essay on infrastructure development

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• Published: 01 April 2019

Infrastructure for sustainable development

• Scott Thacker   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2683-484X 1 , 2 ,
• Daniel Adshead 2 ,
• Marianne Fay 3 ,
• Stéphane Hallegatte   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1781-4268 3 ,
• Mark Harvey 4 ,
• Hendrik Meller 5 ,
• Nicholas O’Regan 1 ,
• Julie Rozenberg 3 ,
• Graham Watkins 6 &
• Jim W. Hall 2  

Nature Sustainability volume  2 ,  pages 324–331 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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• Civil engineering
• Developing world
• Sustainability

Infrastructure systems form the backbone of every society, providing essential services that include energy, water, waste management, transport and telecommunications. Infrastructure can also create harmful social and environmental impacts, increase vulnerability to natural disasters and leave an unsustainable burden of debt. Investment in infrastructure is at an all-time high globally, thus an ever-increasing number of decisions are being made now that will lock-in patterns of development for future generations. Although for the most part these investments are motivated by the desire to increase economic productivity and employment, we find that infrastructure either directly or indirectly influences the attainment of all of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including 72% of the targets. We categorize the positive and negative effects of infrastructure and the interdependencies between infrastructure sectors. To ensure that the right infrastructure is built, policymakers need to establish long-term visions for sustainable national infrastructure systems, informed by the SDGs, and develop adaptable plans that can demonstrably deliver their vision.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the contributions of the Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium, which is funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council by grants EP/101344X/1 and EP/N017064/1. S.T. thanks the United Nations Office for Project Services, specifically R. Jones, G. Morgan, S. Crosskey and T. Sway for providing useful suggestions that improved this manuscript.

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Scott Thacker & Nicholas O’Regan

University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Scott Thacker, Daniel Adshead & Jim W. Hall

World Bank, Washington, DC, USA

Marianne Fay, Stéphane Hallegatte & Julie Rozenberg

Department for International Development (DFID), London, UK

Mark Harvey

German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ), Bonn, Germany

Hendrik Meller

Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), Washington, DC, USA

Graham Watkins

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S.T. designed the study. D.A., S.T. and J.W.H. performed most of the analyses. J.W.H., S.T. and D.A. wrote most of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the development of the manuscript through methodological advice, analysis, comments and edits to the text and figures.

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Thacker, S., Adshead, D., Fay, M. et al. Infrastructure for sustainable development. Nat Sustain 2 , 324–331 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0256-8

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How does infrastructure support sustainable growth?

Maria vagliasindi.

The  Infra4Dev Conference , jointly organized by the World Bank and the International Growth Centre on March 3rd-4th 2022, brought together the academic and policy-making community to exchange knowledge and insights regarding the roles that infrastructure can play in catalyzing development. The Lightning Talk Sessions showcased emerging research on jobs, trade, and sustainable growth. Infrastructure affects growth through several supply and demand-side channels. Investments in energy, telecommunications, and transport networks directly impact growth, as all types of infrastructure represent an essential input in any production of goods and services.  In addition, infrastructure can also reduce the cost of delivered goods, facilitate the physical mobility of people and products, remove productivity constraints, and increase competitiveness. Emerging research showcased at the 2022 Infra4Dev Conference , quantified using econometric techniques the impact of infrastructure on growth, both for basic access to infrastructure services as well as more sophisticated infrastructure. In case you missed the conference, this blog will give you a brief round-up of some of the most interesting results from the Lightning Talks on Sustainable Growth and other key papers presented:

• Digital Infrastructure and Local Economic Growth: Early Internet in Sub-Saharan Africa by Valentin Lindlacher, University of Munich

Fixed-line internet availability, even at basic speeds, has strong impact on local economic growth of towns, leading to about two percentage points higher economic growth of Sub-Saharan African towns  in the years after connection, compared to similar but later connected towns. The results are derived from a difference-in-differences analysis, using night-time light satellite data in 10 Sub-Saharan African countries in the early 2000s as a measure of evolving economic development.

• Electricity Access and Structural Transformation: Evidence from Brazil's Electrification by Jevgenijs Steinbuks, World Bank

Access to electricity explains 21% of the structural transformation process in Brazil between 1970 to 2006.  The channels through which this impact takes place are generation of higher returns on investment or decreasing entry costs in sectors with greater infrastructure intensity. Econometric analysis suggests that manufacturing is the sector that benefits the most on these dimensions, followed by services and agriculture.

