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Learning a Language Abroad

by Phuc (Vietnam)

Please check my writing and give me feedback. Thank you very much. As a part of education, students should spend a period of time living in another country to learn its language and culture. Do you agree or disagree? It is said that living abroad would help improve your foreign language abilities and knowledge of another culture. According to my point of view, I partly agree with this opinion. Firstly, while we live among people who use the language, we will have a chance to practice it all the time. Rarely can we find a native speaker in our hometown. To almost all students, they usually find it difficult with speaking and listening skills. These cannot easily be improved if we use it uncommonly. Moreover, we may confront many situations which we have never faced up before. To deal with those difficulties after a few times, we will easily recognize the differences between the two cultures. Some factors are acceptable in our country but they are totally naughty in another one. For example, in many Asian nations, people usually ask about the others’ ages, work and also family; but to Western citizens, it is impolite to do so. These things are only taught while we stay in its culture. On the other side, each country has each education system. To study in another language is a challenge. To get used to their teaching manner, which is totally different from ours, is more challenging. People studying abroad often get ‘culture shock’ while they are not accustomed to the new lifestyle and the new way they have to study. Generally, living abroad is one of the best ways to learn the culture and language. But there are still some disadvantages. We have to overcome the shocks so that we can become proficient.

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Learning Languages at Primary School (2)

by Abrar khan (Sydney)

Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school? Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? The idea of whether children should be taught a foreign language at primary or secondary school is still debatable. Many people are of the opinion that it is more beneficial for a child to learn a second language at secondary school rather than primary. In this essay, I will attempt to explain the advantages and disadvantages of this view from my own personal perspective. To begin with, a child's mind cannot absorb too many contents at primary school and bombarding him with words from two languages (native and foreign) may lead his mind into a state of confusion. A student studying at Class one for instance, who just started to talk in his mother tongue will face great difficulty in learning a second language. Thus, it would be more appropriate to teach such a child a second language at secondary school where his mind will be ready to learn a new language. Secondly, in some situations, for instance in the case of an immigrant child, it would become very stressful for the child when he has to learn three languages (Native, Country Language, foreign language at school) simultaneously at primary school. In worse circumstances, as some researchers have shown from their studies, such children have difficulty in deciding which language to speak and may end up learning nothing. clearly, this child would face no difficulty if he is taught the third language at secondary school. Other commentators are of the view that foreign languages should be taught at primary school as it will spark the interest of learning new languages in the child's mind and as he grows up, by the time he enters secondary school he might be able to communicate in the foreign language. The argument here is that if such language is taught at secondary school, most of the children will not take interest in learning and may find it unnecessary. To recapitulate. children are mentally ready to learn a second language at secondary school and also suitable in circumstances where the child has to learn more languages. It is the responsibility of the child if he wants to continue learning this language after secondary school or not. In conclusion, I believe that teaching a foreign language would be more appropriate at secondary level as its advantages clearly outweigh its disadvantages. ***** Please give me comments for my learning a foreign language at primary school essay.

Learning Languages at Primary School (3)

by budi (indonesia)

Could anybody help me to assess my essay? Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? The right time for children to learn second languages has been a riddle since society started thinking about global citizenship and opportunity, especially in countries whose first language is not English. Most professional in the field believed that it is best to start learning second language at primary school while other practitioner suggested that start to learn that in secondary school is more efficient. I believe that the best time to start learning second language is at primary school. It is due to the fact that for biological reason, it is more beneficial and children can have an early exposure to the language. Medical research found out that the primordial part of the brain is responsible for emotional sensing, reflexive movement, and imitating ability. This imitating ability, which is developing significantly during primary school period, contributes significantly in language learning. On the other hand, logical thinking ability is developed later, that is during secondary school phase. This brain development knowledge is very fundamental information to support the idea that the best time to learn second language is during primary school. Many language researchers, educators, and experts believed that each individual needs different time to absorb every aspect of new language learned such as grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. This learning curve, which can not be accelerated, can only be balanced by starting it at early as possible. By doing so, children can get early exposure to the language. Thus, they also more get used to and are more confident in using it. For this reason, it is obvious that starting it early in primary school give children more benefits. After compiling that brain development phase information about imitating ability that contributes to language training as well as the fact that getting early exposure that can give more advantages, it is clear that the best time to begin learning foreign language is at primary school.

Learning Languages at Primary School (4)

by Md Abu Bakar Siddiq (Bangladesh)

Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? Learning a foreign language such as English is essential for our daily life, continued higher education, business, etc. But it’s a big controversy when to start it. Whether it should be initiated at primary level education or at secondary school level. I think it would be better to inaugurate learning another nation’s voice at primary level education. If we organize our children to be taught a foreign language at primary school, they can catch and follow instructions regarding this easily. Furthermore, it is easier for them to remember this early period learning for a long-time, since at this tender age the brain remains fresh and sharp to follow any instructions. Along with this, children’s foundation on that particular language becomes stronger that ultimately makes them more interested about that nation. Yet, some experts think differently. According to them, it is not wise making students’ interest about a second language before secondary level education. Firstly, it will put extra pressure on their brain. Secondly, this approach may make students reluctant about their mother language, which will hinder them to learn more about their culture, customs, and country as well. But, I do not agree with these cheap, awkward opinions. This is because I don’t believe beginning foreign language learning at primary school will put that much of an enormous stress on the kids’ mind and body. If adequate measures are taken during teaching they can enjoy it. On the other hand, side by side teaching institutes should be cautious about their attitude toward the mother language. So, it is crystal clear that learning another language along with the native one at primary level education has some added benefits over learning it at secondary school education. *** You can comment below on this learning a foreign language essay.

