solid waste management in case study

Sustainable Waste Management In Indore: A Case Study

Indore, a fast-growing city in India, has emerged as a model for sustainable waste management practices. Over the past few years, Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India, thanks to the efficient waste management system put in place by the municipal corporation. 

This case study explores the background, challenges faced, solutions implemented, and key learnings from Indore’s successful waste management system.

Indore, with a population of over 3.2 million people, generates around 1,100 metric tons of waste daily. Prior to 2016, the city struggled with waste management, leading to unhygienic conditions, increased pollution, and negative impacts on public health. 

However, the launch of the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) campaign in 2014 led the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) to undertake a comprehensive transformation of its waste management system. This involved an overhaul of existing infrastructure, policies, and community engagement initiatives to create a more efficient and environmentally friendly waste management system.

Challenges faced:

Lack of waste segregation at the source:  

Indore faced issues with mixed waste, which hindered the recycling and disposal process. Unsegregated waste resulted in inefficient waste collection and processing, causing further strain on the waste management system.

Inefficient waste collection and transportation system: 

With limited resources and vehicles, the city’s waste collection and transportation system could not keep up with the growing population and waste generation.

Open dumping and burning of waste: The absence of adequate waste processing facilities led to the practice of open dumping and burning of waste, which contributed to air and land pollution.

Inadequate public awareness and participation: 

Citizens were not fully aware of the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal, resulting in low participation rates and disregard for waste management rules.

Limited infrastructure for waste processing and disposal: 

The city’s waste processing and disposal infrastructure was unable to cope with the increasing waste generation, leading to unmanaged landfills and environmental degradation.

Solutions implemented:

Segregation at the source: 

The IMC implemented a mandatory waste segregation policy, requiring households to separate waste into wet (biodegradable) and dry (recyclable) categories. This allowed for more efficient waste collection and processing, as well as increased recycling rates.

Door-to-door waste collection: 

A fleet of over 600 GPS-enabled vehicles were deployed to collect segregated waste daily from all households and commercial establishments. This ensured timely and efficient waste collection, preventing littering and illegal dumping.

Waste processing and disposal: The city established a state-of-the-art waste processing facility capable of handling 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, including a 15 MW waste-to-energy plant and a 200 TPD (tons per day) composting plant. These facilities enabled the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Public awareness and participation: 

The IMC launched numerous awareness campaigns, involving local celebrities, schools, and religious institutions, to educate the public on the importance of waste segregation and cleanliness. This resulted in increased community involvement and support for the waste management program.

Strict monitoring and enforcement: 

Regular inspections, fines, and incentives were introduced to ensure compliance with waste management rules. This helped maintain the cleanliness of the city and encouraged citizens to adhere to waste segregation and disposal guidelines.

Results achieved:

Waste segregation: 

Over 90% of households in Indore now segregate their waste, significantly improving the efficiency of waste collection and processing, and reducing the burden on landfills.

Waste processing: 

The city’s waste processing facility successfully manages 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, with a 95% waste recovery rate. This has led to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and has minimized the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Cleanliness: 

Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India in the annual Swachh Survekshan survey since 2017. This highlights the success of the city’s waste management system and the active participation of its residents in maintaining cleanliness.

Health and environment: 

Cases of vector-borne diseases have dropped by 60% since the implementation of the waste management system, and air quality has improved due to reduced open burning of waste. This has led to a healthier environment and improved overall quality of life for Indore’s residents.

Key learnings:

Political will and administrative commitment are crucial for the successful implementation of waste management systems. Indore’s transformation was made possible by strong leadership and a dedicated municipal corporation committed to addressing the city’s waste management challenges.

Public awareness and participation play a significant role in ensuring the success of waste management initiatives. By actively involving the community and raising awareness about the importance of waste segregation and proper disposal, Indore was able to achieve a high level of public participation and support.

Strict monitoring and enforcement mechanisms help ensure compliance with waste management rules and regulations. Indore’s approach to enforcing waste segregation and disposal guidelines, combined with regular inspections and penalties, proved to be effective in maintaining the city’s cleanliness.

Investing in modern waste processing infrastructure can significantly improve the efficiency of waste management systems and reduce environmental impact. Indore’s investment in a state-of-the-art waste processing facility allowed the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, leading to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and associated environmental issues.

Indore’s transformation into a clean, sustainable city serves as an inspiring example for other urban centers in India and around the world. 

By adopting a comprehensive, integrated approach to waste management, Indore has successfully addressed its waste management challenges and set a benchmark for sustainable urban living. 

The city’s experience provides valuable insights and lessons for other municipalities looking to improve their waste management systems and promote environmental sustainability.

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Zero Waste Case Study: San Francisco

San Francisco Department of the Environment Jack Macy Zero Waste Senior Coordinator ( [email protected] ) (415) 355-3751

Recology Anthony Crescenti General Manager ( [email protected] ) (415) 575-2423

Partnership

Contractual agreement, disadvantages/omissions.

In 2002, San Francisco adopted a goal of 75% diversion by 2010 and a long-term goal of zero waste. It exceeded the first goal two years early, soon recovering over 80% and cutting its disposal in half. The city initiated its Environment Code in 2003 based on the Precautionary Principle . It adopted a Construction and Demolition Debris Recovery Ordinance in 2006 requiring the recovery of C&D materials.

The city's Mandatory Recycling and Composting Ordinance , passed in 2009, requires everyone in San Francisco keep recyclables, compostables and trash separated. In 2018, San Francisco updated its zero waste commitments to reducing solid waste generation 15% and disposal to landfill or incineration again 50% by 2030.

In 2018, the Commission on the Environment also adopted a resolution (pdf) outlining the Department of the Environment's commitment to racial equity and announcing its Racial Equity Initiative. The City and County of San Francisco recognized the need for a cohesive and coordinated approach to addressing racial inequities and, in 2019, adopted an ordinance (pdf) creating an Office of Racial Equity and mandating departments develop Racial Equity Action Plans.

San Francisco implemented an innovative three-stream citywide residential and commercial collection program , with separate bins and a full range of size and frequency options, for commingled recyclables; compostables, including all food scraps, soiled paper and plant trimmings; and any remaining trash. Outreach uses lots of images and is done in Chinese, Spanish and other languages with customer service being able to communicate in almost any language.

Zero Waste… is the highest and best use of resources--eliminating waste throughout the product lifecycle where nothing goes to landfill or high temperature destruction. We create policies and programs that prevent waste and promote recycling and composting. SF Environment is doing all we can to make zero waste a reality.

The city implemented the first and largest urban food scraps composting collection program in the U.S. serving essentially every generator. San Francisco has collected more than two million tons of material and turned it into compost used by local orchards, vineyards and farmers.

San Francisco continues to develop and implement innovative initiatives including:

• Climate Action Goals and Planning (pdf)
• Checkout Bag Charge and Recyclable or Compostable Pre-Checkout Bag Ordinance
• Polystyrene Foam and the Food Service and Packaging Waste Reduction Ordinance
• Plastic, Litter, and Toxics Reduction Law
• Refuse Separation Law
• Customizable Sign Maker
• Disaster Debris Planning and Exercises

San Francisco actively participates in leading zero waste and climate organizations including the:

• California Resource Recovery Association
• Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance
• Bay Area Deconstruction Workgroup
• Pacific Coast Collaborative , and
• West Coast Climate and Materials Management Forum

San Francisco has a unique long-term refuse (recyclables, compostables and trash) ordinance where the city sets rates. The ordinance created a permit system to collect refuse for a charge and over time Recology acquired all the permits. The service provider develops infrastructure and provides collection, processing and reporting. The city provides direction and oversight. Most outreach is coordinated. To ensure success, San Francisco and Recology managers maintain regular communication and meet often to review operations, tasks and performance, and resolve any outstanding issues. A permit is not required to collect refuse with commercial value. Construction and demolition materials are not refuse and are governed by that ordinance.

• Strong Leadership: Strong political leadership and staff expertise have resulted in innovative policy, programs and incentives with extensive outreach in all sectors.
• Continuity and Rate Setting Support Collaboration and Adaptability: Periodic rate applications fund infrastructure, operations and programs with evolving pay-as-you-throw rate structures and additional funding mechanisms between processes. This allows the city and service provider to work more collaboratively on programmatic development. Not conducting procurement processes or managing contracts facilitates long-term planning and adaptability. Overseeing essentially one primary service provider simplifies administration, communications, information gathering and reporting.
• Rewards Generators and Service Provider for Reducing Waste: Businesses and residences are incentivized to reduce generation, and recycle and compost, and Recology is incentivized to reduce disposal.
• Dependent on Ratemaking Process: The ratemaking process is very complex, time consuming and resource intensive.
• Limited Competition: The refuse ordinance restricts competition on refuse without commercial value but has delivered efficient, leading zero waste programs.
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Sustainable waste management through behavioral science: Case studies around the world

Ailin tomio, kremena m. ionkova.

Solid waste management amounts to approximately 5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions , with landfills being the primary source. As climate change continues to pose an ever-looming existential threat to the world and its inhabitants, managing waste more sustainably and efficiently is critical (See figure 1). The waste management process involves many stakeholders, including businesses, governments, households, community organizations, and waste pickers. These stakeholders influence where and how waste is generated, sorted, recycled, and disposed of, and how waste services are paid for. In a recently published report “ Behavior change in solid waste management: A compendium of cases ,” we assessed 30 case studies from different countries with a mix of income levels and geographies to explore how behavioral changes can vastly help improve waste management.

Figure 1. Waste Management Hierarchy

Source:  TheGPSC.org

Successful waste management depends on stakeholder participation, social support, and a strong social contract with citizens. Many barriers hinder people from adopting sustainable waste-related practices, including ingrained habits, lack of knowledge, inconvenience, time burdens, and structural limitations such as inadequate infrastructure or prohibitive costs. 

Behavioral scientists have investigated what influences people’s decision-making and the necessary tools to facilitate actionable change. These tools can complement traditional policies and make it easier for people to adopt sustainable waste management practices. For example, Korea introduced eco-labeling regimes to make it easier for consumers to purchase more recycled or refillable products. Tonga created a feedback mechanism to allow residents to comment on service delivery and offer suggestions for improvements.

