assignment and assumption deed

Deed of Assignment or Deed of Novation: Key Differences and Legal Implications of Novation and Assignment Contracts

Novation and assignment stand out as pivotal processes for the transfer of contractual rights and obligations. These legal concepts allow a party to the contract to adapt to changing circumstances, ensuring that business arrangements remain relevant and effective. This article explores the nuances of novation and assignment, shedding light on their distinct legal implications, procedures, and practical applications. Whether you’re a business owner navigating the transfer of service contracts, or an individual looking to understand your rights and responsibilities in a contractual relationship, or a key stakeholder in a construction contract, this guide will equip you with the essential knowledge to navigate these complex legal processes.

Table of Contents

• What is a Deed of Novation? 
• What is a Deed of Assignment? 

Key Differences Between Novation and Assignment Deeds

Need a deed of novation or assignment key factors to consider, selecting the right assignment clause for your contract – helping you make the right choice, what is a deed of novation.

Novation is a legal process that allows a new party to a contract to take the place of an original party in a contract, thereby transferring both the responsibilities and benefits under the contract to a third party. In common law, transferring contractual obligations through novation requires the agreement of all original parties involved in the contract, as well as the new party. This is because novation effectively terminates the original contract and establishes a new one.

A novation clause typically specifies that a contract cannot be novated without the written consent of the current parties. The inclusion of such a clause aims to preclude the possibility of novation based on verbal consent or inferred from the actions of a continuing party. Nevertheless, courts will assess the actual events that transpired, and a novation clause may not always be enforceable. It’s possible for a novation clause to allow for future novation by one party acting alone to a party of their choosing. Courts will enforce a novation carried out in this manner if it is sanctioned by the correct interpretation of the original contract.

Novation is frequently encountered in business and contract law, offering a means for parties to transfer their contractual rights and duties to another, which can be useful if the original party cannot meet their obligations or wishes to transfer their contract rights. For novation to occur, there must be unanimous consent for the substitution of the new party for the original one, necessitating a three-way agreement among the original party, the new party, and the remaining contract party. Moreover, the novation agreement must be documented in writing and signed by all involved parties. Understanding novation is essential in the realms of contracts and business dealings, as it provides a way for parties to delegate their contractual rights and responsibilities while freeing themselves from the original agreement.

What is a Deed of Assignment?

A deed of assignment is a legal document that facilitates the transfer of a specific right or benefit from one party (the assignor) to another (the assignee). This process allows the assignee to step into the assignor’s position, taking over both the rights and obligations under the original contract. In construction, this might occur when a main contractor assigns rights under a subcontract to the employer, allowing the employer to enforce specific subcontractor duties directly if the contractor fails.

Key aspects of an assignment include:

• Continuation of the Original Contract: The initial agreement remains valid and enforceable, despite the transfer of rights or benefits.
• Assumption of Rights and Obligations: The assignee assumes the role of the assignor, adopting all associated rights and responsibilities as outlined in the original contract.
• Requirement for Written Form: The assignment must be documented in writing, signed by the assignor, and officially communicated to the obligor (the party obligated under the contract).
• Subject to Terms and Law: The ability to assign rights or benefits is governed by the specific terms of the contract and relevant legal statutes.

At common law, parties generally have the right to assign their contractual rights without needing consent from the other party involved in the contract. However, this does not apply if the rights are inherently personal or if the contract includes an assignment clause that restricts or modifies this general right. Many contracts contain a provision requiring the consent of the other party for an assignment to occur, ensuring that rights are not transferred without the other party’s knowledge.

Once an assignment of rights is made, the assignee gains the right to benefit from the contract and can initiate legal proceedings to enforce these rights. This enforcement can be done either independently or alongside the assignor, depending on whether the assignment is legal or equitable. It’s important to note that while rights under the contract can be assigned, the contractual obligations or burdens cannot be transferred in this manner. Therefore, the assignor remains liable for any obligations under the contract that are not yet fulfilled at the time of the assignment.

Choosing Between Assignment and Novation in a Construction Contract

Choosing between a deed of novation and an assignment agreement depends on the specific circumstances and objectives of the parties involved in a contract. Both options serve to transfer rights and obligations but in fundamentally different ways, each with its own legal implications, risks, and benefits. Understanding these differences and considering various factors can help in making an informed decision that aligns with your goals.

The choice between assignment and novation in a construction project scenario, where, for instance, an employer wishes to engage a subcontractor directly due to loss of confidence in the main contractor, hinges on several factors. These are:

• Nature of the Contract:  The type of contract you’re dealing with (e.g., service, sales) can influence which option is more suitable. For instance, novation might be preferred for service contracts where obligations are personal and specific to the original parties.
• Parties Involved: Consent is a key factor. Novation requires the agreement of all original and new parties, making it a viable option only when such consent is attainable. Assignment might be more feasible if obtaining consent from all parties poses a challenge.
• Complexity of the Transaction: For transactions involving multiple parties and obligations, novation could be more appropriate as it ensures a clean transfer of all rights and obligations. Assignment might leave the original party with ongoing responsibilities.
• Time and Cost: Consider the practical aspects, such as the time and financial cost associated with each option. Novation typically involves more complex legal processes and might be more time-consuming and costly than an assignment.

If the intention is merely to transfer the rights of the subcontractor’s work to the employer without altering the subcontractor’s obligations under a contract, an assignment might suffice. However, if the goal is to completely transfer the main contractor’s contractual role and obligations to the employer or another entity, novation would be necessary, ensuring that all parties consent to this new arrangement and the original contractor is released from their obligations.

The legal interpretations and court decisions highlight the importance of the document’s substance over its label. Even if a document is titled a “Deed of Assignment,” it could function as a novation if it transfers obligations and responsibilities and involves the consent of all parties. The key is to clearly understand and define the objective behind changing the contractual relationships and to use a deed — assignment or novation — that best achieves the desired legal and practical outcomes, ensuring the continuity and successful completion of the construction project.

Understanding the distinction between assignment deeds and novation deeds is crucial for anyone involved in contractual agreements. Novation offers a clean slate by transferring both rights and obligations to a new party, requiring the consent of all involved. Assignment, conversely, allows for the transfer of contractual benefits without altering the original contract’s obligations. Each method serves different strategic purposes, from simplifying transitions to preserving original contractual duties. The choice between novation and assignment hinges on specific legal, financial, and practical considerations unique to each situation. At PBL Law Group, we specialise in providing comprehensive legal advice and support in contract law. Our team is dedicated to helping clients understand their options and make informed decisions that align with their legal and business objectives. Let’s discuss!

Authored By Raea Khan

Director Lawyer, PBL Law Group

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Assignment and assumption agreement

What is an assignment and assumption agreement?

An assignment and assumption agreement is a contract that allows one of the parties to transfer their contractual rights and duties to another party.

An assignment of contract is used after a previous agreement has been signed and one of the parties wants to pass on its obligations to a third party that wasn\’t originally part of the contract.

The parties involved in an assignment of contract are:

Uses of assignment agreements

Asset purchase transactions.

