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  • Leaving Cert. English (Higher) 2015: Paper 1 Section II Composing
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Preparation

  • Information
  • You must write a short story. You can take a variety of approaches but generally all short stories have a beginning, middle and end, have at least one character, and have some sense of tension, climax and resolution.
  • Ask yourself questions to create ideas: -    Where? -    What? -    Who? -    Why? -    When? -    How?
  • Beware of creating an over-long timeline. You have limited space and time. It would be impossible to cover a character’s entire life in 2-4 A4 pages.
  • Try to have just 1-3 main characters.
  • You have a long time to write this essay. Re-read quickly what you have written to check it for mistakes.
  • Create atmosphere and images for the reader — it will improve your writing.
  • You must write a story in which the main character transforms when facing a daunting challenge.
  • You will be rewarded for employing some of the conventions of a magazine or newspaper layout, e.g. headline, sub-headings, etc.
  • Shape your response in a manner appropriate to the register of a magazine or newspaper.
  • Think about the role played by romance in our lives. You might consider some of the following: -    The media's obsession with romance -    The popularity of romance as a genre in film and books -    The transforming power of romance.  
  • Try to make your article interesting and entertaining.
  • Provide a ‘hook’ at the start of the article to make your reader want to read your piece.
  • Be careful with structure. You should have a clear introduction and a firm conclusion.
  • Never forget your purpose, audience and language register (appropriate style, vocabulary and tone).
  • Use all rhetorical devices at your disposal. Some effective examples include: -    Using rhetorical questions -    Flattering your audience -    Using emotive language, strong anecdotes, strong imagery -    Involving the listener -    Creating a sense of unity with the audience.
  • Remember your audience; you are speaking to the United Nations Youth Conference.
  • Your task is to provoke thought around the issues you wish to discuss.
  • What would you consider to be the defining struggles of our age. You may consider some of the following: -    Global warming -    Poverty -    Globalisation -    The role of technology.
  • You must consider both the causes and possible solutions to these problems.  
  • This title gives you the opportunity to take a number of different approaches but remember it must be a personal account. Your ideas should be at the heart of the essay.
  • A personal essay should have a degree of personal reflection.
  • Think about the endings in your life. What was significant? You could consider some of the following: -    End of school -    A friendship -    Death -    A relationship.
  • Your essay must be descriptive. Concentrate on creating images and atmosphere for the reader. Consider a multi-sensory approach.
  • Think about what Ireland is like today. What would a time-traveller make of it? It is important to decide at this stage if your traveller is from the past or present. This will greatly influence his/her observations.
  • Plan this essay carefully. Try to create a fluid piece.
  • Try to create a lively and engaging piece for the reader.
  • You must write a short story. You can take a variety of approaches but generally, all short stories have a beginning, middle and end, have at least one character, and have some sense of tension, climax and resolution.
  • You have a long time to write this essay. Re-read what you have written quickly to check it for mistakes.
  • You must include a closely guarded secret and its discovery in your answer.
  • This is a discursive essay. You should be able to discuss the issues. If you have no ideas on people's privacy and its challenges in a modern world, then avoid this essay.
  • Spend time properly planning your essay. Clarity is key to an effective discursive essay.
  • Is privacy important to you? Why?
  • How has the modern world compromised our privacy? Consider some of the following: -    Facebook -    Snapchat -    Google Chrome -    How much information can be gleaned about you from your profile? -    Is anything on the net really private? -    Reality T.V. -    Celebrity privacy.
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  • mdramimsarker
  • Nov 19, 2022

Tips and Tricks for Leaving Cert English Composition

Updated: Feb 17

what is a discursive essay leaving cert

Most students stress about Paper 2 – Shakespeare , poetry and a range of texts is a lot of learning in fairness! – but did you realise that the Composition section on Paper 1 is actually the most important question you will do for your Leaving Cert English? Worth 100 marks, this is 25% of your overall grade! The breakdown is simple – if you ace this section, you’ve set yourself up really well to get the grades you want.

what is a discursive essay leaving cert

So what is this section on the course all about? The paper 1 composition – a fancy name for what most would call an essay – and is something you write on the day of the exam and is worth half of the total marks of this paper. Both Higher and Ordinary level English will have seven titles to choose from, and these will be a mix of personal essays, short stories, discursive essays, articles, descriptive essays and speeches, to name some of the more common options, each tending to follow a certain format. The titles will cover a variety of language genres (informative, persuasive, argumentative, narrative and aesthetic) so as well as getting the topic of the essay right, you need to make sure you’re getting the tone correct too. Those are the specifications the LC marking scheme will be focusing on.