Charging lower fees for households who participate in sorting their waste into different categories (e.g., recyclables) can improve participation rates and more sustainable outcomes. For instance, in Romania, the government decreased the size of residual waste containers to deter unnecessary binning and residents paid lower collection fees if they sorted their waste.

The case studies in our report tackle three distinct categories of behaviors, looking at how to get people to:         i)    use waste services,         ii)   be more sustainable with their waste disposal, and         iii)  generate less waste. 

The case studies look at what motivates stakeholders and the mechanisms that can help change waste management behaviors:

• Financial mechanisms: Positive, negative, or randomly assigned incentives influence behaviors differently. We include both traditional tools and variations recommended by behavioral science, such as material rewards and negative incentives. For example, in Sălacea, Romania, the government used negative incentives to deter littering . Government officials mailed letters to the residents’ address, along with a fine (e.g., EUR 100) making a clear association between the undesired behavior and its consequences.
• Social and motivational mechanisms: Social networks, personal motivations, and peer expectations can encourage behavior change. For instance, highlighting that most people in a community recycle can motivate others to do the same. In Oldham, near Manchester in the United Kingdom, recognizing above and below average recycling performance with smiley and frown face emojis encouraged food waste recycling.
• System design mechanisms: Changing the physical environment can facilitate desired behaviors or discourage undesired behaviors. For example, placing recycling bins in convenient locations or making them more visually prominent can encourage people to recycle. In Colombia, the government introduced the Green Containers Program and distributed bins and Bokashi (a composting material made of rice or wheat bran) to households, making it easier for households to compost. (See Figure 2)

Figure 2. Green Containers Program in Colombia

Source: Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Cajicá   

These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive. The choice of mechanism is situationally dependent. Since there are often multiple barriers to making environmentally friendly decisions, these mechanisms can work together to guide behavioral change. See some of the tools in the figure below.

Figure 3. Mechanisms to promote behavior change

By understanding the factors that influence decision-making and incorporating behavioral tools, policymakers can promote sustainable waste management behaviors. To learn more, read our report , and visit our website . What tools would be the most helpful for your city or community?

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WHAT A WASTE 2.0

A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050

• Trends in solid waste management

Trends in Solid Waste Management

The world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste annually, with at least 33 percent of that—extremely conservatively—not managed in an environmentally safe manner. Worldwide, waste generated per person per day averages 0.74 kilogram but ranges widely, from 0.11 to 4.54 kilograms. Though they only account for 16 percent of the world’s population, high-income countries generate about 34 percent, or 683 million tonnes, of the world’s waste.

When looking forward, global waste is expected to grow to 3.40 billion tonnes by 2050, more than double population growth over the same period. Overall, there is a positive correlation between waste generation and income level. Daily per capita waste generation in high-income countries is projected to increase by 19 percent by 2050, compared to low- and middle-income countries where it is expected to increase by approximately 40% or more. Waste generation initially decreases at the lowest income levels and then increases at a faster rate for incremental income changes at low income levels than at high income levels. The total quantity of waste generated in low-income countries is expected to increase by more than three times by 2050. The East Asia and Pacific region is generating most of the world’s waste, at 23 percent, and the Middle East and North Africa region is producing the least in absolute terms, at 6 percent. However, the fastest growing regions are Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa, where, by 2050, total waste generation is expected to more than triple, double, and double respectively. In these regions, more than half of waste is currently openly dumped, and the trajectories of waste growth will have vast implications for the environment, health, and prosperity, thus requiring urgent action.

Projected waste generation, by region (millions of tonnes/year)

Waste collection is a critical step in managing waste, yet rates vary largely by income levels, with upper-middle- and high-income countries providing nearly universal waste collection. Low-income countries collect about 48 percent of waste in cities, but this proportion drops drastically to 26 percent outside of urban areas. Across regions, Sub-Saharan Africa collects about 44 percent of waste while Europe and Central Asia and North America collect at least 90 percent of waste.

Waste collection rates, by income level (percent)

Waste composition differs across income levels, reflecting varied patterns of consumption. High-income countries generate relatively less food and green waste, at 32 percent of total waste, and generate more dry waste that could be recycled, including plastic, paper, cardboard, metal, and glass, which account for 51 percent of waste. Middle- and low-income countries generate 53 percent and 57 percent food and green waste, respectively, with the fraction of organic waste increasing as economic development levels decrease. In low-income countries, materials that could be recycled account for only 20 percent of the waste stream. Across regions, there is not much variety within waste streams beyond those aligned with income. All regions generate about 50 percent or more organic waste, on average, except for Europe and Central Asia and North America, which generate higher portions of dry waste.

Global waste composition (percent)

It is a frequent misconception that technology is the solution to the problem of unmanaged and increasing waste. Technology is not a panacea and is usually only one factor to consider when managing solid waste. Countries that advance from open dumping and other rudimentary waste management methods are more likely to succeed when they select locally appropriate solutions. Globally, most waste is currently dumped or disposed of in some form of a landfill. Some 37 percent of waste is disposed of in some form of a landfill, 8 percent of which is disposed of in sanitary landfills with landfill gas collection systems. Open dumping accounts for about 31 percent of waste, 19 percent is recovered through recycling and composting, and 11 percent is incinerated for final disposal. Adequate waste disposal or treatment, such as controlled landfills or more stringently operated facilities, is almost exclusively the domain of high- and upper-middle-income countries. Lower-income countries generally rely on open dumping; 93 percent of waste is dumped in low-income countries and only 2 percent in high-income countries. Three regions openly dump more than half of their waste—the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. Upper-middle-income countries have the highest percentage of waste in landfills, at 54 percent. This rate decreases in high-income countries to 39 percent, with diversion of 36 percent of waste to recycling and composting and 22 percent to incineration. Incineration is used primarily in high-capacity, high-income, and land-constrained countries.

Global treatment and disposal of waste (percent)

Based on the volume of waste generated, its composition, and how it is managed, it is estimated that 1.6 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent greenhouse gas emissions were generated from solid waste treatment and disposal in 2016, or 5 percent of global emissions. This is driven primarily by disposing of waste in open dumps and landfills without landfill gas collection systems. Food waste accounts for nearly 50% of emissions. Solid waste–related emissions are anticipated to increase to 2.38 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalent per year by 2050 if no improvements are made in the sector.

In most countries, solid waste management operations are typically a local responsibility, and nearly 70 percent of countries have established institutions with responsibility for policy development and regulatory oversight in the waste sector. About two-thirds of countries have created targeted legislation and regulations for solid waste management, though enforcement varies drastically. Direct central government involvement in waste service provision, other than regulatory oversight or fiscal transfers, is uncommon, with about 70 percent of waste services being overseen directly by local public entities. At least half of services, from primary waste collection through treatment and disposal, are operated by public entities and about one-third involve a public-private partnership. However, successful partnerships with the private sector for financing and operations tend to succeed only under certain conditions with appropriate incentive structures and enforcement mechanisms, and therefore they are not always the ideal solution.

Financing solid waste management systems is a significant challenge, even more so for ongoing operational costs than for capital investments, and operational costs need to be taken into account upfront. In high-income countries, operating costs for integrated waste management, including col-lection, transport, treatment, and disposal, generally exceed $100 per tonne. Lower-income countries spend less on waste operations in absolute terms, with costs of about $35 per tonne and sometimes higher, but these countries experience much more difficulty in recovering costs. Waste management is labor intensive and costs of transportation alone are in the range of $20–$50 per tonne. Cost recovery for waste services differs drastically across income levels. User fees range from an average of $35 per year in low-income countries to $170 per year in high-income countries, with full or nearly full cost recovery being largely limited to high-income countries. User fee models may be fixed or variable based on the type of user being billed. Typically, local governments cover about 50 percent of investment costs for waste systems, and the remainder comes mainly from national government subsidies and the private sector.

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Municipality Solid Waste Management. A Case Study of Smart City Bhubaneswar, Odisha

• Sasmita MOHANTY Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, India
• Sitikantha MISHRA Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management Siksha “O” Anusandhan University, India
• Ashish MOHANTY Institute of Management and Information Science, India

Waste Management has become a big problem in India as a result of rapid urbanization. The urban population is around 377 million spread over 7,935 cities and towns who generates 62 million tones municipal solid waste per year. Only 43 million tons (MT) of the waste is collected, 11.9 MT is treated, and 31 MT is dumped in landfill sites. One of the essential services provided by Municipal Corporation is Solid Waste Management in order to keep the urban area clean. Further, The COVID-19 pandemic-induced catastrophe has altered the dynamics of waste generation in practically every sector around the world, necessitating specific attention. Unpredictable changes in trash quantity and composition also put pressure on policymakers to react quickly. Nevertheless, almost all the solid waste is dumped within the city haphazardly. It is believed that India had an unsound system of waste disposal management. This study was carried out to find out the issues if any regarding the solid waste management practices undertaken by Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation and suggest certain remedial measures to improve the system.

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT-CASE STUDY OF NDOLA, ZAMBIA

The study was carried out in Ndola, the provincial capital of the Copperbelt province of Zambia with the aim of evaluating the methods of solid waste disposal, the level of access to solid waste management services, and Ndola residents' attitudes towards solid waste management. 60 households were randomly selected for the administration of questionnaires and collection of household waste. The results showed that there is an inadequate solid waste management facility in Ndola even though up to 80% of households in medium density areas indicated willingness to pay for waste collection and disposal services. The solid waste collected in this study comprised mainly food waste (50% of household waste in low density areas and 45% in medium density areas), while paper and textiles were the least abundant in the household wastes evaluated. The C: N ratios of the wastes collected ranged from 16.21 to 27.06 a range indicating that the waste will be good material for use as compost. The lack of environmentally friendly, sustainable and affordable waste management has led to the wide spread open dumping and open burning of solid waste. This calls for concerted efforts at increasing efforts towards waste minimization, utilization and management.