 During mergers and acquisitions , the parties typically enter into additional agreements that are accessory to the purchase contract to evidence the transfer of assets. Among these ancillary documents is the assignment and assumption agreement, which may be required to make the Asset Purchase Agreement (APA) effective. 

In the context of a business transaction, the assignment and assumption agreement is a shorter agreement than the APA. A buyer will use the assignment contract to evidence the ownership of the assigned assets, while the seller uses it to prove that it is the buyer who now has assumed all the rights and obligations related to the assigned asset.

In asset acquisitions, it is common to have several assignment agreements that are used to authenticate the property of different assets, such as patents, trademarks, or copyrights. 

Opting out of a contract

If the party of a contract is no longer able to fulfill its obligations or wants to cede its rights to someone else, assignment agreements can come into place. Only if the terms of the original contract allow it, the assignor can transfer its property rights and obligations or debt to someone else.

An example could be a contractor who needs help to complete a job and assigns tasks and entitlements to a subcontractor.   

Startup Assignment Agreements

Assignment contracts are typically used by newly formed businesses that rely on software, trademarks, or other sort of intellectual property. Since technology startups expect financing from outside investors, a technology attorney will usually recommend the use of assignment agreements as a means of ensuring third parties, such as shareholders, can profit from using their IP and make it easier to find funding for their businesses. 

Conditions for an assignment contract to be valid

To be able to hand over the contractual obligations, the following criteria need to be met:

It’s essential to notice that, although assigning a contract will transfer the rights and duties to the receiving party, the assignor will not be released from any obligations that arose before the assignment. Before entering a contract assignment, ensure a contract review lawyer advises you it is safe to proceed, how to do it, and if you will be still liable for specific terms in the contract.

An assignment will not be enforced if:

Elements of an Assignment Agreement

Details on the existing agreement: Provides identification data on the existing contract, such as its date of execution and purpose. 

Additionally, the assignment contract will contain provisions related to indemnification and governing law.  

In M&A, when in need to prove the ownership of specific assets, or if you are facing difficulties in fulfilling your contractual obligations, an assignment and assumption agreement will demonstrate you are the right owner and keep your business’s credibility intact. 

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ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION AGREEMENTS

The Assignment and Assumption Agreement

An assignment and assumption agreement is used after a contract is signed, in order to transfer one of the contracting party’s rights and obligations to a third party who was not originally a party to the contract. The party making the assignment is called the assignor, while the third party accepting the assignment is known as the assignee.

In order for an assignment and assumption agreement to be valid, the following criteria need to be met:

The initial contract must provide for the possibility of assignment by one of the initial contracting parties. The assignor must agree to assign their rights and duties under the contract to the assignee. The assignee must agree to accept, or “assume,” those contractual rights and duties. The other party to the initial contract must consent to the transfer of rights and obligations to the assignee. A standard assignment and assumption contract is often a good starting point if you need to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement. However, for more complex situations, such as an assignment and amendment agreement in which several of the initial contract terms will be modified, or where only some, but not all, rights and duties will be assigned, it’s a good idea to retain the services of an attorney who can help you draft an agreement that will meet all your needs.

The Basics of Assignment and Assumption

When you’re ready to enter into an assignment and assumption agreement, it’s a good idea to have a firm grasp of the basics of assignment:

First, carefully read and understand the assignment and assumption provision in the initial contract. Contracts vary widely in their language on this topic, and each contract will have specific criteria that must be met in order for a valid assignment of rights to take place.

All parties to the agreement should carefully review the document to make sure they each know what they’re agreeing to, and to help ensure that all important terms and conditions have been addressed in the agreement. Until the agreement is signed by all the parties involved, the assignor will still be obligated for all responsibilities stated in the initial contract. If you are the assignor, you need to ensure that you continue with business as usual until the assignment and assumption agreement has been properly executed.

Filling in the Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Unless you’re dealing with a complex assignment situation, working with a template often is a good way to begin drafting an assignment and assumption agreement that will meet your needs. Generally speaking, your agreement should include the following information:

Identification of the existing agreement, including details such as the date it was signed and the parties involved, and the parties’ rights to assign under this initial agreement

The effective date of the assignment and assumption agreement

Identification of the party making the assignment (the assignor), and a statement of their desire to assign their rights under the initial contract

Identification of the third party accepting the assignment (the assignee), and a statement of their acceptance of the assignment

Identification of the other initial party to the contract, and a statement of their consent to the assignment and assumption agreement

A section stating that the initial contract is continued; meaning, that, other than the change to the parties involved, all terms and conditions in the original contract stay the same

In addition to these sections that are specific to an assignment and assumption agreement, your contract should also include standard contract language, such as clauses about indemnification, future amendments, and governing law.

Sometimes circumstances change, and as a business owner you may find yourself needing to assign your rights and duties under a contract to another party. A properly drafted assignment and assumption agreement can help you make the transfer smoothly while, at the same time, preserving the cordiality of your initial business relationship under the original contract.

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Understanding Assumption Agreements: A Simple Guide

LegalGPS : July 25, 2024 at 11:20 AM

Have you ever heard of the term "assumption agreement" and wondered what it meant? You're not alone. To understand assumption agreements, we need to delve a bit into the world of contractual law. But don't worry, I promise to make it as simple as possible while still bringing you the essential knowledge you need. Also, we have an assumption agreement template if you need one.

Assumption Agreement Template

Legal GPS templates are drafted by top startup attorneys and fully customizable.

Table of Contents

Detailed understanding of assumption agreement, the purpose of assumption agreement, benefits of using assumption agreements, real-life examples of assumption agreements, faq on assumption agreement, components of an assumption agreement.

• Identify and review the original agreement
• Negotiate terms with the assignee
• Draft the assumption agreement
• Edit and finalize
• Retain a copy

Do you need a lawyer for this?

Definition: An assumption agreement is a kind of legal document that you'll find commonly used in finance and real estate transactions. This type of agreement transfers the obligations of one party under a contract to another party.

Imagine you want to sell your business but have outstanding debts that need to be paid. The buyer of your business agrees to assume those debts and pay them, along with owning the business. This situation is where an assumption agreement comes in; it's there to ensure that everyone knows who's responsible for paying these debts after the transaction takes place.

Usage: We often see assumption agreements during mergers and acquisitions, wherein the buyer will assume certain liabilities of the selling company. Another common scenario is in loan assumption, wherein the obligation of paying a loan is transferred from the initial borrower to a new borrower.

Parties Involved: Typically, an assumption agreement includes two main parties: the assignor (let's say, Seller A) and the assignee (Buyer B). Seller A is looking to transfer their obligations, while Buyer B is ready to assume those obligations.

The purpose of an assumption agreement is to ensure the seller is freed from their obligations, while the buyer agrees to take on these obligations. Legally, the seller could still be held liable if they don't have a proper assumption agreement in place that absolves them of those responsibilities. The agreement provides a clear record that the buyer has taken over the obligations, ensuring that everyone is on the same page.

For example, if the seller is responsible for paying property taxes, they'll want to be sure that's transferred over to the new owner. If it's not, then they could still be held liable for those payments. The same goes for any other obligations such as utilities or insurance premiums.