Each year has a new theme for paper 1 – it will be written on the front of the paper – and every essay ties back to a reading comprehension about that theme. Does this mean your essay has to be about the theme? Not necessarily. But it does mean if you are stuck for inspiration you have a general concept to work from which can be a great help on the day.

what is a discursive essay leaving cert

Length-wise, for HL you’re aiming for around 4 or 5 pages which may sound like a lot, but when you realise it’s roughly 20 marks per page, it makes sense. Plus, by the time you have a decent introduction and conclusion done, you’ll have most of a page filled. Ideally, you’ll have picked a title whose writing style suits you, and ties into your interests and knowledge, so those extra few pages should fill themselves pretty quickly!

When choosing a title, stick to your strengths – if you’re amazing at factual writing and aren’t terribly creative, then a discursive essay is for you; if you have a great imagination and know how to tell a good tale, then the short story is right up your street. Pro tip: personal essays and short stories come up at least once (if not twice!) every year so are good ones to work on when doing essay writing!

On that note, you may not think it, but English is 100% a subject where practice makes perfect. The more you get used to choosing titles, planning what you are going to write that ties back into the title you chose , then writing while keeping the correct pacing in mind (75-80 mins), the better you will get at producing decent essays in exam timing and conditions. Reviewing your vocabulary and grammar as you write are key to helping you push up your language and mechanics marks.

Are you going to be able to write an H1/O1 essay in 80 minutes the first time you try? Unlikely, but putting in the work on your essay writing between now and your exams is a solid way to help yourself get there.

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Summary of information, argument, persuasion etc…

NOTE: This article was originally published in the Irish Independent Written Word Supplement, March 2014.

Language Types

The way we use language changes depending on the situation. The words you use in a job interview are obviously more formal than the words you choose when chatting to your mates. If you write a fawning comment to win a competition you’ll use lots of superlatives (think ‘biggest’, ‘best’, ‘brightest’) but for a political speech on bank debt you’ll use financial terminology.

The division of Paper 1 into language categories (information, argument, persuasion, narration/description and aesthetic language) reflects the fact that we use language in different ways in different contexts. These categories aren’t absolute, in fact they often overlap, but understanding the basic rules for informing, arguing, persuading, describing and narrating will make you a more discerning reader (i.e. better at comprehensions) and a more skilled writer (i.e. better at QB & composing).

Language of Information

What is it? Writing whose main purpose is to communicate information.

Examples: Report, leaflet, instructions, travel guide, encyclopaedia.

Layout: The reader wants to glance at the page and select the information they are looking for instantly. Present the facts using a logical, easy to follow structure. Use headings, sub-headings and bullet points or numbering. However, if you are writing an informative essay, full prose paragraphs, rather than bullet point lists, will be expected.

Style: Your focus needs to be on facts and statistics. Every point you make should be backed up by a specific example. If you are giving advice, it needs to be specific – think “count your daily fruit and veg intake and try to gradually increase by one a day until you reach your target” rather than the so-vague-as-to-be-almost-completely-useless “eat more healthily”. You can make statistics up, but you’ll have to make them sound believable. One way to do this is to name the source of the statistic – researcher, title & institution e.g. “According to research carried out by Dr. Hazel Nolan, sociology professor at Harvard University, one reason for the increase in smoking amongst teenage girls is because it is perceived as a good way to control weight gain”. However, your statistic must be convincing! I once had a student write that “92% of teenage girls in Ireland are now smokers”. You only need to look around you (or sniff those around you!) to know this couldn’t possibly be true.

Your language must be appropriate to your audience. Reports commissioned by the government or by an organisation such as the Central Statistics Office (CSO) or the Economic & Social Research Institute (ESRI) adopt a very formal and professional tone and use subject-specific vocabulary. However, a leaflet offering advice to teenagers on staying safe online would need to adopt a much less formal approach, otherwise the people it’s aimed at (teenagers) would stop reading.

