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The influence of the parameters of the skew rolling process for bimetallic elements on the mechanical properties and structure of materials.
2. materials and methods, 2.1. materials used for research, 2.2. process parameters, 2.3. metallographic analysis, 3. experimental research, 5. fem analysis, 5.1. numerical model verification (fem), 5.2. analysis of temperature distribution, 5.3. strain analysis, 5.4. stress analysis, 6. conclusions.
Institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
Click here to enlarge figure
Material | C | Si | P | S | Cr | Mo | Ni |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C60 | 0.57–0.65 | 0.40 | 0.045 | 0.045 | 0.40 | 0.10 | 0.40 |
S355J | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.04 |
Billet | Variant | D, mm | d, mm | t, mm | δ = D/D | Vc, mm/s | Welded Fronts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | I | 52 | 38 | 7 | 1.14 | 15 | no |
II | 52 | 38 | 7 | 1.27 | 25 | no | |
2 | III | 52 | 34 | 9 | 1.14 | 15 | no |
IV | 52 | 34 | 9 | 1.27 | 25 | no | |
3 | V | 52 | 38 | 7 | 1.14 | 15 | yes |
VI | 52 | 38 | 7 | 1.27 | 25 | yes | |
4 | VII | 52 | 34 | 9 | 1.14 | 15 | yes |
VIII | 52 | 34 | 9 | 1.27 | 25 | yes |
Thickness of Outer Layer of Billet (t) 7 mm | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of test | Diameter reduction δ = 1.14 | Diameter reduction δ = 1.27 | ||
Outer diameter D , mm | Core diameter d , mm | Outer diameter D , mm, | Core diameter d , mm | |
Experiment | 45.7 | 33.8 | 41.1 | 30.8 |
FEM | 45.4 | 33.2 | 40.9 | 30.4 |
Thickness of Outer Layer of Billet (t) 9 mm | ||||
Type of test | Diameter reduction δ = 1.14 | Diameter reduction δ = 1.27 | ||
Outer diameter Dx, mm | Core diameter dx, mm | Outer diameter Dx, mm, | Core diameter dx, mm | |
Experiment | 45.7 | 31.1 | 41.0 | 27.8 |
FEM | 45.4 | 30.6 | 40.9 | 27.2 |
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Kusiak, T.; Tomczak, J.; Wójcik, J. The Influence of the Parameters of the Skew Rolling Process for Bimetallic Elements on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Materials. Materials 2024 , 17 , 4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184558
Kusiak T, Tomczak J, Wójcik J. The Influence of the Parameters of the Skew Rolling Process for Bimetallic Elements on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Materials. Materials . 2024; 17(18):4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184558
Kusiak, Tomasz, Janusz Tomczak, and Jarosław Wójcik. 2024. "The Influence of the Parameters of the Skew Rolling Process for Bimetallic Elements on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Materials" Materials 17, no. 18: 4558. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184558
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November 13, 2023
Deeksha Pande, Sandeep Pai, Rishi Kishore | November 2023
Executive summary.
The planet has already warmed by over 1o C over pre-industrial levels and is causing severe weather events around the world. In 2022, there were at least 10 climate-related extreme weather events – from flooding and drought in China to Hurricane Ian in the United States – that caused over $3 billion worth of damage each. Continued emissions will warm the planet even further and will likely intensify extreme weather events. In order to keep global warming well below 2o C – a goal enshrined in the Paris agreement – coal, oil and gas will need to be phased out rapidly. But phasing out fossil fuels will also impact local and regional economies, as these industries provide jobs, revenues, and other services to local communities. To mitigate these impacts, policymakers and key stakeholders have argued for a just transition that is centered around economic diversification of fossil fuel dependent regions. To gain a holistic understanding of how fossil fuel regions can diversify their economies, we conducted a global review of case studies of past economic diversification efforts in natural resource sectors. Overall, we reviewed 87 papers spanning case studies ranging from countries like Malaysia, Norway to local regions like Appalachia and Ruhr.
Based on the review, we created a holistic framework of economic diversification. Our framework constitutes five key elements:
We further categorized each element into several actionable strategies undertaken for diversification.
As fossil-fuel regions decline, economic diversification to sustainable sectors will be at the heart of just transition planning. Our first of its kind framework will be a helpful starting point for key stakeholders including government officials, transition practitioners and task force members who are interested in pursuing economic diversification of fossil fuel regions.
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Rural architecture serves as a significant carrier in the revitalization of rural culture, together with the local natural scenery and customs, forming the distinctive rural landscape. This paper explores and extracts nine distinctive cultural elements of Zhe-style dwelling houses, including house layout, facade composition, gable form, street scale, wind and rain corridors, roof design, building materials, overall color scheme, and decorative carvings, through the identification of landscape genes using four modes, Based on this, an exploration of Zhe-style vernacular dwelling construction in Wengsen Street, Shuangmiao Township, Xianju County, in the Zhejiang central region is conducted, leading to the discovery of a new traditionalist design approach that combines theoretical application and Zhe-style culture practices. In addition, by promoting the integration of Zhe-style residential buildings with the natural environment, it is beneficial to reduce environmental damage and improve the adaptability and sustainability of residential buildings.