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Much like a sturdy handrail on a steep staircase, an assumption agreement provides fundamental support, helping to avoid slips and falls in the world of contract law.

Benefits for the Assignor: The assignor, having fulfilled their obligations up to the point of the sale, can walk away without having to worry about what happens next. With a legally binding assumption agreement in place, they're unburdened from any obligations in the contract previously held.

Benefits for the Assignee: For the assignee, an assumption agreement clearly states what obligations they're now responsible for. As with any binding agreement, it's important to have all the details in black and white. After all, no one wants to enter a business arrangement based on hearsay.

This is important because assumptions can be legally binding, meaning that if the assignee is not given full disclosure on what their obligations are, they could be held liable for any damages incurred.

For example, if they were to sign a lease on an office space but didn't know that it was also being used as a storage unit for the previous owner's inventory or equipment, they could be held responsible for returning the premises back to its original state when they vacate.

Consider a real estate scenario. Let's say you're buying a house that still has an existing mortgage. Assume you plan to pay the remaining mortgage rather than obtaining a new mortgage. An assumption agreement can transfer the responsibility of the mortgage from the seller to you, the buyer. The seller can walk away from the mortgage, and you can continue making payments on the existing mortgage.

Another example, let's say a business is sold, and the new owner takes responsibility for the lease on the building. The lease assumption agreement details the new obligations of the new owner and ensures the original owner is no longer responsible for the lease.

Lastly, an assumption agreement can be used for a joint venture, in which two or more parties are working together to create something. This type of agreement details how the business will be run and what each party's responsibilities will be.

Q: Are assumption agreements legally binding?

Yes, assumption agreements are legally binding. Like any other contract, it sets out the terms and conditions of the agreement that the assignor and the assignee have mutually agreed upon.

Q: What happens if the assignee is unable to fulfill the obligations listed in the assumption agreement?

The remedies will depend on the stipulations of the agreement. The assignor might legally be able to retrieve their transferred right/obligation if the assignee fails to perform their contractual duty.

Q: What happens if the assignee does not fulfill the obligations listed in the assumption agreement?

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When you're preparing an assumption agreement, it's essential to include specific elements to ensure its legality and enforceability. Here are some of the key components to include in an assumption agreement:

Identification of parties: Clearly outline the legal names and contact information of the assignor and the assignee to avoid any confusion or misunderstandings.

Description of the original agreement: Provide a brief description of the initial agreement, including its date, purpose, and any relevant reference numbers or identification codes. In many cases, attaching a copy of the original agreement as an exhibit is helpful.

• List of obligations: Clearly identify and list all obligations being transferred from the assignor to the assignee in the assumption agreement. This helps to ensure clarity and accountability for both parties.
• Effective date: State when the obligations will officially transfer from the assignor to the assignee and when the agreement comes into effect.
• Full assumption: Include a clause stating that the assignee assumes all obligations and liabilities and that the assignor is released from these responsibilities once the agreement comes into effect.
• Representations and warranties: This section should include any necessary representations or warranties from both the assignor and assignee. This might cover the current status of the obligations, the absence of any outstanding disputes, and confirmation that all necessary approvals have been obtained.
• Notices: Outline how and where any notices or official communications related to the agreement should be delivered, specifying any necessary mailing addresses or email addresses.
• Governing law: Clearly state which jurisdiction's laws will apply to the agreement. This ensures there's a clear legal framework if any disputes arise later.
• Signatures: Finally, make sure both the assignor and the assignee sign and date the agreement. This brings the contract into effect and makes it legally binding.

Preparing Your Assumption Agreement

If you're planning to create an assumption agreement, following these steps can help you prepare a well-crafted, legally sound document:

Identify and review the original agreement: To prepare an accurate assumption agreement, you'll first need to identify the initial agreement you intend to assume. Review it thoroughly to identify any clauses or inconspicuous details that may affect the assumption. Take note of any laws that apply to the original agreement and whether they will be carried over into the assumption. For example, if the initial contract was made in another state, you'll need to consider how this affects your ability to assume it. If there are specific laws regarding assumption agreements in your state, make sure you're familiar with them before proceeding.

Negotiate terms with the assignee: Just as with any other agreement, both parties' interests should be safeguarded through negotiation. Discuss any concerns or demands with potential assignees before finalizing the components of your assumption agreement. This is important because assumption agreements are legally binding contracts, so you'll want to ensure that all of your needs are met. In some cases, the assignee may not be willing to accept certain terms and conditions; if this is the case, it's best to walk away from the deal rather than proceeding without agreement.

Draft the assumption agreement: Using the guidance outlined above, prepare a first draft of the agreement. Double-check all the details and include both the assignor's and the assignee's input. This might look like the following:

Edit and finalize: Make any necessary revisions and proofread the agreement to ensure clarity and accuracy. Once both parties are satisfied with the terms, sign and date the document. If you don't do this before having the document notarized, then you'll need to get the signatures witnessed by a notary public. The notary will verify your identity and ensure that both parties are signing of their own free will.

Retain a copy: It's essential to keep a copy of the executed assumption agreement in a secure location, preferably both in physical and digital formats. This will serve as a reference in case of any future disputes or clarifications.

In navigating legal processes and transactions, knowledge is your best tool. Understanding how assumption agreements work can open up new strategies and protections for yourself and your business.

Of course, drafting an assumption agreement should be done with careful attention to detail and preferably, with the assistance of legal professionals. If you're looking for a pre-made template crafted by expert legal practitioners, look no further. We provide an easy-to-use, comprehensive Assumption Agreement template at an affordable price. Navigate confidently in the business world supported by our professional legal templates. Click here to get started!

The biggest question now is, "Do you need to hire a lawyer for help?" Sometimes, yes ( especially if you have multiple owners ). But often for single-owner businesses, you don't   need a lawyer to start your business .

Many business owners instead use tools like  Legal GPS for Business , which includes a step-by-step, interactive platform and 100+ contract templates to help you start and grow your company.

Get Legal GPS's Assumption Agreement Template Now

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What is an Assignment and Assumption Agreement: Everything You Need to Know

An assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement for transferring contractual duties and rights. 3 min read updated on January 01, 2024

“What is an assignment and assumption agreement?” is a question that you may find yourself asking if you intend to end your involvement in contract by letting another person step into your shoes. An assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement for transferring contractual duties and rights. It is a separate agreement from the one being transferred. The original contract may contain certain terms and conditions regarding assignments and assumptions, so it is important for the parties involved to review the contract carefully before proceeding with the transfer.

What Is an Assignment and Assumption Agreement?

Also referred to as an assignment and assumption, an assignment and assumption agreement is an agreement that is established when one party of a contract wishes to transfer his or her  contractual obligations and rights to another party. The party who is transferring his or her rights is called the assignor, while the one receiving them is known as the assignee.

In some situations, an assignor will not be completely released from liability even after he or she has assigned the contract. The parties should look closely at the specific language in the contract to determine the restrictions and terms that apply to assignments and assumptions. An agreement for an assignment and assumption is a document that is separate from the contract it transfers.