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Solid waste continues to pose important challenges to our environment on a daily basis. Insufficient solid waste management systems and equipment have contributed to the alteration to the ecosystems, including water, air, and soil pollution that infringes on the health of the general public that is associated with health ailments like cholera and other food and water borne diseases. Chililabombwe district's face has continued to be dented with the unkempt environment with littered solid waste that has become a stinging and widespread challenge, especially in the urban areas of the district. Solid waste (SW) collection and working disposal systems are the major problems of the urban environment in most developing countries worldwide. MSW management solutions are financially dependable for the technical viable, socially inclement, and legally accepted. Solid waste management remained the biggest challenge that all the local authorities in Zambia and many developing countries in Africa. Commercialization or valorization of organic food waste was one of the important research areas that could combat the increased solid waste in the environmental causing environmental degradation. The objective of this study was to address matters that would respond positively to the waste management crisis in the district. As waste continues to be accumulated, with its high generation, more technologies are sought in the area of treatment and exploitation of organic and municipal waste through composting and anaerobic digestion in the management of waste. The lack of technologies and machinery has equally downplayed the essence of waste management in the Chililabombwe district.

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The study conducted was an investigation of the challenges of sustainable Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Lusaka, Zambia’s capital. The problem of SWM has become more complicated and requires sustainable long-term programs for its solution as less than 20% of the solid waste collected was disposed of properly. Lusaka lacked proper SWM strategies. For this study, data collection comprised of naturalistic observations at the main dumpsite in Lusaka and questionnaires to nine waste enterprises mandated to collect waste in addition to the Lusaka City Council (N = 10). The study focused on understanding the current situation of sustainable SWM, particularly the waste treatment process after disposal. Results revealed several challenges affecting an efficient sustainable waste management system, which were primarily highlighted as; lack of waste separation at source, insufficient funds and lack of equipment. All the private companies interviewed indicated that their role in SWM was basica...

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Solid waste management (SWM) continues to be a major concern in Zambia in spite of the several mitigation efforts by government. This study was conducted to analyse public perceptions of domestic SWM by evaluating the Make Zambia Clean and Healthy (MZCH) campaign in the city of Livingstone. An eclectic approach was employed for this study. Three representative localities (low, medium and high density) with a total of 3940 households were surveyed out of which a total of 202 respondents were proportionately sampled through simple random and systematic methods. Data was collected between February and March, 2013. Coded data were entered into the SPSS version 16.0 to generate descriptive statistics, and application of MANOVA. MANOVA results show that only two independent variables [monthly income having: F (6, 376) = 3.55, p=0.002, Wilks’ Lambda (λ) = 0.89 and partial eta squared = 0.054); and residence classification having: (F (6,392) = 2.09, p=0.05, Wilks’ Lambda (λ) = 0.94 and part...

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The concerns about sustainable development are at the helm of most contemporary development. Bad Solid was management practices especially in urban areas continue to be a problem. The street kids mainly collect waste from households at a fee, increased littering due to long distances to skips, quick access routes are presumed to be a challenge for waste collection in slum areas which are characterized by informal settlement. The objectives of the study were to analyze the social and economic factors affecting solid waste management in Kawempe by establishing the community awareness on solid waste management, household social capital contribution on solid waste management and the effect of government policy on solid waste management in urban areas. The study was done in Kampala district, Kawempe division covering 3 parishes and 2 villages per parish. It was limited to cross sectional survey designs and also used multi stage sampling. The study selected 246 respondents and mainly quantitative data was collected using structured questionnaires. The community awareness variables and their effect on the solid waste management in Kawempe are statistically significant since P-value<0.05. The model for Solid waste Vs community awareness is; (Y) =16.562+6.397X+38.712e. At P-value>0.05 there is no significant effect of social capital contribution on solid waste management in Kawempe Division and with r=-0.16 there is a weak negative relationship for the variables used. The model for Solid waste management Vs social capital contribution is; (Y) =11.1+0.876X+44.233e. There is no relation (r=0.00) of government policy variables and solid waste management in Kawempe. At P-Value >0.05 there is no significant effect of government policy on solid waste management. The model for Solid waste management Vs government policy is; (Y) =13.16+0.695X+44.14e Community awareness has an effect on sustainable solid waste management for economic reuse. Social capital contribution and government policy have no significant affect solid waste management in Kawempe. There should be emphasis to improve solid waste management in Kawempe to increase community awareness of the solid waste management cycle. Training and community sensitization help the community to understand the government policies and could be used to effectively implement the 3Rs.

John Albert

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Impacts of solid waste management strategies in urban high density suburbs: a case of Amaveni suburb, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe

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• Volume 2 , article number  97 , ( 2024 )

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Improper solid waste management is one of the causes of environmental and health problems in many cities worldwide. It is in this context that the study aimed to determine the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni suburbs in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe and assess the health and environmental problems associated with the solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni. Researchers used a mixed method design in which quantitative and qualitative data was collected at the same time. Semi –structured interviews, field observations and questionnaires were used to collect data. The sample comprised 380 Amaveni residents, 3 Kwekwe City employees and one Environmental Management Agency (EMA) official. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically while quantitative data was analyzed using inferential statistics. Open dumping and open burning were the dominant solid waste management strategies in Amaveni. The main health problems identified were cholera and malaria. Air pollution, water pollution and loss of urban beauty were the main environmental problems identified. From the findings it can be concluded that solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni were associated with many health and environmental problems and as a result sustainable solid waste management was proposed.

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1 Introduction

Solid waste management is one of the most challenging environmental issues that urban areas face globally [ 1 , 2 ]. This presents that solid waste management is a problem in developed and developing nations, particularly in high density suburbs in urban areas. The continued population growth in cities, need for goods and services coupled with increased urbanization has resulted in a surge of waste production which pose significant challenges to sustainable development [ 3 , 4 ]. In many urban areas, the volume of solid waste generated overwhelms the waste collection and disposal systems, resulting in adverse environmental and public health outcomes [ 3 , 5 ]. Owing to various anthropogenic activities, generation of solid is projected to rise to 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050 [ 2 ]. Generation of solid waste is increasing in the United Kingdom, Canada, Germany and the United States of America among other developed countries [ 6 , 7 ]. Although solid waste is increasing in developed countries, management of solid waste is more sophisticated due to availability of resources. As a result, application of approaches which support turning waste into useful resources is common, thus limiting the quantity of disposed solid waste. Solid waste management strategies refer to approaches adopted by individuals, governments, organizations and communities to effectively handle and dispose solid waste [ 8 ]. Solid waste management generally encompasses activities encompassing generation, treatment, storage, transportation, waste reduction approaches, disposal as well as monitoring of disposal sites. Reference [ 9 ] argued that solid waste management strategies should include various practices and techniques aimed at minimising the adverse impact of solid waste on the environment and public health. This suggests that management of solid waste, particularly disposal strategies like landfills must take into account demands of sustainability.

Landfilling is a method of solid waste management which involves compacting and covering solid waste with soil [ 10 ]. Reference [ 7 ] argued that out of all the solid waste that the municipalities collect, over 70% is disposed in landfills and dumpsites, 19% is recycled and 11% is utilised for energy recovery. However, studies by [ 11 ] highlighted that 59% of global solid waste is disposed in landfills. In developed countries like Australia and Japan environmental health problems associated with landfilling are low since landfills are equipped with gas and leachate control systems while waste is compacted and covered after disposal [ 12 ]. However, the scenario differs with issues in most developing countries like Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia where a number of landfills are operated like open dumpsites [ 5 , 13 , 14 ]. This clearly signifies that in developing countries solid waste is openly dumped on landfills and is not compacted or covered, therefore averting of environmental health risks associated with landfills is difficult. As a result, a number of landfills used in developing countries encompassing Zimbabwe can generate gases like methane which cause air pollution while leachates have potential to reach groundwater since most landfills are unlined. Composting is emerging among significant solid waste disposal approaches in developing and developed regions in the world [ 15 , 16 ]. Organic solid waste including food waste, garden waste and yard waste is disposed through composting since they are biodegradable materials which naturally degrade. In developed countries like France, Sweden and Italy composting is present to be more practical since residents are equipped with enough storage receptacles to practice proper segregation [ 17 ]. Composting enables conversion of biodegradable solid waste into organic manure, thus minimizing the need for synthetic fertilizers [ 18 , 19 ]. Recovery of organic fertilizer from composting is limited by poor waste segregation in Sub-Saharan African countries [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Moreover, indiscriminate composting reduces the effectiveness of composting, since decomposition is minimized and the compost acts as breeding sites for various pests and organisms which propel transmission of diseases. This is also articulated by [ 5 , 23 ] that co-disposal of solid waste limits efficiency of composting and effectiveness of incinerators.

An incinerator is a waste treatment facility that uses combustion to convert waste materials into ash, flue gas and heat [ 24 , 25 ]. During the incineration process, solid waste is combusted at high temperatures typically between 850 and 1200 °C which results in the conversion of the organic materials into ash, flue gas and heat [ 18 , 25 , 26 ]. Considering this, incineration Solid waste incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the burning of solid waste in specialised facilities known as incinerators and incineration has the potential to reduce the quantity of solid waste. Incinerators used in development to be more sophisticated since they allow energy to be recovered during incineration [ 27 , 28 ]. In developed nations in Northern America and Europe, utilise incinerators with emission scrubbers and energy recovery systems [ 27 , 28 ]. This suggests that characteristics of incinerators used in developed countries advocate for air pollution reduction while supporting a circular economy. The situation is different in developing countries in Asia and Africa where most of the incinerators are almost of sub-standard since they lack energy recovery and emission control systems [ 29 , 30 ]. Considering their characteristics, it implies that these incinerators have potential to cause various environmental health risks. This reduces the ability of developing countries to meet demands of sustainable development goals namely goal 13 of Climate Action and 3 of good health and well-being. To worsen the scenario, efficiency of incinerators is lessened by utilisation of incinerators with cracked combustion chambers in developing nations like Zimbabwe [ 31 , 32 ]. These incinerators produce partially burned materials and numerous gases and particulate matter namely carbon dioxide, monoxide, Sulphur dioxide, dioxins and furans. This implies that management of solid waste through the incineration process is among factors contributing to high occurrence of respiratory diseases as well as cancer since dioxins and furans are carcinogenic. This is supported by studies which illustrated that incinerators used in other developed and developing countries release pollutants such as dioxins, heavy metals, and particulates which pose health risks to people [ 18 , 33 ]. Exposure to compounds emitted from incinerators may occur by inhalation of contaminated air, consumption of local agricultural produce or contact with contaminated ashes.

