list different types of research papers

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Types of research papers

Analytical research paper

Argumentative or persuasive paper, definition paper, compare and contrast paper, cause and effect paper, interpretative paper, experimental research paper, survey research paper, frequently asked questions about the different types of research papers, related articles.

There are multiple different types of research papers. It is important to know which type of research paper is required for your assignment, as each type of research paper requires different preparation. Below is a list of the most common types of research papers.

➡️ Read more:  What is a research paper?

In an analytical research paper you:

• pose a question
• collect relevant data from other researchers
• analyze their different viewpoints

You focus on the findings and conclusions of other researchers and then make a personal conclusion about the topic. It is important to stay neutral and not show your own negative or positive position on the matter.

The argumentative paper presents two sides of a controversial issue in one paper. It is aimed at getting the reader on the side of your point of view.

You should include and cite findings and arguments of different researchers on both sides of the issue, but then favor one side over the other and try to persuade the reader of your side. Your arguments should not be too emotional though, they still need to be supported with logical facts and statistical data.

Tip: Avoid expressing too much emotion in a persuasive paper.

The definition paper solely describes facts or objective arguments without using any personal emotion or opinion of the author. Its only purpose is to provide information. You should include facts from a variety of sources, but leave those facts unanalyzed.

Compare and contrast papers are used to analyze the difference between two:

Make sure to sufficiently describe both sides in the paper, and then move on to comparing and contrasting both thesis and supporting one.

Cause and effect papers are usually the first types of research papers that high school and college students write. They trace probable or expected results from a specific action and answer the main questions "Why?" and "What?", which reflect effects and causes.

In business and education fields, cause and effect papers will help trace a range of results that could arise from a particular action or situation.

An interpretative paper requires you to use knowledge that you have gained from a particular case study, for example a legal situation in law studies. You need to write the paper based on an established theoretical framework and use valid supporting data to back up your statement and conclusion.

This type of research paper basically describes a particular experiment in detail. It is common in fields like:

Experiments are aimed to explain a certain outcome or phenomenon with certain actions. You need to describe your experiment with supporting data and then analyze it sufficiently.

This research paper demands the conduction of a survey that includes asking questions to respondents. The conductor of the survey then collects all the information from the survey and analyzes it to present it in the research paper.

➡️ Ready to start your research paper? Take a look at our guide on how to start a research paper .

In an analytical research paper, you pose a question and then collect relevant data from other researchers to analyze their different viewpoints. You focus on the findings and conclusions of other researchers and then make a personal conclusion about the topic.

The definition paper solely describes facts or objective arguments without using any personal emotion or opinion of the author. Its only purpose is to provide information.

Cause and effect papers are usually the first types of research papers that high school and college students are confronted with. The answer questions like "Why?" and "What?", which reflect effects and causes. In business and education fields, cause and effect papers will help trace a range of results that could arise from a particular action or situation.

This type of research paper describes a particular experiment in detail. It is common in fields like biology, chemistry or physics. Experiments are aimed to explain a certain outcome or phenomenon with certain actions.

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Types of Research Papers: Overview

• Types of Research Questions

A research paper is simply a piece of writing that uses outside sources. There are different types of research papers with varying purposes and expectations for sourcing. While this guide explains those differences broadly, disciplines and assignments vary.

Ask your professor for clarification on the purpose,  types of appropriate research questions , and expectations of sources for your assignment.

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The 7 Types of Academic Papers and Journal Articles

In the vast universe of journal articles, writers are tasked with creating many different kinds of papers, all with specific purposes and audiences in mind. If you're just stepping into this fascinating world, take a minute or two to familiarize yourself with the types of papers you might need to write – understanding all of these different types can turbocharge your writing journey. While academic papers could fit into an endless list of categories, it's helpful to get started with a few common types you're likely to encounter (and write!) in the academic community.

1. Original research

You know a text is original research if the report is written by the researchers who ran the study. Written by experts for other experts, original research articles usually undergo the peer review process before submission to an academic journal.

In an original article, the authors outline their research by first presenting their hypothesis and research questions . Here they describe the purpose of their study. They detail the research methods they applied, lay out the results of their research, and present the results. Original research also includes implications and interpretations of the study to give other experts in the field new information on all of the subjects. What's really interesting about original research is that, upon reading a study, future researchers will generate ideas to build on articles with their own original research and keep the advancement of knowledge acquisition going. The possibilities are endless!

Within the category of original research, you will encounter some specific kinds of research articles. Some studies can include elements of more than one type:

