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APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition)

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA

In this citation guide, you will learn how to reference and cite an undergraduate thesis, master’s thesis, or doctoral dissertation. This guide will also review the differences between a thesis or dissertation that is published and one that has remained unpublished. The guidelines below come from the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2020a), pages 333 and 334. Please note that the association is not affiliated with this guide.

Alternatively, you can visit EasyBib.com for helpful citation tools to cite your thesis or dissertation .

Guide Overview

Citing an unpublished thesis or dissertation, citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database, citing a thesis or dissertation: reference overview, what you need.

Since unpublished theses can usually only be sourced in print form from a university library, the correct citation structure includes the university name where the publisher element usually goes.

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case [Unpublished degree type thesis or dissertation]. Name of institution.

Ames, J. H., & Doughty, L. H. (1911). The proposed plans for the Iowa State College athletic field including the design of a reinforced concrete grandstand and wall [Unpublished bachelor’s thesis]. Iowa State University.

In-text citation example:

• Parenthetical :  (Ames & Doughty, 1911)
• Narrative :  Ames & Doughty (1911)

If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It’s similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences:

• The institution is presented in brackets after the title
• The archive or database name is included

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year published). Title in sentence case (Publication or Document No.) [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Database name.

Examples 1:

Knight, K. A. (2011). Media epidemics: Viral structures in literature and new media (Accession No. 2013420395) [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Trotman, J.B. (2018). New insights into the biochemistry and cell biology of RNA recapping (Document No. osu1523896565730483) [Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University]. OhioLINK Electronic Theses & Dissertations Center.

In the example given above, the dissertation is presented with a Document Number (Document No.). Sometimes called a database number or publication number, this is the identifier that is used by the database’s indexing system. If the database you are using provides you with such a number, then include it directly after the work’s title in parentheses.

If you are interested in learning more about how to handle works that were accessed via academic research databases, see Section 9.3 of the Publication Manual.

In-text citation examples :

• Parenthetical citation : (Trotman, 2018)
• Narrative citation : Trotman (2018)

Author’s last name, F. M. (Year Published). Title in sentence case [Degree type thesis or dissertation, Name of institution]. Name of archive or collection. URL

Kim, O. (2019). Soviet tableau: cinema and history under late socialism [Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]. Institutional Repository at the University of Pittsburgh. https://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/37669/7/Olga%20Kim%20Final%20ETD.pdf

Stiles, T. W. (2001). Doing science: Teachers’ authentic experiences at the Lone Star Dinosaur Field Institute [Master’s thesis, Texas A&M University]. OAKTrust. https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2001-THESIS-S745

It is important to note that not every thesis or dissertation published online will be associated with a specific archive or collection. If the work is published on a private website, provide only the URL as the source element.

In-text citation examples:

• Parenthetical citation : (Kim, 2019)
• Narrative citation : Kim (2019)
• Parenthetical citation : (Stiles, 2001)
• Narrative citation : Stiles (2001)

We hope that the information provided here will serve as an effective guide for your research. If you’re looking for even more citation info, visit EasyBib.com for a comprehensive collection of educational materials covering multiple source types.

If you’re citing a variety of different sources, consider taking the EasyBib citation generator for a spin. It can help you cite easily and offers citation forms for several different kinds of sources.

To start things off, let’s take a look at the different types of literature that are classified under Chapter 10.6 of the Publication Manual :

• Undergraduate thesis
• Master’s thesis
• Doctoral dissertation

You will need to know which type you are citing. You’ll also need to know if it is published or unpublished .

When you decide to cite a dissertation or thesis, you’ll need to look for the following information to use in your citation:

• Author’s last name, and first and middle initials
• Year published
• Title of thesis or dissertation
• If it is unpublished
• Publication or document number (if applicable; for published work)
• Degree type (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral)
• Thesis or dissertation
• Name of institution awarding degree
• DOI (https://doi.org/xxxxx) or URL (if applicable)

Since theses and dissertations are directly linked to educational degrees, it is necessary to list the name of the associated institution; i.e., the college, university, or school that is awarding the associated degree.

To get an idea of the proper form, take a look at the examples below. There are three outlined scenarios:

• Unpublished thesis or dissertation
• Published thesis or dissertation from a database
• Thesis or dissertation published online but not from a database

American Psychological Association. (2020a). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

American Psychological Association. (2020b). Style-Grammar-Guidelines. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative

Published August 10, 2012. Updated March 24, 2020.

Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.

APA Formatting Guide

APA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Multiple Authors
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Parenthetical Citations
• Reference Page
• Sample Paper
• APA 7 Updates
• View APA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all APA Examples

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To cite a published thesis in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, publication year, title of the thesis, institute name, archive name, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for an in-text citation and reference list entry of a thesis, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Use the author surname and the publication year in the in-text citation.

Author Surname (Publication Year)

Cartmel (2007)

Parenthetical:

(Author Surname, Publication Year)

(Cartmel, 2007)

Reference list entry template and example:

The title of the thesis is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose the thesis and the institute awarding the degree inside brackets following the publication year. Then add the name of the database followed by the URL.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the thesis [Master’s thesis, Institute Name]. Name of the Database. URL

Cartmel, J. (2007). Outside school hours care and schools [Master’s thesis, Queensland University of Technology]. EPrints. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/17810/1/Jennifer_Cartmel_Thesis.pdf

To cite an unpublished dissertation in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the author, year, title of the dissertation, and institute name. The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of an online thesis, along with examples, are given below:

Author Surname (Year)

Averill (2009)

(Author Surname, Year)

(Averill, 2009)

The title of the dissertation is set in sentence case and italicized. Enclose “Unpublished doctoral dissertation” inside brackets following the year. Then add the name of the institution awarding the degree.

Author Surname, F. M. (Publication Year). Title of the dissertation [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Name of the Institute.

Averill, R. (2009). Teacher–student relationships in diverse New Zealand year 10 mathematics classrooms: Teacher care [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Victoria University of Wellington.

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APA Formatting and Style (7th ed.)

• What's New in the 7th ed.?
• Principles of Plagiarism: An Overview
• Basic Paper Formatting
• Basic Paper Elements
• Punctuation, Capitalization, Abbreviations, Apostrophes, Numbers, Plurals
• Tables and Figures
• Powerpoint Presentations
• Reference Page Format
• Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers)
• Books and Reference Works
• Webpage on a Website
• Discussion Post
• Company Information & SWOT Analyses
• Dissertations or Theses
• ChatGPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Online Images
• Online Video
• Computer Software and Mobile Apps
• Missing Information
• Two Authors
• Three or More Authors
• Group Authors
• Missing Author
• Chat GPT and other AI Large Language Models
• Secondary Sources
• Block Quotations
• Fillable Template and Sample Paper
• Government Documents and Legal Materials
• APA Style 7th ed. Tutorials
• Additional APA 7th Resources
• Grammarly - your writing assistant
• Writing Center - Writing Skills This link opens in a new window
• Brainfuse Online Tutoring

Reference Page Examples - Dissertations or Theses

• Published Dissertation or Thesis
• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

 A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view the dissertation or thesis, meaning the url will not work for readers, end the reference with the database name., author, a. a. (year).  title of dissertation  (publication no. xxxxxxxxx). [doctoral dissertation or masters thesis, name of, institution that awarded the degree]. name of source i.e. proquest dissertations and theses global. url for, the dissertation or thesis., d'arcangelis, g. s. (2009).  the bio scare: anthrax, smallpox, sars, flu and post-9/11 u.s. empire  (order no.,            3388146). [doctoral dissertation, university of california los angeles]. proquest dissertations and theses,            global. , * ** remember: each source listed on the reference page must correspond to at least one in-text citation in the body of the paper; each in-text citation must correspond to a source listed on the reference page., when a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title., in the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree., author, a. a. (year).  title of dissertation  [unpublished doctoral dissertation or unpublished, masters thesis], name of institution that awarded the degree. , johnson, b. (2005). balanced scorecard applications  [unpublished master's thesis]. worthington university..