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Fan, Z., Chen, C., & Huang, H. (2022). Immersive cultural heritage digital documentation and information service for historical Figure metaverse: a case of Zhu Xi, Song Dynasty, China. Heritage Science, 10 (1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00749-8
Fang, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Guo, H., & Sun, Z. (2022, Apr 28). High-definition survey of architectural heritage fusing multisensors—The case of Beamless Hall at Linggu Temple in Nanjing, China. Sensors (Basel), 22 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093369
Ganobjak, M., Brunner, S., Hofmann, J., Klar, V., Ledermann, M., Herzog, V., Kampfen, B., Kilian, R., Wehdorn, M., & Wernery, J. (2023, Oct 13). Current trends in aerogel use in heritage buildings: Case studies from the aerogel architecture award 2021. Gels, 9 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9100814
Jiang, W., Yao, K., Lin, Q., Zhao, Y., & Lu, D. (2023, Nov 22). Optical fiber sensing-aided 3D-printed replacement parts for enhancing the sensing ability of architectural heritage. Micromachines (Basel), 14 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14122135
Li, Y., Liu, Y., & Wen, Y. (2022). New algorithm of traditional Chinese medicine and protection of intangible cultural heritage based on big data deep learning. BioMed Research International, 2022 , 1645204. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1645204
Liu, X., & Li, M. (2020 May). Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage to promote mental healthcare in China: Challenges to maintaining the sustainability of safeguarding efforts. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66 (3), 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020904752
Maselli, G., Cucco, P., Nestico, A., & Ribera, F. (2024, Jun). Historical heritage-MultiCriteria Decision Method (H-MCDM) to prioritize intervention strategies for the adaptive reuse of valuable architectural assets. MethodsX, 12 , 102487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102487
Sun, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019, Jan 25). Accuracy evaluation of videogrammetry using a low-cost spherical camera for narrow architectural heritage: An observational study with variable baselines and blur filters. Sensors (Basel), 19 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030496
Wang, L. (2022). Evaluation of the practical effects of environmental measures in the conservation of architectural heritage in Yan'an based on recurrent neural networks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022 , 3749482. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3749482
Wang, X., Li, H., Wang, Y., & Zhao, X. (2022, Aug 20). Assessing climate risk related to precipitation on cultural heritage at the provincial level in China. Science of the Total Environment, 835 , 155489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155489
Yang, J., Wang, L., & Wei, S. (2022, Dec 30). Spatial variation and its local influencing factors of intangible cultural heritage development along the grand canal in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010662
You, X., Zhang, Y., Tu, Z., Xu, L., Li, L., Lin, R., Chen, K., Chen, S., & Ren, W. (2023, Feb 28). Research on the sustainable renewal of architectural heritage sites from the perspective of extenics-using the example of tulou renovations in LantianVillage, Longyan City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054378
Yu, H., Verburg, P. H., Liu, L., & Eitelberg, D. A. (2016, Jun). Spatial analysis of cultural heritage landscapes in Rural China: Land use change and its risks for conservation. Environmental Management, 57 (6), 1304–1318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-016-0683-5
Zhang, H., & Long, S. (2023). Evaluation of attraction and spatial pattern analysis of world cultural and natural heritage tourism resources in China. Plos One, 18 (8), e0289093. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289093
Zhang, Z., Zou, Y., & Xiao, W. (2023). Exploration of a virtual restoration practice route for architectural heritage based on evidence-based design: A case study of the Bagong House. Heritage Science, 11 (1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-023-00878-8
Zou, H., Liu, Y., Li, B., & Luo, W. (2022, Oct 11). Sustainable development efficiency of cultural landscape heritage in urban fringe based on GIS-DEA-MI, a case study of Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19 (20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013061
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This research was supported by Zhejiang University of Science & Technology (NO. F701104K02; 0,101,104,502).
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School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
Gaochuan Zhang, Jiajia Lv, Qiaoyuan Lin & Min Fang
Zhejiang Southeast Architectural Design Group CO. LTD, Hangzhou, 310023, China
Gaochuan Zhang
Zhejiang-Singapore Joint Laboratory for Urban Renewal and Future City, Hangzhou, 310023, China
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Correspondence to Qiaoyuan Lin .
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School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Tokyo, Japan
Joni Jupesta
Faculty of Economics, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
Giuseppe T. Cirella
School of Built Environment, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Gloria Pignatta
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Zhang, G., Lv, J., Lin, Q., Fang, M. (2024). Research on Zhe-Style Dwelling Houses from the Perspective of Architecture Culture—Taking the Traditional Village in Xianju County as an Example. In: He, B., Jupesta, J., Cirella, G.T., Pignatta, G. (eds) Urban Climate Change Adaptation. CCES CCES 2022 2023. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65088-8_20
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An outline of the research questions and hypotheses; the assumptions or propositions that your research will test. Literature Review. Not all research reports have a separate literature review section. In shorter research reports, the review is usually part of the Introduction. A literature review is a critical survey of recent relevant ...