• Exploratory research Exploratory studies involve a kind of thought experiment and don't often include actual testing of a theory. Without the funding (and the time, technology, and commitment) to actually travel to other planets, a physicist might propose a new method to find other planets that could support life beyond Earth.
• Constructive research A person undergoing constructive research builds something that will lead to new information and knowledge and solve a real-life problem. If a computer scientist creates a new algorithm and tests it out to see what it can show us, they are demonstrating constructive research.
• Controlled experiments This type of research is usually conducted in a lab under controlled conditions. The benefit of isolating one aspect of a study is that it provides a clear result of an experiment without the need to discount your findings in the presence of other factors that could skew the outcome. For example, a medical researcher might use this type of study to determine how a virus responds to an antiviral drug in development.
• Field research An experiment in which some, but not all, aspects can be controlled is an example of field research. For example, a study on the effects of a pesticide on outdoor flowering plants involves a few outside forces that researchers might not be able to successfully manage. A researcher could compare the plants exposed to the pesticide with a plant without pesticide exposure, but they would have little control over the seed quality, sun exposure, rain amounts, or other natural factors.
• Natural study Under a natural experiment, a researcher takes a purely observational role and has little to no control over the factors involved. For example, a natural experiment could measure the effects of a free lunch program piloted in multiple schools over a period of time.
• Cohort study A cohort study offers an observational study design in which researchers follow a group of individuals over time and observe common characteristics or exposure to a specific element. The researchers then examine within that cohort of people the outcomes related to a particular factor, compared to people in a similar group without that factor. For example, a study might examine the long-term health effects of smoking and identify a group of individuals who smoke. The study would look at the development of lung cancer or other diseases within that group of smokers and compare the prevalence of disease compared to a group of non-smokers.

2. Retrospective study

A retrospective study looks back through time to observe the relationship between a characteristic or level of exposure and a health outcome that arises in individuals. This type of study uses existing records and data sources for its observations. An example of a retroactive study is one that examines the connection between the use of a medication and the prevalence of a specific side effect.

3. Case study

A research case study involves an in-depth investigation of a particular individual, group, or situation with a goal to understand the effect of complex factors. A researcher performing a case study collects a variety of data on a case, including interviews, observations, and documents, and analyzes them to identify patterns, themes, and insights that can help to understand the case in greater depth.

Research case studies are often used in fields such as psychology, sociology, and education to explore complex human behaviors and experiences. Researchers in various fields can apply this type of study to investigate the effects of a particular intervention on a specific individua or group or the factors that contribute to successful outcomes in a particular setting. For example, a case study could examine a successful company known for its innovative management practices. The researcher could conduct interviews with employees and managers, review company documents and reports, and observe the company's operations to uncover the factors that contribute to its success.

Research case studies provide a rich and detailed understanding of a particular situation, which supplies the researcher with powerful tools and insights for future research.

4. Methodology study

A methodology study focuses on evaluating and improving research methods and techniques for application to a research question or field of study. This type of study can examine the validity and reliability of a particular research instrument, such as a survey or questionnaire. In such an analysis, researchers can collect data from a sample of participants using a specific research instrument and then examine the data to assess the validity and reliability of the instrument. They could also compare the results obtained with the instrument to the results obtained using other research methods.

Methodology studies advance the research field by developing more effective methodologies and improving the quality of research conducted.

5. Opinion article

An opinion article expresses the author's personal viewpoint on a topic. Unlike a research article, an opinion article is not based on objective reporting or research but offers the author's subjective analysis without the need for evidence or peer review. Opinion articles can be found in newspapers, magazines, and online publications, often written by journalists or experts in a field who want to share their views.

An example of an opinion article is an op-ed piece in a newspaper or online publication. Op-eds are typically published on the editorial page of a newspaper or magazine and are written by individuals who are not affiliated with the publication. An op-ed article might argue in favor of or against a particular policy, offer a personal reflection on a current event, or provide commentary on a controversial issue. The author would use persuasive language and evidence to support the argument and try to convince readers to adopt the same viewpoint.

Opinion articles provide individuals with a way to share their ideas with a broader audience and to contribute to public debate and discourse.

6. Review article

A review article summarizes and synthesizes existing research. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview and identify gaps in the current knowledge to see what further research should be done. Review articles are typically published in academic journals by researchers or experts in a field. They can take the form of narrative reviews, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses.

An example of a review article is a narrative review of the literature on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of anxiety disorders. The author might summarize and analyze randomized controlled trials and observational studies on the use of CBT, providing an overall assessment of the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders and pointing out any yet unanswered questions about its application.

7. Short report

A short report presents the findings of a particular study or investigation. Named for its brevity, it is typically shorter in length than a full research paper or report and is intended to serve as a summary of the study's main findings.

Short reports include an introduction that provides background information on the study, a summary of the research methodology, a presentation of the key findings, and a conclusion that summarizes the main implications of the study. Short reports help researchers communicate their findings in a clear and concise manner and provide a summary of key information for different audiences.

If you're dipping your toes into academic writing or scholarly publishing, you'll find a world of different paper types, each with its own style, aim, and intended readers. It might seem like a lot to take in at first, but understanding these formats can seriously boost your ability to share your research and ideas. Plus, knowing the ins and outs of these various types means you can sift through published works more effectively, picking out the best sources for your own work. At the end of the day, this rich variety of academic papers and journal articles is what keeps the conversation lively in the scientific community, helping us all to keep learning and growing.

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• A Research Guide
• Research Paper Guide

Different Types of Research Papers

• According to the purpose
• According to the depth of scope
• According to the data type
• According to variables manipulation
• According to the type of inference
• According to the time in which it is carried out
• According to the sources of information
• According to how the data is obtained
• According to design
• Other research paper types

Types of research papers

As a way to make your journey through the research-type paper options a bit easier, let’s divide them by types of work.