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APA Style 6th Edition: Citing Your Sources

• Basics of APA Formatting
• In Text Quick View
• Block Quotes
• Books & eBooks
• Thesis/Dissertation

Standard Format

Various examples.

• Conference Presentations
• Course Documents
• Social Media
• Government Documents
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism
• Additional Resources
• Sample Reference Page

Dissertation or thesis available from a database service:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Retrieved from Name of database.  (Accession or Order No.)

For an unpublished dissertation or thesis:

Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of creation).  Title of dissertation or thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis).  Name of Institution, Location.

See Ch 7 pp. 207-208 APA Manual for more examples and formatting rules

Formatting:

• Italicize the title
• Identify whether source is doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis in parentheses after the title
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Dissertation & Doctoral Project Formatting & Clearance: APA Style 7th Ed.

• Submitting to the Library
• Formatting Manual & Forms
• APA Style 7th Ed.
• Submitting to ProQuest ETD

SPRING 2024 CHANGES TO THE DISSERTATION CLEARANCE PROCESS

In order to streamline the dissertation clearance process, the following changes have been made, effective 3-1-2024 .

1. The Dissertation Cataloging Form is no longer necessary.

2. The Dissertation Clearance Form is now initiated directly by the student, and only through Adobe Sign - Signed PDFs and scanned forms have been replaced by Adobe Sign.

3. Students completing dissertation clearance are no longer required to schedule a meeting with their DCR (Dissertation Clearance Representative). If they have questions about what to do, they are welcome to schedule a DCR appointment, but it is not required.

If you have questions about these changes or other aspects of the process, contact [email protected] and we will be happy to assist.

Finding It @ Your Library

General APA Style Guidelines

WRITING STYLE

Verb tense. APA style papers should be written in past or present perfect tense:

Avoid: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment shows that...

Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment showed  that...

Allowed: Mojit and Novian's (2013) experiment has shown that...

Be concise and clear

• Avoid vague statements
• Present information clearly
• Eliminate unnecessary words

Style matters

• Write objectively
• Avoid poetic or flowery language

AVOIDING BIAS

Be sensitive to labels

• Avoid identifying groups by a disorder Avoid: schizophrenics Allowed: people diagnosed with schizophrenia
• Avoid outdated or inappropriate labels
• When you must label a group, try to use a term that group prefers

Gender pronouns

• Gender refers to a social role
• Sex refers to biological characteristics

What is the APA 7th Edition Publication Manual?

The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research .  It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader. 

This guide provides some of the basics to keep in mind, but it doesn't replace owning or borrowing the actual Publication Manual itself. It should be on your desk by your side throughout your writing process.

APA style, 7th edition requires specific heading formatting.

For Levels 1-3, the paragraph text begins on a new line. For Levels 4-5, the paragraph text begins on the same line and continues as a paragraph.

In Section 4.2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), APA (2020) states that you should use verb tenses consistently throughout your work. See a chart of when and how to use past tense (Rodriguez found) and present perfect tense (Researchers have shown) at the APA Style website .

In-Text Citation Basics

Author/Date Citation Method

APA publications use the author/date in text citation system to briefly identify sources to readers.  Each in-text citation is listed alphabetically in the reference list.  All in-text citations referenced in the body of work musr appear in the reference list and vice versa.

• The author-date method includes the author's surname and the the publication year.  Do not include suffixes such as Jr., Esq., etc. Example : (Jones, 2009)
• The author/date method is also used with direct quotes.  Another component is added in this format: (Jones, 2009, p.19)
• When multiple pages are referenced, use pp. (Jones, 2009, pp.19-21)

Variations of author/date within a sentence Here are some examples of how the author/date citation method are formatted within different parts of a sentence. Please note the author, publication date, and study are entirely fictional.

• Beginning of a sentence: Jones (2009) completed a study on the effects of dark chocolate on heart disease.
• Middle of a sentence: In 2009, Jones's study on the effects of dark chocolate and heart disease revealed...
• End of a sentence: The study revealed that participants who ate dark chocolate bars every day did not develop heart disease (Jones, 2009).

Citing works with more than one author

• One author: Jones (2009) // (Jones, 2009)
• Two authors: Ahmed and Jones (2010) // (Ahmed & Jones, 2010)
• Three or more authors: Tsai et al. (2011) // (Tsai et al., 2011)
• Group/organization author that can be abbreviated: 1st mention: National Institutes of Health (NIH, 2012) // subsequent mentions: NIH (2012)

Sample References

Journal articles

Sharifian, N., & Grühn, D. (2019). The differential impact of social participation and social support on psychological well-being: Evidence from  the Wisconsin longitudinal study. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development , 88 (2), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415018757213

Shiraev, E. (2017). Personality theories: A global view. SAGE.

Chapter from a book

Ochs, E., & Schieffelin , B. B. (1984). Language acquisition and socialization: Three developmental stories and their implications. In R. A. Shweder & R. A. LeVine (Eds.), Culture theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion (pp. 276 320). Cambridge University Press.

Webpage from a website

World Health Organization. (2020, June 15) . Elder abuse . https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/elder-abuse

View many more examples in the APA Style Manual or on the APA Style website .

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APA 7th referencing style

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• Legal sources
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• Patents and standards
• Personal communication
• Press (media) release
• Secondary source (indirect citation)
• Social media
• Software and mobile apps
• Specialised health information
• Television program

Thesis - from website

Thesis - from database.

• Works in non-English languages
• Works in non-English scripts, such as Arabic or Chinese

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APA Style, 7th edition - Citing Sources

• Getting Started
• Formatting the Paper

Dissertation & SPP Format Pieces

Creating a toc in apa, dnp spp toc examples, edd toc examples, important: signature page, the abstract & keywords.

• Student vs. Professional
• Writing Style
• All about the DOI
• OVERVIEW - READ FIRST!
• Dictionary Entry
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• Lexicomp via UpToDate
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• Video: Films on Demand
• Video: Online
• Video: Psychotherapy.net
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• APA Paper Review (Regis Students Only)

If you are on this tab, you have probably been asked to format a dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project paper using APA format. Use the below information to help you format the different pieces of your paper.  Please check with your academic department to see if they have an official dissertation/SPP format template for your program.

A note on Table of Contents: Most APA papers do not require a Table of Contents (TOC). If you are writing a Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project, you may be asked to include one. Please note: the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association does not have an official stance on formatting a Table of Contents page .

Below, you will find some general information and examples of Table of Contents (TOC), Abstracts and Keywords, and the Signature page that you may find helpful.

• Scribbr Creating an APA-style Table of Contents This tutorial from Scribbr is extremely helpful in formatting your APA Table of Contents.

Use the below examples as a reference point for forming your Table of Contents. These should be used as a baseline for formatting-- yours will be more specific to your headings and subject-matter.

• DNP SPP TOC Example 1
• DNP SPP TOC Example 2
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 1
• EdD Dissertation TOC Example 2

Your signature page is one of the most important pieces of your final product. It proves that you completed the dissertation!  Below is an example of what your signature page should look like (names blanked out for privacy).

If you have any questions about the signature page or how to get it signed, please contact your program director.

ABSTRACT : An abstract is required for your Dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project and must be included before submitting your final copy to Proquest.  An abstract is a brief, comprehensive overview of your paper. Generally, it should not exceed 250 words.