• Mobile Access Expansion and Price Information Diffusion: Firm Performance after Ethiopia's Transition to 3G by Woubet Kassa, World Bank

Mobile internet, primarily through smart phones, can close information asymmetry gaps between buyers and sellers in countries such as Ethiopia  , where fixed broadband communication is limited and there is little transport and other market infrastructure available. In particular, mobile internet enables faster mobile broadband connection, expansion of data-enabled phones, and increased flexibility and mobility.

• China’s Journey to the West: Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery to Evaluate Transportation Improvement in Central Asia  by Cong Peng, Harvard Kennedy School

Expanded road networks lead to a one percentage point increase in the size of urbanized areas, albeit at the cost of increasing air pollution and deforestation. Urbanization is measured through built-up area, as detected through remote sensing data from high-resolution satellites using Artificial Intelligence. The results are confirmed using an innovative spatial panel derived using the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data.

• Impacts of Electricity Quality Improvements: Experimental Evidence on Infrastructure Investments by Robyn Meeks, Duke University

The use of smart meters leads to substantial improvements in electricity service quality, as illustrated by the randomized installation of smart meters, which utilities can install to monitor service quality in Kyrgyz Republic. Treated households made significantly more energy efficiency investments, potentially mitigating their electricity consumption increases post-intervention.

While infrastructure can lead to beneficial economic outcomes, the concrete development impact of infrastructure depends significantly on how infrastructure investment strategies are defined and implemented.  The following papers highlight two important aspects. First, spatially coordinated development of different types of infrastructure can help to amplify returns. Second, infrastructure investment must be accompanied by policy reforms aimed at mitigating tradeoff between social and environmental sustainability.

• Can Big Push Infrastructure Unlock Development? Evidence from Ethiopia by Niclas Moneke, University of Oxford

In the case of Ethiopia while isolated road and electrification investments increased welfare by only 2% and 0.7% respectively, the welfare effect resulting from combined big push infrastructure investments is at least 11%.  The results are derived with a spatial general equilibrium model, that highlights markedly different patterns of impact across different types of infrastructure. Whereas access to an all-weather road alone increases services employment, additionally electrified locations see large reversals in the manufacturing employment shares.

• Aid Against Trees? Evidence from a Community-Driven Development Program in the Philippines by Jeffrey Pagel, London School of Economics and Political Sciences

Community-Driven Development programs in the Philippines have been found to have adverse environmental impacts, notably deforestation. The largest effects arose from infrastructure subprojects, which include trails, bridges and roads areas which experienced 126% more deforestation per year relative to the control group. 

• Damned by Dams? Infrastructure and Conflict by Ulrich Eberly, Princeton University

The construction of large dams can give rise to social conflicts in affected communities, particularly if these are poorly designed and consultation with affected populations is not adequately pursued. This multi-country study found that in the immediate vicinity of newly built dams, there was a significant increase in intrastate conflict, but no robust effect for interstate conflict. This could be due to ethnic frictions, as well institutional failures.

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2014 Theses Doctoral

Essays on Infrastructure and Development

Tompsett, Anna

Spending on infrastructure accounts for several percentage points of global world product, reflecting its perceived importance to growth and development. Previous literature has made limited progress in providing unbiased estimates of its impacts, or causal evidence about policy changes that can alter this impact. Primarily, this is because of the selection problem: locations in which infrastructure is built differ from those in which it is not built. This dissertation provides evidence towards three important questions related to infrastructure and development. First, what role does manmade transport infrastructure play in determining and maintaining patterns of economic geography? Second, to what degree does the relocation of economic activity in response to changes in the transport infrastructure network affect estimates of the economic impact of those changes? Third, what is the effect of involving beneficiary communities in decision-making on projects to improve local infrastructure? To address the selection problem, Chapters 2 and 3 exploit quasi-experimental variation in distance to a land transport route created by the opening and location of bridges over major rivers in the historical United States, using a new dataset containing every bridge built over the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Chapter 4 presents evidence from a randomized experiment in Bangladesh.

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The vital role of infrastructure in economic growth and development

In 1956, in an America recovering from the economic and psychological consequences of World War II, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into effect a bill that authorised the construction of an interstate highway system. The lasting effects of that decision were profound for both the American economy and the morale of its people. Eisenhower predicted that government investment in infrastructure had the power to stimulate the economy in the short-term and create the conditions for longer-term prosperity and growth for future generations. Today, Eisenhower’s decision to invest in public infrastructure is regarded as a key factor that contributed to the era of American prosperity that followed.