Language of Argument

What is it? Writing which offers personal opinions & refutes opposing views logically is argumentative.

Examples: Speeches, debates, opinion pieces, letters to the editor, election material.

Layout: The headings and bullet points you used for the language of information are generally speaking not appropriate here. You are expected to write in complete sentences, alternating between short snappy sentences and longer more complex ones. You need to build up a series of inter-connected ideas paragraph by paragraph, with each one flowing into the next. Election leaflets, however, will use headings, bullet points, etc…

Style: Argumentative language is logical, rational and convincing. Obviously there is a certain amount of overlap with the language of information, with a focus on facts, statistics and examples. However, unlike the language of information, you are not presenting all of the facts and allowing the reader to decide for themselves. Instead, you are emphasising only those facts which support your point of view and offering logical reasons why those who disagree with your viewpoint are wrong.

A strong argument uses logic and reason: 1. to arrive at a particular point of view 2. to defend this position and 3. to refute counter arguments.

Once a person stops utilising the facts to prove their point and resorts to personal insults, they are no longer arguing, they are now persuading.

Language of Persuasion

What is it? Writing which draws you in emotionally to manipulate how you feel and how you think is persuasive.

Examples: Advertisements, competition entries, sermons, inspirational speeches.

Layout: It depends on the genre. Advertisements pay close attention to layout and use a wide variety of headings and font sizes for captions, slogans, statistics etc. A persuasive speech will use a traditional essay-style layout. A competition entry or proposal will have a clear structure – introduction; details (3 – 4 paragraphs); what you expect to happen next.

Style: Rather than purely factual (information) or logical (argument), persuasion manipulates your emotions to make you feel strongly about an issue. The writer draws on personal experiences to lure the reader or viewer into feeling certain emotions – sympathy, distress, disgust, admiration, pride, anger, fear, amusement. Once you are emotionally ‘hooked’ it becomes harder to analyse, assess and accept or reject the writer’s message logically because the heart, not the head, is now in the driving seat! Asking rhetorical questions, making urgent references to time, using emphatic, superlative and emotive words, repeating a key phrase, adopting collective personal pronouns, creating vivid imagery, hyperbole, contrast and humour are all effective ways of manipulating people’s feelings. Argument & persuasion often overlap – logic and emotion is a great combination if you want to win people over. You’ll also find significant overlap between the language of persuasion and descriptive writing, which also draws people in emotionally.

Language of Description / Narration

What is it? Narrative language tells a story, descriptive language paints a picture using words.

Examples: Novels, short stories, memoirs and diary entries narrate. Travel writing, personal essays and feature articles describe.

Layout: All stories have a beginning, a middle and an end. Hemmingway’s six word short story “For sale, baby shoes, never worn” has all the ingredients of a compelling story: set the scene, rousing the reader’s curiosity (for sale) draw the reader into the action emotionally (baby shoes) finish with an unexpected development (never worn) Obviously you need a more fully developed plot, setting and characters for a 1,000 word short story. Descriptive essays are less demanding because they do not require a plot, but they too must draw the reader in emotionally to what is being described.

Style: To write descriptively, you must choose specific verbs. Rather than writing “Susan walks over and says she’s really excited ” select verbs which add energy and movement: “ Susan bounces over, squealing with excitement ”. Adjectives add details about the size, shape, texture, location etc of the noun being described. Rather than writing “ As rain fell from the sky, my daughter began to cry ” include adjectives which add vivid detail “ As heavy rain thundered from the dark grey sky, tiny tears flooded my daughter’s pale face ”. However, be careful not to overload your sentences – too many adjectives can make your writing slow and cumbersome. Evoke all five senses (sights, sounds, smells, tastes and touch) to add depth to your writing. Rather than writing “ A van pulled up and a burly man jumped out, ran into the shop, pulled out a gun and demanded that the shop assistant open the till ” instead create a multi-sensory experience for the reader: “ A shiny black van screeched to a halt and a burly man jumped out, bursting through the double doors and barrelling into the shop. Reaching for the cold metal butt of his revolver, he growled at the trembling shop assistant “open the f**king till! ”.

