experts in your field. The viva voce is an opportunity to showcase your deep understanding of your research and defend your findings.

Why should you do a PhD?

For many people, acquiring a doctorate degree is the pinnacle of academic achievement, the culmination of years of commitment to higher education.

However, the act of pursuing a PhD can be a complex, frustrating, expensive and time-consuming exercise. But with the right preparation, some sound advice and a thorough understanding of the task at hand, your years as a doctoral student can be some of the most rewarding of your life. 

People choose to work towards a doctorate for many reasons. If you are looking to pursue an academic position, such as university lecturer or researcher, then a PhD is usually required.

Many people obtain a PhD as part of a partnership with an employer, particularly in scientific fields such as engineering, where their research can prove useful for companies.

In some cases, however, PhDs are simply down to an individual’s love of a subject and their desire to learn more about their field.

What are some benefits of studying a PhD?

Pursuing a PhD can have many benefits that extend beyond academic achievement, encompassing personal growth, professional advancement and meaningful contributions to knowledge.

One of the most notable benefits of a PhD is the potential for tenure in academia. Attaining tenure provides a level of job security that allows you to delve into long-term research projects and make enduring contributions to your field. It signifies a stage where you can explore innovative ideas and pursue in-depth research, fostering your academic legacy.

While not obligatory, the opportunity to collaborate on research projects with your supervisor is another valuable aspect of a PhD pursuit. These collaborations might even come with financial compensation, offering real-world experience, skill development and practical applications of your research. Engaging in such collaborations can enrich your research portfolio and refine your research methodologies.

A pivotal aspect of a PhD journey is the chance to publish your original research findings. By disseminating your work in academic journals or presenting it at conferences, you contribute to the expansion of knowledge within your field. These publications establish your expertise and reputation among peers and researchers worldwide, leaving a lasting impact.

The pursuit of a PhD can provide a unique platform to build a diverse network of colleagues, mentors and collaborators. Engaging with fellow researchers, attending conferences and participating in academic events offer opportunities to make valuable connections. This network can lead to collaborations, expose you to a spectrum of perspectives and pave the way for future research endeavours.

What is a PhD thesis? And what is a PhD viva?

A PhD thesis will be produced with help from an academic supervisor, usually one with expertise in your particular field of study. This thesis is the backbone of a PhD, and is the candidate’s opportunity to communicate their original research to others in their field (and a wider audience).  PhD students also have to explain their research project and defend their thesis in front of a panel of academics. This part of the process is often the most challenging, since writing a thesis is a major part of many undergraduate or master’s degrees, but having to defend it from criticism in real time is arguably more daunting.  This questioning is known as a “viva”, and examiners will pay particular attention to a PhD’s weaknesses either in terms of methodology or findings. Candidates will be expected to have a strong understanding of their subject areas and be able to justify specific elements of their research quickly and succinctly.

In rare cases, students going for a PhD may instead be awarded an MPhil if the academic standard of their work is not considered fully up to par but still strong enough to be deserving of a qualification.

Can you do a PhD part time? 

Many PhD and MPhil candidates choose to pursue their qualification part time, in order to allow time to work and earn while studying. This is especially true of older students, who might be returning to academia after working for a few years. 

When applying, you should always speak to the admissions team at your university to ensure this is possible and then continue to work with your supervisor to balance all your commitments. 

Can I do a PhD through distance learning?

This is something else that you will need to check with your university. Some institutions offer this option, depending on the nature of your research. 

You will need to be clear how many times you will need to travel to your university to meet with your supervisor throughout your PhD. 

Your PhD supervisor

Choosing the right PhD supervisor is essential if you want to get the most out of your PhD. Do your research into the faculty at the institution and ensure that you meet with your proposed supervisor (either virtually or in person) before fully committing. 

You need to know that not only do they have the right expertise and understanding of your research but also that your personalities won’t clash throughout your PhD. 

Remember, to complete your PhD, you will need a strong support network in place, and your supervisor is a key part of that network. 

Coping with PhD stress

If you do decide to embark on a doctorate, you may well encounter stress and anxiety. The work involved is often carried out alone, the hours can be long and many students can suffer from the pressure they feel is on their shoulders.

Ensuring that you check in regularly with your emotions and your workload is crucial to avoid burnout. If you have other commitments, such as a job or a family, then learning to balance these can feel overwhelming at times. 

Give yourself regular breaks, speak to your supervisor and ensure that you know what university resources and support systems are available to you in case you need to access them. 

Post-doctorate: what happens after you finish your PhD?

Many PhD graduates pursue a career in academia, while others will work in industry. Some might take time out, if they can afford to, to recover from the efforts of PhD study.

Whatever you choose to do, undertaking a PhD is a huge task that can open up a range of doors professionally. Just remember to take some time out to celebrate your achievement. 

How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential?

How much does a professor with a PhD make a year?

Professors with PhDs can earn different amounts depending on where they work and their experience. In the UK, a professor might make around £50,000 to £100,000 or more each year. In the US, it's between about $60,000 and $200,000 or even higher. The exact salary depends on things like the place they work, if they have tenure, and what they teach.

How much does a PhD add to salary?

Having a PhD can make your salary higher than if you had a lower degree. But exactly how much more you earn can change. On average, people with PhDs earn more than those with bachelor’s or master’s degrees. The increase in salary is influenced by many things, such as the job you do, where you work and what field you’re in.

In fields such as research, healthcare, technology and finance, your knowledge and skills from your PhD can potentially help you secure a higher salary position.

In the end, having a PhD can boost your earning potential and open doors to well-paying jobs, including professorships and special roles in different areas. But the exact effect on your salary is influenced by many things, so ensure you weigh the cost against the benefit.

How to choose a PhD programme?

Choosing a PhD programme involves defining your research interest, researching supervisors and programme reputation, evaluating funding options, reviewing programme structure, considering available resources, assessing networking opportunities, factoring in location and career outcomes, visiting the campus if possible and trusting your instincts.

How can I find available PhD programmes?

You can find available PhD programmes by visiting university websites, using online directories such as “FindAPhD”, checking professional associations, networking with professors and students, following universities on social media, attending career fairs and conferences, contacting universities directly and exploring research institutes’ websites.

How to apply for a PhD programme?

To apply for a PhD programme:

Research and select universities aligned with your interests.

Contact potential supervisors, sharing your proposal, CV and references.

Prepare application materials: research proposal, CV, recommendation letters and a writing sample.

Ensure you meet academic and language-proficiency requirements.

Complete an online application through the university’s portal.

Pay any required application fees.

Write a statement of purpose explaining your motivations.

Provide official transcripts of your academic records.

Submit standardised test scores if needed.

Some programmes may require an interview.

The admissions committee reviews applications and decides.

Apply for scholarships or assistantships.

Upon acceptance, review and respond to the offer letter.

Plan travel, accommodation and logistics accordingly.

Remember to research and follow each university’s specific application guidelines and deadlines.

How to apply for a PhD as an international student?

Many stages of the PhD application process are the same for international students as domestic students. However, there are sometimes some additional steps:

International students should apply for a student visa.

Take language proficiency tests such as TOEFL or IELTS if required.

Provide certificates if needed to validate your previous degrees.

Show evidence of sufficient funds for tuition and living expenses.

Check if you need health insurance for your chosen destination.

Translate and authenticate academic transcripts if necessary.

Attend orientation sessions for cultural adaptation.

Apply for university housing or explore off-campus options.

Familiarise yourself with international student support services.

Ben Osborne, the postgraduate student recruitment manager at the University of Sussex explains in detail how to apply for a PhD in the UK .

Giulia Evolvi, a lecturer in media and communication at Erasmus University, Rotterdam explains how to apply for a PhD in the US .

Finally, Samiul Hossain explores the question Is it possible to do a three-year PhD as an international student?