KEYWORDS : You should also include keywords. Keywords are descriptive terms that encompass the themes of your paper. Think about what terms you used when searching for your topic in the databases. This is what researchers will use to find your paper!

• APA Style Abstract and Keywords Handout For more information on creating an Abstract and Keywords, please use this handout from the APA Style site.
• Professional Paper sample with Abstract Example See page one of this document for an example of an Abstract and Keywords, with annotations on where to find more information in APA Manual. From the APA Style site.
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• Mardigian Library
• Subject Guides

EDK 850 Research Design & Proposal Development

• Formatting your Dissertation in APA Style
• Getting Started
• Journal Articles/Databases
• Books/Reference Materials
• How to Request Books and Articles from Other Libraries (ILL)
• Literature Reviews
• Citation Management Tools
• Research Methods Resources for Graduate Students
• Formatting using Microsoft Word
• Education Websites
• Info about UM-Dearborn Doctoral Requirements & Deadlines

APA Style Resources

Here are some general APA Style resources. Scroll down further to see more details about citations and paper formatting. 

• APA Style Website The APA Style Website is the official website for APA 7th edition, and includes formatting guidelines for formatting your overall paper including title page setup, tables and figures, as well as guidelines for formatting reference citations. Sample papers are included.
• Excelsior Online Writing Lab: APA Style The Excelsior OWL is an excellent resource for how to write and cite your academic work in APA Style. This is a recommended starting point if you're not sure how to use APA style in your work, and includes helpful multimedia elements.

Several print copies of the APA 7th edition Publication Manual are available for checkout at the Mardigian Library.

(Sorry, APA does not provide an eBook version of this for libraries at the present time.)

APA Style 7th edition Citations (References and In-Text Citations)

If you're new to citation, this brief video will cover an introduction to in-text citations and reference lists in APA 7th edition. Scroll down for more recommended resources about citations. 

More information including examples and sample papers can be found at the recommended websites below: 

• APA Style Website: Reference Examples Guidelines about references from the official APA Style website.
• APA Style Website: In-text Citations Guidelines for in-text citations from the official APA Style website.
• APA 7th edition quick reference handout This quick reference guide to APA 7th edition citations is handy and includes many commonly cited source types and corresponding in-text citations.
• APA In-text Citation Checklist APA's official In-text citation checklist for the 7th edition.

APA Style 7th edition Formatting for Professional Papers (including Dissertations)

• APA Style Website: Sample Annotated Professional Paper This is the official sample professional paper from the APA Style website, and includes annotations illustrating the usage of each element.
• APA Style Website: Paper Format The APA Style website's paper format page includes all of the elements of paper format that you need to follow, including information about the title page, margins and spacing, fonts and headings. Sample papers are included.

CEHHS Formatting Requirements for Ed.D. Dissertations

CEHHS uses the current version of the APA Publication Manual (7th edition) for all matters of format with the exception of some particular requirements for the Title page, pagination (especially of front matter) and top margins. Unless otherwise stated in the CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide below, defer to APA 7th edition. 

Some formatting aspects to be sure you are following correctly include: 

• Tables and Figures, including labeling thereof
• CEHHS Ed.D. Dissertation Guide
• UM-Ann Arbor Scholarspace Microsoft for Dissertations Guide
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How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator

This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th edition , MLA Style , and Chicago Style .

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Table of contents

Apa in-text citations, apa references, formatting the apa reference page, free lecture slides, frequently asked questions.

In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or words to avoid plagiarism .

An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 170) .

Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative. Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.

• Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020) .
• Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

Multiple authors and corporate authors

The in-text citation changes slightly when a source has multiple authors or an organization as an author. Pay attention to punctuation and the use of the ampersand (&) symbol.

Missing information

When the author, publication date or locator is unknown, take the steps outlined below.

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APA references generally include information about the author , publication date , title , and source . Depending on the type of source, you may have to include extra information that helps your reader locate the source.

Reference examples

Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation, capitalization, and italicization.

Generate APA citations for free

It is not uncommon for certain information to be unknown or missing, especially with sources found online. In these cases, the reference is slightly adjusted.

On the first line of the page, write the section label “References” (in bold and centered). On the second line, start listing your references in alphabetical order .

Apply these formatting guidelines to the APA reference page:

• Double spacing (within and between references)
• Hanging indent of ½ inch
• Legible font (e.g. Times New Roman 12 or Arial 11)
• Page number in the top right header

Which sources to include

On the reference page, you only include sources that you have cited in the text (with an in-text citation ). You should not include references to personal communications that your reader can’t access (e.g. emails, phone conversations or private online material).

Are you a teacher or professor looking to introduce your students to APA Style? Download our free introductory lecture slides, available for Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint.

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When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company’s website—use the organization’s name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations .

When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online article published anonymously—use the title in place of the author. In the in-text citation, put the title in quotation marks if it appears in plain text in the reference list, and in italics if it appears in italics in the reference list. Shorten it if necessary.

When you quote or paraphrase a specific passage from a source, you need to indicate the location of the passage in your APA in-text citation . If there are no page numbers (e.g. when citing a website ) but the text is long, you can instead use section headings, paragraph numbers, or a combination of the two:

(Caulfield, 2019, Linking section, para. 1).

Section headings can be shortened if necessary. Kindle location numbers should not be used in ebook citations , as they are unreliable.

If you are referring to the source as a whole, it’s not necessary to include a page number or other marker.

The abbreviation “ et al. ” (meaning “and others”) is used to shorten APA in-text citations with three or more authors . Here’s how it works:

Only include the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”, a comma and the year of publication, for example (Taylor et al., 2018).

APA Style usually does not require an access date. You never need to include one when citing journal articles , e-books , or other stable online sources.

However, if you are citing a website or online article that’s designed to change over time, it’s a good idea to include an access date. In this case, write it in the following format at the end of the reference: Retrieved October 19, 2020, from https://www.uva.nl/en/about-the-uva/about-the-university/about-the-university.html

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• Library Guides
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APA 7th Referencing Style Guide

• Theses and dissertations
• Referencing & APA style
• In-text citation
• Elements of a reference
• Format & examples of a reference list
• Conferences
• Reports & grey literature
• Figures (graphs and images)

Terminology - Thesis, dissertation or exegesis?

Published theses and dissertations, unpublished theses and dissertations.

• Audio works
• Films, TV & video
• Visual works
• Generative artificial intelligence (AI)
• Computer software, games & apps
• Lecture notes & Intranet resources
• Legal resources
• Personal communications
• PowerPoint slides
• Social media
• Specific health examples
• Standards & patents
• Websites & webpages
• Footnotes and appendices
• Frequently asked questions

Thesis and dissertation can mean different things depending on where the degree is awarded. Always check the title page, or subsequent pages, to determine exactly what the work is and use the information for your reference. ​

Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities)

• Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree.
• Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours.
• Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work;  e.g., a film, artwork, novel.

Other parts of the world

• In North America and some other countries, dissertation is used for a doctoral degree and thesis for a master's degree.

Theses available in a database, a university archive or from a personal website.

Reference format

Theses published online (e.g. in institutional repositories)

Theses from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global

Find how to cite in text on the  In-text citation  page.

 Unpublished thesis or dissertations are usually sourced directly from the university in print form.

 Reference format

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Referencing in APA Style: A-Z Referencing Examples

• Introduction to Referencing

A-Z Referencing Examples

This page explains how to write references. See the Introduction to Referencing page for guidance on in-text citations.

Click on a source below to find out how to reference it in your reference list. Frequently referenced items can be found at the top of the list, followed by an A-Z. If a source is not listed, visit the APA Style Blog , or consult the APA manual .