Reasons for Creating an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

After two parties  enter into a contract , a change in business climate, one party's equity, or other factors may make it necessary to assign the contract. If both parties agree to the assignment and sign the necessary documents to transfer existing duties and interests, an agreement may be assigned to and assumed by another party.

A business may lose its foothold in the marketplace or one of contracting parties may fail to perform its contractual obligations due to changing local laws. Instead of leaving parties bound to an irrelevant or  dated agreement , an assignment makes it possible for struggling or incapable parties to be replaced with parties that are more capable of responding to the requirements and goals of the contract. The process of assignment itself enables the parties to continue a dialogue, which can help develop and solidify a successful business relationship.

A Guide to Creating an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Sometimes, a contract may have specific rules regarding what type of assignment is permitted, who can receive the assignment, and how the assignment should be processed. It is essential that you read the original contract to ensure that all contracting parties have met all the requirements for assignments and assumptions. Each party should be given enough time to review both the initial agreement and the assignment. This will help prevent the situation where one party claims that he or she does not understand the terms and their effect on the agreement or his or her rights and duties.

In addition, you and the other party should carefully review the assignment to make sure that it includes all relevant deal points. Avoid assuming that both parties have agreed to certain terms or expectations even if they are not clearly stated in the document. It is better to over-include than under-include terms in the agreement. Since the terms of the initial agreement are still effective, both parties should continue to fulfill their contractual obligations until the assignment is signed and completed.

Three copies of the assignment and assumption agreement must be signed: two for the initial contracting parties and one for the assignee. Your copy of the signed assignment agreement should be kept with the original agreement. Once the assignment is created and signed, it will become part of the initial contract and should be treated as such. Depending on the  terms of the agreement , you may want to have the assignment witnessed or notarized. By doing so, you can avoid the situation where someone challenges the validity of a signature.

What to Include in an Assignment and Assumption Agreement

An assignment and assumption agreement can be written in many different ways. In many instances, such an agreement includes the following:

• Names of assignor and assignee
• Whereas clause stating that both assignor and assignee have agreed to the assignment
• Statement of assignment
• Statement of assumption
• Effective date of assignment
• Statement about future transfers and assignments to permitted successors
• Declaration that the agreement can be executed in counterparts
• Statement confirming the presence of witnesses
• Signatures of the assignor and assignee

If you need help drafting an assignment and assumption agreement, you can  post your legal need on UpCounsel's marketplace. UpCounsel accepts only the top 5 percent of lawyers to its site. Lawyers on UpCounsel come from law schools such as Harvard Law and Yale Law and average 14 years of legal experience, including work with or on behalf of companies like Google, Menlo Ventures, and Airbnb.

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Assignment And Assumption Of Lease: Definition & Sample

Jump to section, what is an assignment and assumption of lease.

An assignment and assumption of lease is a legal real estate document that allows one party to transfer rights and obligations of a lease to another party. Often used in real estate transactions and mortgage lending, the assignment and assumption of lease agreement requires the landlord to consent to move forward.

An assignor may include an assumption agreement to provide legal protection by transferring obligations to the new tenant. For example, if a tenant defaults on a mortgage or stops paying rent, the original seller is no longer liable. Assignment and assumption of lease agreements cover terms like who is newly responsible for the lease and the landlord's contract for this agreement.

Common Sections in Assignment And Assumption Of Leases

Below is a list of common sections included in Assignment And Assumption Of Leases. These sections are linked to the below sample agreement for you to explore.

Assignment And Assumption Of Lease Sample

Reference : Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database, EX-10.2 2 d425646dex102.htm ASSIGNMENT AND ASSUMPTION OF LEASE , Viewed October 18, 2021, View Source on SEC .

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Christopher Nuneviller has practiced in the securities, venture capital, corporate and emerging business sectors, and as a contract-advisor to the federal government, a federal government senior level executive, and as Army Judge Advocate. Like you, he also he is a partner in other business ventures and faces the same pressure to succeed, be profitable, and stay sane, all while making his clients, employees, family and business partners happy. As the managing partner for Philadelphia's MNB Meridian Law, Ltd., his focus is on assisting small and mid-sized businesses grow and thrive. As a business generalist, Christopher provides advice and counsel to businesses, their owners, investors and shareholders on matters ranging from formation, organization, governance, routine and special operations, and growth toward IPO. Christopher is also a former U.S. Army Judge Advocate having served seven years in Washington, D.C. where he gained significant experience with "above the fold" matters of great import and an unhealthy insight into the internal workings of the "beltway" underbelly. Mr. Nuneviller is admitted to practice in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and before the Supreme Court of the United States, the Court of Federal Claims, and the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces.

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Assumption Transactions in Texas

by David J. Willis J.D., LL.M.

What is an assumption?

The essential features of an assumption are that (1) the buyer takes title by means of an assumption deed (with or without a vendor’s lien retained by the seller) containing either general or special warranties; and (2) the buyer promises to pay all or part of the balance of existing indebtedness against the property, a promise that may or may not be secured by a deed of trust to secure assumption that gives the seller a non-judicial foreclosure remedy in the event of nonpayment.

Additional documents such as an assumption agreement may also be needed. If the buyer is an investor, some sort of authority—either a special power of attorney or a property management letter—should be secured so that the investor can later obtain payoff information.

In terms of transactional documentation, there is a barebones unsecured approach that minimizes potential liability for a buyer, and there is a secured approach (involving a vendor’s lien and deed of trust to secure assumption) that maximizes protection for the seller.

Can an assumption be accomplished without the lender’s permission?

Yes . An assumption transaction may be accomplished with or without consent of the lender. The transaction involves only a title transfer (a conveyance by deed in which the lender does not participate) and a promise by the buyer to take over payments on an existing debt. This promise is between buyer and seller and does not involve the lender on the existing loan .

As far as a lender’s ability to prevent an assumption transaction, no such mechanism exists. There is no point in the process where a lender has the legal ability to intercept and prevent the assumption transaction from closing, nor is there a means (judicial or non-judicial) by which a lender can require that a completed assumption transaction be unwound.

The majority of assumption transactions occur unofficially without consent from the lender. Title is transferred and the buyer makes a promise to the seller that he or she will make payments on the existing note as they fall due. The specifics of how payments will be handled and when they will begin is often handled in a separate assumption agreement between buyer and seller.

Buyer’s Liability on Existing Note

After the assumption is closed (assuming lender pre-approval was not obtained), what is the buyer’s liability to the lender on the existing note? There is none. Promising to pay the existing indebtedness in an assumption transaction is only a pledge from buyer to seller, not to the lender.

The only way one becomes obligated to a lender is to sign a note to that lender. Similarly, the only way one is released from a note obligation is for the lender to sign a release of note and lien.

Assumable Versus Non-Assumable Loans

Most loans today are referred to as non-assumable. This is contrasted with certain loans in years past (VA loans, for instance) that could be assumed just by paying an assumption fee and notifying the lender of a new owner. It was a simple substitution.