Learning Languages at Primary School (5)

by Rehmatullah Saeed (Pakistan, Karachi)

Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? Some school of thoughts argue that a foreign language should be learnt in the primary school while others argue that this strategy would put extra amount of pressure on the innocent children and subsequently considering the importance, necessity and obligation of learning a foreign language then I strongly believe the thoughts of the first party. Apparently the advantages of learning a foreign language in the primary level cross the minor number of disadvantages. Generally the age of childhood is very fresh and not any type of psychological pressure from their home and outside the home is on their shoulders and they are just free to play, enjoy and study, so the structure of the foreign language can easily be copied in their minds and finally they can become more mature when they get qualified to the secondary school due to the long term procedure. On the other hand some school teachers devise quiet complicated teaching methodologies for teaching students and in the result the children get bored and failed in clearing the examinations of the foreign language. Therefore students could get mentally confused and discouraged to follow up the other school subjects as well. For instance my cousin was trying hard to learn the English language but did not succeed to pass the very basic English language examinations and he also complained for the identical reason. To sum up all the observations then we can get a perception that teaching a foreign language to the students of the primary school is the best idea and beneficial for the future of the students but meanwhile a very slow and progressive, enjoyable and transparent teaching strategies should be planned in order to provide a very delightful environment to the lower aged students. Please comment on my essay about learning a foreign language at primary school.

Learning Languages at Primary School (6)

by Milan Jetha (Rajkot, Gujarat, India)

Hi guys, please give me suggestions on my essay: Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages? Some schools of thoughts argue that children should start learning foreign languages from primary school while others argue that it would be more of burden on primary school pupils to start learning foreign languages at an early age. I strongly believe that students should learn foreign languages from primary school. Both the pros and cons of this argument will be discussed before reaching a reasonable conclusion. To begin, some people think that a student does not have any psychological burden in his/her childhood so this is the perfect age for learning a new language. Moreover, pupils will be more confident to speak a foreign language with anyone if they learn it in primary school. Also, children’s minds are ready to learn new things easily in their early age. As an example, some high secondary students are having difficulties in speaking English language, the reason being that they did not learn English language in their childhood. However, there are some plausible counters to this argument. Some plebeians believe that by learning English in primary school students would feel a burden on them. Also, there will be some chances to lose the importance of their native language if students concentrate on foreign languages from an early age. For instance, by giving priority to foreign languages some students are not properly able to speak their native language. In conclusion, according to these arguments it seems that there are strong benefits of learning English in primary school rather than secondary school. By giving knowledge of a foreign language from primary school children will grow smart. *** You can comment below on this learning a foreign language essay to help the student improve their score.

English as the Primary Language

by Rakez (hyderabad,india)

It is very clear now that English should be the primary foreign language taught in all schools around the world. Learning a different foreign language before English is, in today’s world, a waste of time. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? There is no deny that English is the top most widely spoken language in the world. The practice of speaking and writing in English came into existence since centuries. It continued to be popular and familiar to various nation, majorly because of the British influence. However most of the people, agree that learning a foreign than English is waste of time. First of all, the popularity of learning English is increasing day by day in countries like Middle east, South east asia and African countries. Teaching English in the schools helps the pupils to gain international language experience. For example, it broader employment and higher education opportunities in English speaking countries more than non- English speaking countries. Moreover, all the famous literatures from the ancient to modern are written in English. On the other hand, in a few countries like Japan, China and Korea the government and public only shows interest in their respective native languages. In the today’s present busy world, people learn foreign language like Spanish, French as a hobby which would not be a beneficial in their real life, except unless they visit the language spoken country. However, English has international reorganization and only primary foreign language to promote the business across the globe. Although, teaching a new foreign language in schools other than English will not be a success in practice, because hardly students find the person who speaks outside the school. In summary, English is the only ultimate foreign language that can be taught in schools without second the thought. However, I feel that learning a new language other than English is waste of time because it will be less in practice. Please could someone give me some feedback?

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Department of World Languages, Literatures & Cultures 25 Reasons to Study Foreign Languages

• World Languages |  
• Future Students |  
• 25 Reasons to Study Foreign Languages

The Department of Foreign Language and Literatures has recently undergone a change of name to the Department of World Languages, Literatures, and Cultures. This was done in an effort to shift towards a more inclusive tone that embraces the diversity that is core to our philosophy. You can find our new 25 Reasons page here .

• Foreign language study creates more positive attitudes and less prejudice toward people who are different.
• Analytical skills improve when students study a foreign language.
• Business skills plus foreign language skills make an employee more valuable in the marketplace.
• Dealing with another culture enables people to gain a more profound understanding of their own culture.
• Creativity is increased with the study of foreign languages.
• Graduates often cite foreign language courses as some of the most valuable courses in college because of the communication skills developed in the process.
• International travel is made easier and more pleasant through knowing a foreign language.
• Skills like problem solving and dealing with abstract concepts are increased when you study a foreign language.
• Foreign language study enhances one’s opportunities in government, business, medicine, law, technology, military, industry, marketing, and more.
• A second language improves your skills and grades in math and English and on the SAT and GRE.
• Four out of five new jobs in the US are created as a result of foreign trade.
• Foreign languages provide a competitive edge in career choices: one is able to communicate in a second language.
• Foreign language study enhances listening skills and memory.
• One participates more effectively and responsibly in a multi-cultural world if one knows another language.
• Your marketable skills in the global economy are improved if you master another language.
• Foreign language study offers a sense of the past—culturally and linguistically.
• The study of a foreign tongue improves the knowledge of one’s own language: English vocabulary skills increase.
• The study of foreign languages teaches and encourages respect for other people: it fosters an understanding of the interrelation of language and human nature.
• Foreign languages liberalize one’s experiences and make one more flexible and tolerant.
• Foreign languages expand one’s world view and limit the barriers between people that cause distrust and fear.
• Foreign language study leads to an appreciation of cultural diversity.
• As immigration increases we need to prepare for changes in the American society.
• One is at a distinct advantage in the global market if one is as bilingual as possible.
• Foreign languages open the door to art, music, dance, fashion, cuisine, film, philosophy, science and more.
• Foreign language study is simply part of a very basic liberal education: to “educate” is to lead out, to lead out of confinement, narrowness and darkness.

--Renate Latimer, Associate Professor Emerita of German

Others in our professions have developed similar lists, including Alan C. Frantz, “Seventeen Values of Foreign Language Study.” ADFL Bulletin 28.1 (1996): 44-49.

Why Study a Foreign Language?

Over the past decades our world has become more interdependent and new technologies have allowed us to work in close contact with people all over the world. As relationships with countries grow, so does the need to speak a foreign language.