Frequently Referenced Items

For a full list of items see A-Z Reference Examples.

Author, N. (Year). Title (Edition.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx

• Author's family name
• Author’s initial(s)
• [Full stop]
• Year (in round brackets)
• Title of book (in sentence case and in italics )
• Edition (in round brackets, if there is one)
• DOI (if there is one)

Ninagawa, C. (2023). AI time series control system modelling . Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4594-6

Example 2 (Book with two authors and an edition)

Mankiw, N. G., & Taylor, M. P. (2023). Economics (6th ed.). Cengage.

• The title is in sentence case and in italics .
• If there is no edition, leave it out (see Example 1).
• If the book chapters have different authors, see the Chapter in an edited book section.
• Print and e-books are referenced in the same way. If there is a DOI , add it to the end of the reference (see Example 1).

This is a simplified version of image referencing using APA. All taught students are permitted to use this simplified guidance but should not be marked down for using the official APA format. Researchers who are publishing work using APA will need to provide a full copyright attribution, as instructed in the APA manual .

Format and Examples

Reference list

Images cited in your work need a full reference in your reference list, except for images created by yourself. For example, reference an image from a website as a website reference.

• The figure number is in bold. Number your figures based on their order within your assignment.
• The descriptive title is in title case and in italics .
• Follow the normal in-text citation rules when referencing multiple authors.
• If you have created the image yourself (and not adapted it using information found in another source), you do not need a citation under the image (see Example 3).
• If you are working on an artistic assignment, poster, or presentation, you may be able to reference in a different way. See: Images in posters, presentations, and artistic assignments .

Author, N. (Year). Article title.  Journal Title, volume (issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxx  

• Title of article (in sentence case)
• Title of Journal (in title case and italics )
• Volume number (in italics ), issue number (in round brackets)
• Page numbers

Example 1 (Journal article with a DOI)

Chen, H. C., & Pang, N. S. (2022). Sustaining the ecosystem of higher education in China: Perspectives from young researchers. Perspectives in Education, 40 (3), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.18820/2519593X/pie.v40.i3.7  

Example 2 (Journal article without a DOI or issue number, accessed through Locate or a library database)

Cairns, J. (2024). Phases of the Buddhist approach to the environment. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 31 , 1-33.

Example 3  (Journal article without a DOI, accessed on a website, but not via Locate or a library database)

Nield, S. (2022). Accessible podcasts. ALISS Quarterly, 18 (1), 13-15.  https://alissnet.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/aliss-vol-18-no.1-oct-2022-draft.pdf  

• Journal article title is in sentence case .
• Journal title and volume number are in title case and in italics.  
• If there is no volume or issue number, leave it out (see Example 2). 
• Some online articles have article numbers instead of page numbers. After the issue number, write the word Article and then the article number, e.g. Article e0230193.
• If the article does not have a DOI and the article is from Locate or a library database (e.g. ProQuest, EBSCO, JStor etc.), there is no need to include a link (see Example 2).
• If the article is from another website with no DOI, use the web link (see Example 3).

Named author

Author, N. (Year). Report title . Organisation. https://doi.org/xxxxx or https://www.website.com/report  

• Report title (in sentence case and in italics )
• Organisation
• Website link

If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author

Organisation. (Year). Report title . https://doi.org/xxxxx or https://www.website.com/report  

Example 1 (Named author, a DOI, and published as part of a series)

Russell, H., & E. Smyth, E. (2024). Caregiving among young adults in Ireland (ESRI Research Series 168). Economic & Social Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.26504/rs168  

Example 2 (Report with the organisation as author. Date written in full)

National Audit Office. (2024, March 15). Use of artificial intelligence in government (Session 2023-24 HC 612). https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-government.pdf  

Example 3  (No DOI. The web link is to the home page as it is a subscription database which requires a login)

Shao, D. (2023). Supermarkets, China 2023 . Mintel. https://clients.mintel.com/  

• The report title is in sentence case and in italics .
• If using the organisation's name as the author, do not repeat the organisation's name after the title (see Example 2).
• Where there is a report number, include it after the title in brackets, not in italics (see Example 1).
• Use the full publication date if written on the report (See Example 2).
• Use the DOI where available rather than a web link (see Example 1).
• If accessing a report on a subscription database that requires a login, use the link to the homepage (see Example 3).
• For more information on Government reports, see the Government reports section.

Website with named author

Author, N. (Date).  Title of the specific webpage . Website Name.  https://www.website.com/page  

• Title of the specific webpage (in sentence case and in italics )
• Organisation or website’s name

Website Name. (Date).  Title of the specific webpage . https://www.website.com/page  

Example 1 (Named author)

Sakai, C. (2023, September 18). Nurturing creative confidence in early years: A virtual conversation. Victoria and Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-life/coventrys-coundon-court-school-wins-inaugural-va-innovate-national-schools-challenge  

Example 2 (Organisation as the author)

Health and Care Professions Council. (2023).  The standards of proficiency for paramedics . https://www.hcpc-uk.org/standards/standards-of-proficiency/paramedics/  

Example 3  (Website changing regularly. Web link is to the home page as it is a subscription database which requires a login)

Fame. (n.d.). [Telecommunications companies in the West Midlands]. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from https://fame4.bvdinfo.com/  

• The title of the webpage is in sentence case and in italics .
• If no date has been given, use n.d. (see Example 3).
• If using the website name as the author, do not repeat the website name after the title (see Example 2).
• Use the date the page was published – this could be (Year), (Year, Month) or (Year, Month Day) depending on the information available (see Examples 1 and 2).
• If a website changes regularly (e.g. a data dashboard), include the specific date you accessed the website (Month Day, Year) before the web address (see Example 3).
• If there is no clear title, provide a description of the web page in [square brackets] and do not use italics (see Example 3).
• If the site requires a login, use the link to the homepage (see Example 3).

A-Z Reference Examples

Act Title Year

In-text citation: Section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 allows victims of privacy invasions to bring actions against public authorities.  

• The Act title is in title case and not in italics.
• The year is not in brackets as it is part of the title.
• Do not include a link, even if the Act is found online.
• It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting Acts of Parliament in brackets (see Example 1b).

This guidance is for students who have been given permission by their module leader to use generative AI tools (e.g. ChatGPT, QuillBot, Chimp Rewriter, DALL-E etc.).  

If permitted to use AI, you must: 

1) Cite and reference any information generated by AI. 

2) Follow all instructions in your assignment brief regarding its use. 

Organisation. (Year). Title of software (Version information) [Type of software]. https://www.website.com/   

In-text citation

Details of prompt used and response (Name of AI, year). 

• In your assignment provide the prompt you have used and integrate the response into your sentence (see Example).

Ancient or classic work read in a book   

Author, N. (Year of the version you read). Title (N. Translator, Trans. or N. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. (Original work published Year) 

Ancient or classic work read on a website 

Author, N. (Year of the version you read). Title (N. Translator, Trans. or N. Editor, Ed.). Website Name. https://doi.org/xxxxx (Original work published Year) 

In-text citations   

( Author, Year of original publication/Year of the version you read) 

Author (Year of original publication/Year of the version you read) 

Example 1 (A book with an estimated date of original publication)

Example 2 (A website) 

• If the original date of publication is an estimate, write ca. before the date. This stands for ‘circa’. 
• Ancient and classic works may not have typical page numbers. To pinpoint a specific piece of information, use the numbering system in the publication when creating an in-text citation. See the guidance on missing information in references.
• If there are multiple editors use ‘Eds.’ (see Example 2). 
• Use the web link when no DOI is available.