According to the purpose:

• Theoretical. Theoretical research type is one of the most popular types of research paper as it has a clear focus. If you have to work with this type, your main objective is to generate all currently available. Even if it has no practical appliance (like in Engineering or design), you must use it anyway. You must collect data and make sure that your target audience understands what your research is about and what theory it follows. Most of such research papers will relate to theories and basic analytical work.
• Applied. This research type stands for something that can be approached scientifically based on practice. The aim here is to generate practical skills. It’s essential in Engineering, Healthcare, and Biology. For such types of papers, one can alternate between technological or scientific types of research, depending on your aims. A technological approach will be fitting if you wish to improve some processes. Now, the scientific research type would include prediction as you work with variables and design things.

According to the depth of scope:

• Exploratory. It is most suitable for research type papers where you have to explore a not-well-known subject. Start with making a hypothesis and developing research. It can be an investigation talking about the role of video games in the development of teenagers.
• Descriptive. This type of research is where you must describe certain characteristics or discuss specifics of some belief or an event. You may not have to research why something has caused these characteristic traits. You must describe and talk about how some things may change IF this or that takes place.
• Explanatory. It’s one of the popular research methods since one has to analyze specific methodologies and help the target audience trace the cause-and-effect relations. It is close to descriptive writing by nature. Still, you must create a research environment since your findings may have to be re-created by others.
• Correlational. This is where you identify the link between two or more variables. You must focus on determining whether certain research variables will be affected and see whether something is systematic regarding these changes (correlational research methodology).

According to the data type:

• Qualitative . It’s used to collect, evaluate, and explain information based on obtained information. It means you have to approach a linguistic-semiotic method to things as you research. You can turn to analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and personal surveys. This is where statistical data helps! You must ask yourself “why” instead of “how.”
• Quantitative. Such types of papers to write belong to one of the most challenging cases because quantitative stands for mathematical (think MATLAB) and computer-based software to check things. It also makes it possible to create a prognosis, which is why this type of research is usually met in engineering.
• Mixed. It’s also possible to use both methodologies if you can support your research type assignment with source information and personal examples. If you are dealing with Psychology or Experimental study, use surveys and aid yourself with AI-based evaluation tools.

According to variables manipulation:

• Experimental. Contrary to its title, you do not have to experiment per se. It’s about the design or replication of things you research. It means you have to re-create specific research conditions to discover what effects are caused by given variables. It’s where you primarily use case studies and sample groups.
• Non-experimental. They often call this research type an observational study. It means that you have to provide analysis in its natural environment. You do not have to intervene in the process but consider turning to descriptive writing. This research may include observation of animals in their natural habitat or the use of the noise effect in the urban environment.
• Quasi-experimental. These types of academic papers are not purely experimental, as you only work with two or three variables. Another aspect of this research is based on randomly chosen variables. It helps to decrease the bias in your study. It also helps to focus on relevant data and allows us to narrow things down.

According to the type of inference:

• Deductive. It means the research is basically fixed since one has to focus on laws and things that can or cannot be. It helps to come to certain conclusions. As you look at the research problem, you use deduction to create your considerations. If you make assumptions and develop reliable evidence, this work method suits you.
• Inductive. It’s one of the flexible methods to think about. The reason why it’s flexible is the way inductive research is generated. You conclude by observing and generalizing while different kinds of research occur. You have to collect data over a period, which makes the process less fixed.
• Hypothetical-deductive approach. You have to make a hypothesis for your research work and use deduction methods to come up with a conclusion. The major difference is that a researcher also takes time to evaluate whether things are correct.

According to the time in which it is carried out:

• Longitudinal. You might know this type of work as diachronic research. Despite the complex name, it focuses on the same issue or an event where a fixed period is taken. It has to track certain changes based on variables. It’s one of the most popular research papers in Healthcare, Nursing, Sociology, Psychology, and Education.
• Cross-sectional. Also known as synchronous research, it is the type of work that approaches cross-sectional design. Here, you have to look at some event or a process at a certain point by taking notes. Thus, research can be used both for sample groups or when working with a case study.

According to the sources of information:

• Primary. Most students are asked to use primary sources. It is exactly why we have a primary research paper method. The data must be collected directly (personal interviews, surveys, questionnaires, a field observation study, etc.) and represent first-hand information. It is perfect for papers in Psychology, Journalism, Healthcare, and subjects where accuracy is vital.
• Secondary. This research type of work is mainly developed with sources that represent secondary references. These include books in print or found online, scientific journals, peer-reviewed documents, etc. If another expert or a student reviews a study, it is related to secondary research; so will your project.

According to how the data is obtained:

• Documentary. As the name suggests, documentary research is based on the secondary references you used. It is a systematic review where you turn to secondary sources related to your subject of study. The most prominent types of research projects in this area are writing a literature review or working with a case study. It is one of the most accessible and clear types of research work.
• Field. It is quite popular research these days as students tend to collect information in the field or at the location where something takes place. Think about researching Fashion Studies where you attend the shows or exploring Environmental Science, where you must observe a phenomenon and take notes.
• Laboratory. The major difference in laboratory research type is working in a strictly-controlled environment where study notes are taken immediately. You must isolate unnecessary variables and use one or two scientific methods. Therefore, such type of research writing is called laboratory research. If your college professor asks for this assignment, consider keeping up with standards and rules.
• Survey. This is where you have to work with the primary information or the use of first-hand data you obtain yourself. It is especially helpful when you work with a group to obtain variables. With this research type, you can also come up with certain conclusions to support your hypothesis and thesis statement.