The COVID-19 pandemic has produced similar conditions of global upheaval not seen since the 1940s. The stress placed on our structural systems has revealed their vulnerabilities and limitations, and the impact on our global economy is likely to be long-lasting. Subsequently, this is a period of great uncertainty but also great possibility. We have collectively been presented with an opportunity for what the World Economic Forum has called a global ‘Great Reset’ . Now is the time to take stock of where we are and decide where we’d like to be.

As G20 economies continue to stabilise, the emphasis in spending will naturally shift from mitigating the immediate crisis of the pandemic to an investment in stimulating economic recovery and facilitating medium and long-term growth and stability. The present challenge for the world’s nations is to best direct their limited resources where they will have the greatest impact.

The case for infrastructure investment as a stimulus

Infrastructure investment has a strong impact on economic growth, as evidenced by a 2020 GI Hub study that found the economic multiplier for public investment (including infrastructure) is 1.5 times greater than the initial investment in two to five years – much higher than other forms of public spending.

The study also showed that the infrastructure outcome was a factor that influenced the positive effect of the investment.

This analysis suggests that infrastructure investment can play a key role in supporting economic recovery and stability, however simply investing in infrastructure is insufficient. It needs to be the right kind of infrastructure that has transformative outcomes for the people and the planet.

View more in our Knowledge Hub

Our Knowledge Hub is a library of resources from the GI Hub and other organisations across the infrastructure ecosystem.

The right kind of infrastructure

In order to have the greatest impact on stimulating economic recovery in the short-term and lasting stability in the long-term, infrastructure should be sustainable, resilient and inclusive. This type of transformative infrastructure can help produce prosperity for all.

Transformative infrastructure is infrastructure that provides lasting social and economic value for everyone, produces long-term prosperity for future generations and creates the conditions to transition towards a resource-efficient, sustainable economy. It's designed with the flexibility to respond to future trends and challenges, able to adapt to technological improvements, and incorporate better solutions as they become available. Transformative infrastructure is therefore longer lasting and more resilient, meaning it can adapt to crises better and provide more benefits over time versus more traditional infrastructure.

Transformative infrastructure is socially inclusive. Its design is guided by the notion of being beneficial to the greatest number of people. Infrastructure designed and implemented in this way will provide maximal utility to the largest number of people, increasing its stimulus effect and facilitating the goal of a more equitable world.

The next step

In November 2021, the GI Hub launched our newest resource, Transformative Outcomes Through Infrastructure . Its purpose is to uncover the G20 priorities that underlie the USD3.2 trillion of infrastructure investments announced post-COVID, and to help direct future spending into areas that could yield the greatest possible benefits for people and the planet.

With conscious decision-making we can plan, design and procure infrastructure projects  that have the capacity to be resilient, sustainable and inclusive. This can allow us to realise the immediate short-term benefits of infrastructure investment in stimulating the economy across a range of markets and regions, and maximise the benefits and longevity of that investment going forward, all while moving towards a greener, equitable future.

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Infrastructure Monitor identifies and analyses global trends in private investment in infrastructure to inform future investment and policy.

Pipeline Access

Pipeline Access is a directory of project pipelines that enables government and industry to track projects and assemble market analyses.

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Infrastructure Development Essays

Economic growth and development in the global south, the mountain valley pipeline (mvp), pablo escobar: a comprehensive analysis of a complex figure, the belt and road: its significance to china’s vision as the world power, popular essay topics.

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Infrastructure Development – Theory, Practice and Policy