Those days are gone. Even so, does the term non-assumable mean that an owner cannot deed the property to someone else? No. The concept of title is separate from the concept of debt. An owner of real property is normally entitled to transfer title whenever and to whomever he or she wishes. Doing so, however, does not relieve the selling owner from responsibility to pay the existing note (since the seller has not been released) nor does it obligate the buyer to start making payments on the note (since the buyer has not signed the lender’s note). A typical deed transfers title—that’s all. Obligations to a lender under existing indebtedness remain exactly as they were before the sale.

The assumability issue is relevant only in determining whether or not the lender will allow substitution of one borrower for another. In other words, will the lender let the seller off the hook for the debt and substitute the name of the buyer as the new borrower? The answer is no. Lenders want a new buyer to either (1) apply, qualify, and pay fees to assume the existing loan or (2) get a new loan. That is the nature of the lending business.

Due-on-Sale

Before engaging in an assumption without lender consent, one should check the wording of the deed of trust securing the existing loan. If it contains a due-on-sale clause (and nearly all of them do) then its wording needs to be carefully evaluated.

The due-on-sale clause in paragraph 18 of the commonly-used FannieMae deed of trust states: “If all or any part of the Property or any interest in the Property is sold or transferred (or if Borrower is not a natural person and a beneficial interest in Borrower is sold or transferred) without Lender’s prior written consent, Lender may [italics added] require immediate payment in full. . . .” A lender is thus given the option to accelerate the note if it chooses. Lender action is entirely discretionary.

The due-on-sale clause in the FHA deed of trust is worded differently. Paragraph 9(b) states that the lender “ shall [italics added], if permitted by applicable law . . . require immediate payment in full. . . .”

Most residential deeds of trust merely give the lender a choice as to whether to accelerate the note or not. It becomes a business decision by the lender to either (1) take no action or (2) accelerate and proceed to foreclosure. For now, the majority of lenders are choosing not to accelerate so long as the loan remains current; but there is always the possibility that economic factors (rising interest rates, for example) could influence lenders to make a different choice. There is no method of doing an assumption transactions that eliminates the due-on-sale risk.

Additional note: if an owner transfers title without lender consent, is he or she guilty of breaching the deed of trust? Committing an illegal act? No . In nearly all residential cases, a change of title without notifying the lender is not a breach or violation of anything. It only results in giving the lender a choice as to whether or not to accelerate. It does not render the owner civilly or criminally culpable in any way.

Seven-Day Notice Rule

Property Code Section 5.016 contains a notice rule that applies in the case of unapproved assumptions. This section requires that seven-days advance notice be sent to the lender, theoretically providing the lender with an opportunity to call the loan due. There is, however, no stated penalty for failing to give the notice.

In most cases when this notice is given (often to the loan servicer) there is no immediate response or action.

Lender consent is not required under this statute.

Is an assumption the same thing as a wrap?

No. In a wrap, a new borrower-lender relationship is created, one between buyer and seller. The buyer becomes obligated to the seller on a new wraparound note that is secured by a new wraparound deed of trust. As to the existing note (the wrapped note), the seller remains obligated to continue monthly payments until it is paid and released. The wrap and the wrapped obligations coexist.

By contrast, in an assumption, no new note is created. The buyer instead makes a promise to the seller (not the lender) that the buyer will pay the existing note.

What is the difference between assumption and “subject to?”

In an assumption, the buyer promises to pay the existing debt. By contrast, in a sub2, the buyer takes title but expressly disclaims any obligation to pay the seller’s debt , even though that debt is secured by an existing lien on the property. There is no agreement to assume anything. A sub2 buyer can choose to keep the existing loan current or not.

A typical assumption clause might read: “As further consideration, Grantee promises to keep and perform all of the covenants and obligations of the Grantor contained in the Assumed Note and the Assumed Deed of Trust. Grantee shall commence payments on the Assumed Note on or before the next regular due date under the Assumed Note.”

A typical “subject to” clause might read: “This conveyance is made subject to any and all indebtedness of Grantor and liens against the Property including but not limited to that certain note described as follows: [details of note]. Grantee does not assume payment of this or any other indebtedness of Grantor.”

A sub2 transaction is usually entered into by investors who want to do a short-term flip (perhaps after doing some rehab work) without incurring any responsibility for the existing note in the process. The objective is usually to sell the property quickly to a new buyer who will then pay off the existing note at a traditional title company closing.

Assumptions tend to be more appropriate for those who intend to hold a property for a while.

Is title insurance available for unapproved assumptions?

Sometimes but usually not. Title companies are conservative institutions that avoid potential liability so most assumptions will need to be closed without title insurance in the office of an attorney familiar with creative transactions. If a buyer is curious about the status of title (and an investor-buyer should always be curious about the chain of title) then a title report should be obtained and examined before closing.

What if there is more than one existing loan?

An assumption transaction may still occur if there are multiple loans and liens. The notes may even be payable to different lenders. A buyer may agree to assume payment of existing first and second liens, for example. The assumption deed will recite that the buyer is promising (to the seller) to make payments on two notes rather than one.

The more complicated the assumption, the more important it is to have a stand-alone assumption agreement that covers the details.

What about a short-term agreement to pay the note?

This is a hybrid, not a true assumption but not a true sub2 transaction either. An investor-buyer may make a promise to the seller to assume payments on the existing loan for a limited time—a year, perhaps, or until the property is resold to a third party. This is certainly feasible but the legal wording can be tricky. Example: “Although buyer does not promise to pay the existing note, it is agreed between buyer and seller that buyer will nonetheless make a limited number of monthly payments on said note commencing [date] and continuing for a period of up to 12 months or when the property is resold to a buyer who discharges the existing note, whichever is less.” In this way, the seller may feel safer about selling on an assumption while the investor-buyer limits liability to a short-term payment obligation.

What documents are involved in an assumption?

At the contract stage, one should use the TREC 1-4 contract with the Loan Assumption Addendum attached. This Addendum unfortunately does not have a special provisions section that allows for creative approaches, so a customized special provisions addendum prepared by an attorney will almost certainly be necessary as well.

As to the closing documents, there are two approaches:

(1) Seller-Oriented . The first approach is seller-oriented since it includes security for the seller, namely the right to foreclose and take the property back if assumption terms are not complied with. Documents required are a warranty deed with vendor’s lien and a deed of trust to secure assumption. Additional documents—a separate assumption agreement, a property management letter sent to the lender, and a power of attorney in favor of the buyer—may be included. These supplementary documents are advisable, if for no other reason than it may become necessary for the buyer to inquire about a payoff, and without evidence of legal authority (a document signed and acknowledged by the original borrower) a lender will not supply this confidential information. An alternative might be to obtain the seller’s online login information so as to access the lender’s website.

(2) Oriented in Favor of Investor-Buyer. The second, simpler option is more favorable to an investor-buyer. It is used when the seller does not require (or perhaps even care about) taking security for the assumption. If the seller’s credit is already in poor shape, the seller may just want to deed the property over to an investor-buyer and hope to never hear any more about it. For this approach, a single document—an assumption deed without a vendor’s lien—is sufficient to complete the transfer title. Getting a simple assumption deed like this should always be an investor-buyer’s preferred approach.

What if the buyer defaults on his promise to pay the existing note?