Articles (see: Journal articles, Magazine articles, or Newspaper articles)

Artists' book, photobook, or zine with a single author, and self-published

Author, N. (Year). Title . [Format].

Artists' book, photobook, or zine with a single author, and commercially published

Author, N. (Year). Title. [Format]. Publisher .

Example 1 ( Zine with a single author, and self-published )

Sillars, J. (2019).  Euphoriacs: A zine surrounding trans people and our relationships with clothing.  [Zine].

Example 2 ( Artists' book with a single author, and commercially published )

Poulain, D. (2023). Birds.  [Artists' book]. Éditions du livre. 

• The title is in sentence case and in italics.
• Zines and  artists' books  are often self-published. Therefore no publisher name is needed at the end of the reference (see Example 1).

Artist, N. (Year). Artwork title [Type of artwork]. Gallery/Museum or Website Name, Location. https://www.website.com/page    

van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802

• The artwork title is in sentence case and in italics .
• Describe the item type in square brackets, for example, [Painting], [Oil on canvas], [Sculpture] after the title (see Example).

Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Blog Title. https://www.website.com/page  

Winfield, J. (2021, July 8). From clearing to global management internship in China. Coventry University. https://www.coventry.ac.uk/blog/jimmys-clearing-story/  

• Use the full date for the post: (Year, Month Day).  
• The post title is in sentence case .
• The blog title is in title case and in italics .

Cases (see: Law reports)

Author, N. (Year). Chapter title. In N. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. x-x). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx  

Example 1 (First edition of a book with a DOI)

Barker, S. (2021). Painting the plague, 1230-1640. In C. Lynteris (Ed.), Plague image and imagination from medieval to modern times (pp. 37-68). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72304-0  

Example 2 (Subsequent edition of a print book with multiple authors and editors)

Perrin, D., & Simpson, D. (2021). Where and how you will learn. In R. Helyer, T. Wall, A. Minton & A. Lund (Eds.), The work-based learning student handbook (3rd ed., pp. 24-44). Bloomsbury Academic. 

• In the in-text citation, use the author(s) of the chapter, not the editor(s). 
• The book title is in sentence case and in italics .
• The edition, where second edition or above, is included in the same brackets as the page numbers (see Example 2).
• Include the page numbers of the whole chapter in the reference, not just the pages you have used.

Online command paper  

Organisation. (Year). Title of the paper (Command paper reference number). https://www.website.com/report  

Print command paper  

Organisation. (Year). Title of the paper (Command paper reference number). Publisher. 

Example 1 (Online command paper)

Department for Energy Security & Net Zero. (2024). Civil nuclear: Roadmap to 2050 (Cp 1009). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65c0e7cac43191000d1a457d/6.8610_DESNZ_Civil_Nuclear_Roadmap_report_Final_Web.pdf

Example 2 (Print command paper)

Law Commission. (2002). Sharing homes: A discussion paper (Cm 5666). The Stationery Office. 

• The abbreviation used to denote a command paper will change depending on the year of the document. You may see C, Cd, Cmd, Cm, Cp, or Cmnd.
• Use the full publication date if written on the report.

Author, N. (Year, Month Day(s) of the conference). Conference presentation title [Type of presentation]. Conference Name, Location. www.website.com/page  

Motherwell, S., Heeney, C., & Sloan, P. (2023, September 6-8). 'Text me when you get home!' Research on the safety of women and girls on public transport in Scotland [Paper presentation]. European Transport Conference, Milan, Italy. https://www.therrc.co.uk/sites/default/files/files/Conference/2023/Presentations/2_marc_naura.pdf  

• A conference presentation may be in the form of a paper, poster, keynote speech etc.
• Include the full date of the conference (see Example).
• After the title, describe the presentation in square brackets, e.g. [Paper presentation], [Poster presentation], [Keynote speech] (see Example).
• If the presentation has a DOI , use this instead of a web link.
• If the presentation is published in a journal or book, follow the guidance for a journal article or chapter in an edited book.

Confidential documents (see: Unpublished documents)

Published data set  

Author, N. (Year). Title (Numerical identifier; version) [Description]. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx  

Unpublished raw data  

Author, N. (Year). Title [Unpublished raw data]. Source of unpublished data. 

Untitled unpublished raw data

Author, N. (Year). [Description of untitled data]   [Unpublished raw data]. Source of unpublished data. 

Example 1  (Published data set)  

Leland, J. & Kickstarter. (2024).  Kickstarter data, global, 2009-2023 (ICPSR 38050; Version V3) [Data Set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR38050.v3  

Example 2 (Unpublished raw data)  

Boole, G. (2024). Librarian biscuit consumption  [Unpublished raw data]. National Centre for Librarians.

Example 3 (Untitled unpublished raw data)  

Dewey, M. (2023). [Correlation between student focus and screen time] [Unpublished raw data]. Coventry University.

• If the data has no title, provide a description of the data in [square brackets] and the title is not in italics (see Example 3).
• The description is flexible e.g., [Data set] or [Data set and code book].
• Version is written in full, followed by the version number.
• If the data set has a DOI , use this instead of a web link.
• If the data is from a report, website, book, or journal, reference that source and not the data set itself.  

Named author  

Author, N. (Year). Entry title. In N. Editor (Ed.), Dictionary or encyclopaedia title (Edition.). Publisher. https://www.website.com/entry  

If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author

Organisation. (Year). Entry title. In Dictionary or encyclopaedia title . https://www.website.com/entry  

dos Santos Leffa, P. (2023). Ultra-processed foods. In B. Caballero (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human nutrition (4th ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821848-8.00009-3

Example 2 (Organisation as the author, with regular updates to the entries)

Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Life admin. In The Oxford English dictionary . Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7327882606

• The title of the entry is in sentence case .  
• The title of the dictionary or encyclopaedia is in sentence case and in italics .
• When a work is continuously updated, include a retrieval date and use ‘n.d.’ for the publication date (see Example 2).

Unpublished dissertation or thesis (available from the awarding institution)

Author, N. (Year). Dissertation or thesis title [Unpublished master’s dissertation or Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Name of University. 

Published dissertation or thesis (available from databases such as EThoS or ProQuest, or Google Scholar)

Author, N. (Year). Dissertation or thesis title [Master’s dissertation or Doctoral dissertation, Name of University]. Database. https://www.database.com/dissertation     

Example 1 (Unpublished dissertation)

Miyamoto, S. (2024). Student perceptions of engagement events in university libraries [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Coventry University. 

Example 2 (Published doctoral thesis)

Benhamou, E. (2019). Genre in contemporary Disney animated features (2008-2016) [Doctoral thesis, University of Bristol]. EThOS. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.782581  

• Use square brackets for the dissertation or thesis description. 

Ebooks (see: Books)

Encyclopaedias (see: Dictionaries)

Institutional Origin | Legislation Type | Number | Title 

In-text citation: According to Article 50 of Regulation 2002/178/EC . . . 

• The legislation title is in sentence case and not in italics.
• Do not include a link, even if the legislation is found online.
• In the in-text citation, give the type of legislation and the number.
• It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting legislation in brackets (see Example 1b).

Facebook (see: Social Media)

Figures (see: Images)

Director, N. (Director). (Year). Film title [Film]. Production Company. 

Example 1 (Film with two production companies)

Nolan, C. (Director). (2023). Oppenheimer [Film]. Syncopy; Atlas Entertainment. 

Example 2 (Translation of title in square brackets)

Bayona, J. A. (Director). (2023). La sociedad de la nieve [Society of the snow] [Film]. El Arriero Films; Misión de Audaces Films; Netflix. 

• The title is in sentence case and in italics . 
• Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 1).  
• When the film’s title is in a different language, include a translation of the title in square brackets (see Example 2). 