Aesthetic Language

What is it? Language which is crafted to create something beautiful. Only the language of information deliberately avoids trying to be beautiful & engaging, choosing instead to present the facts in a purely objective fashion. All other types – argumentative, persuasive, narrative and descriptive – aim for beauty as well as clarity.

Examples: Poetry, song lyrics, novels, plays. Any great work of art: think William Shakespeare, James Joyce, Seamus Heaney or equally Emily Bronte, Sylvia Plath, Eavan Boland.

Layout: There are no rules, there is only beauty. Emily Dickinson ignored all the ‘rules’ of grammar to create an aesthetic effect; so did James Joyce. Great writers master their craft by obeying the rules at first but they will also experiment and play with language to create something new.

Style: Similes, metaphors, personification, symbolism, contrast, alliteration, onomatopoeia, rhyme, rhythm, recurring motifs, pathetic fallacy, allusion, foreshadowing, dramatic irony, poetic justice. However, just using literary techniques won’t necessarily make your writing aesthetically pleasing and beauty is always in the eye of the beholder, so what I might consider beautiful, you might consider boring.

3 responses to “ Summary of information, argument, persuasion etc… ”

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The great gatsby.

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Comparative

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Descriptive Essay

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Discursive Essay

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Discursive Essay

Did anyone else pick the essay about the struggles with privacy blah blah? I chose that and mainly focused on social media and technology. Was that the right idea ? It was essay number 5 I think.

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IMAGES

  1. Discursive Essay

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

  2. Introduction: Four Types of Discursive Writing Essay Example

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

  3. How To Write A Good Discursive Essay?

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

  4. 150 Excellent Discursive Essay Topics for Students To Consider

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

  5. H1 Standard Essay on Emily Dickinson

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

  6. Complete Guide: H1 Leaving Cert English Guide 2021

    what is a discursive essay leaving cert

COMMENTS

  1. Discursive essay Archives

    Discursive essay on positive and negative aspects of different types of advertising for Leaving Cert English #625Lab. Write a discursive essay in which you explore the positive and negative aspects of different types of advertising. #625Lab Feedback: this is a decent attempt at a discursive essay. This sort….

  2. PDF Essay Writiing

    Strategies for writing good introductions to discursive essays Sometimes more than one method can be used to start your essay. 1. The funnel method In this method, the first sentence is broad and general. It introduces your thesis, and each following sentence is narrower and more focused. Finally, it narrows down to your thesis. The

  3. Leaving Cert. English (Higher) 2020: Paper 1 Section II Composing

    4. Write a discursive essay about our changing relationship with machines and the rise of artificial intelligence. This is a discursive essay. You need to discuss what you think symbolises the values held by people of your age today. Ensure that you have strong views and that your essay is lively and interesting to read.

  4. Leaving Cert English Masterplan

    A discursive essay should display a balanced, informed, considered approach; ... The Leaving Certificate English Syllabus states that, "Developing control and power over language is the most essential educational achievement for all students if they are to become confident, ...

  5. Leaving Cert. English (Higher) 2015: Paper 1 Section II Composing

    7. Write a discursive essay, in which you discuss the importance of privacy in people's lives and the challenges to privacy in the modern age. This is a discursive essay. You should be able to discuss the issues. If you have no ideas on people's privacy and its challenges in a modern world, then avoid this essay. Spend time properly planning ...

  6. Complete Guide: H1 Leaving Cert English 2026

    Leaving Cert English 2026 notes, sample essays, text analysis, examiners' advice, video - it's all in there. Contents: Essentials Paper I. Section I Section II Quotations in essays Speech/Talk/The Language of Persuasion Article / Opinion piece / Discursive Essay / Language of argument Report/The language of information Personal essay ...

  7. Types of descriptive essay…

    Specifically, what different approaches can students take when writing a descriptive essay? When it came up as an option on Leaving Cert paper 1 recently, the marking scheme stated that students could adopt a " narrative or discursive approach ". Confusion often arises here because when we think " narrative " we think story - plot ...