Furthermore, in developing countries like Botswana and Namibia collection of solid waste is described as insufficient [ 34 , 35 ]. This goes in line with [ 36 ] that collection of solid waste from point of generation to official disposal sites is approximately 40 to 70% in most developing countries. This is ascribed to shortage of resources particularly finance to purchase enough waste collection trucks, fuel as well as finance to pay workers. In Sub Saharan Africa insufficient solid waste collection by municipalities leave residents with no option but they resort to illegal dumping [ 37 , 38 ]. Illegally disposed solid waste is found along road edges, on open spaces, in drains as well as buildings under construction among other undesignated sites. Continuous accumulation of unmonitored solid waste on these sites result in land, water, soil pollution while acting as breeding sites for mosquitoes, rats, rodents in cities like Masvingo in Zimbabwe [ 39 ], in informal settlements in South Africa [ 40 ] and in cities in Nigeria [ 41 ]. This suggests that disposal of solid waste on non-regulated sites is associated with various forms of pollution, disturbing aesthetic value of the land while accelerating outbreak of intestinal diseases, malaria and rat bite fever. According to [ 39 , 42 , 43 ] besides illegal dumping of solid waste, people always apply open combustion as well as discarding in open pits at household level. Although these methods are of low cost, therefore easy to apply in developing countries [ 23 , 43 , 44 ], open air burning of solid waste releases various toxic gases with potential to manipulate air quality negatively while causing numerous ailments to people. Backyard solid waste burning coupled by use of backyard shallow open pits is highly practiced in Zimbabwe, although solid waste is also buried but at a lower rate.

In Zimbabwe, approximately 90% of solid waste is disposed through landfilling, open dumping, open burning and into open pits although a certain proportion of solid waste is illegally disposed [ 21 , 45 ]. This asserts that application of recycling, reuse, recovery, repair and refurbishment is limited in the Zimbabwean context. This goes in line with [ 32 ] that adoption of solid waste management which supports the circular economy in Zimbabwe is at infancy stage. A view supported by studies which indicated that about 63% of all waste generated in developed countries is recycled while less than 10% of generated waste is recycled in developing countries [ 46 ]. Although recycling advocates turning solid waste into useful resources, in developing countries in Southern Africa like Zimbabwe, non-segregated solid waste is transported and indiscriminately disposed [ 45 , 47 ]. In Zimbabwe, management of solid waste from urban residential areas is highly pinned on the lower base of the waste management hierarchy focusing on landfilling, open dumping and incineration [ 39 , 48 ]. These approaches which are least prioritized by the hierarchy have potential to trigger occurrence of a number of environmental health problems. Thus hindering progress towards attainment of various global Sustainable Development Goals and Zimbabwe Vision 2030 targets particularly those related to environmental protection and human health. Inadequate management of solid waste in Zimbabwean urban suburbs, particularly high density suburbs is attributed to population increase which accelerates generation of solid waste [ 49 , 50 ]. This exceeds the capacity of municipalities which are already struggling due to lack of resources due to economic problems experienced by Zimbabwe since the beginning of twenty-first century. Municipalities responsible for supporting high density suburbs are struggling to offer enough services and Amaveni high density suburb in Kwekwe city is also among residential areas impacted by waste management problems.

The problem at hand revolves around the challenges and consequences associated with solid waste management in densely populated urban areas such as Amaveni. The suburb is among other high densities experiencing high population growth, expansion and infrastructure deterioration translating to difficulties in waste management. The lack of proper waste management infrastructure and practices in this high-density suburb exacerbates challenges experienced by people who are already vulnerable to deteriorating living conditions. This creates a pressing need for sustainable solid waste management approaches tailored to the specific context of high density suburbs. Therefore, in order to deal with the matter meticulously this study focuses on understanding the effects of various solid waste management strategies in an urban high-density suburb, specifically focusing on the Amaveni suburb in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. Results of the research are essential since they pave route to achieve various environmental health goals advocated for by Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) namely good health and well-being (3), clean water and sanitation (6), life below water (14), life on land (15), sustainable cities and communities (11), responsible consumption (12) among others, Zimbabwe’s second republic Vision 2030 targets and Agenda 21, Chapter 21 which calls for proper management of waste including solid waste. Moreover, urban high-density suburbs face unique challenges when it comes to waste management due to the concentration of population and limited space [ 49 , 50 ]. Understanding the specific issues faced by these areas such as inadequate infrastructure, limited resources and high waste generation rates is essential for developing targeted interventions. Moreover, the choice of Amaveni suburb in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe as a case study provides valuable insights into the practical implications of waste management strategies in a real world setting. Consequently, by focusing on a specific location, the study can assess the effectiveness of existing strategies, identify local constraints and propose context specific recommendations. Unearthing issues surrounding solid waste management in Amaveni enable the Zimbabwean government to formulate policies directed to management of solid waste in high density suburbs. Findings from this study can serve as a model to develop proper solid waste management for other similar urban areas particularly high density residential areas facing comparable challenges in waste management. In the Zimbabwean context, studies related to impacts of solid waste management always cover whole cities, therefore, in-depth information linked to high density suburbs only is scarce. As a result, besides enabling sustainable management of solid waste, this research also covers the literature gap. The research was guided by objectives namely to assess the current solid waste management practices in the Amaveni suburb, to evaluate the environmental and health impacts of existing waste management strategies and to propose possible recommendations to enhance solid waste management approaches and suppress environmental health problems that emanate from the management techniques.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 location of the study area.

The study area is illustrated in Fig.  1 in Kwekwe town. Kwekwe is a town in the Midlands province of Zimbabwe and has a population of about 119,863. Kwekwe is made up of low, medium and high-density suburbs. Amaveni is one of the high-density suburbs in Kwekwe situated in the northern side of the Kwekwe Central Business District (CBD). A Central Business District (CBD )  is generally a commercial center within a city that typically contains a high concentration of commercial spaces, offices and financial institutions [ 51 , 52 ]. Mostly, large volumes of specialised goods and services are exchanged within the CBD. Amaveni is about 5 km from the CBD. Its geographical coordinates are 18 55 30° south, 29 46 54° east from the CBD. Amaveni is one of the oldest suburbs in Zimbabwe which was established during the colonial era as a racially segregated dormitory for African male laborers. Today Amaveni is made up of people from different professional backgrounds. Amaveni suburb in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe, represents a high-density urban area facing specific challenges related to solid waste management. Therefore, by focusing on this particular suburb, the research can delve deep into the intricacies of waste management strategies within a densely populated urban setting. Utilisation of Amaveni as a case study provides local relevance. Hence, the choice of Amaveni suburb allows the study to address issues that are directly relevant to the local community and policymakers. Understanding the impacts of solid waste management strategies in this specific context can lead to more targeted and effective solutions tailored to the needs of the residents.

Amaveni suburb, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe

2.2 Method of data collection

During the research triangulation method was employed during data collection, analysis and presentation. According to [ 53 ] triangulation refers to research that combines quantitative and qualitative methods within a single study. The mixed-methods approach was suitable for this study as it allowed a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of solid waste management practices in residential areas [ 54 ]. By combining qualitative and quantitative data more accurate and contextually rich information is obtained resulting in findings that can be generalized to other settings or populations [ 55 ]. Furthermore, mixed research design enabled the researchers to triangulate quantitative data from questionnaires and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and observation thereby increasing the validity of the findings [ 56 ].

The target population for this study comprises residents of Amaveni suburb in Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. Amaveni suburb had approximately 2000 houses with a population of around 20,000 people. Cochran’s formula was used to determine sample size:

n = \(\frac{{z}^{2}*p(1-p)}{{e}^{2}}\) where p is standard deviation = 0.5, z is standard normal deviate at 95% confidence interval which is set at 1.96, e is margin of error = 5%

n is sample size

Thus 384 participants took part in this study.

Stratified random sampling was used to select Amaveni residents who took part in the study. Stratified random sampling ensured that a diverse representation of households across different sections of Amaveni were included in the study. It also ensured that there was no bias in the selection of the population sample and every member of Amaveni suburb had an equal chance of being selected. The suburb was sub-divided into 20 sections based on geographical locations. From each section 19 residents were randomly selected thereby having a total of 380 residents. Questionnaires with both open ended and closed ended questions were self-administered to collect data regarding objectives of the study. The questionnaire consists of questions related to demographic data of the respondents, solid waste management strategies including waste disposal methods, environmental health risks associated with existing management strategies as well as possible strategies to minimize impacts of solid waste.

Purposive sampling was used to select three key informants from the Kwekwe city council and one from the Environmental Management Agency. Two council officials from the department of waste management were selected and these included the director of waste management services and one waste collection worker because they had information on solid waste management. One environmental health technician (EHT) from the department of health within the city council was also selected to provide reliable insights on health impacts associated with solid waste management. The EMA official was selected to provide reliable information on environmental impacts associated with solid waste. Interview guides were used to collect data from purposively selected interviewees. The key informants were expected to provide in-depth knowledge related to solid waste management methods, impacts of solid waste on human health and the natural environment. Interviews were also used to solicit data on strategies to curb detrimental impacts that emanate from inadequately managed and disposed solid waste. Furthermore, an observation checklist was prepared and used to collect data during the study, therefore the nature of disposed solid waste, areas with undesignated dumpsites and possible environmental impacts were observed. A digital camera was used to capture images during field observations. Secondary data sources were also used as sources of already existing literature. This assists in understanding the past and current trends in solid waste management strategies and their impacts. Figure  2 presents a brief structure of the research methodology.

A brief structure of the research methodology

2.3 Data analysis and presentation

The collected quantitative data was analyzed using statistical software for social sciences (SPSS) and thematic analysis. Quantitative data obtained from the survey questionnaire was analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, and Chi-square, to identify patterns, trends, and relationships. Qualitative data from interviews and observations was transcribed, coded, and subjected to thematic analysis to identify recurring themes and patterns. The themes used in the description were derived from the research objectives. The themes include solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni, health and environmental impacts associated with solid waste management. Findings of this research were presented on graphs, tables and pie charts for easy interpretation.

2.4 Research ethics

Research ethics play a crucial role in ensuring the integrity and validity of a research study. The research ethics followed during the study plays a vital role in ensuring that research upholds the interests of the public, research subjects and researchers themselves by establishing guidelines for responsible conduct throughout all stages of the research process. Research ethics followed during the study encompass informed consent, confidentiality as well as seeking permission to conduct the study from responsible authorities.

3 Research results

3.1 solid waste management strategies, 3.1.1 bin provision.