Q. What is a PhD? A. A PhD is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, involving in-depth research and a substantial thesis.

Q. What does “PhD” mean? A. “PhD” stands for doctor of philosophy, recognising expertise in a field.

Q. What is a professional doctorate? A. A professional doctorate emphasises practical application in fields such as education or healthcare.

Q. How long does it take to study a PhD? A. It takes between three and six years to study a full-time PhD programme.

Q. How long is a PhD in the UK? A. It takes around three to four years to study a full-time UK PhD.

Q. How long is a PhD in the US? A. It takes approximately five to six years to complete a full-time US PhD.

Q. Why does it take longer to study a PhD in the US? A. US programmes often include more course work and broader training.

Q. What qualifications do you need for a PhD? A. You usually need an undergraduate degree as a minimum requirement, although a master’s might be preferred.

Q. Do you need a master’s degree to get into a PhD programme? A. Master’s degrees are preferred but not always required.

Q. Are PhD entry requirements similar in other countries? A. Entry requirements are similar in many countries, but there may be additional requirements. Make sure to check the university website for specific details.

Q. How much does it cost to study a PhD? A. The cost of PhD programmes vary by country and university.

Q. What funding options are available for PhD candidates? A. Scholarships, assistantships, fellowships, grants, stipends are all funding options for PhD candidates.

Q. What does a PhD involve? A. PhDs involve research, seminars, thesis, literature review, data analysis and a PhD viva.

Q. Why should you do a PhD? A. There are many reasons to study a PhD including personal growth, research skills, contributions to academia and professional development.

Q. What are some benefits of studying a PhD? A. Benefits of graduating with a PhD include achieving tenure, collaborations with colleagues, publication of your work, and networking opportunities.

Q. What is a PhD thesis? A. A PhD thesis is a comprehensive document that showcases the original research conducted by a PhD candidate.

Q. What is a PhD viva? A. A PhD viva, also known as a viva voce or oral examination, is the final evaluation of a PhD candidate’s research and thesis where the panel asks questions, engages in discussions and assesses the depth of the candidate’s understanding and expertise.

Q. Can you do a PhD part-time? A. Yes, part-time options are available for PhDs.

Q. Can I do a PhD through distance learning? A. Some universities offer online PhDs; you can find out more on their websites.

Q. How to choose a PhD programme? A. You can find PhD programmes through research, by contacting faculty, checking resources and considering location.

Q. How can I find available PhD programme? A. You can find available PhD programmes on university sites, through directories and by networking.

Q. How to apply for a PhD programme A. To apply for a PhD programme, research suitable universities and programmes, get in touch with potential supervisors, gather required documents like transcripts and reference letters, complete the online application, pay any necessary fees and submit a statement of purpose and research proposal. If needed, meet language-proficiency criteria and attend interviews. After acceptance, explore funding choices, confirm your spot and get ready for the programme’s start.

Q. How to apply for a PhD as an international student A. To apply for a PhD as an international student, follow similar steps to domestic students, but you need to include securing a student visa and passing language requirements.

Q. What is a PhD dropout rate? A. The dropout rate from PhDs varies but is approximately 30-40 per cent.

Q. How does a PhD affect salary and earning potential? A. A PhD can boost earning potential, especially in research, technology, healthcare and academia. Impact varies by job, industry and location. Experience, skills and demand also influence salary.

Q. How to address a person with a PhD? A. When addressing someone with a PhD, it’s respectful to use “Dr”, followed by their last name, whether they have a PhD in an academic field or a professional doctorate. For instance, “Dr. Smith”.

Q. Is there a difference between a PhD and a doctorate? A. The terms “PhD” and “doctorate” are often used interchangeably, though a PhD is a specific type of doctorate focused on original research. A doctorate can refer more broadly to any doctoral-level degree, including professional doctorates with practical applications.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and an MD? A. A PhD is a doctor of philosophy, awarded for academic research, while an MD is a doctor of medicine, focusing on medical practice. They lead to different career paths and involve distinct areas of study.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD and a professional doctorate? A. A PhD is an academic research-focused degree, while a professional doctorate emphasises applying research to practical fields such as education or business. PhDs often involve original research, while professional doctorates focus on real-world application.

Q. What is the difference between UK and US PhDs? A. The difference between UK and US PhDs lies mainly in structure and duration. UK PhDs often have shorter durations and a stronger emphasis on independent research from an early stage. US PhDs typically include more initial coursework and broader foundational training before full-time research begins.

Q. What is the difference between a PhD student and a candidate? A. A PhD student is actively studying and researching in a doctoral programme, while a PhD candidate has completed programme requirements except for the dissertation and is close to completion.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an EdD? A. A PhD and an EdD (doctor of education) differ in focus. A PhD emphasises research and academic contributions, while an EdD focuses on applying research to practical educational issues.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a DBA? A. A PhD and a DBA (doctor of business administration) differ in purpose. A PhD emphasises theoretical research and academia, while a DBA is practice-oriented, aimed at solving real business problems.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and a PsyD? A. A PhD and a PsyD (doctor of psychology) differ in emphasis. A PhD focuses on research and academia, while a PsyD emphasises clinical practice and applying psychological knowledge.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an LLD? A. A PhD and an LLD (doctor of laws or Legum doctor) are distinct. A PhD is awarded in various disciplines, while an LLD is usually an honorary degree for significant contributions to law.

Q. What’s the difference between a PhD and an MD-PhD? A. A PhD and an MD-PhD differ. An MD-PhD is a dual degree combining medical training (MD) with research training (PhD).

Q. What is the Cambridge PhD? A. A Cambridge PhD involves original research guided by a supervisor, resulting in a thesis. It’s offered at the University of Cambridge .

Q. What is the Oxford DPhil? A. An Oxford DPhil is equivalent to a PhD and involves independent research leading to a thesis. The term “DPhil” is unique to the University of Oxford .

Q. What is the PhD programme acceptance rate? A. PhD acceptance rates vary by university, field and competition. Prestigious universities and competitive fields often have lower acceptance rates.

Q. What is a PhD supervisor? A. A PhD supervisor guides and supports a student’s research journey, providing expertise and feedback.

Q. What is a PhD panel? A. A PhD panel evaluates a candidate’s research, thesis and oral defence. It consists of experts in the field.

Q. What is a PhD stipend? A. A PhD stipend is a regular payment supporting living expenses during research, often tied to teaching or research assistant roles.

Q. What is a PhD progression assessment? A. A PhD progression assessment evaluates a student’s progress, often confirming their continuation in the programme.

Q. What is a PhD defence? A. A PhD defence, or viva, is the final oral examination where a candidate presents and defends their research findings and thesis before experts.

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The PhD in Higher Education is for post-Master’s degree students who are interested in preparing for service and leadership in a broad range of roles in Colleges and Universities. Program graduates will understand the administrative, political, financial, legal, and socio-cultural aspects of higher education and be prepared to be change agents in 21st century institutions of post-secondary education, including community colleges, 4-year degree granting institutions, and comprehensive graduate and professional degree granting universities. In addition to core coursework, students will have the opportunity to specialize by taking a minimum of 6 credit hours of coursework in an area of professional interest. Additionally, focused internships working with professionals in their field of interest and an international research focused study abroad experience will provide students with mentorship and real-world experience.

February 15th is the deadline for consideration for Fall admission. Incomplete applications are not reviewed.

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Purdue specific outcomes and program highlights: 

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• Advance and network with an experienced and motivated peer group for mutual support, team exercises, and enhanced learning. 
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Purdue quality. Flexible schedule.

Online and hybrid students enjoy the same rigorous academic programs as on-campus students, but with a much more flexible class schedule. Assignments, discussions, and other coursework are posted each week in the virtual classroom.  Students are required to participate in real-time classes from 6-9 p.m. EST two nights per week.  The hybrid model of this program requires students to travel to campus at least once a semester.