If the seller obtained security in the form of a deed of trust to secure assumption—option (1) above—then non-judicial foreclosure (on the courthouse steps) is available if the buyer defaults on the assumption promise. Texas has an expedited non-judicial foreclosure process set out in Property Code Section 51.002. This statute requires that a homeowner be given at least a 20-day notice of default and intent to accelerate the note if the default is not timely cured. A judicial foreclosure (by means of a lawsuit) is also an available option.

If, on the other hand, the seller merely signed an assumption deed without a vendor’s lien and without a deed of trust to secure assumption, the seller is probably out of luck when it comes to a quick remedy for buyer default. In the absence of actual fraud committed by the buyer, the seller is probably out of luck entirely.

Order of Preference: Creative Approaches to Assumptions

From the point of view of an investor-buyer, there is a definite order of preference when it comes to structuring and documenting these sorts of transactions:

(1) take title to the property by means of a “subject to” deed (which of course is not an assumption at all);

(2) take title by means of a hybrid deed—basically a sub2 deed that promises to make payments on the existing note for a limited period (six months for example) or until the property is resold—so the assumption portion of the transaction is strictly limited in duration;

(3) take title by means of an assumption deed without a vendor’s lien (and unsupported by a deed of trust) which promises, as part of the consideration for the transfer, that the investor-buyer will pay the existing debt with payments commencing on a certain date;

(4) take title by means of a stand-alone assumption deed with a vendor’s lien (but without a deed of trust to secure assumption in favor of seller); or

(5) take title by means of an assumption deed with vendor’s lien secured by a deed of trust to secure assumption in favor of the seller and supported by an assumption agreement along with a special power of attorney (to enable the buyer to communicate with the lender).

The guidance of an attorney experienced in this area should always be obtained in preparing documents, since it can be easy to mix or confuse assumption language with language relating to “subject to.”

Non-Recourse Clause

From the point of view of an investor-buyer, the closing documents for every transaction in this category—one that involves a title change where there is existing debt—should as a safety measure include a non-recourse clause against the general assets of the investor debtor.

Information in this article is provided for general informational and educational purposes only and is not offered as legal advice upon which anyone may rely. The law changes. Legal counsel relating to your individual needs and circumstances is advisable before taking any action that has legal consequences. Consult your tax advisor as well. This firm does not represent you unless and until it is expressly retained in writing to do so.

Copyright © 2023 by David J. Willis. All rights reserved worldwide. David J. Willis is board certified in both residential and commercial real estate law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization. More information is available at his website, www.LoneStarLandLaw.com .

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Debt Assignment and Assumption Agreement

A Debt Assignment and Assumption Agreement is a very simple document whereby one party assigns their debt to another party, and the other party agrees to take that debt on. The party that is assigning the debt is the original debtor; they are called the assignor. The party that is assuming the debt is the new debtor; they are called the assignee.

The debt is owed to a creditor.

This document is different than a Debt Settlement Agreement , because there, the original debtor has paid back all of the debt and is now free and clear. Here, the debt still stands, but it will just be owed to the creditor by another party.

This is also different than a Debt Acknowledgment Form , because there, the original debtor is simply signing a document acknowledging their debt.

How to use this document

This document is extremely short and to-the-point. It contains just the identities of the parties, the terms of the debt, the debt amount, and the signatures. It is auto-populated with some important contract terms to make this a complete agreement.

When this document is filled out, it should be printed, signed by the assignor and the creditor, and then signed by the assignee in front of a notary. It is important to have the assignee's signature notarized, because that is the party that is taking on the debt.

Applicable law

Debt Assignment and Assumption Agreements are generally covered by the state law where the debt was originally incurred.

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• assignments basic law

Assignments: The Basic Law

The assignment of a right or obligation is a common contractual event under the law and the right to assign (or prohibition against assignments) is found in the majority of agreements, leases and business structural documents created in the United States.

As with many terms commonly used, people are familiar with the term but often are not aware or fully aware of what the terms entail. The concept of assignment of rights and obligations is one of those simple concepts with wide ranging ramifications in the contractual and business context and the law imposes severe restrictions on the validity and effect of assignment in many instances. Clear contractual provisions concerning assignments and rights should be in every document and structure created and this article will outline why such drafting is essential for the creation of appropriate and effective contracts and structures.

The reader should first read the article on Limited Liability Entities in the United States and Contracts since the information in those articles will be assumed in this article.

Basic Definitions and Concepts:

An assignment is the transfer of rights held by one party called the “assignor” to another party called the “assignee.” The legal nature of the assignment and the contractual terms of the agreement between the parties determines some additional rights and liabilities that accompany the assignment. The assignment of rights under a contract usually completely transfers the rights to the assignee to receive the benefits accruing under the contract. Ordinarily, the term assignment is limited to the transfer of rights that are intangible, like contractual rights and rights connected with property. Merchants Service Co. v. Small Claims Court , 35 Cal. 2d 109, 113-114 (Cal. 1950).

An assignment will generally be permitted under the law unless there is an express prohibition against assignment in the underlying contract or lease. Where assignments are permitted, the assignor need not consult the other party to the contract but may merely assign the rights at that time. However, an assignment cannot have any adverse effect on the duties of the other party to the contract, nor can it diminish the chance of the other party receiving complete performance. The assignor normally remains liable unless there is an agreement to the contrary by the other party to the contract.

The effect of a valid assignment is to remove privity between the assignor and the obligor and create privity between the obligor and the assignee. Privity is usually defined as a direct and immediate contractual relationship. See Merchants case above.

Further, for the assignment to be effective in most jurisdictions, it must occur in the present. One does not normally assign a future right; the assignment vests immediate rights and obligations.

No specific language is required to create an assignment so long as the assignor makes clear his/her intent to assign identified contractual rights to the assignee. Since expensive litigation can erupt from ambiguous or vague language, obtaining the correct verbiage is vital. An agreement must manifest the intent to transfer rights and can either be oral or in writing and the rights assigned must be certain.

Note that an assignment of an interest is the transfer of some identifiable property, claim, or right from the assignor to the assignee. The assignment operates to transfer to the assignee all of the rights, title, or interest of the assignor in the thing assigned. A transfer of all rights, title, and interests conveys everything that the assignor owned in the thing assigned and the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor. Knott v. McDonald’s Corp ., 985 F. Supp. 1222 (N.D. Cal. 1997)

The parties must intend to effectuate an assignment at the time of the transfer, although no particular language or procedure is necessary. As long ago as the case of National Reserve Co. v. Metropolitan Trust Co ., 17 Cal. 2d 827 (Cal. 1941), the court held that in determining what rights or interests pass under an assignment, the intention of the parties as manifested in the instrument is controlling.

The intent of the parties to an assignment is a question of fact to be derived not only from the instrument executed by the parties but also from the surrounding circumstances. When there is no writing to evidence the intention to transfer some identifiable property, claim, or right, it is necessary to scrutinize the surrounding circumstances and parties’ acts to ascertain their intentions. Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998)

The general rule applicable to assignments of choses in action is that an assignment, unless there is a contract to the contrary, carries with it all securities held by the assignor as collateral to the claim and all rights incidental thereto and vests in the assignee the equitable title to such collateral securities and incidental rights. An unqualified assignment of a contract or chose in action, however, with no indication of the intent of the parties, vests in the assignee the assigned contract or chose and all rights and remedies incidental thereto.