All respondents (100%) unanimously reported that the Kwekwe city council is failing to provide enough bins to store household solid waste, hence each household found their own container to store solid waste before collection. Most of the participants used 50 kg sacks (70%), 15% used black polythene bags, 8% had plastic bins, 2% used metal bins and 1% used cardboard boxes to store solid household waste. This was supported by observations which demonstrated that people in Amaveni suburbs used different types of solid waste storage receptacles. This information concurs with information obtained through interviews. Interviewee A revealed that “Kwekwe city council used to provide bins to residents long back; however they have stopped providing bins to residents due to financial constraints.” (Excerpt from interview Kwekwe, 2023).

3.1.2 Waste disposal

A significant number of people who answered questionnaires (52%) dispose their solid waste through open burning while 22% of those who responded dispose waste through open dumping as shown in Fig.  3 . Twenty-five percent of questionnaire respondents dispose waste through land filling and only 1% of waste is recycled.

Waste disposal methods (Fieldwork, 2023)

Interviewee D revealed that:

“Open burning and dumping of solid waste is rampant in Amaveni suburb due to erratic collection of waste by the Kwekwe city council.” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Interviewee C said “Household solid waste collected from Amaveni suburb is landfilled at the outskirts of the suburb however there is a lot of waste dumped in open spaces”. (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Observations point out that some waste dumps within the suburb as well as on the unsanitary landfill near the suburb. Observations indicated that solid waste was also disposed on non-designated sites including road sides, open spaces and in drains. Figure  4 is evidence of solid waste dumped on non-designated open space.

Dump waste in Amaveni suburb (Fieldwork, 2023)

3.2 Health impacts

3.2.1 water borne diseases.

Responding to the question on water borne diseases, Interviewee C said:

“Increasing illegal solid waste disposal in Amaveni is posing risks to people’s health as more and more flies breed in the dumpsites increasing the chances of cholera outbreak.”

Interviewee D also revealed that “Dumping of solid waste has polluted water sources in Amaveni and this has increased the risk of cholera in Amaveni suburb.”(Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Results from interviews were supported by questionnaire respondents since residents indicated that improperly managed waste is facilitating outbreak of water borne diseases namely cholera (64%), typhoid (15%), dysentery and diarrhea (21%).

3.2.2 Vector borne diseases

Interviewee C’s response on the question regarding health risks associated with solid waste management was:

“Mosquitoes are breeding on decomposing solid waste dumped in open spaces increasing the risk of malaria in Amaveni suburb”. (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Vectors observed on dumpsites mosquitoes, houseflies, rats and cockroaches. All these have potential to cause vector borne ailments. Questionnaire participants (100%) highlighted that improperly managed solid waste offer breeding sites for vectors with potential to cause vector borne diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness and rat bites fever.

3.2.3 Respiratory diseases

In response to the question relating to respiratory diseases Interviewee C revealed that:

‘Many residents burn solid waste in the suburb which produces a lot of smoke and this has caused many people to experience coughing problems.’(Except from interview, Amaveni suburb, 2023).

Interviewee D shared the same sentiments and said:

“A lot of smoke is produced in the suburb from burning of solid waste and many people are exposed to the risk of breathing the smoke resulting in coughs” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Key informants argued that toxic gases from solid decomposition and open burning cause various respiratory diseases encompassing asthma, tuberculosis, bronchitis and lung cancer. Information from questionnaire participants suggested that existing solid waste management approaches like open burning are associated with tuberculosis (13%), asthma (55%) and persistent coughing (32%) (Fig.  5 ).

Nature of respiratory diseases highlighted by respondents (Fieldwork, 2023)

3.2.4 Injury problems

Responding to a question on injury problems, interviewee C stated that:

“Waste pickers and many waste workers are cut by sharp objects at dump sites” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Interviewee A concurred with the view above and said:

“Waste workers often request for safety shoes and gloves to protect themselves from cuts from broken glass and scrap metal.” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

Broken glass, scraps of metal and tins were observed within dumpsites during field observation (Fig.  6 ). Information above confirms that injuries are associated with improper solid waste management in Amaveni suburb. Questionnaire respondents argued that scraps of metal and broken glass are sharp objects; hence, they increase the risk of cuts (82%), pricks (12%) and piercing (6%) among waste scavengers and children who consider illegal dumpsites as playgrounds (Fig.  7 ).

Scraps of metal within unsanitary landfill (Fieldwork, 2023)

Types of injuries caused by sharp waste (Fieldwork, 2023)

3.3 Environmental impacts

3.3.1 air pollution.

Most of the questionnaire respondents (80%) agreed that solid waste strategies used in Amaveni were associated with air pollution, although 15% were not sure while not agreeing was indicated by 5% (Table  1 ). Moreover, during field survey smoke from solid waste open burning was observed at a dumpsite used to dispose solid waste collected from Amaveni suburb (Fig.  8 ).

Burning waste emitting smoke into the air (Fieldwork, 2023)

The information from questionnaires concurred with information obtained through interviews. Interviewee D noted that:

“Air pollution is one environmental risk associated with solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni since burning of solid waste is common” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

3.3.2 Water pollution

The majority of people who responded to questionnaire questions (90%) agreed that water pollution was associated with illegal solid waste disposal (Table  1 ). However, 8% of the respondents were not sure while 2% of the questionnaire participants failed to agree. Solid waste was observed in surface water sources as shown by plastics floating on water (Fig.  9 ).

Solid waste in water sources (Fieldwork, 2023)

Information from interviews was in harmony with information obtained through questionnaires. Interviewee D said:

“The streams are clogged with plastics that are being thrown all over in Amaveni suburb” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

3.3.3 Loss of urban beauty

The majority of questionnaire participants (86%) agreed that poor solid waste management is associated with loss of urban beauty. Responses from questionnaires were in harmony with interviews. Interviewee D noted that:

“The general outlook of Amaveni suburb is dirty due to illegal dumping of solid waste in open spaces.” (Excerpt from interview, Kwekwe, 2023).

The researchers observed solid waste illegally disposed on open spaces and this has reduced the aesthetic value of Amaveni suburb as shown in Fig.  10 . This means solid waste management strategies used in Amaveni suburb were associated with loss of urban beauty.

Dumpsite near houses making the area lose beauty (Fieldwork, 2023)

4 Discussion

In this study, all questionnaire respondents (100%) unanimously reported that the Kwekwe city council failed to provide bins for storing household solid waste. Consequently, each household had to procure their own containers for solid waste storage before collection, although the city council sometimes provided. Approximately 70% of the study’s participants utilised 50 kg sacks for storing their solid household waste while around 15% opted for black polythene bags. This clearly illustrates that most of the storage receptacles used by residents in this high density suburb are temporary, not durable and can be easily torned by stray dogs. A view upheld by [ 45 ] and [ 57 ] that sometimes receptacles such as plastics and cardboard boxes are torned by dogs before waste collection or by waste collectors during collection. This increases littering in residential areas like Amaveni high density suburbs. In the past, the Kwekwe City Council used to provide bins to residents as part of their waste management services but due to financial constraints, they have made the decision to discontinue this service. This is supported with studies which indicated that currently most of the city councils in Zimbabwe are incapacitated to provide sufficient services to residential areas of their jurisdiction [ 58 , 59 ]. Nevertheless, owing to lack of enough storage receptacles, residents fail to manage their waste effectively from storage to disposal, translating to littering, environmental pollution and public health concerns. This generally points out that lack of adequate resources among responsible city councils is widening the gap to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 11 which advocates for sustainable cities and communities.

This study allows us to understand that various methods are used to dispose of solid waste generated from Amaveni suburb, which conforms with a study by [ 49 ] indicating that solid waste collected from Bulawayo suburbs is discarded through several approaches, namely landfilling, open pits, open dumping, and burning' in the in discussion. Collected data revealed that 52% of the participants opt for open burning as a means of waste disposal, while 45% resort to open dumping. Open burning and open dumping are two common but highly unsustainable methods used to dispose waste from Amaveni. These approaches are less sustainable since burning of solid waste generates various air pollutants with potential to cause serious health risks to vulnerable individuals while adding greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Therefore, reliance on open burning among other disposal methods limit the ability of the Zimbabwean government to attain requirements of Sustainable Development Goal 3 and 13 of good health and well-being and climate action respectively. Toxic gases and fumes from solid waste combustion are increasing the prevalence of respiratory diseases, headache and nose irritation among people [ 32 , 60 ]. Similarly, highly used open dumping not only leads to unsightly and unhygienic conditions but also contaminates soil and water sources while impacting both human health. Therefore, besides affecting soil quality, these contaminants hinder achievement of universal and equitable access to safe and affordable water as highlighted by Sustainable Development Goal 6 and Zimbabwe Vision 2030. Results indicated that solid waste was also disposed on non-designated sites including road sides, open spaces and in drains. These results state that while many countries have made progress in increasing their coverage of formal waste management systems, there are still gaps in Zimbabwe since illegal dumping of waste is still common. A view upheld by [ 30 , 47 , 49 ] that attaining proper solid waste disposal in developing countries, particularly those in Southern Africa is difficult due to numerous socio-economic and political challenges.

Results from interviews were supported by questionnaire respondents since residents indicated that improperly managed waste is facilitating outbreak of water borne diseases namely cholera (64%), typhoid (15%), dysentery and diarrhea (21%). This entails that improperly managed waste is a major contributor to the outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and diarrhea. Mismanagement of solid waste in high density suburbs of Zimbabwe is adding burden to health services which are almost failing to serve their purpose. Zimbabwe always experiences high cholera outbreaks which mostly affects high density suburbs and add burden to hospitals and clinics [ 61 , 62 ]. This suggests the significance of investing in effective waste management systems as key interventions for preventing solid waste related diseases. This is because improper waste management is almost against the Sustainable Development Goal 3, target 3.9 target of reducing the number of illnesses and deaths related to air, water and soil contamination in Zimbabwe. Vectors observed on dumpsites such as mosquitoes, houseflies, rats and cockroaches are significant public health concerns due to their potential to transmit diseases or cause discomfort and injury to humans. These findings tally very well with [ 63 ]’s view in Botswana and Ethiopia that improperly monitored dumpsites act as suitable breeding sites for vectors. The presence of these vectors on dumpsites poses a serious risk to public health as they can spread diseases within communities and contaminate the environment. Questionnaire respondents (100%) highlighted that improperly managed solid waste offer breeding sites for vectors with potential to cause vector borne diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness and rat bites fever. This illustrates that when solid waste is not managed effectively, particularly on disposal sites, it can create environments that attract and support the proliferation of disease carrying vectors. This is supported by [ 43 ] and [ 64 ] that improperly managed solid waste can indeed serve as breeding sites for vectors, which are organisms that can transmit diseases to humans. Proper methods to spray and control breeding of vectors at designated and non-designated disposal is crucial to safeguard health of people especially those who reside in areas which are less than 500 m from disposal sites.

