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Published: 21 January 2021

Agricultural business economics: the challenge of sustainability

Giulio Malorgio 1 &
Francesco Marangon 2

Agricultural and Food Economics volume 9 , Article number: 6 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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The agri-food sector is facing new and important challenges. These challenges are the consequence of the profound changes that have recently affected the national and international economic scenario.

In this context, new frontiers of research and investigation seem to have recently opened. On the one hand, these new frontiers derive from previous unresolved issues; on the other hand, they derive from the growing awareness that natural resources are becoming more and more limited and threatened by short-sighted choices. These issues have been recently addressed in the document of the EU Commission on the Green Deal, which highlights how, in light of new challenges, a new growth strategy is necessary (European Commission 2019 ):

“That will transform the Union into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy, where there are no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050, economic growth is decoupled from resource use, and no person and no place are left behind”

Within this program, agriculture plays a significant role that has a relevant impact on the environment. Its performance can be measured not only from a socio-economic point of view, but also from an ethical and even from an aesthetical one, given the impact it has on the landscape. In other words, the relationship between agriculture, environment, and society is intensified and diversified. Here, a new paradigm is expected, placing on the one hand agricultural farms in front of an ecological transition while on the other in front of an ethical-social change.

The European Green Deal takes its first implementation steps to revolutionize the European economy and society in a “green” sense and to achieve the goal of mitigating the effects of climate change. Among the programs launched by the commission aimed at mobilizing research and innovation to promote a just and sustainable society transition, we can highlight the following: “Farm to fork” (European Commission 2020 ), “EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 Bringing nature back into our lives,” and “Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition, investing in a climate-neutral future for the benefit of our people”. These programs have complementary strategies and intend to push the whole economy towards innovative and virtuous systems with zero climate impact. Particularly, agriculture is involved in a set of objectives to be achieved by 2030 in a very significant (and not riskless) way: a 50% reduction in pesticides, 20% reduction in fertilizers, 50% reduction in the sales of antimicrobials for livestock and aquaculture, achievement of at least 25% of the agricultural area with organic farming, transformation of at least 10% of agricultural land into areas with high biodiversity, and protection of at least 30% of rural and marine areas.

These objectives will require the operational, but also financial, involvement of agricultural enterprises to adapt to new requirements of the production and to seek innovative solutions (Matthews 2020 ). This will aim at not only achieving the objectives set by the EU Commission, but also maintaining an adequate level of competitiveness in the domestic and foreign market. The risk of a quantitative decrease in agricultural production with harmful consequences for producers should be avoided, as well as the shift of the demand from domestic high-added-value products to extra-European cheaper with lower health and environmental standards. The perspective of sustainable intensification should, therefore, be the one to pursue. Intensifying also means to embody more knowledge and the right technology into the production process in order to combine an intensive and productive agriculture with high standards of agricultural-based environmental “performances” (Buckwell et al. 2014 ).

Today more than ever before, agricultural and food enterprises are involved in processes of transformation of the production system, within which they have the task of developing a strategy that maintains unaltered the economic vitality and improves the environmental and social sustainability. It is therefore not only a question of producing quality goods with a good level of differentiation on national and international markets, but also of providing public goods. It entails also of developing organizational and technological knowledge that guarantees an effective relationship with partners of the supply chain as well strategy adopting sustainable production techniques for the protection of the environment, the rational use of natural resources, the protection of biodiversity, and the enhancement of local resources.

All these leads to a significant increase in the complexity of the strategies and functions that agri-food enterprises are required to perform, subjected to many complex technical and socio-environmental constrains which agri-food enterprises have to deal in order to maintain and improve their economic vitality and efficiency.

In this scenario, agricultural economists are increasingly sked to concentrate their attention and their skills on the study of agricultural business economy, as well as on the different organizational and management forms along the supply chain, to contribute to defining and motivating sustainable development and transformation paths suited to present and future scenarios. This pens up new applied and methodological research frontiers in the field of business economics. In this regard, agricultural economists are encouraged to explore innovative study paths and to brush up on some tools, left out due to academic needs and opportunities, overcoming the basic assumptions of neoclassical theory. For instance, the neo-institutionalist theory, in the study on vertical relations of the food chain, or from a methodological point of view, industrial organization models to analyze strategic behavior and interactions of companies in vertical chains and to assess the impacts of various forms of contract.

The new agricultural business economics can benefit from emerging approaches such as the Bioeconomy and One Health. The Bioeconomy approach (Viaggi 2018 ), based on the efficient use of natural and biological resources, brings together different areas of industrial science and technology, and is characterized by an integrated multidimensional approach. To illustrate, the bioeconomic approach seek to simultaneously achieve the following goals: efficient resource management, protection of biodiversity, soil conservation, production of ecological and social services, valorization of waste and by-products, and production of bioenergy through the efficient and sustainable use of renewable resources.