More examples: In Strosberg v. Brauvin Realty Servs ., 295 Ill. App. 3d 17 (Ill. App. Ct. 1st Dist. 1998), the court held that the assignee of a party to a subordination agreement is entitled to the benefits and is subject to the burdens of the agreement. In Florida E. C. R. Co. v. Eno , 99 Fla. 887 (Fla. 1930), the court held that the mere assignment of all sums due in and of itself creates no different or other liability of the owner to the assignee than that which existed from the owner to the assignor.

And note that even though an assignment vests in the assignee all rights, remedies, and contingent benefits which are incidental to the thing assigned, those which are personal to the assignor and for his sole benefit are not assigned. Rasp v. Hidden Valley Lake, Inc ., 519 N.E.2d 153, 158 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988). Thus, if the underlying agreement provides that a service can only be provided to X, X cannot assign that right to Y.

Novation Compared to Assignment:

Although the difference between a novation and an assignment may appear narrow, it is an essential one. “Novation is a act whereby one party transfers all its obligations and benefits under a contract to a third party.” In a novation, a third party successfully substitutes the original party as a party to the contract. “When a contract is novated, the other contracting party must be left in the same position he was in prior to the novation being made.”

A sublease is the transfer when a tenant retains some right of reentry onto the leased premises. However, if the tenant transfers the entire leasehold estate, retaining no right of reentry or other reversionary interest, then the transfer is an assignment. The assignor is normally also removed from liability to the landlord only if the landlord consents or allowed that right in the lease. In a sublease, the original tenant is not released from the obligations of the original lease.

Equitable Assignments:

An equitable assignment is one in which one has a future interest and is not valid at law but valid in a court of equity. In National Bank of Republic v. United Sec. Life Ins. & Trust Co. , 17 App. D.C. 112 (D.C. Cir. 1900), the court held that to constitute an equitable assignment of a chose in action, the following has to occur generally: anything said written or done, in pursuance of an agreement and for valuable consideration, or in consideration of an antecedent debt, to place a chose in action or fund out of the control of the owner, and appropriate it to or in favor of another person, amounts to an equitable assignment. Thus, an agreement, between a debtor and a creditor, that the debt shall be paid out of a specific fund going to the debtor may operate as an equitable assignment.

In Egyptian Navigation Co. v. Baker Invs. Corp. , 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 30804 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 14, 2008), the court stated that an equitable assignment occurs under English law when an assignor, with an intent to transfer his/her right to a chose in action, informs the assignee about the right so transferred.

An executory agreement or a declaration of trust are also equitable assignments if unenforceable as assignments by a court of law but enforceable by a court of equity exercising sound discretion according to the circumstances of the case. Since California combines courts of equity and courts of law, the same court would hear arguments as to whether an equitable assignment had occurred. Quite often, such relief is granted to avoid fraud or unjust enrichment.

Note that obtaining an assignment through fraudulent means invalidates the assignment. Fraud destroys the validity of everything into which it enters. It vitiates the most solemn contracts, documents, and even judgments. Walker v. Rich , 79 Cal. App. 139 (Cal. App. 1926). If an assignment is made with the fraudulent intent to delay, hinder, and defraud creditors, then it is void as fraudulent in fact. See our article on Transfers to Defraud Creditors .

But note that the motives that prompted an assignor to make the transfer will be considered as immaterial and will constitute no defense to an action by the assignee, if an assignment is considered as valid in all other respects.

Enforceability of Assignments:

Whether a right under a contract is capable of being transferred is determined by the law of the place where the contract was entered into. The validity and effect of an assignment is determined by the law of the place of assignment. The validity of an assignment of a contractual right is governed by the law of the state with the most significant relationship to the assignment and the parties.

In some jurisdictions, the traditional conflict of laws rules governing assignments has been rejected and the law of the place having the most significant contacts with the assignment applies. In Downs v. American Mut. Liability Ins. Co ., 14 N.Y.2d 266 (N.Y. 1964), a wife and her husband separated and the wife obtained a judgment of separation from the husband in New York. The judgment required the husband to pay a certain yearly sum to the wife. The husband assigned 50 percent of his future salary, wages, and earnings to the wife. The agreement authorized the employer to make such payments to the wife.

After the husband moved from New York, the wife learned that he was employed by an employer in Massachusetts. She sent the proper notice and demanded payment under the agreement. The employer refused and the wife brought an action for enforcement. The court observed that Massachusetts did not prohibit assignment of the husband’s wages. Moreover, Massachusetts law was not controlling because New York had the most significant relationship with the assignment. Therefore, the court ruled in favor of the wife.

Therefore, the validity of an assignment is determined by looking to the law of the forum with the most significant relationship to the assignment itself. To determine the applicable law of assignments, the court must look to the law of the state which is most significantly related to the principal issue before it.

Assignment of Contractual Rights:

Generally, the law allows the assignment of a contractual right unless the substitution of rights would materially change the duty of the obligor, materially increase the burden or risk imposed on the obligor by the contract, materially impair the chance of obtaining return performance, or materially reduce the value of the performance to the obligor. Restat 2d of Contracts, § 317(2)(a). This presumes that the underlying agreement is silent on the right to assign.

If the contract specifically precludes assignment, the contractual right is not assignable. Whether a contract is assignable is a matter of contractual intent and one must look to the language used by the parties to discern that intent.

In the absence of an express provision to the contrary, the rights and duties under a bilateral executory contract that does not involve personal skill, trust, or confidence may be assigned without the consent of the other party. But note that an assignment is invalid if it would materially alter the other party’s duties and responsibilities. Once an assignment is effective, the assignee stands in the shoes of the assignor and assumes all of assignor’s rights. Hence, after a valid assignment, the assignor’s right to performance is extinguished, transferred to assignee, and the assignee possesses the same rights, benefits, and remedies assignor once possessed. Robert Lamb Hart Planners & Architects v. Evergreen, Ltd. , 787 F. Supp. 753 (S.D. Ohio 1992).

On the other hand, an assignee’s right against the obligor is subject to “all of the limitations of the assignor’s right, all defenses thereto, and all set-offs and counterclaims which would have been available against the assignor had there been no assignment, provided that these defenses and set-offs are based on facts existing at the time of the assignment.” See Robert Lamb , case, above.

The power of the contract to restrict assignment is broad. Usually, contractual provisions that restrict assignment of the contract without the consent of the obligor are valid and enforceable, even when there is statutory authorization for the assignment. The restriction of the power to assign is often ineffective unless the restriction is expressly and precisely stated. Anti-assignment clauses are effective only if they contain clear, unambiguous language of prohibition. Anti-assignment clauses protect only the obligor and do not affect the transaction between the assignee and assignor.

Usually, a prohibition against the assignment of a contract does not prevent an assignment of the right to receive payments due, unless circumstances indicate the contrary. Moreover, the contracting parties cannot, by a mere non-assignment provision, prevent the effectual alienation of the right to money which becomes due under the contract.