The cohort model provides opportunities for student to get to know their peers.  Students can build friendships and a support system during the program that helps to build a professional network.  Students are able to learn from others who are in the same field and may have different and similar experiences. The Cohort Doctoral Program strives to develop leaders in the education industry.

Students will publish with internationally acclaimed faculty.  During the program, students will co-author with Higher Education faculty a minimum of three articles, published in peer reviewed journals. Higher Education students gain highly sought-after skills and experiences in research, writing and publishing – the currency of Higher Education Institutions.

MAKE YOUR NEXT GIANT LEAP

For more information, view the Admissions Application Checklist

Request Information – Ph.D. Higher Education

• Your Name * First Last
• Email Address *
• Phone Number *

This program does not lead to licensure in the state of Indiana or elsewhere. Contact the College of Education Office of Teacher Education and Licensure (OTEL) at [email protected] before continuing with program application if you have questions regarding licensure or contact your state Department of Education about how this program may translate to licensure in your state of residence.

Career Outlook

The higher education field is growing rapidly, according to the  Bureau of Labor Statistics .  Universities and institutions are struggling to find candidates who have the foundation to understand higher education structure, governance, and operation.  The Ph. D. in Educational Studies, Higher Education can give you the needed foundation to be successful.

Job opportunities include (but are not limited to):

• Leadership Program Administration
• Chief Academic Officer
• Admissions Dean or Administrator
• Financial Aid Director
• Student Services Dean
• Provost or Vice President
• Student Engagement Outreach Specialist
• Athletic Director
• Education Consultant
• Development Officer

Students enroll in 7 credit hours per semester: 2- 3 credit courses and 1 credit of research writing. Students should anticipate spending an average of 15 hours weekly on reading and homework.   Students are required to participate in real-time classes from 6-9 p.m. EST two nights per week.  The hybrid model of this program requires students to travel to campus at least once a semester.

Students attend a required 10-day study abroad experience during the summer after the second year of coursework. Please note that study abroad costs are in addition to tuition and will range between $4,000 – $6,000 plus airfare. (This fee includes one credit hour of tuition). 

Program and Required Courses (42 credit hours)

*all classes are 3-credit hours unless otherwise noted

• Organization & Administration of Higher Education
• Qualitative Research Methods
• Economics and Finance of Higher Education
• Higher Education Leadership
• Quantitative Data Analysis Methods in Education I
• Quantitative Data Analysis Methods in Education II
• Politics & Policy in Higher Education
• Higher Education Law
• History of the American College & University
• International & Intercultural Education
• Cultural Engagement in Communities and Workplaces
• Study Abroad for Educational Leaders (1 hour)
• Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education
• Research Procedures in Education
• Higher Education Internship (2 hours)

Elective Courses (6 credit hours)

For the remaining 6 credits, you and your advisor will work to develop a plan of study that matches your individualized interests and career goals. One suggestion would be Research Procedures in Education.

Dissertation Research (15 credit hours)

The Ph.D. in Educational Studies with a concentration in Higher Education program is affordable and competitive in cost. 

*Tuition and fees are charges on a per credit hour basis and are subject to annual increase.  Annual increases may change the total program costs. *Textbooks and course materials are not included. *A 10-day study abroad program is required for all students and is completed during the summer of the second year of doctoral students.  The fee for study abroad includes one credit hour of tuition.   *Faculty and staff fee remissions are not valid with this program.  Partial tuition scholarships may be available to Purdue University employees. *International Fee

December 1st is the deadline for applications for those interested in being considered for any available College and University Funding for Fall. Funding opportunities for this program vary year-to-year.

Admissions requirements:

• A completed master’s degree is required prior to admission.
• Official transcripts
• Personal History Statement – This may include relevant details on community service, leadership roles, participation in diverse teams, and significant barriers that you overcame to attend graduate school.
• Academic Statement of Purpose – This is an opportunity for you to share information that will help reviewers understand your academic interests and objectives, assess your academic background, preparation, and training, and determine if you are a good match for the program to which you are applying.
• 3 Letters of recommendation
• English proficiency for international students
• Application fee

For more information, please see  Purdue’s full application instructions and Application Checklist .

Program Faculty

Our faculty are nationally recognized and have the ability to work personally with students to individualize their plan of study to meet personal career interests and goals. These faculty will oversee the intensive coursework required for publications and research.

Christine Rienstra Kiracofe

Lisa Lambert Snodgrass

ALICE JOHNSON

Lamonica williams

Terron Phillips

Ahmad Javadi

Testimonials

This program allows me to keep working full-time without having class, research projects, or internship experiences conflict with my work schedule. I wanted a cohort model, and was really intrigued by the three-paper dissertation format with a broader research arc. Additionally, when I interviewed colleagues, friends, and mentors, they all said they wished they had more experience with law, finance, and policy, which are three strong aspects of this program. MICHELLE L. ASHCRAFT Director of Purdue Promise Student Success Programs

The faculty has successfully created a rigorous program that also inspires collaboration and caring. Every aspect, from the cohort model to the dissertation process, is designed to help students be successful and also to strive a little further toward their educational goals. Cohorts are selected with diversity in mind to provide each class with a broad lens of understanding. Coursework allows for personal growth and development of our research arcs that fit within the scope of the class while allowing me to work full-time. SHAUNA MCCLURE Data Management Specialist Office of Global Partnerships and Programs Purdue University

This program is designed to accommodate full-time workers. I did not have to resign from my position to pursue my doctorate. After a couple months into the program, I can attest to the rigor of the program and most importantly the real-world experiences that we gain through different case studies. There are so many opportunities to do research or even publish a research article in the very first semester into the program. KANGNI “SAM” MOMBOU PhD Student in Higher Education

The program has been a great experience! The coursework has been the perfect blend of theory and real-world application. Faculty have offered tremendous support throughout my journey. I am a much more efficient and effective administrator and leader because of things I have learned and experienced in this program. I would not trade the experience and knowledge I have gain for anything else like it! MARK SCHNEIDER Assistant Vice President of K-14 Academic Initiatives & Support Ivy Tech Community College

Frequently Asked Questions

• How long is the program? The program is designed to take 4 years (Fall, Spring, and Summer semesters).
• Is the GRE required for admission?  Are GRE waivers available? Yes, the GRE is required for all students.  There are no GRE waivers for this program.  However, you can submit GRE scores that are up to 5 years old.
• Is a Masters degree required for admission? Yes.  All applicants must have a masters degree from an accredited College or University. 
• Are there funding opportunities available? Students can apply (by December of the year prior to the start of the cohort) for competitive fellowships through the College of Education and the University. Please note that the fellowship application deadline is much earlier than the regular application deadline.  Fellowship students come and work either as teaching assistants or graduate assistants at Purdue. 
• Is it possible to work full time and complete the PhD? Yes.  However, students must be available to take classes (either in person or live via Zoom) from 6 – 9 p.m. EST two weeknights each week (days may vary). 
• How much is tuition? Tuition is $700/credit hour for in-state students and $750/credit hour for out-of-state students.  Please note that the required study abroad program expenses are in addition to tuition and will range from $4,000 – $6,000 plus airfare.
• How many courses do PhD students take each semester? Standard load is two three-credit courses each semester.  In addition to these two classes, depending on the semester, students may also register for 1 hour of internship, or dissertation research.  Students will not take more than 7 credit hours in a semester unless special arrangements are made in advance.
• What is the study abroad component of the program? The required study abroad program will take place during the summer after students’ second year of coursework. We will travel abroad for approximately 10 days and work with professors and administrators at a partnering Higher Education Institution (currently at Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland).  Please note that study abroad costs are in addition to tuition and will range between $4,000 – $6,000 plus airfare.
• What does the dissertation for this PhD look like? The dissertation requires that students author (with program faculty) at least three peer-reviewed scholarly articles of appropriate length and subject matter during their doctoral studies.  The dissertation consists of an introductory chapter, reprints of these three (or more) articles, and an analysis/conclusion chapter.
• What does the internship involve? Internships are individualized and are designed to give students experience in areas of a college or university that they are interested in exploring.  The internship is not a “job shadowing” experience and students are not required to be physically present in West Lafayette to complete an internship at Purdue.  Instead, the internship is project based, allowing students to gain important experience with “real world” higher education issues and challenges.
• What does it mean to be a “hybrid” doctoral program? Students are required to come to West Lafayette for an intensive class once per semester.  Students are encouraged to attend class in-person each week as they are able.  However, for students who live some distance from Purdue, they can access the weekly courses in real time via Zoom each week.  The only requirement is that students must be available to be “at” classes from 6 – 9 p.m. EST two nights each week.
• When is the application deadline? NEW DEADLINE – February 15 th  (note that students interested in fellowships must apply by December of the previous year)
• Download a PDF of this FAQ factsheet