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This compendium presents the papers presented in the conference 'Infrastructure Development Theory, Practice, and Policy' held on  29th and 30th April, 2021. It brings together the select papers from the conference and other contributions from experts and researchers. The compendium puts together the research under various themes, and we hope that the theoretical findings will impact the practice and policy in the future, as well as pave the way for future research in the direction of achieving more efficient, and more humane infrastructure.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter | 9  pages, the quest for a green economy in india – the policy quagmire, section section i | 49  pages, future agenda and the thrust areas (what), chapter | 4  pages, sustainability and economic conflicts – local solutions with global direction can help in juggling act, chapter | 6  pages, gender representation in esg communication of indian companies: observations and insights, chapter | 15  pages, need for an alternative approach to housing for industrial workers – a case of morbi, gujarat, chapter | 8  pages, how social infrastructure influences gender discrimination in intra-household resource allocation: case of private health-care spending in india, chapter | 7  pages, a case study on agrovoltaic: technology for rural infrastructure development, reclaiming and rejuvenating urban water bodies: case of mullassery canal, kochi, kerala, section section ii | 39  pages, process to achieve the desired outcomes (how), india as a global hub at the intersection of technology and sustainable infrastructure, chapter | 3  pages, skilling for sustainability, sustainable accounting practices, chapter | 11  pages, hybrid infrastructure for effective sustainable growth: theory, practice and policy (icid-2021), chapter | 12  pages, potential of blockchain based tokenized securities for green real estate bonds, section section iii | 63  pages, measuring the outcomes - focusing on the ‘how’ to ensure ‘why’, infrastructure development: ensuring environmentally sustainable outcomes, around the world in eighty days: some insights for health policies from early incidence, fatality, and recovery data of covid-19, data envelopment analysis based fuzzy topsis and fuzzy copras techniques for selection of solar energy projects, chapter | 13  pages, a system simulation framework to evaluate the sustainability of buildings, evolution of electric mobility policy in india: a historical analysis, impact of renewable energy on indian economy: a review.

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Seizing the U.S. infrastructure opportunity: Investing in current and future workers  

Full report file-pdf Methodological appendix

Investing in infrastructure can stimulate economic growth and unleash job creation nationally. Whether building roads, repairing pipes, or upgrading power plants, investments in the country’s transportation, water, energy, and broadband systems not only supports more economic output, but also drives the need for more workers. Several new pieces of federal legislation—including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), and the CHIPS and Science Act—are pumping hundreds of billions of dollars toward new projects and new jobs and are launching generational levels of investment not seen since the New Deal.

Leaders risk squandering this generational window of infrastructure investment if they only focus on future job creation without addressing the cracking foundation of the country’s current workforce.

State fact sheets

file-pdf California file-pdf Colorado file-pdf Illinois file-pdf Massachusetts file-pdf Pennsylvania file-pdf Wisconsin

But national, state, and local leaders risk squandering this generational window of infrastructure investment if they only focus on future job creation without addressing the cracking foundation of the country’s current workforce.

Infrastructure investment already supports millions of workers nationally. Moving goods, producing energy, managing water, and carrying out many other essential activities depends on workers across every corner of the country and is foundational to economic growth and opportunity. Yet, hiring, training, and retention gaps remain vast across this workforce, as fewer workers are entering these careers and more workers are retiring and leaving these jobs than ever before. At the same time, too few of these job opportunities are filled by younger students, women, and people of color.

How can leaders expand the future infrastructure workforce if they cannot even hold onto the current infrastructure workforce? This report aims to equip leaders with more consistent data and information to better target, measure, and address their infrastructure workforce needs. It builds off past Brookings research to provide an updated look at current U.S. infrastructure employment, showing the hurdles faced by individual workers to fill these jobs and grow their careers.

Methods on defining and measuring the infrastructure workforce is available in a downloadable appendix . State fact sheets are also available here: California , Colorado , Illinois , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , Wisconsin . 

Navigating the Infrastructure Career Pipeline

While new federal funding offers enormous potential to grow more jobs, leaders face a massive challenge that has existed for some time: struggles to recruit and hold onto current infrastructure workers, which limits the country’s pool of talent to take on existing needs, let alone expand the pool of talent to take on new tasks. These gaps exist despite several long-term opportunities in the infrastructure sector, including multiple career pathways, competitive wages, and transferable skills.

95 infrastructure occupations employ 16.6 million workers nationally.

Younger prospective workers

Young prospective workers face many potential pathways in the infrastructure sector, whether looking to become an electrician, plumber, or civil engineer and joining 16.6 million other workers nationally (11.8% of the country’s workforce). Most of these careers are involved in operating and maintaining roads, pipes, power lines, and other systems, rather than simply constructing them, leading to long-term job opportunities.

Infrastructure occupations pay 30% higher wages to lower-income workers.

They can also earn higher pay. Infrastructure occupations pay 30% higher wages to workers at lower income levels, supporting more equitable career pathways. In particular, they pay $31,750 and $39,270 at the 10th and 25th percentile, respectively, compared to $23,980 and $29,950 for all occupations at these percentiles. Large occupations paying higher wages range from bus and truck mechanics, to highway maintenance workers, to electrical power-line installers, and include many unionized positions. This means higher pay for workers just entering the labor market or transitioning into these positions for the first time, offering more opportunity to those grabbing the bottom rungs of the career ladder.