Key informants supported by questionnaire participants suggested that existing solid waste management approaches like open burning are associated with tuberculosis, asthma and persistent coughing. The evidence presented the detrimental impact of burning solid waste on respiratory health in suburban areas. The findings correspond very well with [ 39 ] that toxic gasses from solid waste burning and decomposition increase prevalence of respiratory diseases among people. Furthermore, the majority (82%) identified cuts as a common type of injury resulting from sharp objects in dumpsites, followed by pricks (12%) and piercing (6%). The sharp edges of broken glass and metal pieces can easily cause injuries when handled or stepped on, leading to various types of wounds such as cuts, pricks and piercing [ 5 , 30 ]. The presence of broken glass, scraps of metal, and other sharp objects in dumpsites within Amaveni suburb poses a serious threat to the health and safety of waste scavengers and children. As waste pickers and workers scavenge through these piles of garbage to collect recyclable materials or items of value, they are exposed to the danger of getting cut by these sharp objects. The lack of proper protective gear like boots, gloves and safety measures further increases the risk for waste pickers and workers to sharp injuries which expose them to tetanus, Hepatitis as well as HIV and AIDS. Similarly, in Latin America and Sudan apart from the immediate pain and discomfort caused by cuts and lacerations, there is also a risk of infection due to exposure to contaminated sharp materials [ 65 , 66 ].

In the context provided, it is evident that there is a concern regarding the association between solid waste strategies in Amaveni and air pollution. The questionnaire results indicate that a significant majority of respondents, 80%, agreed that the solid waste management strategies employed in Amaveni are linked to air pollution. This suggests a widespread perception among the community that the management of solid waste in the area has implications for air quality. Furthermore, during a field survey, smoke from open burning of solid waste was observed at a dumpsite where solid waste collected from the Amaveni suburb is disposed. Less sustainable waste management practices including open air burning leads to air pollution through the release of harmful emissions into the atmosphere [ 4 , 19 ]. This implies that when materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textile waste and electronic waste are burned they release pollutants like particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds into the air. These pollutants have detrimental effects on human health and the environment since particulate matter emitted from open burning can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause respiratory issues [ 44 , 67 ]. Carbon monoxide interferes with the blood’s ability to carry oxygen potentially causing headaches, dizziness and in severe cases, death while volatile organic compounds can harm lung function and aggravate respiratory diseases [ 68 , 69 ]. This signifies the importance of resorting to other solid waste disposal since open burning is cheap while capable of reducing the volume of waste but it speeds up lives of people to graves. In the study conducted in Kwekwe, it was found that a significant majority of questionnaire respondents, amounting to 86%, agreed that poor solid waste management is directly linked to the loss of urban beauty. This sentiment was further reinforced by insights gathered from interviews and observations. This simply highlights that the presence of illegally disposed solid waste in open areas not only poses environmental and health hazards but also significantly diminishes the aesthetic appeal of urban spaces. In the case of Amaveni suburb, the inadequacies in waste disposal mechanisms have directly contributed to a decline in the visual attractiveness of the area. According to [ 70 , 71 ] ineffective solid waste management strategies are among aspects which disturbs urban aesthetics in Kenya. Addressing various environmental health problems that emanate from improperly managed solid waste from Amaveni is paramount in the efforts towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals, and Zimbabwe Vision 2030 targets.

5 Conclusion

Solid waste management is a critical issue in urban high-density suburbs due to the large population concentration, poor infrastructure and limited space for waste disposal. The problem is more pervasive in high density suburbs of developing countries since most of the municipalities responsible to offer services are almost incapacitated. Therefore, this study put much emphasis on impacts of solid waste management strategies in urban high density suburbs: a case of Amaveni suburb, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe”. The research was guided by objectives namely to assess the current solid waste management practices, to evaluate the environmental and health impacts of existing waste management strategies and propose possible recommendations to suppress environmental health problems. This paper has examined various solid waste management strategies utilised in Amaveni high density suburbs and their impacts on human health as well as the environment. Management of solid waste in Amaveni is characterized by a traditional linear approach where solid waste is generated, indiscriminately stored, transported and finally disposed. Solid waste was disposed through open burning, illegal dumping and unsanitary landfilling. Insignificant amount of waste was composted and recycled. Findings illustrated that most of the existing management approaches offer little attention to aspects which support circular economy and the upper part of the waste management hierarchy. Consequently, a large proportion of solid waste is disposed, thus adding pressure to poorly monitored dump sites. Moreover, in order to free solid waste receptacles, residents resort to illegal solid waste disposal along road verges, drains, open spaces and backyard dumping. Verdicts of the study illustrated that improperly dumped solid waste and monitored dumpsites act as breeding sites for pests, vermin and pathogens which trigger occurrence of various health problems. Diseases such as cholera and malaria were health problems identified in Amaveni suburb. The main environmental problems identified included air pollution, water pollution and loss of urban beauty. Solid waste management in Amaveni was far from sustainable since it failed to promote Sustainable Development Goal 3 of good health and wellbeing and Sustainable Development Goal 6 of clean water and sanitation. Existing solid waste management strategies in Amaveni suburb reduce the capacity of Zimbabwe to reach demands of National Development Strategy 1 goals particularly those related to environmental protection while safeguarding human health. The impacts of solid waste management strategies in urban high density suburbs are multifaceted and are presenting far-reaching detrimental impacts to the environment and people. Therefore, effective waste management is essential for preserving the environment, safeguarding public health and promoting sustainable development in these densely populated areas.

6 Study limitations

One significant limitation is the narrow scope of the study since it solely focuses on the Amaveni suburb in Kwekwe. While this specificity allows for an in-depth analysis of a particular area, it limits the generalisability of the findings to other urban high-density suburbs in Zimbabwe or different regions with distinct socio-economic and infrastructural characteristics. Research on solid waste management often faces challenges related to data collection. In this case, limitations may arise from inaccurate or incomplete data provided by interviewees or residents. Another common limitation in the research project may be ascribed to resource constraints. Lack of adequate finance, time constraints and access to necessary equipment may hinder the researchers’ ability to conduct comprehensive fieldwork or analyse data effectively translating to proposing of recommendations with various gaps. However, to minimize limitations of the study various data collection and analysis tools were utilised while secondary data was also used to support the findings.

7 Recommendations

Analysis of the findings demonstrates almost enough evidence which illustrates that impacts of solid waste in Amaveni high density suburbs require attention. The city council should provide enough bins to promote segregation of waste at source. This minimizes transportation and disposal of non-segregated solid waste. Source separation, which is generally a practice of separating waste at its source before it is collected, facilitates easy application of recycling, composting and reuse approaches at household level. Segregation of solid waste minimizes challenges experienced during application of waste reduction approaches in Asian cities [ 72 ]. Promoting waste reduction initiatives which support a circular economy minimize the quantity of disposed solid waste, thus lessening the burden of monitoring disposal sites as well as environmental health problems that emanate from improperly managed dumpsites. Households in Amaveni suburb must be educated and encouraged to compost organic waste. This reduces the quantity of organic waste destined in landfills, therefore lowering greenhouse gasses emissions released into the atmosphere. Composting is among effective solid waste management approaches in Bangladesh [ 73 , 74 ]. Additionally, there is a need to adopt public–private partnership in solid waste management. Public–private partnerships have the potential to facilitate sharing of resources and expertise of both public and private sectors to effectively manage solid waste and construct properly engineered dumpsites. This implies that the city council must collaborate with residents, non-governmental organizations, research institutes and the Environmental Management Agency in suppressing environmental health problems associated with solid waste. The city council, Environmental Management Agency and Zimbabwe Republic Police should work hand in hand to deal with individuals, industries, business among other stakeholders who violate solid waste management legal framework and standards. This improves compliance to recommended standards, translating to reduction of illegally dumped solid waste, thus reducing cropping of diseases linked to inappropriately dumped waste. Additionally, residents should be encouraged by city council and Environmental Management to participate in community initiatives which support clean-up campaigns, recycling, refurbishment, repairing and reuse programs. In order to inject a sense of circular economy in residents, awareness campaigns and training must be conducted by private and public sectors. Most importantly, the city council responsible for offering waste management services to Amaveni suburb must adopt an integrated solid waste management system. Integrated approach presented to be effective in managing solid some parts of India [ 75 ]. Integrated solid waste management systems combine various techniques such as source separation, recycling, composting, landfilling and energy recovery to effectively manage solid waste in a sustainable manner. Such systems can help to reduce the negative impacts of solid waste management on the environment while also providing economic benefits through resource recovery and energy generation. Furthermore, the Government of Zimbabwe must channel enough resources to city councils so that they pin advanced technologies in management of solid waste. Advanced technologies such as anaerobic digestion, gasification, pyrolysis and gasification support conversion of waste into valuable resources such as energy, fertilizer among other resources. These technologies assist to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills or incinerators, thereby reducing the environmental impact. Application of advanced technologies in solid waste management demonstrated to be effective in countries like Canada [ 76 ].

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Amato, C., Jerie, S., Mutekwa, T.V. et al. Impacts of solid waste management strategies in urban high density suburbs: a case of Amaveni suburb, Kwekwe, Zimbabwe. Discov Environ 2 , 97 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00118-1

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A circular economy approach to addressing waste management challenges in tamale’s waste management system.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. study area, 2.2. qualitative survey, 2.2.1. methodology rationale and trade-offs, 2.2.2. stakeholder roles, conflicts, and synergies in waste management in tamale, 3. results and discussions, 3.1. content analysis, 3.1.1. structure of waste management in tamale metropolis.