Make your next giant leap

Admissions:   [email protected] Course Content Information: Contact Dr. Lisa Lambert Snodgrass and Dr. Terron Phillips Course Registration, payment, drops/withdraws, and removing holds: Purdue Online [email protected] Career accounts: ITaP (765) 494-4000

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What is the life of a phd student really like, published by steve tippins on june 9, 2020 june 9, 2020.

Last Updated on: 2nd February 2024, 05:11 am

Life of a PhD student? Hell. That about sums it up.

Okay, that’s not a very satisfying answer. Nor is it completely true. Life as a PhD student doesn’t always feel like hell. It does sometimes, but it’s also an exhilarating and rewarding time to explore your area of interest and grow into a true scholar. So what does the life of a PhD student really look like?

The life of a PhD student is somewhat varied depending on the field you’re going into. Generally speaking, no matter what program you’re in, it has two phases: coursework and dissertation.

Coursework Phase

Doctoral-level are courses that are a lot harder than undergraduate or even Master’s courses , but they are similar in structure: there’s a syllabus, due dates, other students in the class, etc. There are definitive semesters, quarters, or terms. In between terms, there’s really not much work to do. 

Of course, there are different expectations for PhD students than for undergrads. They are held to a far more rigorous standard in the work that they do. Class sizes are much smaller, and students are expected to participate in nuanced discussions. There is no sliding by unnoticed in a PhD program.

All that said, the coursework phase of the life of a PhD student is not altogether different than their previous educational experience, besides being more rigorous. It’s like school on steroids. 

Depending on the school, there may be a transition from classwork: comprehensive exams. This is basically, “study everything you’ve learned so that you can be ready for any question.” 

Dissertation Phase

The dissertation phase is a world in which there’s no syllabus, no classmates, and no real structure. You have your Chairperson and Committee to keep happy, but they’re not pushing you forward or expecting you to turn things in by a certain date. They’re just waiting for you to do what you have to do. 

Once you get to the dissertation stage, the concept of semesters and quarters goes away, and you’re working on your topic all the time.

Over 50% of doctoral candidates don’t finish their dissertations.

Many students find that not having due dates can make it difficult to work efficiently and make real progress on their dissertation . I speak more about how to effectively navigate this later on in this article.

I f you go into a program that has a large number of doctoral students, you’ll still be alone when you get to the dissertation stage, but you’ll have other people a similar stage. If you’re in a smaller program (for example, I was the only person in my PhD program), you may be all alone during the dissertation phase.

You’ll have to be able to move from the structured format of classes to the dissertation stage, where there’s very little structure and it can be lonely.

How Many Hours do PhD Students Work?

How many hours do PhD students work? Many PhD students have about 40 hours a week of reading and classwork, plus around 20 hours a week of assistantship or lab time. And that’s minimum. You may also be teaching while you’re doing your dissertation. I had two classes a semester, which ended up being 6 hours a week of class time, plus preparation and grading.   It’s easy to have a 60-80 hour week. In the life of a PhD student, the concept of “weekends” does not exist.

When you get to your dissertation, it’s easy to say “Oh, thank god I don’t have to do that anymore” and just stop. But don’t. You’ll need to put in the same hours on your dissertation if you want to finish within a reasonable timeframe (unless you’re deliberately making a choice to finish over a longer period of time).

Life of a PhD Student

Here, I’ll describe some of the common themes of the life of a PhD student, regardless of discipline. If you’re not yet enrolled in a PhD program, I highly recommend reading this to get an idea of the realities of what doctoral-level work looks like. If you’re already living the life of a PhD student, you will find some indispensable hints and advice for getting through with your mental health intact.

Being a Doctoral Student Is Not Like Being an Undergrad

Life as a PhD student is not the same as life as an undergrad. You’re there for the academic experience, not for anything else. Don’t expect to be able to join clubs and have time to socialize or go to football games. You may even find yourself feeling jealous of undergrads. 

But you’re there for a completely different purpose. You are the reason that the library is open twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. You are training to join the ranks of the world’s elite minds. 

You Can’t “Just Get By”

On the same note, the academic standards to which you’ll have to hold yourself change. As an undergraduate, you can get by easily with “what do I need to know,” and as a PhD student you ask, “what more can I learn?”

If you have the mentality of asking “what do I need to get by?” you shouldn’t be in a doctoral program. Because if you’re in a doctoral program, you’re going to end up as an expert. If your specific topic comes up in important policy decisions, you may be asked to be on an advisory panel. At some point, you will probably be asked to be an expert somewhere, and the advice you give will influence people’s lives. Society depends on you doing a good job in order to function well.

Doctoral programs are rigorous for a reason: only those who have a true passion and care for their subject area are afforded the power that a doctorate gives.

Writing a Dissertation Takes Over Your Life

Writing a dissertation is an immersive experience. It’s so much a part of the life of a PhD student that it’s hard to differentiate between when you’re working and not working. 

You also have to do things besides actually writing, and these things sometimes take a frustratingly long time. For example, making calls to institutions you are gathering data from, figuring out how to access or use software programs, or transcribing interviews. 

It doesn’t feel like you’re making progress on your dissertation because you haven’t written anything, so it can be easy to get discouraged. It’s important to account for the time spent doing this kind of thing so that you don’t feel like you’re failing when you have to spend entire days on it rather than writing.

I had a friend who spent an entire weekend trying to de-bug a program, and the problem ended up being a zero that had been replaced by an O. That kind of stuff happens all the time, and it’s often when students quit. Account for this ahead of time so that it’s just part of the deal.

It is hard to communicate to friends and family members about what you’re going through in this process. They may expect you to be the same person you were before you entered the program and have the same flexibility. This can put a lot of pressure on friendships and relationships.  

You see all these other people who seem like they’re doing amazing things. Going on vacation, having children, advancing their careers. It may feel like you’re missing out. The life of a PhD student is also extremely isolating. Your family may not understand what you’re going through. It’s important to take care of your mental and emotional health so that this doesn’t lead you to drop out.

No Time for Anything

Those people who go into a doctoral program and continue a job and have families have to understand that they’re going to have very little time for anything other than those three things during the program. There is often not even enough time for all three of those. Understand that your faculty will have expectations of you and rarely considers outside commitments or desires when evaluating whether you’ve met those expectations.

Much of the life of a PhD student is actually deferring life–or at least all of the facets of life outside of academia. It means following everybody else’s requirements until you graduate. 

Revisions, Revisions, Revisions

Being a PhD student means constant revising. That’s one of the reasons that people quit, because they don’t realize how much revising will be necessary. When students get a draft of their proposal back for revisions a fifth time, many consider that a failure, but that’s simply the nature of writing a dissertation.