Author, N. (Year). Title of report (Source type and report number). Organisation. https://www.website.com/report  

If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author 

Organisation. (Year). Title of report (Source type and report number).  https://www.website.com/report  

Example 1 (Command paper)

Department for Work and Pensions. (2024). Modernising support for independent living: The health and disability green paper (Cp 1061). https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/modernising-support-for-independent-living-the-health-and-disability-green-paper/modernising-support-for-independent-living-the-health-and-disability-green-paper   

Example 2 (Library briefing paper with an individual author)

Keep, M. (2024). The Barnett formula and fiscal devolution (House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 7386). https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7386/CBP-7386.pdf  

Example 3  (House of Commons paper with a specific department as author. Date written in full)

Example 4  (Briefing paper with an individual author and a government department as the organisation)

Sugars, R. (2024, July 11). Early years strategy. Coventry City Council. https://edemocracy.coventry.gov.uk/documents/s61101/Early%20Years%20Strategy.pdf

• Most government reports are authored by a government department, agency or committee (see Examples 1 and 3).
• If there is a hierarchy of departments listed in a report, use the most specific government department, relevant to the report, as the author.
• If the government department is included in the report number, put this in round brackets after the title (see Example 2).
• For government reports where no department is specified, use the name of the government as the author. For the UK, this will be UK Government. Do not use GOV.UK.
• If there is no source type or report number, leave it out.
• If a publisher is available, include it after the paper number. It is likely to be either HMSO, The Stationery Office or the individual government department.

Graphs (see: Images)

HC/HL Deb vol xx col xx (Year, Month Day). Hansard. https://www.website.com/page  

In-text citation within a sentence: "The UK has driven down emissions by more than 45%" (HC Deb, 2022).

• Use HC Deb for a House of Commons debate, and HL Deb for a House of Lords debate. 

Instagram (see: Social Media)

In-text citations and references are the formatted in the same way for law reports. For further Information see: Neutral citations and law reports

Neutral citation

Case Name(s) [Year] Abbreviation for Court Name | Case Number 

Case Name(s) [(Year)] Volume | Abbreviation for Law Report Name | Page number 

Example 1 (Neutral citation)

Charalambous v Welding [2009] EWCA Civ 1578  

Example 2a (Law report)

Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992  

Example 2b (Narrative in-text citation)

In Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992, the Court of Appeal stressed that equal weighting be given to both rights and that any case should be determined by adopting the principles of proportionality. 

Example 2c  (Parenthetical in-text citation)

The Court of Appeal stressed that equal weighting be given to both rights and that any case should be determined by adopting the principles of proportionality ( Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992). 

Example 2d  (Subsequent in-text citations)

Douglas v Hello! Magazine (2001) 

• The party names are in title case and in italics .
• Use the neutral citation OR law report citation , and copy this directly from the source.
• Copy the style of brackets around the year from the source. If the source uses [square brackets], use them in the in-text citation and reference.
• Subsequent in-text citations should use (round brackets).
• Do not include a link, even if the case/report is found online.

Leaflets (see: Reports)

Lecturer, N. (Date). Title of lecture [Format]. Website. https://www.website.com/page/  

Torres, M. (2024, March 12). Seven psychological perspectives [PowerPoint slides]. Aula. https://coventry.aula.education/  

• Use the date the lecture was delivered. This could be (Year), (Year, Month) or (Year, Month Day) depending on the information available.
• Describe the format of the document after the title and place in square brackets (e.g., [Presentation], [Word], [Excel]).
• If the hosting site requires a login such as Aula, use the homepage link, not the link to the module page (see Example).

Print magazine

Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title , pages. 

Online magazine

Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title . https://www.website.com/page  

Example 1 (Print magazine)

Taylor, H. (2024, April 26). Is UK inflation still on track? Investors Chronicle , 14-16. 

Example 2 (Online magazine)

Adler, T. (2024, July 25).The United States of pizza. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/united-states-of-pizza-restaurant-guide

• The article title is in sentence case .
• The magazine title is in title case  and in italics .
• If the magazine has a volume and part, follow the format for journal articles.

Traditional maps 

Author, N. (Year). Map title [Map]. Publisher. https://www.website.com/page  

Dynamically created maps  (e.g. Google Maps, Apple Maps) 

Organisation. (n.d.). [Map description in square brackets]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://www.website.com/page  

Example 1 (Traditional map)

Mudge, W. (1801). An entirely new and accurate survey of the county of Kent, with part of the county of Essex [Map]. Board of Ordnance. http://mapco.net/kent1801/kent1801.htm   

Example 2 (Dynamic map)

Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Coventry University to Stratford-upon-Avon]. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://maps.app.goo.gl/r9wcCyc1Lx3YZEeX8   

• The author for dynamically created maps should be the organisation name (e.g. Google), rather than the application name (Google Maps).  
• If the map is dynamically created, use n.d. instead of the year. After the title, give the retrieval date (see Example 2). 
• If there is no clear title (e.g. directions on Google Maps) give a description of the map in square brackets and not in italics (see Example 2). 

Movies (see: Films)

Music score with a composer

Composer, N. (Year). Music score title [Type of score]. Publisher. 

Republished music score with a composer

Composer, N. (Year). Music score title [Type of score]. Publisher. (Original work published Year) 

In-text citation (Republished music score) 

(Composer, Year of the republication/Year originally published) 

Example 1 (Music score with a composer)

Marianelli, D. (2006). Pride and prejudice: Music from the motion picture soundtrack [Musical score]. Wise Publications. 

Example 2 (Republished music score with a composer)

• Specify the type of score in square brackets (e.g., [Musical score], [Piano score], [Vocal score], [Study score]).
• For a republished score, include the year it was republished as the main date of the reference. At the end of reference in round brackets, write the words 'Original work published' and the year of original publication (see Example 2).

Music album

Artist, N. (Year). Album title [Album]. Production Company. 

Artist, N. (Year). Song title [Song]. On Album title . Production Company.

Example 1 (Music album)

Linkin Park. (2003). Meteora [Album]. Warner Bros. 

Example 2 (Song)

Dion, C. (1996). Because you loved me [Song]. On Falling into you . Columbia; Epic. 

• The song title is in sentence case .
• The album title is in sentence case and in italics .
• Include [Album] or [Song] after the album or song title.
• Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 2).

Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. News Website. https://www.website.com/page  

If no author, use the news website as the author 

News Website. (Year, Month Day). Article title . https://www.website.com/page   

Example 1 (Article with a named author)

Nachiappan, A. (2023, December 20). AI cannot be named as the inventor, Supreme Court rules in patent dispute. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/ai-cannot-be-named-as-the-inventor-supreme-court-rules-in-patent-dispute-13034816   

Example 2 (Article without a named author)

BBC News. (2024, May 29). Lost John Lennon guitar sets record at auction . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy00eppxk80o   

• The article title is in sentence case and in italics .
• To reference the online version of a newspaper which is also published in print (e.g. The Financial Times) see the Newspaper articles section below.

Plimmer, G., Mooney, A., & Bott, I. (2024, May 8). Holding back the floods for 40 years: Thames Barrier is due an upgrade. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/027a0d94-90f6-4841-94c1-b974ac895adb   

• The newspaper title is in title case and in italics .
• If the newspaper article is in print, not online, use the same format but leave out the link.

Your own work (primary data) does not require citation and referencing if you have not submitted or published it on any platform (e.g. Turnitin) before.  

If you want to include material that you have submitted or published before, check with your lecturer first , and then follow the format below. 

Author, N. (Year). Title [Unpublished name of assignment and module code]. University Name.  

Jones, A. (2024) The pitch presentation [Unpublished assignment submitted for 6016MFH]. Coventry University.  