  8. Discursive Essay: role of leaders and leadership for Leaving Cert

    Write a discursive essay where you consider the role of leaders and leadership. #625Lab. Corrected by an experienced examiner, graded as 89/100 with feedback on how to improve below. You may also like: Leaving Cert English Complete Guide (€). "Leadership is the capacity to translate vision into reality". Leadership is not about a title or […]

  9. Leaving Cert English Composition

    Revision Notes for Leaving Certificate English Students. Welcome to Aoife's Notes. Composition. Aoife O'Driscoll - Paper One - 2021 Composition - Aoife O'Driscoll - Personal and Discursive Essays Comprehension B and Composition Slidesshow - Aoife O'Driscoll Debate Speech Layout - Slideshow Essays 2014 How to Write A Feature Article Quotes for ...

  10. Tips for all Sections of English Exams. : r/Leaving_Cert_Notes

    Subreddit for Leaving Cert students and teachers to request and share resources for all exam subjects. Request resources you need, share files others might need. ... Look over samples of H1-level Personal/Discursive Essays and Descriptive Essays as they are historically the more dependable options. Paper 2: *Do not just summarise your texts ...

  11. 1 Composition (Personal Writing)

    Solutions and Sample Answers (13) Our changing relationships with machines and the rise of A.I. | Composition - Discursive Essay. Sample Answer. Leaders and Leadership | Composition - Discursive Essay. Sample Answer. Pleasures particular to youth | Composition - Personal Essay. Sample Answer. "Young people should travel and see the world before ...

  12. Tips and Tricks for Leaving Cert English Composition

    On that note, you may not think it, but English is 100% a subject where practice makes perfect. The more you get used to choosing titles, planning what you are going to write that ties back into the title you chose, then writing while keeping the correct pacing in mind (75-80 mins), the better you will get at producing decent essays in exam timing and conditions.

  13. PDF Subject: English Level: Higher

    • Model discursive essay English LEVEL: Higher TEACHER: Paul McCormack About Paul: Paul has taught English and History for the past 18 years. He has been teaching both Leaving and Junior Cert at The Institute of Education since 1999, and has designed and delivered accessible and structured exam preparation courses for the last 14 years.

  14. Personal essay Archives

    The Leaving Cert personal essay is a well loved and virtually permanent feature of Paper 1 (here is some evidence). It belongs in the 100 marks Composition section, the single biggest chunk of the English exam. What is the personal essay? It calls for a confessional, introspective tone. Do you like the sound of these questions:

  15. Summary of information, argument, persuasion etc…

    A strong argument uses logic and reason: 1. to arrive at a particular point of view. 2. to defend this position and. 3. to refute counter arguments. Once a person stops utilising the facts to prove their point and resorts to personal insults, they are no longer arguing, they are now persuading. Language of Persuasion.

  16. Discursive Essay : r/leavingcert2023

    The specifics of what should be included in a discursive essay are outlined in the marking scheme -(effective use of some elements of discursive writing e.g. use of factual information, references, arguments and counter-arguments, consideration of a variety of views, opinions and personal experiences, illustrations, analysis, etc. relevance).

  17. Discursive essay on positive and negative aspects of different types of

    Write a discursive essay in which you explore the positive and negative aspects of different types of advertising. #625Lab Feedback: this is a decent attempt at a discursive essay. This sort of essay requires clearly stated assumptions, sharp structure and clear logic within each point. The structure here seems to be intro - economic growth - […]

  18. What is a discursive essay? : r/leavingcert2024

    4K subscribers in the leavingcert2024 community. Discussion for the Irish 2024 Leaving Certs. Created due to the main subreddit being locked…

  19. Start here

    Leaving Cert English Short Story: The Pain of Saying Goodbye. Short Story Sample Answer: Fit the story to the title on exam day. Personal essay: pleasures particular to you for Leaving Cert English #625Lab. Personal essay: a time in your life in which you felt you were treated unfairly for Leaving Cert English #625Lab.

  20. The discursive essay ️ ️ : r/leavingcert2023

    3.8K subscribers in the leavingcert2023 community. any discussions or questions for leaving cert class of 2023 :)

  21. Discursive Essay : r/leavingcert2024

    A place for discussions about Irish history. This is a somewhat more serious subreddit compared to many others. Make sure to familiarize yourself with our rules and guidelines BEFORE participating.