A contract provision prohibiting or restricting an assignment may be waived, or a party may so act as to be estopped from objecting to the assignment, such as by effectively ratifying the assignment. The power to void an assignment made in violation of an anti-assignment clause may be waived either before or after the assignment. See our article on Contracts.

Noncompete Clauses and Assignments:

Of critical import to most buyers of businesses is the ability to ensure that key employees of the business being purchased cannot start a competing company. Some states strictly limit such clauses, some do allow them. California does restrict noncompete clauses, only allowing them under certain circumstances. A common question in those states that do allow them is whether such rights can be assigned to a new party, such as the buyer of the buyer.

A covenant not to compete, also called a non-competitive clause, is a formal agreement prohibiting one party from performing similar work or business within a designated area for a specified amount of time. This type of clause is generally included in contracts between employer and employee and contracts between buyer and seller of a business.

Many workers sign a covenant not to compete as part of the paperwork required for employment. It may be a separate document similar to a non-disclosure agreement, or buried within a number of other clauses in a contract. A covenant not to compete is generally legal and enforceable, although there are some exceptions and restrictions.

Whenever a company recruits skilled employees, it invests a significant amount of time and training. For example, it often takes years before a research chemist or a design engineer develops a workable knowledge of a company’s product line, including trade secrets and highly sensitive information. Once an employee gains this knowledge and experience, however, all sorts of things can happen. The employee could work for the company until retirement, accept a better offer from a competing company or start up his or her own business.

A covenant not to compete may cover a number of potential issues between employers and former employees. Many companies spend years developing a local base of customers or clients. It is important that this customer base not fall into the hands of local competitors. When an employee signs a covenant not to compete, he or she usually agrees not to use insider knowledge of the company’s customer base to disadvantage the company. The covenant not to compete often defines a broad geographical area considered off-limits to former employees, possibly tens or hundreds of miles.

Another area of concern covered by a covenant not to compete is a potential ‘brain drain’. Some high-level former employees may seek to recruit others from the same company to create new competition. Retention of employees, especially those with unique skills or proprietary knowledge, is vital for most companies, so a covenant not to compete may spell out definite restrictions on the hiring or recruiting of employees.

A covenant not to compete may also define a specific amount of time before a former employee can seek employment in a similar field. Many companies offer a substantial severance package to make sure former employees are financially solvent until the terms of the covenant not to compete have been met.

Because the use of a covenant not to compete can be controversial, a handful of states, including California, have largely banned this type of contractual language. The legal enforcement of these agreements falls on individual states, and many have sided with the employee during arbitration or litigation. A covenant not to compete must be reasonable and specific, with defined time periods and coverage areas. If the agreement gives the company too much power over former employees or is ambiguous, state courts may declare it to be overbroad and therefore unenforceable. In such case, the employee would be free to pursue any employment opportunity, including working for a direct competitor or starting up a new company of his or her own.

It has been held that an employee’s covenant not to compete is assignable where one business is transferred to another, that a merger does not constitute an assignment of a covenant not to compete, and that a covenant not to compete is enforceable by a successor to the employer where the assignment does not create an added burden of employment or other disadvantage to the employee. However, in some states such as Hawaii, it has also been held that a covenant not to compete is not assignable and under various statutes for various reasons that such covenants are not enforceable against an employee by a successor to the employer. Hawaii v. Gannett Pac. Corp. , 99 F. Supp. 2d 1241 (D. Haw. 1999)

It is vital to obtain the relevant law of the applicable state before drafting or attempting to enforce assignment rights in this particular area.

Conclusion:

In the current business world of fast changing structures, agreements, employees and projects, the ability to assign rights and obligations is essential to allow flexibility and adjustment to new situations. Conversely, the ability to hold a contracting party into the deal may be essential for the future of a party. Thus, the law of assignments and the restriction on same is a critical aspect of every agreement and every structure. This basic provision is often glanced at by the contracting parties, or scribbled into the deal at the last minute but can easily become the most vital part of the transaction.

As an example, one client of ours came into the office outraged that his co venturer on a sizable exporting agreement, who had excellent connections in Brazil, had elected to pursue another venture instead and assigned the agreement to a party unknown to our client and without the business contacts our client considered vital. When we examined the handwritten agreement our client had drafted in a restaurant in Sao Paolo, we discovered there was no restriction on assignment whatsoever…our client had not even considered that right when drafting the agreement after a full day of work.

One choses who one does business with carefully…to ensure that one’s choice remains the party on the other side of the contract, one must master the ability to negotiate proper assignment provisions.

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REAL ESTATE LAW

What is a deed of assumption.

By Karen Brown, J.D.

• How to Put a Personal Lien on a Mobile Home Title

If you intend to assume a mortgage for your next property purchase, then you may be presented with a deed of assumption. Deeds of assumption evidence, simultaneously, the transfer of property ownership and the transfer of mortgage responsibility from the seller to the buyer. Once a deed of assumption is properly executed and recorded in your state, it is public knowledge that both the property and the mortgage now belong to you.

Assumable Mortgage

An assumable mortgage is one where the buyer takes over the seller's mortgage instead of getting a new mortgage. The buyer takes the mortgage at the seller's interest rate and terms, which could be a good deal depending on the market. Buyers must still qualify for an assumable mortgage and receive the lender's approval for the assumption. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and Veterans Administration (VA) insured mortgages are two examples of assumable mortgages.

Deeds and Assumable Mortgages

A deed is a written document that evidences the legal transfer of ownership of real estate. Both the grantor and grantee must sign the deed and record it in a local land records office in order for the deed to be valid. A deed of assumption is a single deed that includes both the language of a general warranty or other deed along with the acknowledgement that the buyer is taking over the mortgage on the property. Read More: Can I Assume a Mortgage After Divorce?

Effect of a Valid Deed of Assumption

Once a valid deed of assumption is recorded, the community is put on notice that both the property and the mortgage now belong to the buyer. Creditors and other persons with an interest in the mortgage or the property are now required to contact the new buyer. Despite the recording, the lender can still hold the seller responsible should the new buyer foreclose and the lender sells the property at less than the mortgage balance.

Your State's Law

Deeds of assumption may be identified by different names in different states. If you decide to purchase real estate with an assumable mortgage, be sure to understand how real estate transactions involving assumable mortgages are conveyed and recorded in your state. Also, clarify the terms of the assumption agreement. A local real estate attorney is the best resource for guidance regarding real estate transactions with deeds of assumption. Also consult your lender and local title agent.

• U.S. Legal Forms, Inc.: Assumable Mortgage Definition

Based in Richmond, Va., Karen Brown began her professional writing career in 1992. She has expertise in legal topics, federal administration, small-business issues and technical writing. Brown holds a Juris Doctor from The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law.

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Assignment and Assumption of Leases (Commercial Real Estate Purchase and Sale) | Practical Law

Assignment and Assumption of Leases (Commercial Real Estate Purchase and Sale)

Practical law standard document 5-522-3187  (approx. 10 pages).

• Practical Law

Assignment and Assumption Agreement

Practical law glossary item 7-382-3242  (approx. 3 pages).