But prospective workers often do not even know these careers exist or consider them a career of choice. Students in high school (and earlier) may not enroll in classes geared toward these careers—including those in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields—and they may not have the mentorships or other connections and repeated opportunities to explore related careers. Meanwhile, infrastructure employers, including transportation departments and utilities, tend to overemphasize projects, struggle to reach out to these workers, and rely on inflexible, outdated HR practices to get them in the door.

For more on the wages of infrastructure jobs, see page 19 in the full report »

Mid-career workers

Mid-career workers—including those who are unemployed or underemployed—face similar opportunities to enter or transition into these careers.  And they can often do so without having to get an advanced degree. Most infrastructure workers (53.8%) have a high school diploma or less, which contrasts sharply with the shares for workers across all occupations nationally, 31.6% of whom have a high school diploma or less. Yet they still earn competitive wages, whether employed as wind turbine technicians, septic tank servicers, or rail car repairers.

53.8% of infrastructure workers have a high school diploma or less

Instead they develop skills and experience on the job; 86.8% of infrastructure workers need some level of on-the-job training, compared to 62.6% of workers across all occupations nationally. Infrastructure workers develop many specialized skills and earn specialized credentials through work-based learning, but they still rely on many similar types of knowledge that can be transferrable, such as knowledge in public safety and security, engineering and technology, law and government, and more.

Such extensive on-the-job training, though, can create barriers to entry and create hurdles to advance their careers. Workforce development approaches in infrastructure are often highly siloed and fragmented by the specific industry, employer, and geography; workers tend to gain degrees, licenses, and certifications for a particular job in a particular place—as an electrician or plumber, for instance—which can limit their ability to move or advance their careers across the country. Workers can also lack supportive services, such as childcare and transportation, making it even more difficult to gain a foothold in these careers.

For more on the educational and training requirements of infrastructure jobs, see page 23 in the full report »

Advanced workers

Advanced workers, especially those already in the infrastructure sector, are essential to constructing, operating, and maintaining the county’s physical systems—and have done so while earning higher wages and developing valuable skillsets. However, many are either eligible for retirement or simply transitioning out of their roles altogether. From 2021 to 2031, projections show 1.7 million infrastructure workers (12.2%) leaving their jobs each year on average, leading to huge replacement needs. Moreover, these holes may be even bigger to fill than any projected job growth from new federal infrastructure funding, which estimate up to 1.5 million new jobs created annually over the next decade.

Projections show 1.7 million infrastructure workers leaving their jobs each year on average

For more on projected infrastructure job growth and worker shortages, see page 25 in the full report »

Only about 1 in 5 infrastructure workers are women, significantly lower than national averages

Many of these workers are frequently older, male, and white, signaling a need to reach more and different types of workers in coming years.Many infrastructure workers are 45 years and older, such as transit and intercity bus drivers (72.8%), power distributors and dispatchers (55.7%), and rail yard engineers (53.8%); perhaps even more concerning, though, are the 11% of workers 24 years or younger. In addition, women make up only 18.5% of all infrastructure workers, while they make up 49.6% of all workers nationally, and the shares of Black, Hispanic, and Asian workers can also be frequently lower than national averages across a range of occupations.

Hiring and training workers have posed difficulties for several decades, but simply holding onto infrastructure workers is becoming increasingly problematic. A “silver tsunami” of workers has swelled in recent years, causing many infrastructure employers to see 10% (or more) of their workers retire annually, and as more of these workers reach the end of their careers with fewer younger workers to pick up the baton, vast amounts of institutional knowledge and skills may be lost forever. But many other workers are also simply fed up, quitting their jobs in higher numbers to seek additional pay, workplace flexibility, and other benefits, similar to other “Great Resignation” issues affecting the economy.

For more on worker demographics, see page 27 in the full report »

A map to grow the future and current infrastructure workforce

For more on policy implications and recommendations, see page 32 in the full report »

About the Author

Joseph w. kane, fellow – brookings metro, related research, beyond shovel-ready: the extent and impact of u.s. infrastructure jobs.

This report sheds new light on the widespread contributions that infrastructure jobs make to the nation’s economy, including their importance at the metropolitan level. Since many of these jobs offer more equitable wages, require less formal education for entry, and are projected to grow over the next decade, they represent a key area of consideration for policymakers aiming to address the country’s ongoing infrastructure and jobs deficit.