People get angry because they think they’re failing or they think that professors are being hard on them. But having to do multiple revisions is the norm. You’re learning a new language (academic writing), and you’re conducting an extremely rigorous project.

In classes, professors may let things slide. But any professor worth their salt won’t let things slide in your dissertation. It’s a good place for a perfectionist.

Here are some common reasons why students struggle with the type of academic writing required in a dissertation:

• You feel like you’re repeating yourself a lot
• You have to make your argument very clear and slow
• You can’t assume any knowledge
• You have to be extraordinarily specific
• You have to be extremely consistent

A Warning for Doctoral Students

There are stories of faculty members who take advantage of doctoral students to pick up laundry, babysit children, or worse. However power can be abused, some people in positions of power will try to do it. While hopefully there has been enough conversation about this that it is declining, it is something to be aware of. Listen to other people and be careful. 

The academic system is set up for an uneven balance of power–even before you account for our societal power dynamics of gender and race.

While there is a worthy tradition of “paying your dues” in academia, this means paying your dues to the profession–through teaching, learning, and research–not paying dues to members of the profession.

All this said, there are times when it isn’t inappropriate for faculty members may ask you to do things outside of the realm of academia (you can feel free to accept or decline as you wish). When I was in my graduate program a faculty member asked if I could help him move one weekend. I helped him for an hour and a half, and he gave me $100. 

He was trying to be nice to me, and he certainly didn’t take advantage of the power dynamic. However, I was working as an assistant on a research project and getting paid $12/hr, and I jokingly chided him for paying me more for my brawn than my brains.

Final Thoughts

The life of a PhD student is not easy, but it is rewarding. Time and time again, I’ve seen the difference between students who complete their doctoral programs and those who don’t is whether they’re able to get enough support.

That’s why I started offering Dissertation Coaching Services . I help PhD students get through the dissertation phase of their doctoral programs, successfully defend them, and graduate with their degrees.

If you are interested in receiving support from a Dissertation Chair through weekly coaching sessions, feedback on your work, and accountability tools, book a free 30-minute consultation . As of this writing, I am nearing capacity, so please do so soon if you would like to participate.

Steve Tippins

Steve Tippins, PhD, has thrived in academia for over thirty years. He continues to love teaching in addition to coaching recent PhD graduates as well as students writing their dissertations. Learn more about his dissertation coaching and career coaching services. Book a Free Consultation with Steve Tippins

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Can a grad student take undergrad classes?

Maybe a dumb question, but for example: say I'm doing a PhD in Theoretical Physics (I'm not) but I need to have taken certain undergrad math courses to understand the material, which I never took in undergrad. Do grad students ever end up in undergrad classes for this reason, or do they just learn the material themselves out of books?

• graduate-school

• 7 It is not unheard of for grad students to be directed to take an upper-level undergrad course during their first year in order to fill in a gap in their background. –  John Coleman Commented Jun 13, 2020 at 14:00
• 1 I took a couple of undergrad courses as a grad. I also TA'ed courses that I've never taken them as courses in my undergrad. It was easier for me to learn and teach at that point. These were some really great learning experiences. –  AJed Commented Jun 14, 2020 at 1:59
• 2 At many cal-state univerisities, the answer is no. As a personal experience, I wanted to get my undergraduate degree in math while getting my masters in physics - even with a verbal “ok” from the administration and signatures from the teachers and chairs of both the physics and math depts, the answer was no (and I effectively wasted a semester by not earning credits for the math course despite passing). Be careful!! –  user122705 Commented Jun 14, 2020 at 2:27
• At many universities, lectures are public and everybody may listen to them (of course, there are maximal amounts of people due to fire regulations). –  user111388 Commented Jun 14, 2020 at 12:25
• 1 Please specify the country in the question. –  Tommi Commented Jun 15, 2020 at 9:01

3 Answers 3

Depends on institution policies, but usually yes.

That said, the grade you get usually won't matter, and besides you might already know some of the things in the course. You might be better off just focusing on the interesting part then, by self-educating.

• 3 Agreed. Just audit the course so that you don’t have to worry about a letter grade. –  GrayLiterature Commented Jun 13, 2020 at 3:55
• And auditing is cheaper! –  curiousdannii Commented Jun 13, 2020 at 11:59
• 1 Auditing may be cheaper, but at some institutions it costs the same as taking the course for credit. –  Brian Borchers Commented Jun 13, 2020 at 20:31
• ...in which case, just sitting in on the lectures and doing the work on your own is cheaper still. –  JeffE Commented Jun 14, 2020 at 23:38

As others say, this depends entirely on specific institutional culture and policies. But from my experience (studying/working at various universities in North America and Western Europe):

You can almost certainly audit the class — i.e. go to the lectures, get access to online study materials, etc.

You can probably, but not certainly, take the class — i.e. submit homeworks, take the exam, and get assessment, feedback, and a grade. At some universities, especially in the US, this may incur tuition fees, or count towards an allowance of how many courses you can take. All programmes I’ve been involved in allow this, as far as I know, but I wouldn’t be shocked by an institution that didn’t.

You may or may not be able to use this course as credit towards your PhD requirements. Most PhD programmes require you to take a certain number of courses, but have certain limitations (in both level and topic) on which courses count for this. Some programmes I’ve known have allowed higher-level undergrad courses to count; others haven’t.

There are some institutions where auditing is more expensive than enrolling in a course for credit; often this comes from losing the tax money from the government agency. There are some institutions where there is a pass-fail or pass-no record option; in some cases, a grade of D will either count as a fail, or be reported as a D. In some cases, the professor turns in a letter grade and the registrar changes it to pass, fail, or whatever.

At other schools, there is a Math 505 or some analogous number which is only open to non-math graduate students and covers what they missed in their undergraduate program.

And taking a course for as long as you can and then withdrawing? It may not affect your GPA, but Financial Aid may view that the same as failing the course.

In order not to influence any committees that may decide to pass you or offer you a fellowship, I might ask the main graduate school office of the university(ies) you are interested in, rather than the department, for their answer.

• And there are institution where all lectures are public and anybody who wishes can just go there. –  user111388 Commented Jun 15, 2020 at 9:23

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• Officially Grads

How does a phd program work?

By nyknicks May 4, 2011 in Officially Grads

Recommended Posts

Im starting a phd program in the fall but Im actually clueless about how the program works, so I decided to post anonymously on this forum.

My Situation:

-I want to "be a sociologist"

-I have interests and passions in the field, although more general than specific

-Im starting a phd program in sociology in a "good program," which has been described to me as "very competitive"

-My expectations of myself in the first year of the program: work diligently, develop relationships with faculty and my cohort, begin to narrow my interests/focus of study

My Question:

-How many classes per semester does a phd student take? Or at least, how many classes per semester for a first year student?

-How does a student get a TA or RA? Are they typically for students who receive funding? (I have no funding). What if I want one for the experience?

-What should my schedule look like as a first year? Mixture of class and TA/RA or just class?

-If you have any advice for a first year student, I would be very happy to hear it, especially in terms of finding an area of study and producing quality work

Thank you for taking the time to read and answer!

• chaospaladin , PhDMKTG and lewin

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Share on other sites.

I'll add a question: do PhD students take classes year round?

robot_hamster

I'm not a PhD student (currently working on MS), but I think some of this stuff is pretty generic. At my school (and I think most places), full-time is 9 credit hours. I took 3 classes my first semester and two classes plus a thesis credit my second semester. If you don't have funding, then I imagine your first year (or semester at least) will be mostly classes. The way TA and RA positions work at my school is that they go to the "funded" students first. I was admitted my first semester without funding, but I was able to secure a position my second semester simply by being in the right place at the right time. I suppose it depends on how much money your school has and how many positions they are going to make available. If you're interested in finding one for your second semester, then I would suggest making it known to everyone you come across that you are looking. I don't really have any good advice for that part.