According to design:

• Fixed. When conducting a fixed research type, narrow things down and focus on temporal aspects. It means you have to discuss how often you will evaluate something, where your research will occur, a sample group, and other fixed variables. Working on fixed types of research reports, creating precise conditions, and follow strict protocols. Such research is related chiefly to lab reports or laboratory works mostly used in Healthcare and/or Law.
• Flexible. Now, the flexible research type will provide you with a process where certain things will change as you take step after step in your research. The examples may include case studies where you have to observe the changes that may take over time. Another example would relate to Anthropology or Geography, where you have to observe a group of people or deal with a cross-cultural analysis. It can also relate to grounded-theory studies, where you should develop theoretical knowledge based on analysis and your thinking.

Other research paper types:

• Argumentative. Also known as a persuasive research type paper, you have to persuade your target audience on your side and a point of view. You have to use at least one piece of evidence (references) to prove your point and support your argument. You must talk about different research opinions and show why your side is correct.
• Analytical. Analytical research papers should always pose a problem and collect relevant information. You can look at another researcher’s works and provide an analysis based on various points of view. The main types of research papers include analysis and must keep the tone analytical and remain neutral without showing your thoughts unless only to guide the reader.
• Definition. This research type requires describing the facts or arguments without using anything based on your opinion or an emotional constituent. You only have to offer information by including facts, yet let your data remain without analysis or bias.
• Action-based. This research type assignment must conduct your work based on a process or a certain action causing things. It can also lead to social processes where a person’s actions have led to something. It can be some research about social movements and/or manufacturing processes.
• Causal. It may relate to cause-and-effect papers where you must focus on the causes. This research type has to address the questions and explore the causes. It can be based on case studies related to business, education, environmental, educational issues, and more.
• Classification. If you have to classify, compare, and contrast things, this method will be helpful. Start with the standards and the rules by setting your classification type immediately. Once you know it, your research paper will go smoothly.
• Comparative. As a rule, this research will deal with comparative work where you take a methodology and compare two sample groups, two individuals, different beliefs, or situations. If you have to compare, discuss your objectives and then create two columns to determine differences and similarities.

What research paper type is most suitable for me?

It will always depend on the research paper objectives you wish to achieve. If you need clarification on the research type you must approach, consult your academic advisor or look closely at your grading rubric. If it says that you must develop an analytical study, it will require posing a specific research question or a problem. The next step would be to collect information on a topic and provide an analysis based on various points of view.

Likewise, if your grading rubric has the word “definition” mentioned, your research type paper must focus on the facts or argumentation. In this case, you should not provide your opinion or talk about what some author thinks. Only the definition of an object or belief is necessary.

As you can see, you only have to find out what your research must achieve. Set the purpose and look at the different types of research and possible methods to approach your problem . Once you know it, look at the research type papers and choose the most fitting option!

• Writing a Research Paper
• Research Paper Title
• Research Paper Sources
• Research Paper Problem Statement
• Research Paper Thesis Statement
• Hypothesis for a Research Paper
• Research Question
• Research Paper Outline
• Research Paper Summary
• Research Paper Prospectus
• Research Paper Proposal
• Research Paper Format
• Research Paper Styles
• AMA Style Research Paper
• MLA Style Research Paper
• Chicago Style Research Paper
• APA Style Research Paper
• Research Paper Structure
• Research Paper Cover Page
• Research Paper Abstract
• Research Paper Introduction
• Research Paper Body Paragraph
• Research Paper Literature Review
• Research Paper Background
• Research Paper Methods Section
• Research Paper Results Section
• Research Paper Discussion Section
• Research Paper Conclusion
• Research Paper Appendix
• Research Paper Bibliography
• APA Reference Page
• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography vs Works Cited vs References Page
• Research Paper Types
• What is Qualitative Research

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Apr 20, 2024

Different types of Research Papers: An in-depth guide

Research papers can induce headaches worse than any all-nighter. It's not just the topic, it's figuring out what kind of paper to write. Analytical? Argumentative? Experimental?

Let’s simplify these terms and give you the tools to confidently pick the right research paper format every time.

The Essence of Academic Research Papers

Before we get into the diverse landscape of research papers , let's unpack what makes them unique in the broader world of writing. Here are the defining characteristics that set them apart:

Investigative Focus: Research papers aim to answer specific questions or address problems through methodical investigation and analysis.

Evidence-Based: Opinions aren't enough! These papers rely heavily on credible evidence – from peer-reviewed studies to primary sources – to build convincing arguments.

Structured Format: Logic is king! Research papers generally follow specific structural conventions with clear introductions, bodies, and conclusions.

Contribution to Knowledge: The goal is not simply to summarize existing information but to offer new insights, interpretations, or advancements within a field.

Is Every Research Paper Suited for Academic Journals?

While all academic journal submissions are research papers, not all research papers are destined for publication in these prestigious outlets. Here's why:

Rigor: Academic journals uphold the highest standards. Research must be incredibly thorough, demonstrate originality, and follow impeccable methodology.

Scope and Focus: Journals have specific areas of interest. Your groundbreaking research on cat memes may not be a good fit for a medical journal!