Infrastructure skills: Knowledge, tools, and training to increase opportunity

This report expands on previous analyses to describe the skills needed to fill infrastructure occupations nationally. More than 14.5 million workers—or 11 percent of the entire U.S. workforce—are employed in infrastructure-related activities, many of which operate different physical assets and extend far beyond construction projects. In turn, a wide variety of knowledge, tools and technologies, and education and training is often required in these occupations. Ultimately, since millions of workers in infrastructure occupations earn competitive wages and need to be replaced over the next decade, they represent a crucial segment of the workforce when it comes to expanding economic opportunity and require targeted workforce development strategies from public, private, and civic leaders across the country.

Renewing the water workforce: Improving water infrastructure and creating a pipeline to opportunity

Nearly 1.7 million workers fill jobs across the water sector, while facing lower educational barriers to entry and earning more competitive pay.

Advancing inclusion through clean energy jobs

Beyond its environmental benefits, the clean energy economy transition will bring higher paying job opportunities with less barriers for workers to access.

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Infrastructure development in India: a systematic review

• Original Paper
• Published: 14 October 2023
• Volume 16 , article number  35 , ( 2023 )

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• A. Indira   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1189-5922 1 &
• N. Chandrasekaran   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0076-2019 2  

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It is now well-accepted that infrastructure development is essential for the growth of any economy. Successive governments in India, both at the Union and State level have given a thrust towards increased budgetary spending on infrastructure to help economic growth. On the eve of the 75th year of independence, there is a reiteration for long-term initiatives, including focused programs for roads, railways, airports, waterways, mass transport, ports, and logistics to further boost infrastructure spending. Keeping this in mind, the authors sought to systematically review the literature on how infrastructure development has unfolded in India between the years 2000–2022. The study shows that with diverse economic growth in India, there is interest in infrastructure development aligned with public interests. Infrastructure development is contextual and location-specific. Access to infrastructure positively impacts social and economic outcomes. There is however growing concern for sustainable development with rapid urbanization.

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Source  Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, 2021–22, Table 93

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Indira, A., Chandrasekaran, N. Infrastructure development in India: a systematic review. Lett Spat Resour Sci 16 , 35 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00357-5

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Essays on public infrastructure investment and economic growth

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Essay on infrastructure development : a way for economic development.

We are providing many paragraphs, long essay in very simple language with the boundaries of different words here.  Here you can find Essay on Infrastructure Development : A Way for Economic Development in English language for students in 1000 words. In this article cover Topic : Introduction of infrastructure, Classification of infrastructure, Development of infrastructure through different models, Government of India's policy for the development of infrastructure, India's infrastructural development in the fields of agriculture, transport and industry and Importance of development of urban infrastructure.

To achieve excellence in development and development for any country, infrastructure is an important component. The role of infrastructure can never be reduced, because it contributes both directly and indirectly to the economy. India is growing rapidly in the world, where economic growth has declined; It provides very high potential for investment and development. The transition of the country depends on the basic structure of development from developing countries, as it supports the infrastructure, primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), tertiary (service) Regions The infrastructure can be classified as difficult and soft infrastructure. Hard infrastructure is also known as physical infrastructure, it is necessary for the functioning of any developing country. Infrastructure, infrastructure, social infrastructure, education sector, health sector, financial system, government infrastructure, law enforcement, emergency services, defense infrastructure, infrastructure, railway, roads, airports, harbors, electricity, irrigation, urban infrastructure Framework etc. are included. .

The main difference between the two types of infrastructure is that the former (hard infrastructure) contributes towards the 'development' of the country, while the latter (soft infrastructure) contributes towards the direction of 'development' of one country. For the overall development of any country there is a sufficient balance between the two. Although the tilt can be on the hard infrastructure because the results are solid but the role of soft infrastructure is also very important. Infrastructure can be developed on three models. These three models can be implemented for the development of infrastructure. The first model is government funded and managed infrastructure. Here, the private sector does not set up its feet because their profit viability is not so much. The other model is personal funded and managed infrastructure, but it is also available for public use. Here, the viability of profit is special, therefore the private sector is operating in this area. The third segment is a public-private partnership. Public-private ownership is a public-legal entity which is a business-legal relationship defined by the Government of India as a partnership between the public sector unit and the private sector unit, where 51 percent or more equity private institutions Is with. This is not a complex model where funding and management have agreed on the basis of agreement or contract. This model has come to define the development of infrastructure since 1991, when we opened our economy for liberalization, privatization and globalization. Here mostly private sectors know how and government funding allows the development of infrastructure. Keeping in mind the size and population of India, we call India India as a deprived country. At present, whenever India and the world are growing at a relatively slow pace, but to maintain economic growth, investment in infrastructure can hardly exaggerate. Due to the possibility of development in the area, FDI flow in the construction sector is increasing year after year.