We have an enhanced need for an enlightened citizenship that is both culturally and linguistically prepared to function in today's world.

• Department of Modern Languages

Twenty-five Reasons to Study Foreign Languages

• Foreign language study creates more positive attitudes and less prejudice toward people who are different.
• Studying a foreign language will improve your chances of getting a job.
• Studying a new culture helps you meet new and interesting people.
• Dealing with another culture enables people to gain a more profound understanding of their own culture.
• The study of foreign languages boots confidence.
• Graduates often cite foreign language courses as some of the most valuable courses in college because of the communication skills developed in the process.
• International travel is made easier and more pleasant through knowing a foreign language.
• Skills like problem solving, dealing with abstract concepts, are increased when you study a foreign language.
• Foreign language study enhances one’s opportunities in government, business, medicine, law, technology, military, industry, marketing, etc.
• A second language improves your skills and grades in math and English and on the SAT and GRE.
• Analytical skills improve when students study a foreign language.
• Foreign languages provide a competitive edge in career choices: one is able to communicate in a second language.
• Foreign language study enhances listening skills and memory.
• One participates more effectively and responsibly in a multi-cultural world if one knows another language.
• Your marketable skills in the global economy are improved if you master another language.
• Foreign language study offers a sense of the past: culturally and linguistically.
• The study of a foreign tongue improves the knowledge of one’s own language: English vocabulary skills increase.
• The study of foreign languages teaches and encourages respect for other peoples: it fosters an understanding of the interrelation of language and human nature.
• Foreign languages expand one’s view of the world, liberalize one’s experiences, and make one more flexible and tolerant.
• Foreign languages expand one’s world view and limit the barriers between people: barriers cause distrust and fear.
• Foreign language study will completely chance your traveling experience.
• As immigration increases we need to prepare for changes in the American society.
• One is at a distinct advantage in the global market if one is as bilingual as possible.
• Foreign languages open the door to art, music, dance, fashion, cuisine, film, philosophy, science…
• Foreign language study is simply part of a very basic liberal education: to “educate” is to lead out, to lead out of confinement and narrowness and darkness.

* Credit to Auburn University for compilation of reasons

List of languages by number of native speakers by "Jroel" - Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

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Guest Essay

Have a Foreign Language Love Affair This Summer

By Mark Vanhoenacker

Mr. Vanhoenacker is an airline pilot and an author.

One morning late last autumn, I took off from London’s Heathrow Airport, my base as a Boeing 787 pilot , and landed the next morning at Haneda Airport in Tokyo. By early afternoon I was walking under the turning foliage of Rikugien , one of my favorite gardens, where I paused by a wooden sign at the edge of a stream. Despite having studied Japanese for years, the text on the sign — something about slippery stones ahead — included several characters I didn’t recognize, so I fired up an app I’d recently discovered. It scanned and translated all of them instantly.

Such tools — and others that can translate speech — are astonishing. But with this magic at our fingertips, is the study of foreign languages now pointless?

Not at all. In fact, foreign languages are more rewarding than ever, in part because technology has made them easier than ever to learn.

My love of languages began in childhood. When I was growing up in rural Western Massachusetts, foreign languages were inseparable from the wonder I associated with globes and maps and with the graceful airliners I dreamed of someday flying to distant places. I learned some French and Dutch from my Belgian father and studied Spanish in high school. The language I really fell for, though, is Japanese, which I first studied during a summer home stay in Kanazawa.

The world has changed a lot since the summer of 1991. But there are still reasons for us to invest in foreign language studies. Despite the global pre-eminence of English and the growing sophistication of translation tools, U.S. businesses and government agencies have an unmet need for language skills. Yet as of 2017, only about one-fifth of K-12 students studied a foreign language, and enrollment in U.S. college foreign language classes dropped by almost one-third between 2009 and 2021. These gaps mean that career opportunities are plentiful for language learners, both at home and abroad.

It’s true that many English speakers don’t need language skills to travel these days, especially with smartphones that can translate a menu (or even what a waiter is saying) in real time. But few people would argue that the existence of calculators means we needn’t study math. Language learning is associated with enhanced memory, creativity and concentration. It boosts overall academic performance and may also delay neurological decline as you age. For all of us, language learning is a gym for the brain .

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Using Foreign Languages in Academic Writing in English

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This resource provides information on strategies that the students can use when incorporating languages other than English in their academic texts.

When writing a research paper, you might want to use a non-English language source to present original data that is not available in English. This data might take various forms: some of it might be literary work (lines of poetry or prose), original archival documents (such as a decrees, bills, chronicles, etc.), research articles that were written in a language you know, or any other information which is crucial for your project but does not yet exist in English.

This resource will provide you with discussion of general considerations for translation in academic writing as well as information on the MLA conventions of integrating foreign languages in academic texts. The specific issues include:

• General translation strategies
• Quoting foreign text and translating quotations
• Using foreign names and titles in English writing

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Learning a New Language Is Hard, But Your Brain Will Thank You

Building a stronger brain, one lesson at a time

Oleh_Slobodeniuk / E+ / Getty

Why Learning a New Language Is So Hard

• How It Changes the Brain
• Practical Tips

Every night, no matter how exhausted I am, I carve out at least 5 to 10 minutes for a quick lesson on my language learning app. I might not be fluent yet, but according to the experts, my daily lessons have serious brain-boosting benefits.

"Learning a new language can be immensely helpful for cognitive health, particularly as we age. This is because language learning engages a wide range of complex cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, and problem-solving, which can help to create and strengthen connections in the brain," explains Dr. Roy Hamilton, MD , trustee of the McKnight Brain Research Foundation. 

The benefits go beyond protecting the brain against the effects of aging. Experts also note that language learning can help foster social connections and empathy . We are all citizens of the world, and it’s important for us to stay connected with other cultures and people from different backgrounds.

Of course, knowing the benefits doesn’t necessarily make the process easy. Learning a new language takes time, practice, and diligence. Even if you stick with it every day for a long time, it can still be a struggle. But that’s exactly why learning a new language can be so beneficial. It challenges your brain in unique ways that, ultimately, help your mind stay healthy and strong.