Student Work: Many research papers, like coursework assignments, aren't intended for publication. They still demonstrate research skills but might not reach the level of innovation expected in academic journals.

Important point: Even a research paper not suitable for a journal can be incredibly valuable as a learning tool or as a springboard for future, more in-depth research.

Types of Research Papers: A Comprehensive Guide

Now that we've grasped the essence of research papers, let's explore the diverse range of formats available. Think of each like a specialized tool in your scholar's toolkit:

Analytical Research Paper : Dissects existing information to arrive at new insights or interpretations.

Example: Analyzing literary themes in a classic novel.

Argumentative Research Paper : Advocates for a particular stance or viewpoint.

Example: Debating the effectiveness of a specific economic policy.

Empirical Research Paper: Focuses on original data collection and analysis through experiments, surveys, or observations.

Example: Investigating the impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance.

Exploratory Research Paper: Discusses a topic where limited prior research exists, laying the groundwork for future investigation.

Example: Examining the social implications of emerging technologies.

Review Paper: Synthesizes and critically analyzes a body of literature on a specific topic, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps in knowledge.

Example: Examining the current understanding of climate change mitigation strategies.

Can One Research Paper Fit Multiple Types?

Absolutely! The boundaries between research paper types can sometimes be fluid, especially in interdisciplinary fields. Here's how this can happen:

Combined Methodologies: A paper may employ both an analysis of existing literature (analytical) and collect original dataset (empirical) for a more comprehensive understanding.

Addressing Complex Questions: Big, multi-faceted issues often demand a blend of approaches. A paper examining the environmental impact of a new policy might utilize both data analysis and argumentation strategies.

This overlap demonstrates the richness of academic discourse – when done skillfully, blending methods can strengthen a paper's arguments and reveal new insights.

Argumentative Papers: Crafting a Persuasive Argument

Imagine a courtroom – your argumentative paper is your closing argument. Here's how to structure a persuasive masterpiece:

Thesis Statement: This is your central claim, the foundation of your argument.

Example: "Despite its economic benefits, social media has a negative impact on mental health."

Supporting Arguments: Each body paragraph should present a strong point that reinforces your thesis.

Example: One supporting argument could explore the link between social media use and increased anxiety.

Evidence and Examples: Back your arguments with credible sources – studies, statistics, and expert opinions.

Example: Cite relevant research on the correlation between social media use and anxiety levels.

Counterarguments: Anticipate opposing viewpoints and address them head-on. This demonstrates a well-rounded understanding of the issue.

Example: Acknowledge the potential economic benefits of social media but explain why they don't outweigh the mental health concerns.

Conclusion: Restate your thesis in a new way and emphasize the significance of your argument.

Example: Reiterate the negative impact of social media on mental health and call for further research or awareness campaigns.

Analytical Papers: Analyzing Data and Texts

Analytical papers are like detectives investigating a scene – the "scene" being data or text. Here's how to crack the case:

Data Interpretation: Make sense of your data – whether it's from surveys, experiments, or historical records. Identify trends, patterns, and relationships.

Thesis Development: Based on your analysis, formulate a clear thesis statement that reveals a new insight or interpretation.

Example: "An analysis of historical climate data reveals a cyclical pattern of drought and flood events in this region."

Evidence Presentation: Don't just dump data on your reader! Use tables, charts, and graphs to visually represent your findings and support your interpretations.

Connecting the Dots: Analyze how your findings connect to existing scholarship on the topic. Does your analysis confirm or challenge existing theories?

Definition Papers: Explaining Complex Concepts

Sometimes, the toughest challenge is explaining something complex clearly. Here are some tips for crafting effective definition papers :

Start with Context: Briefly introduce the concept and its significance within a broader field.

Break it Down: Define the term using clear, concise language.

Examples are Key: Illustrate the concept with real-world scenarios or historical references.

Example: Defining "photosynthesis" could include an example of how plants use sunlight to create energy.

Distinguishing Features: Identify characteristics that differentiate the concept from similar terms. This avoids confusion for your reader.

Example: Explain the difference between "correlation" and "causation" when discussing scientific research.

Compare and Contrast: Highlighting Differences and Similarities

Comparing and contrasting ideas, theories, or historical events is a versatile skill applicable across many disciplines. Here's how to structure a successful compare and contrast paper :

Topic Selection: Choose topics that have enough similarities for meaningful comparison and enough differences to highlight. Example: Comparing two different economic policies.

Organization Matters: You can organize your paper in two ways:

Point-by-Point: Each body paragraph focuses on one aspect (e.g., economic impact), comparing both items on that aspect before moving on to the next point.

Block Structure: Dedicate body paragraphs to describing each item fully (one item per paragraph), and then offering a final paragraph for comparison/contrast.

Beyond the Obvious: Don't just list similarities and differences. Analyze how those variations lead to different outcomes or implications.

Concise Conclusions: Summarize key findings and emphasize the significance of the differences or similarities you’ve identified. Why does this comparison matter?

Cause and Effect: Unraveling the Causal Links

Understanding cause-and-effect relationships is crucial for making informed decisions and identifying solutions to problems. Here's how to tackle a cause-and-effect paper:

Identify the Relationship: State the supposed cause-effect relationship clearly.