From this perspective, the bioeconomy is increasingly connected and functional to the public choice sector which regulates innovation, production processes, and the allocation of property rights. Moreover, the economic theory of property rights, which identify the conditions to achieve a long-term sustainable resource “community” management, through the assessment of marketable and non-marketable aspects and common goods, is still today seen as a test for agricultural economic research. For instance, ecosystem services generated by the agricultural sector and natural coastal environments show the multifunctional role of the primary sector, contributing to social and environmental equilibria and, therefore, worthy of attention in the definition of economic policies.

A rather overlooked but emerging topic due to the recent health crises (Belik 2020 ) is that of One Health approach, a multidisciplinary approach with a systemic vision of the business economy to manage and respond effectively to the foodborne diseases along the food chain.

Food is an important aspect of health, not only from a nutritional point of view, but also because it carries pathologies (foodborne diseases) that are transmitted through the production processes and the supply chain. Quality is called into question, not only as we usually consider it (brands, origin, etc…), but as a broader health-based concept, which brings together production methods, animal health, and eating habits. Animal production is a central aspect in this context. The health costs that are faced upstream and along the supply chain are a safety issue for the consumer, and its absence would generate costs for individuals and for the system as a whole (in this case the public health).

For the future of agricultural economics research, behavioral economics tools deserve to be mentioned. These tools are aimed at analyzing the decision-making processes of farmers and consumers in front of new sets of options coming from new technological solutions, European policies, novel foods, and objectives of a different nature (economic, environmental, social). The speed of adoption of new technologies, the attitude to risk, the propensity to collaborate, and time preferences are all dimensions that can be analyzed from the perspective of behavioral economics.

Other indications may come from tools linked to the economy of innovation in which factors such as digitization and information technology are integrated into the process of business economic choices, between product and means, as well as between product and product, and between means of production, to define new performing business models.

Today’s innovation, while maintaining a decisive role in the technological progress of the agricultural and food sector, has a different meaning than in the past. It is no longer considered only a component to increase the productivity of the means of production, but it has the task of organizing production systems and combining the factors of production of new technical and economic trajectories, that means pursuing different performance criteria based on sustainability parameters in its various dimensions.

Finally, we must not forget some territorial approaches, in large part already addressed by agricultural economists, but which should be taken up in a specific and in-depth analysis. These approaches should be re-explored and interpreted not only with a productivist view, but also with a view of socio-economic and environmental balance, highlighting the pluralism of development of territorial agricultural systems and local models.

Therefore, the agri-food enterprise, as an institution operating in a highly integrated scenario and with direct responsibility towards the surrounding environment, acquires a strengthened role in building a more sustainable, fair, and competitive system and relaunching and preserving biodiversity. Incorporating the concept of sustainability in the food production and consumption will benefit all players in the food chain, especially farmers. For too long, the agricultural enterprise has been considered exclusively having a passive role, as an instrument on which to operate through various political interventions according to specific objectives (productivism, food security, environmental and territorial changes, local development, etc…), or as an actor at the mercy of the market, customers, international competition, and changing consumers’ choices. It is perhaps time to rediscover the active role of the agricultural enterprise, highlighting the importance of the difficult business choices that are made under the stimulus of various constraints and objectives, in a climate of uncertainty and in comparison, with the actions of other actors of the economic system. Perhaps, it should be clarified that, in the midst of different obstacles, guided paths, more or less blocked roads, and decision-making labyrinths, we are still dealing with autonomous and independent choices, and not inevitable reactions to a deterministic world. In this context, agricultural economists must return to pay more attention to the study and analysis of business economy to seize the challenges and opportunities dictated by the new course of agri-food development in the near future.

Belik W (2020) Sustainability and food security after COVID-19: relocalizing food systems? Agric Econ 8:23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-020-00167-z

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Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Malorgio, G., Marangon, F. Agricultural business economics: the challenge of sustainability. Agric Econ 9 , 6 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00179-3

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Review Article
Published: 19 January 2021

Uniting remote sensing, crop modelling and economics for agricultural risk management

Elinor Benami ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-1314 1 ,
Zhenong Jin ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1252-2514 2 ,
Michael R. Carter ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0960-9181 3 ,
Aniruddha Ghosh ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3667-8019 4 ,
Robert J. Hijmans ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-2872 5 ,
Andrew Hobbs ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0074-7027 6 ,
Benson Kenduiywo ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-0499 5 &
David B. Lobell ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5969-3476 7