At a Glance

People learn new languages for all kinds of reasons. Sometimes, it’s for work or school. Others enjoy the thrill of chatting with the locals when they’re on vacation. And sometimes, it’s just for fun.

However, it can also be a powerful way to boost your cognitive skills and maintain your brain’s health. It can build your cognitive reserve, stave off the effects of brain aging, and have helpful social and emotional benefits. Learning a new language as an adult is certainly more challenging, but your brain will thank you.

My daily Duolingo sessions aren’t my first foray into trying to learn a new language. But, like many people, my motivation dwindled once my high school foreign language credits were completed. Time and dedication are two common challenges when it comes to learning a new language. But a big part of the reason it’s so tough comes down to how your brain is wired.

Dr. Hamilton explains that there is an optimal developmental period–usually spanning infancy to around puberty–when the brain is particularly receptive to language. During this age, the brain's language networks possess a high degree of neuroplasticity , which is the brain's ability to adapt and change.

"Because of this, [children] can easily organize and reinforce themselves in response to being exposed to language. This allows children to learn languages naturally and efficiently—essentially automatically—if they are regularly exposed to those languages," Dr. Hamilton says.

Other factors that might affect your ability to pick up a new language as an adult include:

• Language complexity : Sometimes, other languages have linguistic complexities that can be challenging, especially if they’re very different from those of your native tongue. Dr. Hamilton notes that adults tend to rely on the thoughts and structures of their native language, which makes learning the sounds and grammatical rules of a new language trickier.
• Anxiety and self-consciousness: Dr. Hamilton explains that adults are more likely to feel anxious or self-conscious about learning a new language, which can stand in the way of their progress. Being scared to practice or embarrassed about making mistakes certainly doesn’t make it any easier!
• Learning methods : How you learn and practice is also important. Traditional learning methods may focus more on things like memorization and vocabulary, which may work for some people. However, others may find that approach tedious and difficult to stick with.
• Age : Let’s face it, it really can be harder to teach an old dog (or brain) new tricks. Experts suggest that the ability to learn new languages starts to decline once someone reaches adolescence and adulthood. “While the adult brain remains plastic, the rate at which new connections form slows down over time, making it harder to acquire new skills, including language,” Dr. Hamilton says. Plus, the stress and busyness of everyday life can make it difficult to find time to practice.

The Benefits of Learning a New Language

Learning a new language can definitely be a challenge–but that’s exactly why it can be so rewarding!

According to psychotherapist Kristie Tse, LMHC , clinical director and founder of Uncover Mental Health Counseling, “Learning a new language has profound benefits for brain health. It encourages the brain to be flexible and adaptable, as it requires quick thinking and problem-solving skills to comprehend and construct new sentences.”

Cognitive Benefits

Learning a new language doesn't just make you *sound* smarter. In one analysis, 90% of the studies they examined found that learning a new language leads to improvements in other academic subjects as well.

Such benefits don't just stem from increased literacy skills. Other research has found that second language learners also appear to make gains in their working memory, concentration, and creativity .

Dr. Hamilton also points to research findings showing that people who speak two or more languages have a delayed onset of dementia compared to those who only speak one.

"Speaking more than one language may improve so-called executive functions , such as the ability to switch fluidly between mental tasks, and may even positively impact other cognitive skills like visual-spatial abilities and reasoning," Dr. Hamilton says.

Emotional Benefits

On an emotional level, developing new language skills can also give you a greater sense of confidence and purpose . Such benefits can spill over into other areas of your life. You might not be a polyglot yet , but tackling one language can give you the boost in self-efficacy you need to keep working toward your language-learning goals.

Social Advantages 

Hint: Knowing more than one language can be a great conversation starter . People are often interested in learning more about your learning journey. Plus, learning a new language can be a great opportunity to meet new people and forge new friendships over your shared interests.

Building these meaningful connections not only helps widen your social circle (and improves your social support system ), but it also brings a deeper sense of cultural perspective.

It not only enriches cognitive abilities but also serves as a bridge to understanding cultural complexities and enhancing emotional resilience . 

How the Brain Changes When You Learn a New Language

So, what exactly is going on inside your head when you're conjugating verbs and learning how to roll your Rs? Learning a new language does a lot more than just expand your linguistic skills–it actually leads to significant changes in your brain. 

Researchers have found that the brain actually starts to rewire itself in response to learning a new language. Such changes not only challenge your brain, but they can also help you stay more adaptable as you age.

What other kinds of brain-boosting benefits can you expect?

It Can Protect Your White Matter

White matter is the fatty substance that covers brain axons, which allows signals to travel through the brain quickly and efficiently. Evidence suggests that learning a second language helps protect white matter from the effects of aging, which can help you keep your brain healthier as you grow older.

It Can Increase Grey Matter Volume

Grey matter is the brain material associated with learning, movement, emotions, and memory. Learning and using a new language helps to increase grey matter volume in important areas of the brain.

It Leads to Changes in Brain Structure

One study found that bilingualism increases the size of certain brain regions. Such increases also tend to grow as people gain more bilingual experience. The findings suggest that learning a new language creates complex changes in brain structures that are similar to those of other cognitively demanding tasks.

No single activity is a one-size-fits-all solution to maintaining healthy cognition throughout one’s brain span, but language learning is certainly a really great way to contribute to the health of one’s brain.

Practical Tips for Learning a New Language

Learning a new language as an adult can be really challenging. Fortunately, there are plenty of effective (and fun) ways to achieve your language-learning goals:

Try a Language App

Language-learning apps can be a great way to get started with a new language. Babbel, Duolingo, and Memrise are a few options you might consider.

Practice Daily

Consistency is the key! Even just 5 to 10 minutes a day can help.

"Being exposed to and using the target language on a daily basis, even in small amounts, can significantly boost retention and fluency," Dr. Hamilton says.

Be sure to turn on app notifications and use app widgets if they are available on your device. These regular reminders can help you stay on track.

Immerse Yourself

Don't just limit your daily learning to your lessons. "It's important to immerse oneself as much as possible in the language one wants to acquire. This can be done through media, such as movies, music, and podcasts, which helps to build listening skills and exposes the learner to the language being used in its natural context," Dr. Hamilton suggests.