Im starting a phd program in the fall but Im actually clueless about how the program works, so I decided to post anonymously on this forum. My Situation: -I want to "be a sociologist" -I have interests and passions in the field, although more general than specific -Im starting a phd program in sociology in a "good program," which has been described to me as "very competitive" -My expectations of myself in the first year of the program: work diligently, develop relationships with faculty and my cohort, begin to narrow my interests/focus of study My Question: -How many classes per semester does a phd student take? Or at least, how many classes per semester for a first year student? -How does a student get a TA or RA? Are they typically for students who receive funding? (I have no funding). What if I want one for the experience? -What should my schedule look like as a first year? Mixture of class and TA/RA or just class? -If you have any advice for a first year student, I would be very happy to hear it, especially in terms of finding an area of study and producing quality work Thank you for taking the time to read and answer!

1. It varies. Some programs don't expect first year students to do any kind of research, some do. As you can imagine, those that do expect 1st year students to do research often have less class requirement (though they often need to take "research credits" to fulfill the requirement as a full-time student).

2. Priorities of TA and RA are often given to students who received internal funding. But if you just want experience and are willing to volunteer, you can usually find one.

3. Again, it varies. Some programs require first year student to TA, Some don't. But no matter what, you should get involved in research whether or not you get an official RA position. As you are not funded, I would assume your program does not require you to teach. If that's the case, then I think officially you only need to take classes, but you probably want to do some research for you own good (whether you get a RA position or not).

4. Think. I personally think thinking is an underrated aspect of graduate life. Read a lot, but set aside time to just think and to integrate what you have learned so far. Try to read something outside of your field too! True innovation often comes across field rather than within field. Do try to have a social life, make new friends, and develop new hobbies =)

• honu090 and PhDMKTG

For chemistry (and most sciences), it usually goes like this:

1-2 years of coursework, heaviest in the first two semesters, lighter the second two.

You start research at the beginning of your first semester- either you do "rotations", wherein you pick several labs you're interested in and work for 2-3 months in each, or you already know where you want to go and you start there your first semester.

In the sciences, almost all students are on TAs/RAs... Most of the time, someone who is not given funding is a polite "you didn't quite make the cut" move. That said, it's common to TA your whole way through if your advisor doesn't have enough money to put you on an RA. I think this is a bit different in the social sciences where you might be an RA for someone who is not your direct advisor- it doesn't usually work that way in the sciences.TAs and RAs are the source of funding, so unless there's an open spot that needs filling, chances are you'll have a hard time picking up either if you weren't offered funding, at least to start off. As you get better known in the department, spots might open up for you.

My advice for good research: read a lot. I mean a LOT. Not just books, but current literature. I probably spent 2-4 hours each day reading current articles in my field, and it has really helped me (1) build up a good reference library and (2) get to know the major players/recent works of interest in my field. The more you read, the more likely you are to see the connections that will make for good research projects down the road.

As to taking classes year round: no one I know takes classes in the summer, except under really unusual circumstances (there's an "ethics in human research" a lot of people are taking this summer, for instance). Mostly, you'll probably take a full load your first semester, maybe a full load your second semester, and then lighter loads from there on out. This is just from what I've seen, someone in sociology would be better to comment.

• sareth , rockandroll and Madmoony

rising_star

My Question: -How many classes per semester does a phd student take? Or at least, how many classes per semester for a first year student? -How does a student get a TA or RA? Are they typically for students who receive funding? (I have no funding). What if I want one for the experience? -What should my schedule look like as a first year? Mixture of class and TA/RA or just class? -If you have any advice for a first year student, I would be very happy to hear it, especially in terms of finding an area of study and producing quality work

Really, all of these questions are things that you should be asking current grad students in the department you are enrolling in. None of us know your department's requirements or your university's so all we can do is tell you what our experience has been. And, in all likelihood, your experience will be different from everything you read hear. That said, here goes.

1. Depends on the department. In my MA department, a full-time PhD student with a TA or RA took 9 credit hours. At my PhD university, that is 6 hours. So, it varies.

2. Ask the department secretary. Stay alert for emails about people looking for either a TA or a RA and then apply to those positions. Why you want one doesn't really matter.

3. Depends. I took 4 classes in the first semester of my MA and again in my PhD. I don't recommend doing this. Given that you don't have funding, it seems like you would just be taking classes.

Typically, only in the spring and fall semesters or spring, winter, and fall quarters. Usually professors don't teach graduate level courses in the summer, though this varies by department.

• sareth and mudlark

fuzzylogician

In general the answers all depend on the specific program, but here are the answers for my program:

- We take 4 classes in the Fall of the first year, three classes and an independent study in the Spring. Then we can make our own schedule; most people will spread the remaining classes over their second and third year, possibly with some leftovers for the fourth year (we are extremely an course-heavy program). I took 4 classes for credit in my 3rd semester, 2 + 1 as a listener in my 4th (and I also TAed). Next fall I hope to take 2 classes for credit, two as a listener and TA, or take 3 for credit + 1 as a listener. The normal workload is 3 classes, or 2 + TAship. Depending on the classes it's sometimes not too bad to do 4 in one semester, although I would not recommend it.

- In our department we only have to TA two semesters during our whole residency. We can choose when we want to do it, an email goes out with the openings before each semester and we reply with out availability. The rest of the time we are funded by the department without any service required. We can TA for additional courses for money, again, we just reply to the email that goes out before the semester. It's also possible to approach an instructor in person and ask to be their TA -- that can sometime help get a desired position too. As for RAship, that's strictly on a personal level. You get hired and payed by a certain professor who has funding, so you have to go to them in person and ask for the job.

- Our first-years never TA. The first semester is also normally too busy for research -- that begins in the second semester.

- There's a whole thread about this, as rising_star points out. My advice: prioritize, learn to say no, and make time for hobbies, proper meals and sleep.

As for the additional question: people don't normally take classes in the summer. Since we're payed for 10 months out of the year (9 regular + 1 month summer funding), a lot of people go away for extended periods over the summer. Those who stay mostly work on their research.

I have one!

I will be a TA in my department. I understand that I don't take classes in the summer, so will I simply continue to TA and work on my research? How do summers generally work out?

UnlikelyGrad

At my school, there are very very limited slots for TAs in the summer; summer class offerings are pretty light. So there may be 3-4 openings (as opposed to 25+ during the school year.)

During the summer, most people's priority is to do research. That goes doubly for those of us (like me, and--if you're in ES--you too) who do field work; it's a lot harder to do field work during late fall/winter/early spring, at least in this climate. So summer is when we try to spend as much time as possible outside.

In my department, even profs who don't have funding for a school-year RA for their students will try to give them funding over the summer. It varies from prof to prof, though.

You should find answers to these questions on your school's website.

• MeanderingPhD and cafeaulaitgirl

juilletmercredi

All of this depends on your department. The best way to find out is to go to your departmental website, search for a doctoral student handbook, and download and read it. Most departments put them online nowdays and it has most of that information there.

In my experience graduate students usually take between 2 and 4 courses a semester, with 2-3 courses being the most common. TAships and RAships are usually sources of funding within departments and students either get them competitively (at places that don't award them to everyone) or they get them as a condition of being a PhD student (at places that fund everyone). Some departments require you to do a certain amount of TAing - my psych department requires 5 semesters of TAing, for example. I think all PhD students should have an RAship even if it's an unofficial, 'unpaid' one because research is the purpose of a PhD, but not all are going to TA for various reasons.