“The Metropolitan Waste Management Department (MWMD) in Tamale is legally tasked with managing the cleanliness of public spaces, including drains, streets, and markets, and maintaining sanitary facilities. Our operations involve treating and disposing of all waste forms, largely facilitated through partnerships with private entities like Zoomlion GH Ltd., savannah waste management service, sewage system ltd and other private waste service providers who are mostly unregistered. Challenges persist in the system, characterized by a lack of waste bins, inconsistent waste collection schedules, inadequate segregation practices, and logistical constraints.” —Local Government Officer, MWMD 2 (In-depth Interview).

“Zoomlion Ghana Limited’s involvement has bolstered the waste management capacity within Tamale, providing additional equipment, vehicles, and labor. This enhancement has increased service coverage to approximately 70% of the Metropolis, improving the cleanliness of main streets, lorry parks, and enabling gutter dredging alongside selective door-to-door services.” —Zoomlion Gh Ltd. Staff, Z1 (in-depth interview).

“In Tamale, the waste management structure and waste collection vary significantly across different residential classes. To illustrate, Savannah Waste Management Service, a subsidiary of the Jospong Group, provides solid waste sanitation services on behalf of Zoomlion Gh Ltd. in the metropolis. High-class areas benefit from regular door-to-door service, contributing to their cleanliness through this service provider. Middle-class areas also have access to these services upon request, but most residents prefer communal containers, which can become overcrowded. In low-class neighborhoods, which are fraught with irregular layouts and crowded public places such as markets, communal containers are mostly utilized. However, they are often insufficient as they frequently overflow. It is critical to mention that the irregular layout of these areas complicates regular waste collection. Additionally, through the partnership with the Jospong Group’s subsidiary, all sludge and wastewater are collected and treated by Sewage System Ltd. The form of treatment entails converting fecal sludge into compost.” —Local government staff, MWMD 1 (In-depth Interview).

3.1.2. Waste Management System and Waste-to-Energy in Tamale

“While the plant marks a significant step forward in our sanitation efforts, it currently only converts fecal waste into compost and does not address solid waste treatment. Moreover, it does not yet have the capability to convert waste into energy, which is a critical function for truly advancing our waste management goals ” (Local Government Staff, ID LGS1, focus group discussion).

“The waste-to-energy operations by Zoomlion Ghana Limited effectively manage sludge water disposal and provide an energy solution. However, to fully harness the benefits and minimize environmental impacts, it’s crucial to broaden these solutions to also tackle the growing solid waste issues in our municipality, ensuring compliance with environmental standards throughout” (Environmental Protection Officer, ID EPO2, in-depth interview).

“Working at Zoomlion, I see the effectiveness of our waste management practices daily. It’s rewarding to contribute to a project that not only mitigates waste in Tamale but also has the potential to generate energy” (Zoomlion Gh Ltd. staff, ID Z3, in-depth interview).

“The new plant represents a crucial development. Integrating it with our current waste management system could significantly reduce health issues stemming from improper waste disposal. It’s essential to expand this initiative to encompass municipal solid waste too” (Academia, ID A3, in-depth interview).

3.1.3. Challenges of the Waste Management System in Tamale

Policy perspectives.

“There is a need for clear government policies supporting the adoption of WtE technologies. Without supportive regulations, it’s challenging to incentivize investment in these initiatives.” Zoomlion staff—ID Z4 (focus group).

“Policy coherence between national and local levels is crucial. Local authorities need guidance and support from the central government to effectively implement WtE projects.” Local government staff—ID LG2 (in-depth interview).

“Policy is not the problem.” Local government staff—ID LG5 (focus group).

“We at Zoomlion Gh. Ltd. have recently commissioned a €20-million wastewater treatment plant at Gbalahi, a suburb of Tamale. This feat was achieved with funding from the Hungarian Government. Therefore, with the right funding and willpower from the Ghanaian government, we should be able to smoothly integrate WtE into the existing solid waste management system to address issues of solid waste” Zoomlion Gh Ltd. staff—ID Z3 (in-depth interview).

Financial Implications

“Securing adequate financing for WtE projects is a major challenge. Financial incentives and investment mechanisms are needed to attract private capital into the sector.” Zoomlion Gh Ltd. Staff-ID Z1 (in-depth interview).

“WtE plants require a high initial investment, coupled with ongoing maintenance and operation costs. Economic viability studies are therefore crucial to assess their long-term financial sustainability and ensure value for money. Unlike the Gbalahi landfill site in Tamale, which fell short of expectations, WtE plants, when properly assessed and managed, can deliver a more sustainable waste management solution.” Local Government Staff- ID LG3 (Focus group).

“While WtE offers potential advantages, the high upfront costs and ongoing expenses raise concerns about affordability, especially considering Tamale’s limited resources. Exploring alternative, potentially less expensive waste management solutions that are more readily adaptable to our local context might be a more prudent approach in the short term .” —Community Representative—ID CR2 (Focus Group Discussion).

“While WtE offers potential benefits, we shouldn’t rush into significant debt for these projects. A thorough cost analysis is crucial, but the long-term social implications on the community need careful consideration.” —Community Representative—ID CR8 (Focus group discussion).

Socio-Political Dynamics

“Political will and stakeholder engagement are key determinants of WtE success. Decision-makers must prioritize sustainable waste management solutions and involve relevant stakeholders in the decision-making process.” Waste Researcher—ID WR 1 (in-depth interview).

“The acceptance of WtE technologies by society is crucial. It requires public awareness initiatives and community engagement endeavors to tackle misunderstandings and apprehensions among local residents” Private Waste Service Provider—ID PWS 3 (in-depth interview).

“While public awareness is important, shouldn’t the focus be on technical expertise and ensuring the proper functioning of the plant? Extensive community engagement can be time-consuming and potentially delay progress.”— Community representative—ID CR10 (in-depth interview).

“There’s a fear that community concerns might be used to stall the project altogether. While some engagement is necessary, the final decisions should be left to the experts.”— Local Government Staff—ID LG4 (in-depth interview).

“We support sustainable waste management, but WtE shouldn’t come at the expense of our livelihoods. We need assurances that WtE won’t significantly reduce the amount of recyclable materials available for collection.”— Private Waste Service Provider—ID PWS 1 (Focus group discussion).

Institutional Framework

“Building institutional capacity is crucial for successful WtE implementation. Training and skill development programs are necessary for waste management personnel.” Local Government Staff—ID LG 1 (focus group discussion).

“Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are not just essential, they offer the most promising path forward for WtE in Tamale. By leveraging the expertise of the private sector alongside public resources, we can ensure efficient operation and maintenance of WtE facilities, while mitigating financial risks for the government. PPPs can also foster innovation and technology transfer, leading to a more sustainable WtE solution for the city” Zoomlion Gh. Staff—ID Z2 (in-depth interview).

“I understand the potential benefits of PPPs, but concerns exist about potential profit motives overriding environmental considerations. Local businesses should be given a fair chance to participate in WtE initiatives, ensuring transparency and community benefit.”— Waste researcher—ID WR1 (In-depth interview).

“Collaboration is crucial, but capacity building within the government sector is essential. We need to ensure local authorities have the necessary expertise to effectively negotiate and manage PPP agreements related to WtE projects.”— Environmental Protection Agency—ID EPA 2 (In-depth interview).

Technical Considerations

“Thorough feasibility studies are crucial, but we should also consider adaptable technologies that can accommodate the evolving nature of our waste stream. Tamale’s waste composition may change over time, and we need WtE solutions that can adapt to maintain efficiency and environmental benefits.”— Environmental Protection Agency—ID EPA3 (in-depth interview).

“Technological advancements play a vital role in optimizing WtE processes. Continuous research and innovation are necessary to improve efficiency and environmental sustainability.” Waste researcher—ID WR 3 (in-depth interviews).

“The focus on high-tech solutions may not be the most practical approach for Tamale. Simpler, low-maintenance WtE technologies might be more suitable for our context, considering limited resources and technical expertise.”— Local Government staff—LG2 (Focus group discussion).

“While advancements are promising, WtE still carries inherent environmental risks. We need to prioritize stricter emissions regulations and ongoing monitoring to ensure WtE projects in Tamale are truly sustainable and don’t create new environmental burdens.”— Environmental Protection Agency Representative—ID EPA 2 (In-depth interview).

Further Analysis

• Policy and Financial Hurdles:
• Social and Political Considerations:
• Institutional Collaboration and Capacity Building:
• Technical Considerations and Innovation:

3.1.4. Barriers, Success Factors, and Practical Implementation of WtE in the Existing System of Solid Waste Management in Tamale

3.1.5. models for waste-to-energy systems in developing countries, other african initiatives, 3.1.6. transition to an integrated sustainable waste management framework that integrates wte system in tamale, 4. validation of proposed framework, 4.1. benefits of the proposed new waste system centered on waste-to-energy, 4.2. generalizability of study findings to other urban areas in developing countries, 4.2.1. urban and institutional contexts, 4.2.2. public perception and cultural factors, 4.2.3. economic conditions, 4.2.4. environmental priorities, 4.2.5. technological suitability, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Tahiru, A.-W.; Cobbina, S.J.; Asare, W. A Circular Economy Approach to Addressing Waste Management Challenges in Tamale’s Waste Management System. World 2024 , 5 , 659-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/world5030034

Tahiru A-W, Cobbina SJ, Asare W. A Circular Economy Approach to Addressing Waste Management Challenges in Tamale’s Waste Management System. World . 2024; 5(3):659-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/world5030034

Tahiru, Abdul-Wahab, Samuel Jerry Cobbina, and Wilhemina Asare. 2024. "A Circular Economy Approach to Addressing Waste Management Challenges in Tamale’s Waste Management System" World 5, no. 3: 659-682. https://doi.org/10.3390/world5030034

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Interrelationships among critical success factors for the planning of municipal solid waste management PPP projects in India using structural equation modelling

Affiliations.