• The unpublished information is in [square brackets].

Inventor, N. (Year Patent Issued). Patent title (Patent Number). Patent Office. https://www.website.com/page  

Dalgarno, M. R. (2015). Fire resistant ducting systems (GB2517476). UK Intellectual Property Office. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&FT=D&date=20150225&CC=GB&NR=2517476A&KC=A#   

• Use the inventor as the author.
• The patent title is in sentence case and in italics .

A PDF is a file format rather than a source type and there are no specific APA guidelines. Instead, identify the source type, whether a report, journal article, leaflet, etc. and follow the guidance for that source.

Personal communications include emails, interviews, phone calls and unrecorded lectures. Where these have been published (e.g. an interview published in a magazine) follow the referencing guidelines for that type of resource.

Personal communications are only referenced using in-text citations. You do not give an entry in the list of references, as the information has not been published anywhere for you to reference.

Narrative citation  

N. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year) 

Parenthetical citation  

(N. Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year) 

Example 1 (Narrative citation)

J. Clewes (personal communication, May 3, 2024) suggested that… 

Example 2 (Parenthetical citation)

(K. Dodhia, personal communication, June 15, 2024) 

• Authors’ names are formatted with the initial(s) of their given name(s), a full stop, and then their family name/surname. 
• If you interviewed someone as part of your data collection for your own primary research, you do not need to provide an in-text citation. 

Photobooks (see: Artists’ books)

To reference a photograph, you must first identify where the photograph has come from, and its intended use in your assignment.

• Photograph from another source (book, journal article, website): see Images
• Photograph from social media (Instagram, X etc.): see Social media
• Photograph in an art gallery or museum: see Artwork in a gallery or museum
• Photograph you have taken yourself: see Images
• Photographs used to decorate your work, rather than to demonstrate a point: see Images in presentations, posters and artistic assignments.

A whole podcast series

Host, N. (Host). (Year-Year). Podcast title [Audio podcast]. Production Company. https://www.website.com/page   

A specific episode

Host, N. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. x) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast title . Production Company. https://www.website.com/page   

Example 1 (A whole podcast series)

Rachman, G. (Host). (2019–present). Rachman review [Audio podcast]. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/rachman-review  

Example 2 (A specific episode)

Campbell, A., & Stewart, R. (Hosts). (2024, April 10). What Britain really thinks of politics (No. 253) [Audio podcast episode]. In The rest is politics. Goalhanger Podcasts. https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/what-britain-really-thinks-of-politics/id1611374685?i=1000651929901   

• The episode title is in sentence case .
• The whole podcast title is in sentence case and in italics .
• If the host is unclear, give the executive producers as the authors and write (Executive producers) after their names.
• If you do not have a link (e.g. because you have listened to the podcast through an app), leave it out.
• If the podcast episodes do not use numbers, leave it out.

Presentations (see: Lectures or Conference papers and presentations)

Presenter, N. (Year, Month Day). Title [Radio broadcast]. Radio Station. https://www.website.com/page  

Razzle, K. (2024, May 29). The media show: Is this the TikTok election? [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001zngb   

• Give the radio presenter (host) as the author. If the presenter is not obvious, give the executive producer as the author.
• If you do not have a link (e.g. because you have listened live or through an app), leave it out.

Religious work read in a book   

Title (N. Translator, Trans.; Edition). (Year). Publisher.  

Religious work read on a website 

Title . (Year). Website Name. https://www.website.com/page (Original work published Year) 

Title (Year of original publication/Year of the version you read)  

( Title , Year of original publication/Year of the version you read) 

Example 1 (Religious work read in a book, including a translator and edition)

In-text citation: ( The Bhagavad Gita , 2007) or The Bhagavad Gita (2007) discusses . . .

Example 2 (Religious work read on a website, including an original published date)

In-text citation: ( King James Bible , 1769/2017) or King James Bible (1769/2017) states . . .

• Religious works are usually treated as having no author. Use the title as the author in both the in-text citation and reference. In the in-text citation, the title should remain in italics .
• The title is in title case and in italics .
• If there is no edition, or original published date, leave it out.

Author, N. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title or first 20 words of post [Type of post]. Social Media Site. www.socialmedia.com/user/post   

Example 1 (Instagram photo)

National Geographic [@natgeo]. (2020, December 10). A 1912 replica of West Virginia's Stonewall Jackson has recently been removed at the Virginia Military Institute [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CImHuqcMJUL/   

Example 2 (X post with image attached)

Paralympic Games [@paralympics]. (2024, April 1). It's our #ParaCanoe sports week! Get to know more about this Para sport as we head into the @Paris2024 Paralympic [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://twitter.com/Paralympics/status/1774776204903469364  

Example 3  (TikTok video)

Coventry University Library [@covunilibrary]. (2024, March 7). Today is World Book Day and we just want you to read a book! 📚💛💙 It doesn't matter [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@covunilibrary/video/7343537583827275041  

Example 4  (A whole profile)

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift  

• For the author, use the profile name followed by the username in [square brackets]. 
• Use the caption/text of the post as the title. Only use the first 20 words of the post as the title (see Example 3). 
• The title is in whichever case is used in the post and in italics . Emojis should not be in italics. 
• Each emoji is counted as one word.

When to reference software

You do not need to reference software if it is commonly used in your field (e.g. Microsoft Word or SPSS) unless you have quoted or paraphrased from the software. You also do not need to reference programming languages (e.g. Python or C#). Just state the name of the software or programming language in your assignment. If a piece of software is not in common use, or if you have quoted or paraphrased from it, include a reference.

Console games 

APA 7th edition provides guidance for referencing computer software and mobile apps, but does not cover console games. If you need to reference a video game, particularly if it is available across multiple consoles, you may need to adapt the format below to make it clear which version you have used.

Author, N. (Year). Title of software (Version number) [Type of software]. Publisher. https://www.website.com/app  

Example 1 (Computer software)

Barone, E. (2024). Stardew Valley (Version 1.6.8) [Computer software]. ConcernedApe. https://store.steampowered.com/app/413150/Stardew_Valley/    

Example 2 (Mobile app)

Nintendo. (2020). Animal crossing: Pocket camp (Version 3.2.0) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nintendo.zaca&hl=en_GB    

• Version in brackets, e.g. (Version 1.0).
• Type of software in square brackets, e.g. [Computer software] or [Mobile app].

Organisation. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). Publisher. https://www.website.com/standard  

British Standards Institution. (2022). Project, programme and portfolio management. Guidance on programme management (BS ISO 21503:2022). British Standards Institution. https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030437073

• The standard number is in brackets.

Title Year, SI Year/Number 

Subsequent in-text citation: Regulation 4 of SI 2013/2996 states that . . . 

• The title is in title case and not in italics.   
• Do not include a link, even if the statutory instrument is found online.
• It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting statutory instruments in brackets (see Example 1b).
• For subsequent in-text citations, use just the SI Year/Number (see Example 1c).