Example: "Does social media use cause an increase in anxiety?"

Research is Your Weapon: Thorough research is vital! Find credible studies, statistics, and expert opinions that either support or refute the cause-effect relationship.

Avoid the Trap of Correlation: Just because two things are correlated doesn't mean one causes the other. Explore confounding factors and alternative explanations.

Evidence-Based Arguments: Build your case using strong evidence. Explain how the research findings demonstrate (or fail to demonstrate) a causal link.

Acknowledge Limitations: Discuss the potential for other causes or influencing factors. Address any limitations in the existing research.

Research and Sources: The Bedrock of Your Paper

The strength of your research paper hinges on the quality of the information you use. Rigorous research and credible sources are the building blocks of successful academic work. Let's explore strategies for finding the best sources and integrating them seamlessly into your paper.

Identifying and Evaluating Sources: Finding the Gems

The internet offers a vast ocean of information, but not all sources are equally valuable. Here's how to navigate the research waters:

Scholarly Databases: University libraries subscribe to databases with peer-reviewed academic journals, ebooks, and other credible publications – your best bet for most research papers.

Books by Established Authors: Seek books published by reputable academic presses and written by recognized scholars in your field.

Credible Websites: Government websites (.gov), educational institutions (.edu), and established professional organizations can provide valuable information. Scrutinize the "About Us" section to assess their legitimacy.

Sharpen Your Critical Thinking Skills

Just finding sources isn't enough. Learn to evaluate them critically:

Author Credentials: Who wrote the source? Are they an expert in the field?

Publication Date: Is the information current and relevant to your research question?

Purpose and Bias: What is the source's agenda? Is it objective or trying to persuade the reader in a particular direction?

Evidence and Citations: Does the source rely on credible evidence and cite its sources properly?

Is Peer Review Essential for All Types of Research Papers?

Peer review is a cornerstone of academic integrity. Here's why it matters:

Quality Control: Peer-reviewed articles undergo rigorous review by experts who scrutinize the research methods, analysis, and conclusions.

Credibility and Trust: Peer-reviewed publications demonstrate a higher level of credibility and are typically the gold standard for academic research papers.

Nuances of Peer Review:

The peer-review process can vary by field and publication type. Some journals might have a more rigorous blind review process, while others might utilize open review with editorial oversight.

Not all research papers are intended for peer-reviewed journals. Coursework assignments may involve using a variety of credible sources, including non-peer-reviewed sources when appropriate (e.g., government reports, industry publications).

Mastering Research Paper Writing: Your Journey to Publication

Writing a compelling research paper is a journey with multiple stages. Let's chart the course, from the initial spark of an idea to the final submission for potential publication.

Stage 1: Ideation and Planning: Choose a topic that sparks your interest and aligns with your field of study. Ensure it has enough depth for meaningful research.

Stage 2: In-Depth Research: Search for scholarly databases relevant to your topic. Consider peer-reviewed articles, books, government reports, and credible websites that can provide valuable information.

Stage 3: Writing and Drafting: Hook the reader with a captivating introduction – set the stage with background information, clearly outline your thesis statement, and highlight the significance of your research.

Stage 4: Revision and Editing: Re-evaluate the flow of arguments, ensure transitions are smooth, and that each paragraph supports your thesis. Fix grammar errors, typos, and ensure your citation formatting is immaculate.

Stage 5: Pre-Submission Preparation: Condense your research, findings, and significance for the abstract. Share your paper with a peer, mentor, or writing center for valuable insights and suggestions.

Do All Research Papers Require an Abstract?

Yes, research papers, especially those intended for formal dissemination (academic journals, conferences), require abstracts. Consider the abstract as the doorway to your paper. It provides:

Summary Overview: A snapshot of what the reader can expect, including the topic, methodology, key findings, and the significance of your research.

Search Optimization: Abstracts often contain keywords that help researchers find your paper during online searches.

Reader Engagement: A well-written abstract can pique a reader's interest and encourage them to delve into your full paper.

Note: Some research papers in a course setting may not require an abstract. Always verify with your professor.

Outlining Your Research Paper

The journey from a research topic to a polished paper involves several crucial stages. Let's break down the process, equipping you with the tools to write a compelling and well-structured research paper:

Before diving headfirst into writing, an effective outline acts as your roadmap. Here's why it matters:

Improved Organization: An outline helps structure your thoughts and research findings, ensuring a cohesive flow of arguments.

Identifying Gaps: The outlining process can reveal missing information or areas that need further research.

Enhanced Writing Efficiency: Having a clear roadmap saves time later, as you won't be scrambling to figure out the order of your arguments.

How to Craft an Effective Outline:

Start Broad: Begin with your thesis statement and then list the main points you'll address in each body paragraph.

Layer the Details: Under each main point, list supporting arguments, evidence sources, and potential counterarguments to address.

Refine and Adapt: Outlines are dynamic – don't be afraid to revise and adapt them as your research progresses.

Writing Your First Draft

Now you're ready to transform your outline into a full draft. Here are some tips to navigate this stage:

Conquering Writer's Block: Stare at a blank page no more! Start with any section that feels manageable – an introduction, a strong body paragraph, or even the conclusion.

Momentum Matters: Set realistic writing goals, aiming for consistent progress. Even small chunks of writing add up!