• 1 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Nagaland, Chumukedima, India.
• 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India.
• PMID: 34850644
• DOI: 10.1177/0734242X211061955

This research aims at investigating the interrelationships between critical success factors (CSFs) in municipal solid waste management (MSWM) projects taken up in public-private partnership (PPP) mode in India and studies the extent to which they can affect project success. A three-step procedure was followed to identify the CSFs in MSWM. A conceptual structural equation model (SEM) was developed using cluster groupings of the identified CSFs to show their interrelationships. Data collection from the public sector and private sector waste management managers was done through a questionnaire survey. The respondents' data were analysed in analysis of moment structures (AMOS) using structural equation modelling. The SEM analysis of the respondents' data gives the most exemplary fitting measurement model with the 17 CSFs taken as components of five latent variables: external environment, financial characteristics, project planning and procurement, project operation and management and project stakeholders. The model shows the relationships between the constructs of CSFs for project success. This study contributes to current ideas by empirically identifying the interrelationships between the MSWM CSFs, which can help waste management professionals handle the CSFs rationally. Furthermore, the study shows that all the groups have a direct and positive impact on project success. The findings may only portray the opinion of solid waste management managers in India.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste management (MSWM); analysis of moment structures (AMOS); critical success factors (CSFs); interrelationships; public–private partnerships (PPP); structural equation modelling.

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Lawrence County, PA Receives Grant to Update Solid Waste Plan

A state grant will allow Lawrence County to update its solid waste management plan. The $72,675 Municipal Waste Planning Grant from the state Department of Environmental Protection was announced by state Rep. Marla Brown (R-Lawrence). Jerry Zona, director of the Lawrence-Mercer Recycling Solid/Waste Department, said the plan details how the county handles garbage and recycling. Zona said the Solid Waste Management Plan, first implemented in 1992, is required to be updated every 10 years by the state. The bulk of the grant will be used to fund a professional consultant to gather data and help put the plan together.

“It’s a two-year process,” Zona said. Zona said the department is looking to put together a county solid waste advisory committee of municipal and county leaders and representatives from different waste and recycling companies. “We just started that,” Zona said. Brown said the grant is a prime example of how to leverage state resources to benefit the local community. “The updated solid waste management plan will help us address the evolving needs of our community, promote sustainability and protect our environment for future generations,” Brown said.

Zona said in the future, the department will inquire if regular glass recycling can be implemented again. This year, the department has hosted glass recycling weeks that can be used by both Lawrence and Mercer county residents.

To read the full story, visit https://www.ncnewsonline.com/news/local_news/county-receives-grant-to-update-solid-waste-plan/article_cee55750-5a71-11ef-b9ef-23cd1b2f00b1.html . Author: Nicholas Vercilla, New Castle News

Related news, remote mountain village recycles 100% of food waste, the road to success: assuring electronic waste recycling access in michigan's upper peninsula, rema president robin wiener named inaugural l.a.k.e.s award recipient, durham, nc adopts pilot program to boost composting, michigan state expanding e-waste recycling in the upper peninsula, new jersey murphy administration's work to reduce food waste honored by national conference of state legislatures, government & regulations, hennepin county, mn seeks input on its solid waste plan, purdue university fort wayne, in's bin chen secures two major grants to develop ai-supported recycling systems, divert, inc. launches food waste legislative tracker to accelerate progress against the wasted food crisis.

Residential Waste

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Hauling and disposal of Polk County’s waste is not a simple task. It is a science. Nearly 750,000 tons of trash are collected from around the county annually. Of that, about 170,000 tons of municipal solid waste (garbage) are generated by the approximate 140,000 unincorporated Polk household customers.

The county’s Solid Waste Ordinance governing residential waste collection was enacted in 1989. Fees for once-a-week trash collection are billed through annual assessments.

Polk County contracts with Advanced Disposal Services and FCC Environmental for residential curbside collection.

Weekly Residential Curbside Services

All residential curbside collection occurs Monday-Friday between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m.

Curbside Tips for Successful Pick-up in All Service Areas

• All household waste, recyclable materials and routine yard waste should be placed curbside either the night before or by 6 a.m. on your collection day.
• Within three feet of the curb or edge of the street
• At least three feet from other fixed objects
• Find Your Collection Day to learn your trash pick up schedules and garbage collection days day based on area.

Household Waste Collection

Automated household waste collection.

A special vehicle, equipped with a lifting mechanism, reaches out to the roll cart, lifts and empties the container returning the cart to its original position.

Residents receive a garbage roll cart for all household trash, but that roll cart may be exchanged for a different size; 35, 65 or 95-gallon cart. To request a roll cart change, call (863) 284-4319 .

If a resident is physically or medically unable to place his/her roll cart(s) curbside for pick-up, Polk County Solid Waste does offer a backdoor service. The service is available to those who complete the Back Door Service Application and meet all the requirements. For more information, please call customer care at (863) 284-4319 .

Guidelines for household waste collection:

• Place all household waste inside your garbage roll cart
• Position the garbage roll cart so the lid opens to the street
• No other container may be used for household waste
• Garbage roll cart must be within 3 feet of the curb or edge of the street
• Garbage roll cart must be at least 3 feet from other fixed objects
• Too much trash for your cart? Learn more about Bulk Waste

To minimize litter in front of your home, make sure your garbage roll cart lid is closed.

How do I get an additional roll cart for garbage?

• Complete the lease application or visit the Solid Waste Administrative Office. Each household may have one additional cart.
• Solid Waste Administrative Office Attn: Additional Garbage Cart 10 Environmental Loop S. Winter Haven, FL 33880
• Cost: $67 One-time lease fee (non-refundable)
• Plus $52.50 Annual Disposal Fee*
• Acceptable form of payment: Cash, check and credit cards
• Make checks payable to: Polk BoCC

* Disposal fees for the first year will be prorated based on the month the cart is leased. You can view the prorated fee schedule below. All fees must be paid prior to an additional cart being delivered as noted in the lease application.

Yard Waste Collection (Horticultural Trash)

Yard waste collection service is intended for the collection of routine lawn and landscape maintenance. Routine yard waste is collected once a week.

Guidelines for routine yard waste collection

• curbside from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.
• within 3 feet of the curb or edge of the street
• at least 3 feet from other fixed objects
• All yard waste must be bagged, bundled or containerized for collection
• Up to four containers will be collected per week
• Bundles, bags or containers of yard waste should weigh less than 30 pounds each
• Branches should be no more than three feet in length and no more than two inches in diameter

Routine yard trash

Any vegetative matter resulting from residential property lawn and landscaping maintenance including:

• Shrub and tree trimmings
• Grass clippings
• Palm fronds

Non-routine yard trash

Material placed curbside that does not meet the county guidelines of routine yard trash will be tagged with a non-collection notice, which serves to inform the resident that the material is non-conforming debris and therefore cannot be collected. If a material is non-conforming, then disposal is the responsibility of the resident. Routine yard trash does not include:

• Whole trees/tree trunks
• Stumps/logs
• Root systems
• Land clearing debris (i.e. rocks, bushes)

For a list of contract haulers to remove non-conforming debris, contact the Solid Waste Division at (863) 284-4319 .

Recyclable Material Collection

Attention residents: As of May 1, 2024, recycling carts will no longer be issued. Curbside recycling collection will continue until the end of September. As of Oct. 1, 2024, curbside recycling collection will be discontinued. After Oct. 1, you may use your cart for household or yard waste, until your cart is no longer serviceable, or you may call the Solid Waste Division at (863) 284-4319 to request it be removed.

The goal of the Recyclable Materials Collection Program is to effectively collect materials that have the greatest potential to successfully be reused or recycled into new products or packaging.

Automated Recyclable Materials Collection

A special vehicle, equipped with a lifting mechanism, reaches out to the roll cart, lifts and empties the container returning the cart to its original position. Residents receive a 65-gallon recyclable materials roll cart for the accepted recyclable materials. RMCP is available to all unincorporated Polk County customers, who wish to participate. If you need a recyclable materials roll cart, call the Solid Waste Division at (863) 284-4319 .

Guidelines for Recyclable Material collection:

• Recyclable materials roll cart must be curbside from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.
• Roll cart must be within 3 feet of the curb or edge of the street or road
• Roll cart must be at least 3 feet from other fixed objects and vehicles
• No other container may be used for recyclable materials roll cart

Accepted recyclable materials:

• Aluminum cans
• Steel (tin) cans or containers
• Cardboard, cereal boxes, egg cartons (cardboard)
• Newspaper, uncoated paper, paper products
• Most gallon and half gallon, translucent plastics (no colored or clear plastics), milk, juice or water jugs
• Only translucent plastics (no colored or clear plastics) are accepted.

Keeping recyclable materials dry and free of grease, soil and residue is the best way to ensure success.

Avoid including items that can contaminate your cart. By keeping your roll cart lid closed, you will minimize contact with rain and keep your materials dry. Only items listed above should be placed in the recyclable materials cart; items not listed above, should be placed in the garbage roll cart.

Why not glass and plastic?

Glass breaks easily during the collection process and compromises other viable materials in the RMCP roll cart. As a result, broken glass embeds in healthy materials making them unlikely to be reused or recycled successfully into new products.

Not all plastics are created equal. Many do not blend effectively during the process of creating a new product. This poses regulatory and processing challenges to manufacturers, who incorporate post-consumer plastics into a new product. For this reason, Polk County limits its collection to products that have the longest environmental and economic value, such as milk and juice jugs.

Furniture and Appliance Collection (Bulk Waste)

Furniture and Appliance collection, formerly known as bulk waste collection, is intended for those items that are too large to fit inside the garbage roll cart.

Guidelines for Furniture and Appliance Collection:

Items must be:

Furniture and appliance collection will take place once a month on a pre-set, scheduled day. Household items that were not structurally attached to the house are acceptable. No construction debris or eviction/move-outs will be collected. All items should be curbside by 6 a.m. on your collection day. Items not in compliance will not be collected; if they stay curbside they may be subject to code enforcement violations.

Unacceptable Trash Items

Do not place the following materials/items in your garbage roll cart or at the curb. If any of these items are found in your cart or at the curb, they will be tagged with an instructional notice and not serviced. Call (863) 284-4319 for proper disposal information.

Trees or land clearing debris, e.g., rocks or large tree remains including trunks, stumps or root systems regardless of how small they have been cut. For more information, see guidelines for yard waste.

• Automobile parts
• Radioactive materials
• Explosives, including propane cylinders
• Biomedical waste, including sharps/syringes used for medical purposes
• Lead-acid batteries
• Used oil or oil filters

Removal of Non-Conforming Material or Non-Conforming Bulk Waste

If items placed curbside do not meet the criteria in the residential collection contract, then please use the list of commercial haulers for the removal of non-conforming materials or bulk waste.