My first year was 4 courses per semester, working with my advisor as an RA on a project, and reading a lot. That's my major advice for a first-year student, is read a lot in your field becaues that will help you formulate an area of study and narrow your field by finding where the gaps are. Building a relationship with your advisor is important then but also with some other professors in your department. Go to events. Meet people. Talk to your colleagues, talk to your profsesors, go to seminars and stuff...they're all important, you need to get involved in the lifeblood of the department and it's a lot easier to do it when you're a first year taking classes and at the department every day than when you are more advanced and you're not taking classes so you can decide to stay home.

We don't take classes year round here, but we are expected to do research year round, although it may be less formally structured during the summer.

Also to the last question, very few undergrads take summer classes here and there aren't many offered. So there are few summer TAships. There are opportunities to teach full courses for advanced graduate students (4th year plus) in one of my departments over the summer, and many who are interested in academic careers go for those. Most people here advance their research and work on papers and grants during the summer. In my primary department - which is more applied - it's also normal if not terribly common for students (like me) to get internships to get work experience outside of academia.

I just finished my first year of a soc degree, so I will take a stab at the answers. Understand though, that the answers are really specific to your program. My department hooked us up with mentors, maybe yours will do that as well. If not, try to get in touch with a grad student (you could email the dgs and say you have questions and ask them to recommend a grad student to email)to ask them.

1. My first year we were to take three graded classes and a p/f professions course. The graded courses were in theory, methods, stats, and an elective.

After the first year we don't really have any course load requirements.

2. In our department, they don't accept people unless they can fund them or the student has outside funding (fellowship). I would suppose that you could volunteer to TA/RA. Most professors will not turn away free help.

3. My first year: 20 hours (or less) of TA duties, 10 credit hours of coursework. Busy pretty much all the time.

4. Talk to lots of faculty and grad students to find out what they are working on, read tons. Don't be shy about setting up appointments with faculty members to chat about their research and your interests. They may be able to point you in a good direction. Don't be afraid to say no if they are trying to morph your interests into something that isn't you, though! As far as producing quality work: Read, listen, take notes. Be prepared to feel completely and utterly stupid and unqualified. And don't let tons of "constructive feedback" get the best of you. That part was pretty shocking to me, who was used to getting lots and lots of praise for my writing in undergrad.

This totally varies by university, college, and department. I'm on a 12-month schedule, whereas many of my friends are on a 9 (summer funding is rare around here). At UGA, in general, students receive a tuition waiver for summer if they held an assistantship for the preceding spring. For that reason, a number of students take classes (generally seems to be more humanities/social science than other science, though). I took 2 classes last summer and am taking 1 this summer.

This totally varies by university, college, and department...

Yes, and that's exactly why my post starts with the words:

In general the answers all depend on the specific program, but here are the answers for my program

• 2 months later...

That's my major advice for a first-year student, is read a lot in your field becaues that will help you formulate an area of study and narrow your field by finding where the gaps are

Thanks for the sound advice above; I am also about to start my first year as a PhD and have a ton of questions that haven't been answered by the interviews I had with profs and current students in the program. I have been busy reading academic journals in my field to get a sense of the scope and nature of the work that is being done in research; However, coming from the corporate world (MBA + hedge fund background), a lot of the writing in these journals is like Chinese to me! Is this a cause for concern, or is it normal to feel this way?

ANY advice would be very much appreciated on how to shorten the learning curve and get to become a productive researcher in Academia.

I'm sure your program has some kind of timeline on their website that would give you some kind of guideline in regards to what has to be done by a certain time.

Thanks for the sound advice above; I am also about to start my first year as a PhD and have a ton of questions that haven't been answered by the interviews I had with profs and current students in the program. I have been busy reading academic journals in my field to get a sense of the scope and nature of the work that is being done in research; However, coming from the corporate world (MBA + hedge fund background), a lot of the writing in these journals is like Chinese to me! Is this a cause for concern, or is it normal to feel this way? ANY advice would be very much appreciated on how to shorten the learning curve and get to become a productive researcher in Academia.

mandarin.orange

Yes, or in the "Graduate Student Handbook" that most universities/departments have developed.

I have questions more related to the research aspects of grad school, directed at lab-based experimental sciences. How many hours do you spend in the lab per day during your first year? Is there a specific work schedule, like having a 9-5 job? I was told that I will be learning from post-docs my first semester and starting my own project in the spring. So what exactly (in your estimation) does that entail? I have read my student handbook and asked the current students some questions, but there is still some uncertainty.

As for coursework and TA duties, I'm all set. My grad courses are in the evenings and my TA class is in the afternoon, presumably freeing up mornings for research. Is this typical?

I have questions more related to the research aspects of grad school, directed at lab-based experimental sciences. How many hours do you spend in the lab per day during your first year? Is there a specific work schedule, like having a 9-5 job? I was told that I will be learning from post-docs my first semester and starting my own project in the spring. So what exactly (in your estimation) does that entail? I have read my student handbook and asked the current students some questions, but there is still some uncertainty. As for coursework and TA duties, I'm all set. My grad courses are in the evenings and my TA class is in the afternoon, presumably freeing up mornings for research. Is this typical?

I hesitate to answer because you specifically asked about lab sciences, but in my experience it was usually more a matter of dividing up the week rather than the day. Our grad courses were in the morning or afternoon, once a week, so you might have courses two or three times a week, and there was choice in when you wanted to TA. So some people would try to fit everything into Monday and Tuesday, for example, and then have the rest of the week without any 'official' duties. I don't think anyone I knew had something (a class or TAing) every single day such that it became like a 9-5 job; I certainly didn't, though I got myself to campus almost every day anyway.

The lab sciences really depend on the university, the department, and the lab. I'd say the "standard" would be around 30 hours per week of lab work your first semester, although it's not uncommon to do a good bit more than that.

My general schedule was something about 9-6 most days, and I was in the lab working when I wasn't in classes.

My wife just finished her first semester in Neuroscience, and I'd say her experience was pretty similar to mine. I think the handbook "mandated" 15-20 hours per week for rotations, but there was "strong encouragement" to be in between 30 and 40 hours.

Most of the time, you can set a regular schedule- but often experiments won't cooperate, more often in Neuro than for me in Chemistry. Mice/Rat based experiments often have to be done on the right biological cycle for the rat- I've spent some 11pm-4 am work periods with my wife, because that's when it needed to be done. There can always be issues around scheduling time on shared resources that leaves you working early mornings or late nights, as well.

Talking to people in the lab you are going to be working in is best, they can help you get a feel for what your PI specifically expects from his/her students- and that's the really important thing. Most PIs want their students to be in the lab when they come by (unless they're in class or something else), so you *generally* work at least during the time when they're around. The post-docs that are training you can help you get a good feel for when/how much you should be in, I would think.

The lab sciences really depend on the university, the department, and the lab. I'd say the "standard" would be around 30 hours per week of lab work your first semester, although it's not uncommon to do a good bit more than that. My general schedule was something about 9-6 most days, and I was in the lab working when I wasn't in classes. My wife just finished her first semester in Neuroscience, and I'd say her experience was pretty similar to mine. I think the handbook "mandated" 15-20 hours per week for rotations, but there was "strong encouragement" to be in between 30 and 40 hours. Most of the time, you can set a regular schedule- but often experiments won't cooperate, more often in Neuro than for me in Chemistry. Mice/Rat based experiments often have to be done on the right biological cycle for the rat- I've spent some 11pm-4 am work periods with my wife, because that's when it needed to be done. There can always be issues around scheduling time on shared resources that leaves you working early mornings or late nights, as well. Talking to people in the lab you are going to be working in is best, they can help you get a feel for what your PI specifically expects from his/her students- and that's the really important thing. Most PIs want their students to be in the lab when they come by (unless they're in class or something else), so you *generally* work at least during the time when they're around. The post-docs that are training you can help you get a good feel for when/how much you should be in, I would think.