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment volume 2 , pages 140–159 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Sustainability

The increasing availability of satellite data at higher spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions is enabling new applications in agriculture and economic development, including agricultural insurance. Yet, effectively using satellite data in this context requires blending technical knowledge about their capabilities and limitations with an understanding of their influence on the value of risk-reduction programmes. In this Review, we discuss how approaches to estimate agricultural losses for index insurance have evolved from costly field-sampling-based campaigns towards lower-cost techniques using weather and satellite data. We identify advances in remote sensing and crop modelling for assessing agricultural conditions, but reliably and cheaply assessing production losses remains challenging in complex landscapes. We illustrate how an economic framework can be used to gauge and enhance the value of insurance based on earth-observation data, emphasizing that even as yield-estimation techniques improve, the value of an index insurance contract for the insured depends largely on how well it captures the losses when people suffer most. Strategically improving the collection and accessibility of reliable ground-reference data on crop types and production would facilitate this task. Audits to account for inevitable misestimation complement efforts to detect and protect against large losses.

In many developing regions, adverse weather can lead to food insecurity, reduced investments or distressed asset sales that ensnare people in a cycle of poverty.

Tools to manage risk — such as well-designed insurance — can help people avoid the most severe possible consequences of bad weather and build confidence to invest in additional income-generating opportunities.

In recent decades, governments and researchers across the globe have trialled approaches to inexpensively assess agricultural losses. Index-based insurance offers promise, but detecting losses cheaply and accurately remains challenging.

Recent advances in crop modelling and remote sensing can improve index-based approaches by strengthening the link between indices and actual losses, as well as reducing programme costs.

We provide an economic framework to evaluate indices, suggesting how the remote sensing and modelling communities can contribute to enhancing index insurance quality through better detection of adverse conditions.

Promising opportunities to enhance index insurance programmes include inexpensively addressing heterogeneous conditions on the ground, such as employing audits, optimizing insurance zones, using new sensors or increasing contract flexibility.

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Global inventory of suitable, cultivable and available cropland under different scenarios and policies

Quantification of losses in agriculture production in eastern Ukraine due to the Russia-Ukraine war

A framework for multi-sensor satellite data to evaluate crop production losses: the case study of 2022 Pakistan floods

Data availability.

The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary information files.

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Acknowledgements

This work has benefited from research conducted under the auspices of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Markets, Risk and Resilience (grant no. 7200AA19LE00004), which M.R.C. directs and from which M.R.C., E.B. and A.H. have previously received funds. The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USAID or the United States Government.

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E.B. and Z.J. jointly designed, wrote and edited the full manuscript prior to submission, with substantial input from M.R.C., D.B.L. and R.J.H. A.H. edited the manuscript prior to submission and reviewed the code for the case study for accuracy. A.H. and B.K. helped E.B. and Z.J. research data for Fig. 3 and A.G. for Figs 4,5.

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Insurance that requires the assessment of claims to issue payment.

A hazard that occurs when an insured individual takes actions that increase risk and make insurance payouts more likely.

A situation that insurers are prone to when only the riskiest subset of the population purchases insurance, such that pay-offs occur more frequently than they would if every person purchases insurance.

An area covered by a single index value.

The amount of money paid to have insurance coverage.

Preharvest crop yield estimates derived from visiting and physically harvesting and weighing a sample of production from a selection of fields.

The failure of the index to accurately capture average losses in the insurance zone.

The cases when no payout is triggered, despite some insured individuals experiencing losses; arises from design or idiosyncratic risk.

The cases when the insurance index signals a loss and issues a payout, even though some insured individuals did not experience a loss.

The risk that index insurance payments do not cover the losses experienced by an individual. Basis risk is the sum of the design risk and the idiosyncratic risk.

A measure of anticipated future economic well-being that increases with expected income and, for a risk-averse person, decreases with the variance of income.

The amount of money that, if received for sure, would make a person indifferent between the sure money and a set of risky income prospects.

A map that characterizes the extent and type of crops over a region, often derived from satellite imagery classification.

Risk that is specific to an individual and is uncorrelated with losses experienced by neighbours or others in the insurance zone.

The level of the index at which payouts begin to occur (for example, 90 mm of rainfall during planting season).

Exhibiting the preference to give up some money in expectation in order to reduce variability.

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Benami, E., Jin, Z., Carter, M.R. et al. Uniting remote sensing, crop modelling and economics for agricultural risk management. Nat Rev Earth Environ 2 , 140–159 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00122-y

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-00122-y

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