Memorize Vocabulary

Rote memorization may not be the most exciting part of learning, but it’s important for laying the foundation you'll need to succeed when learning a new language. Flashcards, whether you’re using an app or making them yourself, can be a great tool for nailing those basic vocabulary terms.

Learn Grammar

Getting used to the grammatical structure of a new language can be tough. Start with the basics, like verb conjugations and sentence structure. Then, challenge yourself with more complex sentences. A grammar book or app can be a helpful tool.

Find a Conversation Partner

Getting actual experience speaking your target language is vital! "Finding a language partner or joining a conversation group can provide the necessary practice in speaking and listening, which are critical components of language proficiency," says Dr. Hamilton.

Integrate Other Learning Tools

As you gain more skill and experience, start looking for other tools and resources that can help you build your language abilities. Listening to podcasts or radio broadcasts in your target language can be a great way to gain a greater appreciation and understanding of the nuances of the language.

Try reading a book in your target language! Kids' books can be perfect for beginners, and as you get more advanced, you might try reading a book you already know and love in your new language.

Tip: Try Spaced Repetition System (SRS)

Dr. Hamilton recommends spaced repetition system (SRS) when learning a new language. "This is a learning technique grounded in memory research that helps one to remember new vocabulary items by rehearsing them in a systematic manner. Reviews of words one remembers well are gradually spaced out, focusing effort on more on challenging items; this makes one’s study time more efficient and helps vocabulary to stick in long-term memory," he explains.

Learning new things is good for your brain, and experts suggest that learning a new language, in particular, can have numerous important benefits for your cognitive functioning and health. Dr. Hamilton recommends managing your expectations as an adult language learner.

"Language learning is a gradual process," he says, "and embracing mistakes as part of the learning journey and staying motivated through setting achievable goals can make the experience both effective and enjoyable."

Woll B, Wei L. Cognitive benefits of language learning: Broadening our perspectives . The British Academy.

Bialystok E. The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience .  Psychol Bull . 2017;143(3):233-262. doi:10.1037/bul0000099

Mendez MF, Chavez D, Akhlaghipour G. Bilingualism delays expression of Alzheimer's clinical syndrome .  Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord . 2019;48(5-6):281-289. doi:10.1159/000505872

Klimova B. Learning a foreign language: A review on recent findings about its effect on the enhancement of cognitive functions among healthy older individuals .  Front Hum Neurosci . 2018;12:305. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00305

Wei X, Gunter TC, Adamson H, et al. White matter plasticity during second language learning within and across hemispheres . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 2024;121(2):e2306286121. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306286121

Anderson JAE, Grundy JG, De Frutos J, Barker RM, Grady C, Bialystok E. Effects of bilingualism on white matter integrity in older adults . Neuroimage . 2018;167:143-150. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.11.038

Ehling R, Amprosi M, Kremmel B, et al. Second language learning induces grey matter volume increase in people with multiple sclerosis . PLoS One . 2019;14(12):e0226525. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0226525

Korenar M, Treffers-Daller J, Pliatsikas C. Dynamic effects of bilingualism on brain structure map onto general principles of experience-based neuroplasticity . Sci Rep . 2023;13(1):3428. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30326-3

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

7 reasons to learn a foreign language

Associate University Librarian; Adjunct Faculty, Fairleigh Dickinson University

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Kathleen Stein-Smith does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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Half of the world population is bilingual , but only 25% of Americans can hold a conversation in another language.

Changing that is one of the goals of language advocacy efforts, such as the Lead with Languages campaign. As the author of a book on what I refer to as America’s language deficit , here are what I see as seven of the best reasons for America’s young to speak a language besides English.

1. Makes you smarter

Research has shown that knowledge of more than one language is associated with better reasoning , problem-solving skills and creativity. It also helps people deal with unknown and unfamiliar situations. Use of another language tends to delay the onset of dementia

2. Boosts academic achievement

Language learning supports academic achievement . This is true for English-speaking students studying a foreign language, as well as English language learners in bilingual and immersion programs. It also boosts academic outcomes at the college level .

Being bilingual has also been shown to especially benefit low-income children in terms of “their ability to direct and focus their attention when distractions were present.” Another study found that kids whose families spoke a second language at home scored better on cognitive tests than those whose family only spoke one language.

3. Provides professional and career advantages

Foreign language skills are associated with increased job opportunities . Research has shown that demand for bilingual workers in the United States has doubled from 2010 to 2015. About 11 million U.S. jobs are related to exports, and most of the top trading partners of the U.S. use languages other than English. While not all positions in export necessarily requires a second language, it is important to remember that 6.8 million American workers are employed by international companies operating in the United States. Nine out of 10 U.S. employers rely on employees with language skills other than English, and [one in four] U.S. employers lost business due to a lack of language skills.

4. Provides broader access to education and information

If you speak another language, you could earn a degree in another country, which could end up being a less expensive way to get a college education. If nothing else, it at least enables you to better enjoy studying abroad and to learn more than you would if you only spoke English.

The same is true when it comes to the news media. Those who only speak English cannot directly access news and perspectives in parts of the world where other languages are predominant.

5. Gives you more social and global skills

As more than 60 million people in the U.S. speak a language other than English at home, those who only speak English miss out on being able to directly communicate in the mother tongue of many friends and neighbors. Language learners also tend to develop a more positive attitude toward both the language and the culture of the country where it is spoken.

In the case where a language may be part of our own cultural heritage and identity, building on the knowledge of that language makes it possible for us to reconnect with the experience of past generations of family.

Speaking another language also opens up opportunities to do business and work in other parts of the world. Overall, 75% of the world population does not speak English. Those who only speak English may also be limited and less inclined to collaborate with others around the world to address global issues.

6. Increases national security

On the national security front, various federal agencies and departments concerned with national security, including the FBI, CIA, and the Departments of State, Homeland Security, and Defense, need more agents and employees who can speak and understand another language. This need was underscored in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, when it surfaced that lack of Arabic linguists led the U.S. to miss critical messages sent by al–Qaida about the 9/11 attacks a day before they occurred.