Alright, thanks for the insight. The difference between your wife's research and mine is that I'll be working exclusively with human subjects (as in common in cognitive neuroscience, especially in the functional brain imaging methodology).

I have stats/research methods Monday at 7-10, a cognitive science course Wednesday at 7-10, and a seminar Thursday at 1-4. My TA class is Tuesday/Thursday 4-5. One inconvenience with my program is that our research lab is a 30-minute drive away from main campus, so commute times have to be factored in as well. (On the other hand, it's a really nice research center, so I can't complain.)

I have a few friends at our medical campus working in your area- they work fairly straightforward 9-5 hours in the lab, although there are some variations when it comes time to do data processing and such.

• 9 months later...

Typically, every graduate school has a a number of pages of their Web site that explain in details the process of study and getting a PhD degree in their institution. This process is particular to every institution and depends on the nature of the subject and countries . For the detials, you need to speak with the students office and your potential advisor and students who are already in the program. In addition, it is good to read for yourself advice on some Web sites dedicated to PhD students like "Academic Joy".

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The Myth that J.D. Vance Bootstrapped His Way to the Top

I grew up in eastern Kentucky, in the heart of Appalachia, immersed in all that the region has to offer—lush forests filled with oak trees and wild orchids; lively streams, teeming with crawfish and minnows. Life abounded and flourished and though gunshots sometimes ricocheted off the hills I loved to climb and explore, I knew the forest to be safe. Copperheads lurked there, sure, but no grown-ups ever followed me into the woods, carrying danger with them. My home held a different story—a story of childhood anguish—which I learned to tell through written words only, knowing silence was a tool for survival.

With J.D. Vance’s recent nomination as Trump’s VP pick , there’s a renewed interest in our region as his memoir, Hillbilly Elegy , has once again become a bestseller , much to our community’s collective frustration. Appalachians have spoken out in droves to reclaim our “hillbilly” identity that Vance co-opted while prescribing bootstrapping as a solution to our problems.

Read More: J.D. Vance’s Vision of Appalachia Is Nothing New

But for those of us who grew up mired in poverty, surrounded by addiction, these systemic problems feel like being trapped in quicksand that only wants to pull you further into despair. There are no boots nor bootstraps, no solid ground to get your footing, when each day is a struggle for survival. But neither the outcry of offended Appalachians nor the book’s glaring inconsistencies mattered to readers or voters in the past; it seems unlikely they will impact Vance’s narrative now.

His story still matters, though. Most notably because, while his memoir resonated with readers for its quintessentially American narrative of a self-made man, the reality is he did not get here alone. He got here because of the policies and programs that support working class people. In fact, it’s one of the few things he and I have in common.

Despite his middle-class upbringing in the Rust Belt, J.D. Vance and I both grew up suffering with the chaos and pain that come with having an addicted parent, violence in the home, and familial mental illness. Any one of those factors will have a negative impact on a child’s well-being and future prospects; growing up with all three, studies show, sets a child up for failure .

Vance and I also both received valuable higher education due to the generosity of others who funded our scholarships. I went to Berea College, a tuition-free college here in Eastern Kentucky where every student works and which has a stated mission to educate low-income Appalachians just as it has educated men and women, Blacks and whites, since its inception in 1855. Vance attended Yale Law School on a generous scholarship , which is a benefit some of our nation’s top schools offer to low-income students. But it’s hardly well-known to most Americans who are just trying to survive. We were lucky to even have known about these schools, much less to get in.

It wasn’t just higher education that helped Vance and me pull ourselves out of the circumstances we grew up in. Despite its imperfections, our national public school system provided a foundation to attend college and even to become writers. My parents and later I, as a single mother, benefitted from social programs like food stamps and medical cards. Welfare programs often keep children fed and even alive—which means that some of us can grow up to become productive adults who not only pay our taxes, but make invaluable contributions to society and our families.  

Vance helped perpetuate stereotypes about the “lazy poor” in his memoir when he shared his frustration about discovering, at 17 years old, that there are adults on welfare who dare to own cell phones and buy things that food stamps doesn’t cover (i.e., alcohol and cigarettes). However, he is seemingly also aware of another point that is critical to this discussion, though it isn’t a popular topic in political discourse: Our choices are shaped by our culture, and none of the class issues he critiques can or should be chalked up to immorality.

Read More: The Demonization of Rural America

The reality is that these complex problems require careful thinking and sometimes, complex solutions. Not everyone needs or wants to go to college, and it’s not a guaranteed path to success for those who do go. Addiction and mental illness have become dire problems in our country while resources for treatment have dwindled. Working Americans struggle to keep up with the cost of groceries and utilities, while a lot of mental health support and medical care is prohibitively expensive.

Some of Vance’s political views are easy to identify, like his stance on border control and immigration , while his thoughts on abortion (and even Trump himself) have covered broader ground. And there’s plenty of detailed coverage of his thoughts on digital currency and other financial topics . But there’s far less to be found regarding his stances on ensuring high-quality public education for all American children or social welfare programs that support struggling families—which are often in the crosshairs of Republican spending cuts.

This exclusion leads me to wonder: Has Vance forgotten how he rose to his position? Does he think about the other kids in Middletown and throughout Cincinnati who are suffering like he once did, and the parents who are raising them, also struggling to cope?

Vance and I are both lucky to have come out alive, much less as functional and successful adults. What we have in common is grit, yes, but we didn’t just save ourselves: our educational and even our job opportunities offered a path forward. Others who are just like us need mental health support, job training, and the benefits of being taught self-discipline and structure, like the Marines offered Vance.

The economic and cultural pressures we are facing have left American families in turmoil, and children are the ones who bear the greatest burden. They also represent the next generation of our country, whose success we all should be highly invested in. The lifelines that paved the way for both me and Vance have not just served countless Americans; they are crucial to our country’s greatness.

More than 15 years ago, I taught undergraduate classes as an adjunct instructor in English at Eastern Kentucky University for a time after getting my master’s degree there. I had a student in one class who liked to share his political views. I listened but didn’t offer my own. One day, he told me how he thought all social programs should be eliminated.

“What do you think should be done for sick people who can’t afford medical care?” I asked.

And he told me, “We should let them die.”

He would have been 18 or so. I knew there was a chance a lot of his beliefs would change in the near future. As shocking as it was to hear him say that, I know it’s a lot easier to see things in black-and-white when we’re younger, still naïve in ways, before we find ourselves in the midst of complicated situations. I’m sure he couldn’t fathom what it really looks like when we abandon the most vulnerable among us to die in underfunded hospitals or on the streets themselves. And like so many firmly held political beliefs, it’s easier to condemn the people we don’t identify with and think we never will.

If that was 15 years ago, I’m dismayed by some of the ways we are demonized now. When I’m inundated by the obituaries of my former classmates in Eastern Kentucky, lost to opioids in middle age, or horrified by the rampant homelessness and addiction in our cities, I want to know how politicians like Vance will address the despair that has permeated our communities—his community. How will the working class in Appalachia and beyond—which has always fueled our nation’s success, with our coal and timber and bodies—be fairly recompensated? How will we move beyond the impotent speeches about wages and inflation to actually ensure American families aren’t stuck in survival mode?

Our country’s well-being includes the well-being of all. Your neighbor’s addiction or poverty or pain remains isolated for only so long. Our leaders—Democrat, Republican, or otherwise—need to attend to the problems we see all around us, which are not indicative of individual weakness, but of our greater cultural struggles.

Our great country faces a number of challenges, but we also have a myriad of tools and solutions to help us create a better way forward. J.D. Vance has experienced firsthand some of the ways we can do this, and they don’t include the bootstraps he prescribed in his memoir.

Throughout his career, Vance has developed opinions on every hot-button issue in our political landscape. He claims to be for the working class. But it’s now time to ask what will he actually do for us? After all, we know what the working class has done for him.

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