Focus on Content, Not Perfection: This is your first draft. Don't worry about perfect grammar or sentence structure – the goal is to get your ideas on paper.

Incorporating Feedback and Revisions

Fresh eyes can make a world of difference. Seeking feedback is crucial for refining your paper:

Peer Review: Swap papers with a classmate for constructive criticism on flow, clarity, and argument strength.

Professor's Guidance: Schedule meetings with your professor to discuss your progress and address any concerns.

Writing Center Support: Many universities offer writing center resources for additional feedback and editing assistance.

Revision is an iterative process:

Address Feedback: Carefully consider suggestions from peers and professors. Are there areas where your arguments need strengthening, or transitions feel clunky?

Multiple Rounds of Revision: Don't expect perfection in the first pass. Be prepared to revise multiple times, focusing on different aspects each time (structure, clarity, grammar).

Ensuring Proper Citation and Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation practices are essential for two key reasons:

Credibility: Citations demonstrate that your research is based on credible sources and strengthens your arguments.

Academic Integrity: It prevents plagiarism, which is the unethical practice of presenting someone else's work as your own.

Choosing a Citation Style:

There are several common citation styles, such as APA (American Psychological Association) and MLA (Modern Language Association). Choose the style required by your professor or the intended publication.

Citation Management Tools:

Many online tools (e.g., Mendeley, Zotero) can help streamline the citation process by automatically generating citations and bibliographies in the correct format.

Avoiding Plagiarism:

Paraphrase Strategically: Don't just copy and paste! Express information in your own words, but always cite the source.

Direct Quotes with Proper Attribution: For verbatim quotes, use quotation marks and include a proper in-text citation.

Originality is Key: Focus on developing your own unique arguments and analysis based on the sources you've consulted.

Preparing for Publication

Once you've crafted a polished research paper, it's time to consider sharing your work with the broader academic community. Let's explore the process of finding the right publication outlet and understanding the steps involved in the submission process.

Stage 1: Preparing for Publication

Targeting the Right Journal: Research potential publication outlets. Consider the scope of the journal, its readership, and the type of research it typically publishes. Your professor or librarian can be an excellent resource for identifying suitable publications.

Meet Submission Requirements: Meticulously follow the formatting guidelines and instructions for authors provided by the journal. This includes aspects like word count, citation style, and required sections.

Proofread with a Critical Eye: Ensure your manuscript is free of errors and professionally formatted. This demonstrates your attention to detail. Consider asking a colleague to proofread with a fresh perspective.

Stage 2: Navigating the Peer Review Process

Understanding Peer Review: Most reputable academic journals utilize a peer review process. Your paper will be anonymously evaluated by experts in your field, and you will receive feedback on your work.

Prepare for Revision: Be ready to address any concerns or requested revisions from the reviewers. This is a chance to improve your paper!

Embrace the Process: Even a rejection provides valuable insights. Use the feedback to strengthen your future research and writing endeavors.

The Role of Digital Tools in Research Paper Writing

In today's digital age, utilizing digital tools can transform the research and writing process:

Research Management: Platforms like Zotero and Mendeley streamline gathering and organizing sources, facilitating smoother integration into your paper.

Drafting and Collaboration: Tools like Google Docs enable real-time collaboration with peers or advisors, enhancing the feedback and revision process.

Citation Power: Reference management software assists in creating correct citations, reducing the potential for errors.

Submission and Post-Publication Promotion: Many journals use online submission portals, and platforms like ResearchGate help disseminate your work to a wider audience.

Are Digital Tools Necessary for Research Paper Success?

While digital tools are not strictly essential for writing successful research papers, they offer significant advantages:

Efficiency and Speed: They streamline tedious tasks like citation and information organization, freeing up time for the deeper analytical work.

Greater Accuracy: Automated reference formatting and grammar checkers help minimize errors and elevate the professionalism of your paper.

Enhanced Collaboration: Online tools make peer review and advisor assistance more fluid and convenient.

Concluding Your Research Journey

The world of research papers may have seemed daunting at first, but now you're equipped with the knowledge to navigate it confidently. Don't stop here! The world of knowledge is constantly evolving, and with it, research methods and approaches.

Keep exploring different research paper types, adapting your skills to new challenges, and honing your ability to find and synthesize information. Each paper you write is a step towards becoming a better researcher, a better thinker, and a better communicator.

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What are the Different Types of Research Papers?

There is a diverse array of research papers that one can find in academic writing. Research papers are a rigorous combination of knowledge, thinking, analysis, research, and writing. Early career researchers and students need to know that research papers can be of fundamentally different types. Generally, they combine aspects and elements of multiple strands or frameworks of research. This depends primarily on the aim of the study, the discipline, the critical requirements of research publications and journals and the research topic or area. Specifically, research papers can be differentiated by their primary rationale, structure, and emphasis. The different types of research papers contribute to the universe of knowledge while providing invaluable insights for policy and scope for further advanced research and development. In this article, we will look at various kinds of research papers and understand their underlying principles, objectives, and purposes.  