7. Life is more interesting

Think of all the people here in the U.S. (well over 60 million ), around the world ( 75% of the world population), and online whom we are able to talk to if we speak their languages.

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How to Learn a Language by Studying Smarter, Not Harder

Just like most things in life, if you know the tips, tricks and hacks for learning something, the process usually goes much smoother, and much more successfully.

So if you’re looking for tips on how to learn a language effectively, read on. We’ve got seven key tips for you to consider on your language learning journey.

1. Use Visual Elements to Memorize New Words

2. write something every day, 3. watch tv and listen to radio and podcasts in the target language, 4. read books at your actual level, 5. branch out from textbooks, 6. learn what interests you, 7. take initiative and personalize your learning style, and one more thing....

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Summary: Using visual elements is the best method to learn new words, as they trigger associations in our head, making it easier to remember permanently, not just learn by rote.

To understand and speak a language, several thousand words will be enough to get by in conversation and while reading modern writing. You’ll need more if you’re going to tackle more specialized or academic writing, or perhaps if you’re going to become a translator or interpreter. But we all have to start somewhere.

How do you know which words to learn and remember?

We live in the digital era when the internet surrounds us everywhere. So, check the list of most widely used words in the language you’re learning or download some apps that show you popular words, helping you to remember them along the way.

Summary: Write blog posts, diary entries, shopping lists, notes to yourself or anything else that is already part of your daily life, but do it all in your target language. Using grammar in practice will improve your skills many times over.

Certainly, grammar is important, and no one is going to say that you shouldn’t learn it. But just writing sometimes, free of grammar concerns, is very helpful for language learning, too.

Regardless of the language, grammar is always tricky for non-native speakers (well, let’s be honest: it’s often tricky for native speakers, too). All those gerunds, tenses, infinitives and exceptions are useful when you write academic essays, do research or write professional emails. You need to build a foundation of great grammar in order to speak and write correctly.

However, if your primary goal is to communicate, prepare for a trip abroad or master just the basics, don’t stress about this too much. If you’re seriously turned off by the nitty gritty of grammar, don’t torture yourself trying to remember all the rules at once.

Many learners get discouraged by the idea of studying grammar and end up avoiding their daily practice. Don’t procrastinate. On days when grammar fills you with dread, treat yourself to some movies, games or music videos in your target language. Keep building familiarity with the language every day, and you’ll start learning grammar naturally.

Some educators recommend starting off with full immersion—constant exposure to the language through a diversity of authentic materials—and never cracking open a textbook or starting formal grammar study until you’ve developed basic proficiency in the language. You can always give this route a try!

Summary: To develop your listening skills, you can watch movies or TV shows with subtitles, listen to a radio show in your target language, play games , try to understand all words from your favorite songs and so on. Keep it fun and casual! Listening to  TED lectures  is always a good decision, too.

While learning a foreign language, we usually pay lots of undue attention to vocabulary and grammar. Our goal is to learn how to read, write and speak.

That’s all well and good, but we often forget about listening to a target language despite the fact that it’s key to understanding and communication.

Learners too often discover the hard way that speaking a language and understanding it aren’t the same thing.

Sometimes one can speak but can hardly understand native speakers at all while listening to songs or watching a movie in the target language. Never underestimate the importance of listening skills; you need to practice them on a daily basis.

Summary: If you’re at the beginner level of learning, children’s books would be the best option for you. Intermediate and advanced learners can always try reading simplified versions of classics to learn some new words and grammar rules. If you’re pretty advanced, you can start tiptoeing towards the classics. Start with modern classics.

I bet your past or current language teachers have assigned you the task to read a book in the language you’re learning, make a vocabulary list of unknown words from it, learn them and discuss the book in the classroom afterward.

Such exercises are great unless your teacher asks you to read classic literature in the target language. They often don’t, and instead opt for abridged and otherwise simplified reading material.

First of all, it can be difficult to understand a plot and get pleasure from reading a book if you don’t know the meaning of most words. The “extensive reading” method encourages learners to choose texts where they know 95% of the words on any given page .

Secondly, books of classics may contain lots of archaic vocabulary (let’s take Shakespeare, for example). There’s no real need to learn all words from classics, as no one uses them in everyday language anymore.

However, many language learners make the mistake that teachers strive so hard to avoid—they dive into deep, complex literature and other texts that are well outside their reading level. They want to read what they want to read, even if they can’t read it! As you may already know, it can be very discouraging when you don’t understand most of what you’re reading.

You’re not giving yourself the chance to develop good reading habits. You won’t learn how to get into the flow of a native text if you’re constantly stopping to use your dictionary. You also won’t be able to pick up words via context if most of the language is way above your head (for the time being), and this kind of deductive work is critical for learning a language effectively.

Summary: Use all sorts of resources for learning your target language: newspapers, vlogs, novels, short stories, comments sections, advertisements, grocery lists—anything!

Going by the book is one of the biggest mistakes you can make while learning a foreign language.

The textbook can give you all the essential building blocks, but it can’t take you much farther.

Have you ever heard the people speaking in the audio files accompanying English textbooks? They’re speaking perfectly correct English, but they sound a bit forced and awkward at times. That’s because they’re reading a script designed for learners. It’s easy on the ears, and great for becoming familiar with the basics of language, but you’ll probably never hear a native speaker who talks quite like that.

Slang, idioms, jokes, regional dialects, pop culture references…they usually can’t be learned from standard textbooks. To really understand native speakers, you must learn casual language.

This doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t use textbooks at all. Some of them are worth trying, and one can find many reasons to use modern textbooks : They’re well-designed, they provide useful content and a road map for learning, they give lots of practice opportunities and they usually offer audio components.

FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.

You can try FluentU for free for 2 weeks. Check out the website or download the iOS app or Android app.

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Summary: Find materials about subjects that interest you. If you’re an accountant, that might be accounting statements from a large foreign company, or if you’re an art aficionado, read the latest museum exhibition guides in their original language.

Some learners aren’t super passionate about languages, and instead consider reaching fluency just another task to complete. It’s just another task on a life list, bucket list or resume building plan. There are a couple of noteworthy problems with this:

• It’s very difficult to pinpoint the exact moment you reach fluency, so you may never be able to check the “task complete” box.
• You don’t know a language just because you score all A’s and 100’s on your exams.
• You need to find some personal motivation coming from within to really master a language without ever losing focus.