5. Conclusion: Last but not least, you will end up your report with the conclusion that sums up the whole story of the research. In conclusion, it is important to maintain a hierarchy of ideas in order of importance of details. In a way, it is more like an essay conclusion that rephrases the introduction.
There are five MAJOR parts of a Research Report: 1. Introduction 2. Review of Literature 3. Methods 4. Results 5. Discussion. As a general guide, the Introduction, Review of Literature, and Methods should be about 1/3 of your paper, Discussion 1/3, then Results 1/3. Section 1: Cover Sheet (APA format cover sheet) optional, if required.
Definition: Research Paper is a written document that presents the author's original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue. It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new ...
Thesis is a type of research report. A thesis is a long-form research document that presents the findings and conclusions of an original research study conducted by a student as part of a graduate or postgraduate program. It is typically written by a student pursuing a higher degree, such as a Master's or Doctoral degree, although it can also ...
Use the section headings (outlined above) to assist with your rough plan. Write a thesis statement that clarifies the overall purpose of your report. Jot down anything you already know about the topic in the relevant sections. 3 Do the Research. Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this report.
Research reports generally require a research design phase, where the report author(s) determine the most important elements the report must contain. Just as there are various kinds of research, there are many types of reports. Here are the standard elements of almost any research-reporting format: Report summary.
Research reports are recorded data prepared by researchers or statisticians after analyzing the information gathered by conducting organized research, typically in the form of surveys or qualitative methods. A research report is a reliable source to recount details about a conducted research. It is most often considered to be a true testimony ...
An APA-style research report begins with a ... The closing of the introduction—typically the final paragraph or two—usually includes two important elements. The first is a clear statement of the main research question or hypothesis. This statement tends to be more formal and precise than in the opening and is often expressed in terms of ...
What are the implications of the findings? The research report contains four main areas: Introduction - What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study. Methods - The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study ...
Choose a research paper topic. Conduct preliminary research. Develop a thesis statement. Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft.
Abstract. This guide for writers of research reports consists of practical suggestions for writing a report that is clear, concise, readable, and understandable. It includes suggestions for terminology and notation and for writing each section of the report—introduction, method, results, and discussion. Much of the guide consists of ...
A research report is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered an objective and accurate source of information.
Research report: the presentation of the research and its results in a rigorously formatted document that follows a conventional structure. In presenting your research, you pull all its elements together into a focused, coherent document. Research reports contain a standard set of elements that include. front matter.
A complete research paper in APA style that is reporting on experimental research will typically contain a Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References sections. 1 Many will also contain Figures and Tables and some will have an Appendix or Appendices. These sections are detailed as follows (for a more in ...
1. Research Paper Title. A research paper title is read first, and read the most. The title serves two purposes: informing readers and attracting attention. Therefore, your research paper title should be clear, descriptive, and concise. If you can, avoid technical jargon and abbreviations.
This is the first elements of research. 2. Variable. A variable is an element of research that can be measured, manipulated or controlled. It can be any property or characteristic that changes over time, can be a number or can take on different values (such as height, age, temperature or test scores).
Reports of research studies usually follow the IMRAD format. IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, [and] Discussion) is a mnemonic for the major components of a scientific paper. These elements are included in the overall structure outlined below.
Paper www.communicate.gse.harvard.edu Academic papers are like hourglasses. The paper opens at its widest point; the introduction makes broad connections to the reader's interests, hoping they will be persuaded to follow along, then gradually narrows to a tight, focused, thesis statement.
Top 10 Key Elements Of Research Paper Structure You Must Know. As discussed above, the key to a successful and impressive research paper is getting its structure right. The basic structure of a general research paper goes in the sequence of the title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion of the same which ...
Elements of the Written Report. While the elements of actual reports may vary slightly, a basic research report has three sections: Section I: Introduction. Section II: Body of the Report. Section III: Appendices. Here is an outline of a standard written research report. Actual reports may vary somewhat from this outline:
Research Report Definition. According to C. A. Brown, "A report is a communication from someone who has information to someone who wants to use that information.". According to Goode and Hatt, "The preparation of report is the final stage of research, and it's purpose is to convey to the interested persons the whole result of the study, in sufficient detail and so arranged as to enable ...
12/15/1 6 7 Dr Priy Brat Dwivedi, CCE Oman. What is a good report. All points should be clear to the intended reader. Should be concise with information and arranged logically. under various ...
This paper presents selected results of theoretical and experimental research into the manufacture of axisymmetric bimetallic components using three-tool skew rolling technology. In the tests, it was assumed that the outer layer would be a material intended for heat treatment. However, low-carbon steel was used for the core. Experimental investigations were carried out in an innovative CNC ...
Based on the review, we created a holistic framework of economic diversification. Our framework constitutes five key elements: Institutionalize the diversification process; Develop local infrastructure; Identify specific sectors based on competence; Mobilize finance for economic diversification; and, Invest in human capital development
2.1 Genetic Identification Models for Zhe-Style Dwelling Houses. There are four basic models for identifying the landscape genes of traditional settlements: the two-dimensional form recognition model: analyze the horizontal and vertical arrangement characteristics of landscape elements based on the local planar morphology, facade features, and enclosure structure of the settlement. the three ...
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