Different types of research papers

• Argumentative Research Paper:  In an argumentative paper, the researcher is expected to present facts and findings on both sides of a given topic but make an extended and persuasive argument supporting one side  over  the other. The purpose of such research papers is to provide evidence-based arguments to support the claim or thesis statement taken up by the researcher. Emotions mustn’t inform the building up of the case. Conversely, facts and findings must be objective and logical while presenting both sides of the issue. The position taken up by the researcher must be stated clearly and in a well-defined manner. The evidence supporting the claim must be well-researched and up-to-date, and the paper presents differing views on the topic, even if these do not agree or align with the researcher’s thesis statement. 
• Analytical Research Paper:  In an analytical research paper, the researcher starts by asking a research question, followed by a collection of appropriate data from a wide range of sources. These include primary and secondary data, which the researcher needs to analyze and interpret closely. Critical and analytical thinking skills are therefore crucial to this process. Rather than presenting a summary of the data, the researcher is expected to analyze the findings and perspectives of each source material before putting forward their critical insights and concluding. Personal biases or positions mustn’t influence or creep into the process of writing an analytical research paper. 
• Experimental Research Paper:  Experimental research papers provide a detailed report on a particular research experiment undertaken by a researcher and its outcomes or findings. Based on the research experiment, the researcher explains the experimental design and procedure, shows sufficient data, presents analysis, and draws a conclusion. Such research papers are more common in fields such as biology, chemistry, and physics. Experimental research involves conducting experiments in controlled conditions to test specific hypotheses. This not only allows researchers to arrive at particular conclusions but also helps them understand causal relationships. As it lends itself to replicating the findings of the research, it enhances the validity of the research conducted. 

Some more types of research papers

In addition to the above-detailed types of research papers, there are many more types, including review papers, case study papers, comparative research papers and so on.  

• Review papers   provide a detailed overview and analysis of existing research on a particular topic. The key objective of a review paper is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the latest research findings on a specific subject. 
• Case study papers  usually focus on a single or small number of cases. This is used in research when the aim is to obtain an in-depth investigation of an issue.  
• Comparative research papers  involve comparing and contrasting two or more entities or cases that help to identify and arrive at trends or relationships. The objective of relative research papers is to increase knowledge and understand issues in different contexts. 
• Survey research papers  require that a survey be conducted on a given topic by posing questions to potential respondents. Once the survey has been completed, the researcher analyzes the information and presents it as a research paper. 
• Interpretative paper s  employ the knowledge or information gained from pursuing a specific issue or research topic in a particular field. It is written around theoretical frameworks and uses data to support the thesis statement and findings.  

Research papers are an essential part of academic writing and contribute significantly to advancing our knowledge and understanding of different subjects. The researcher’s ability to conduct research, analyze data, and present their findings is crucial to producing high-quality research papers. By understanding the different types of research papers and their underlying principles, researchers can contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields and provide invaluable insights for policy and further research.

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Guide to Scholarly Articles

• What is a Scholarly Article?
• Scholarly vs. Popular vs. Trade Articles

Types of Scholarly Articles

Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods articles, why does this matter.

• Anatomy of Scholarly Articles
• Tips for Reading Scholarly Articles

Scholarly articles come in many different formats each with their own function in the scholarly conversation. The following are a few of the major types of scholarly articles you are likely to encounter as you become a part of the conversation. Identifying the different types of scholarly articles and knowing their function will help you become a better researcher.

Original/Empirical Studies

• Note: Empirical studies can be subdivided into qualitative studies, quantitative studies, or mixed methods studies. See below for more information  
• Usefulness for research:  Empirical studies are useful because they provide current original research on a topic which may contain a hypothesis or interpretation to advance or to disprove. 

Literature Reviews

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Literature reviews survey and analyze a clearly delaminated body of scholarly literature.  
• Usefulness for research: Literature reviews are useful as a way to quickly get up to date on a particular topic of research.

Theoretical Articles

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Theoretical articles draw on existing scholarship to improve upon or offer a new theoretical perspective on a given topic.
• Usefulness for research:  Theoretical articles are useful because they provide a theoretical framework you can apply to your own research.

Methodological Articles

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Methodological articles draw on existing scholarship to improve or offer new methodologies for exploring a given topic.
• Usefulness for research:  Methodological articles are useful because they provide a methodologies you can apply to your own research.

Case Studies

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Case studies focus on individual examples or instances of a phenomenon to illustrate a research problem or a a solution to a research problem.
• Usefulness for research:  Case studies are useful because they provide information about a research problem or data for analysis.

Book Reviews

• Distinguishing characteristic:  Book reviews provide summaries and evaluations of individual books.
• Usefulness for research:  Book reviews are useful because they provide summaries and evaluations of individual books relevant to your research.

Adapted from the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association : the official guide to APA style. (Sixth edition.). (2013). American Psychological Association.

Qualitative articles  ask "why" questions where as  quantitative  articles  ask "how many/how much?" questions. These approaches are are not mutually exclusive. In fact, many articles combine the two in a  mixed-methods  approach. 

We can think of these different kinds of scholarly articles as different tools designed for different tasks. What research task do you need to accomplish? Do you need to get up to date on a give topic? Find a literature review. Do you need to find a hypothesis to test or to extend? Find an empirical study. Do you need to explore methodologies? Find a methodological article.

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• Next: Anatomy of Scholarly Articles >>
• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2023 8:53 AM
• URL: https://researchguides.library.tufts.edu/scholarly-articles