You can’t just study for the test. Fluency doesn’t come until after you’ve put your language skills into action, spoken with natives for hours, listened to native speakers intently and followed their directions. You also need to learn the culture behind the language to a certain extent, or you’ll find a large gap between you and natives while communicating.

Not to mention, you have to constantly be updating your language knowledge. Languages change and develop all the time. Don’t miss a chance to learn the culture of those people whose language you learn, chat with your native speaker friends, watch movies, listen to songs, travel to countries and interact with locals.

Summary: Seek out teachers and fellow students who learn like you like to learn and build a learning community, in real life or online.

This may be the most common mistake made by language learners. They rely on whatever course they’re taking, whether they’re taking it through a college, university or institute online, at home or abroad. This “reliance” comes in two forms:

• Relying on the course to give you all the material and exposure you need to learn.
• Holding the course or teacher responsible for your successes and failures.

When you learn a language, it’s good to have a teacher who will help and support you, but it doesn’t mean he or she can do everything for you. Teachers guide you—they can’t inject the language straight into your brain. It’s only you who’s responsible for your learning.

If you feel like the books and materials your school gives you aren’t effective or sufficient on their own, find a different textbook or other language learning materials to accompany the coursework. If the coursework doesn’t target your preferred learning style, learn how you learn best on your own time. If you learn best through music or visual cues, but simply don’t get enough of that in class, take care of yourself at home later.

Don’t only do your homework, study for tests and call it a day. Read and listen to your target language every day, communicate in it, go to language exchange clubs, make friends with native speakers and seek out new articles, blog posts, YouTube videos and more in that language. Become ravenous. Consume as much of the target language as you can on a daily basis.

Ask your school to assist you where needed, manage your emotions and try to stay motivated and optimistic.

If you don’t study properly and perform poorly on tests, take responsibility for this. If you ace all the reading and writing assignments but can’t speak without a heavy accent, then take responsibility for this and double up on speaking practice. The teacher and coursework can only get you so far.

Take these tips to heart and I think you’ll find your language learning journey moves faster than you ever thought it could. It’ll also be more fun!

If you dig the idea of learning on your own time from the comfort of your smart device with real-life authentic language content, you'll love using FluentU .

With FluentU, you'll learn real languages—as they're spoken by native speakers. FluentU has a wide variety of videos as you can see here:

FluentU App Browse Screen.

FluentU has interactive captions that let you tap on any word to see an image, definition, audio and useful examples. Now native language content is within reach with interactive transcripts.

Didn't catch something? Go back and listen again. Missed a word? Hover your mouse over the subtitles to instantly view definitions.

Interactive, dual-language subtitles.

You can learn all the vocabulary in any video with FluentU's "learn mode." Swipe left or right to see more examples for the word you’re learning.

FluentU Has Quizzes for Every Video

And FluentU always keeps track of vocabulary that you’re learning. It gives you extra practice with difficult words—and reminds you when it’s time to review what you’ve learned. You get a truly personalized experience.

Start using the FluentU website on your computer or tablet or, better yet, download the FluentU app from the iTunes or Google Play store. Click here to take advantage of our current sale! (Expires at the end of this month.)

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Publication

Supreme court to interpret key language in the foreign sovereign immunities act’s expropriation exception and consider the pleading standard for invoking exceptions to sovereign immunity.

August 21, 2024

• The U.S. Supreme Court is set to consider whether plaintiffs asserting claims against foreign states or their agencies or instrumentalities must meet a heightened pleading standard when invoking exceptions to sovereign immunity.
• The Supreme Court will likely address whether a party seeking to invoke the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act’s expropriation exception can meet the exception’s “commercial nexus” requirement by alleging that expropriated property was commingled with a state’s general funds.
• The Supreme Court will also likely address whether plaintiffs or defendants bear the burden to trace proceeds from expropriated property to their current location and use.

Introduction

Since 2010, Simon v. Republic of Hungary has ascended and descended the judicial ladder as federal courts have considered how to interpret and apply the “expropriation exception” of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”). On June 24, 2024, the Supreme Court decided to review the case for a second time, granting certiorari as to the following questions:

Whether historical commingling of assets suffices to establish that proceeds of seized property have a commercial nexus with the United States under the expropriation exception to the FSIA.

Whether a plaintiff must make out a valid claim that an exception to the FSIA applies at the pleading stage, rather than merely raising a plausible inference.

Whether a sovereign defendant bears the burden of producing evidence to affirmatively disprove that the proceeds of property taken in violation of international law have a commercial nexus with the United States under the expropriation exception to the FSIA.