In 2015, the Government of India has announced the target of Z-25 trillion investment in infrastructure during the three years in a three-year period, in which 27 industrial groups for road construction, railway and port connectivity projects and Jade for the development of additional Z 5 trillion 8 trillion will be included. Apart from this, India needs Jade 31 trillion for the development of infrastructure in the next five years, which has 70 percent power, roads and urban infrastructure. Indian economy is mainly dependent on agriculture. 55 percent of our population is included in agriculture, making the area the largest employer. This area requires permanent improvement in the irrigation infrastructure. Since India is dependent on monsoon and the irregularity of the monsoon has created stressful conditions in the last few years, this could lead to cases of farmer suicides.

Therefore, applying appropriate investment and timely will provide much relief in the area. Plans like quick irrigation benefit program, river linking projects will come a long way. In the 2016-17 budget, the government has allocated a large amount for irrigation infrastructure development. The Government announced that the existing schemes implemented by some scheme schemes like Krishnati Yojana, Soil Health Card Scheme, Paramparagate Agricultural Development Scheme etc.

Similarly, roads, railways, airports, harbors are very important infrastructure which are also in and out of business and commerce in the country. In the 2016 budget, the government has allocated Z. 2.18 lakh crore for road and rail in 2016-17. Projects such as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Delhi, Mumbai Freight Corridor etc. are a step in the right direction. Apart from this, sea ports are being upgraded by enhancing the mechanized handling and cargo handling capacity of the cargo. Apart from this, there will be a great deal of coastal shipping and trade in projects like Sea Mala. For promoting coastal cloey shipping, he has asked all 12 major ports to prioritize such vessels and facilitate the speed of the cargo, as a short duration 1.1) RI solutions are comprehensive for Sagarmala and As a step for integrated planning, the government will identify a potentially geographical area called coastal for a national perspective plan for the coastal region.

Economic sector Similarly, the government is diversifying the freight goods taken by the Railways. Since the road infrastructure is a major competitor for the Railways, the Railways are also exploring more opportunities in the outskirts. About 30% of total freight is for railways Another very important infrastructure is energy sector, today the total installed capacity of India is about 290 GW. India is diversifying its energy mix because green energy is the demand of today's world. Investments in solar projects, nuclear power, wind mills are taking high speed. The government has also opened FDI in these areas. Recently, the government had also launched UDY for financial changes of distribution companies. Through the UDA (Bright Discom Assurance Plan), the government will convert all the outstanding debt of dismodest into state bonds, which they can give at the later date. Government has also released schemes for rural electrification like Prime Minister Rural Electrification Scheme. Improvement in energy sector and infrastructure development is very important as it promotes growth in other areas such as agriculture, industry service sector. Urban infrastructure of any developed state has great importance

Due to fast book life in urban areas the infrastructure should be world-class. Many urban projects that actually change the face of the city, Delhi Metro, Yamuna Expressway, Bandra-Warli Sea Link, Maharashtra Bus Rapid Transport System, Indira Gandhi International Airport etc. He has troubled the people of the area with regular traffic. The government has also made efforts to improve the infrastructure of smart cities, housing for all etc. These schemes will create conditions for hassle free in urban areas. Two important infrastructure of urban areas is needed; solid waste management and drinking water supply. Solid waste management has become a major threat to urban areas like Delhi, Mumbai.

Government efforts are required in social infrastructure. Since these infrastructure are not very beneficial ventures, it is the duty of the government to fill these shortcomings in the form of a welfare state. However, private investment has started in the health and education sector. But due to the cost of private social infrastructure many people are beyond reach. The government should make concerted efforts to come up with more infrastructure projects and ensure execution at their time. Since the projects are often imposed by cost and time, as a result there is inconvenience to the beneficiaries and the tax payer's money gets reduced. Government machinery, such as special purpose vehicle and viability transfer funding, is relevant to infrastructure development.

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