Simon was brought in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. 77 F.4th 1077, 1087 (D.C. Cir. 2023). The plaintiffs are individuals seeking compensation from Hungary and its state-owned railroad company for confiscating their property during the Holocaust. Id. at 1087, 1091. The case has been consolidated with Heller v. Republic of Hungary , a more recent case in which two Holocaust survivors sued Hungary seeking compensation for property confiscated from their parents and grandparents during the war. Id. at 1088. Since the Simon plaintiffs filed their case nearly a decade-and-a-half ago, federal courts have wrestled with whether the defendants are immune from the jurisdiction of U.S. courts under the FSIA. Pursuant to that statute, foreign states, including their agencies and instrumentalities, are immune from suit in U.S. courts unless a statutory exception to sovereign immunity applies. One of the FSIA’s exceptions to sovereign immunity is the “expropriation exception,” 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(3). This exception applies when (1) the plaintiff’s claim puts in issue “rights in property taken in violation of international law” and (2) when there is a nexus between the expropriated property, or property exchanged for such property, and commercial activity in the United States. Simon , 77 F.4th at 1090-91. In Simon , the parties have litigated multiple motions to dismiss on sovereign immunity grounds and multiple appeals, including a prior appeal to the Supreme Court. Id. at 1092-93. In that appeal, the Supreme Court clarified that a foreign state’s taking of property belonging to its own nationals in the context of genocide does not necessarily constitute a taking “in violation of international law” as the expropriation exception requires. Id. at 1093 (citing Fed. Republic of Germany v. Philipp , 141 S. Ct. 703, 712 (2021)). That is because the phrase “international law” as used in the exception refers to the law of property, not human rights law. Id. at 1096 (citing Philipp , 141 S. Ct. at 712). The Supreme Court remanded the case to the district court. After remand, the district court granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss as to some of the claims but not all. Generally, the district court declined to dismiss the claims asserted by plaintiffs who alleged they were Czechoslovakian nationals at the time of the alleged takings and dismissed the claims of plaintiffs who alleged they were stateless at the time of those confiscations. Id. at 1093-94, 1099. D.C. Circuit Decision and Circuit Splits The D.C. Circuit largely affirmed the district court’s decision, including its denial of the motion to dismiss the claims of plaintiffs who alleged they were Czechoslovakian nationals when the defendants took their property. Id. at 1094-95, 1104. The defendants argued that the district court had applied the wrong pleading standard, but the D.C. Circuit disagreed. Id. at 1103. The D.C. Circuit concluded that when assessing whether plaintiffs have satisfied the FSIA’s exceptions to sovereign immunity, a court should apply the same pleading standard that normally applies. Id. at 1102-04. Under that standard, the plaintiff need only plead facts sufficient to state a “plausible” claim for relief. In so holding, the D.C. Circuit rejected the defendants’ contention that a heightened pleading standard applies. The defendants based their argument on the Supreme Court’s decision, in Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela v. Helmerich & Payne Int’ll Drilling Co. , that a “non-frivolous” argument for invoking an exception to sovereign immunity is insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss. 581 U.S. 170 (2017). Though the Second Circuit has interpreted Helmerich & Payne as adopting a heightened pleading standard for FSIA claims, Rukoro v. Federal Republic of Germany , 976 F.3d 218 (2d Cir. 2020), in Simon the D.C. Circuit adopted a different view. See Simon , 77 F.4th at 1104 (“ Rukoro erroneously implies that Helmerich ’s requirement of a legally valid (not just nonfrivolous) legal theory equates to a more demanding standard of pleading.”). The D.C. Circuit also split from the Second Circuit, and the Ninth Circuit, when it analyzed whether the plaintiffs’ claims satisfied the expropriation exception’s “commercial activity” nexus requirement. To meet that requirement, the expropriated property, or property exchanged for that property, must be (1) “present in the United States in connection with a commercial activity carried on in the United States by the foreign state” or (2) “owned or operated by an agency or instrumentality of the foreign state” that is “engaged in commercial activity in the United States.” Id. at 1115 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(3)). The D.C. Circuit held that the plaintiffs could satisfy this requirement by alleging that Hungary had liquidated the plaintiffs’ property, commingled the resulting cash with the general state treasury, and used the treasury to fund commercial activity in the United States. Id. at 1118. The D.C. Circuit further held that plaintiffs have no burden to trace their expropriated property to the state’s general treasury. Id. at 1119. Rather, the foreign state has the burden to prove that expropriated funds were not commingled with its current resources. Id. The D.C. Circuit’s conclusions differ from those of the Second Circuit and Ninth Circuit, which require plaintiffs to trace expropriated property to funds spent on property present in the United States. Rukoro , 976 F.3d at 225; Freund v. Societe Nationale des Chemins de fer Francais , 391 F. App’x 939 (2d Cir. 2010); Alperin v. Vatican Bank , 365 F. App’x 74, 76 (9th Cir. 2010). Supreme Court Review In February 2024, the defendants petitioned for certiorari, asking the Supreme Court to resolve the disagreements between the different courts of appeals, by addressing the three questions noted above. The plaintiffs agreed that the Supreme Court should review the case to resolve the circuit split and definitively decide whether commingling of funds can support applying the expropriation exception, though the plaintiffs proposed combining the three questions into a single question. The plaintiffs framed the issue as: “Whether allegations or evidence that a foreign state or its instrumentality sold stolen property and commingled the proceeds with other funds, and that the commingled funds are either in the United States in connection with the foreign state’s commercial activity in the United States, or that the instrumentality with the funds does commerce in the United States, meets the expropriation exception unless the foreign state shows that the property does not trace back to the expropriated property.” However, the Court did not adopt this framing and, instead, granted certiorari with respect to the three questions presented in the defendants’ papers. The next step will be for the defendants, as petitioners, to submit a written brief by August 26, 2024. Then the plaintiffs, as respondents, must submit their written brief by October 11, 2024. The defendants will then have an opportunity to submit a reply brief. After the briefs have been submitted, the Court will schedule oral argument. The Court will hear the case sometime during the 2024-2025 term.

Foley Hoag will continue to monitor this case through the Supreme Court proceedings and will provide additional updates as the case progresses. Anyone with questions about the FSIA, disputes involving foreign sovereigns or their agencies or instrumentalities, or related topics should feel free to reach out to Foley’s International Litigation and Arbitration Department .

Key Contacts

Andrew Loewenstein

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Mark Finsterwald

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Nicholas Bergara

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The federal foreign office on the iranian authorities’ action against the german language institute in tehran.

A Federal Foreign Office Spokesperson issued the following statement today (20 August 2024) on the Iranian authorities’ action against the German Language Institute in Tehran ( Deutsches Sprachinstitut Teheran , DSIT):

We condemn the Iranian security authorities’ action against the German Language Institute in Tehran. There can be no justification for this. Language exchange forms the foundation of mutual understanding. The Institute is a well-known and well-loved place of encounter where people go to great lengths to promote language learning amid challenging conditions. Its staff are highly dedicated to their work, which aims among other things to strengthen the ties between the people of Iran and Germany. The Iranian Ambassador will be summoned to the Federal Foreign Office. We call on the new Iranian Government to permit the Institute to resume teaching immediately.

Background information:

The German Embassy in Tehran founded the German Language Institute (DSIT) in 1995. It offers language courses from level A1 to C2, leading to certifications that are recognised in Germany. It is self-financed (through fees for language courses and examinations) and is not affiliated with the Goethe-Institut. It currently employs 85 teachers, none of whom are seconded from Germany.

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