(Table produced using your own data)

(Table produced using your own data)

Heading Heading Item Data Data Item Data Data Item Data Data Add any notes to explain the table here (optional) Favourite Biscuits of Coventry University Librarians   5 7 4 3 3 1 (Table reproduced from another source) (Table reproduced using information from a website)   Heading Heading Item Data Data Item Data Data Item Data Data From Author (year, p. x) or Author (year) OR Adapted from Author (year, p. x) or Author (year) Diabetes Registrations by Age Group in England 2023-24   45 4.6 39.7 44.1 15.2 51.3 Adapted from NHS Digital (2024) Format 3 (Table created from multiple sources) There are several ways to reference a table when using multiple sources: Describe the sources for each section underneath the table when the information can be easily separated (see Example 3a). Include in-text citations within the body of the table itself, following the normal in-text citation rules (see Example 3b). Use specific notes when impractical to include an in-text citation within the body of the table. Specific notes are superscript letters (  a , b ,  c ) to indicate that the information is taken from another source. The superscript letters are then repeated underneath the table, with the corresponding in-text citation (see Example 3c). If different pieces of information are taken from the same source, use the same letter and include only one in-text citation underneath the table (see Example 3c). (Table created from multiple sources) (Table created from multiple sources)   Heading Heading Item Data Data Item Data Data Item Data Data Data in column 2 from Author (year, p. x) Data in column 3 from Author (year, p. x) Population in 2023 and Projected Population by 2050   223.8m 377.4m 126.5m 214.8m 112.7m 160.3m Data in column 2 from Statistia (2023) Data in column 3 from World Health Organization (2024) (In-text citations in the table itself)  (In-text citations in the table itself)   Heading Heading Item Data (Author, year, p. x) Data (Author, year, p. x) Item Data (Author, year, p. x) Data (Author, year, p. x) A Comparison of Views About Cats and Dogs     Cat people appreciate the independent nature of cats (Catarall, 2020, p. 53).    Wolf (2021) suggests that cats may not be as affectionate as dogs (p. 77).   Catarall (2022) argues that dogs need too much attention from their owners (p. 4). Dog people consider dogs to be ‘man’s best friend’ (Barker, 2022, p. 28).   (Superscript notes in the table) (Superscript notes in the table)   Heading Heading Item Data Data Item Data Data a From Author (year, p. x) b From Author (year, p. x) c From Author (year, p. x) Average Live Viewership of Olympic Opening Ceremonies    23.02m 2.5m 2.5m 2.7m a From Plunkett (2012) b From Coster (2021) c From Bulbeck (2012) The table number is in bold. Number your tables based on their order within your assignment. Regarding the number of authors (use of et al.) and page numbers, follow the normal in-text citation rules. If you have created the table yourself (and not adapted it using information found in another source), you do not need an in-text citation under the table (see Example 1). Include a reference list entry for the type of source you have taken the table and/or contents from. Theses (see: Dissertations) A whole TV series Producer, N. (Executive Producer). (Year-Year). Series title [TV series]. Production Company.  Writer, N. (Writer & Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In N. Producer (Executive Producers), Series title . Production Company.   Example 1 (A whole TV series) Schur, M., Miner, D., Sackett, M., & Goddard, D. (Executive Producers). (2016-2020). The good place [TV series]. Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Television.   Levy, D. (Writer), & Canning, J. (Director). (2020, March 31). Start spreading the news (Season 6, Episode 13) [TV series episode]. In E. Levy, D. Levy, F. Levy, A. Barnsley, B. Feigin & D. West Read (Executive Producers), Schitt’s creek . Not A Real Company Productions; Canadian Broadcasting Company.    The TV series title is in sentence case and in italics . The episode title is in sentence case. For a whole TV series, state the year or years the series first aired in brackets (See Example 1). If the TV series is still airing, use 'present' as the second date, e.g. (2010-present). For a specific episode, state the date the episode first aired in brackets (See Example 2). Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 1 and 2). APA does not have official guidance for unpublished documents. If you need to reference an unpublished document, please follow the format below. Confidential documents are private or commercially sensitive information, such as patient health records or details of a supplier contract, where disclosure of identity is prohibited by law or the owner of the information. Internal documents contain information relevant to an organisation. These may or may not be confidential. Talk to your lecturer if you are unsure about confidentiality in your assignment.  It may sometimes be appropriate to add an anonymised extract of the document to an appendix to provide context for the reader. Unpublished confidential documents    Anonymised author. (Year). Title [Unpublished document]. Unpublished internal documents Author. (Year). Title [Unpublished document]. Department, Company.  Example 1 (Unpublished confidential document) Company A. (2023). [Company A’s] procurement strategy 2023-2028 [Unpublished document].  Example 2 (Unpublished confidential document with descriptive title) NHS Trust. (2022). [Document detailing patient data breach] [Unpublished document]. NHS England.  Example 3  (Unpublished internal document) Vaughan, P. (2024).  Collection development strategy [Unpublished document]. Lanchester Library, Coventry University.  Anonymise part or all of the title where the title will reveal the identity of the organisation. Place the anonymised part of the title in [square brackets] (see Example 1) or use a descriptive title in [square brackets] to anonymise the whole title and then this title will not be in italics (see Example 2). If an internal document has no author, use the department as the author and do not repeat this later in the reference. Videos on a video sharing platform (YouTube, Vimeo etc.) Uploader. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Video Platform. https://www.website.com/video   Videos on social media (TikTok, Instagram, X etc.) Author, N. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title or first 20 words of post [Video]. Social Media Site. https://www.socialmedia.com/user/post   Example 1 (Videos on a video sharing platform) TED. (2024, February 5).  How babies think about danger | Shari Liu | TED [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6djPLVa9aQ4     Example 2 (Videos on social media) The video title is in sentence case and in italics. For YouTube videos or similar, the name of the uploader/channel will likely be the author (see Example 1). For videos on social media, the author is the profile name followed by the username in [square brackets] (see Example 2). Authors can also be formatted in the way that best helps to identify them e.g. Johnson, D. [The Rock]. If the speaker in the video is not the same as the uploader, integrate this into your sentence e.g. Liu discusses how babies perceive danger (TED, 2024). White papers (see: Command papers) X (see: Social Media) YouTube (see: Videos) Zines (see: Artists’ books) Need More Help? Ask us on LiveChat   Book a Library Workshop   Contact your Librarian   Consult the APA manual   Visit the APA Style Blog   APA Quick Referencing Guide Quick guide to help you get started. Refer to these web pages for more detailed reference information. Printable APA Quick Guide Download this essay to see an example how to use the APA referencing style in assignments. Example of essay using APA << Previous: Introduction to Referencing Next: FAQs >> Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 3:29 PM URL: https://libguides.coventry.ac.uk/APA Quick Links Still have questions? Leave a comment Add Comment Checklist: Dissertation Proposal Enter your email id to get the downloadable right in your inbox! Examples: Edited Papers Need editing and proofreading services, how to create the perfect thesis title page in 2024. Tags: Academic Writing , APA Style , Chicago Style , Formatting Guidelines , MLA Style Create the perfect thesis title page with our practical guide! From important elements to include in a title page to formatting guidelines, we’ve covered everything.  For those who wish to quickly create a title page, we’ve also mentioned popular title page generators. So let’s start by understanding the components of a thesis title page!   Get a well-edited thesis with zero errors! Get started What to include in a thesis title page?  A thesis title page contains important details such as the thesis title, author’s name, institution’s name, submission date, department name, and degree program’s name. It’s important to refer to your university’s guidelines about the thesis title page.  In many cases, the title page for a thesis can also include the following components: Student number: Often placed below the author’s name or in the bottom corner. Instructor’s name: Usually positioned in the middle or lower third of the page. Institution’s logo: Typically at the top of the page, either centered or in a corner. Location: If included, usually placed at the bottom of the page. Committee members: Names of other faculty serving on the thesis committee. Copyright statement: A declaration of the author’s rights to the work. Submission statement: A formal statement indicating the thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of degree requirements. Disclaimer: If necessary, a statement about the confidentiality or restricted use of the thesis. Funding acknowledgment: Mention any grants or scholarships that supported the research. Now let us see the formatting guidelines for a thesis title page.  How to format a thesis title page?  It’s essential to crosscheck the institution’s guidelines for the thesis title page format. There should be consistency and uniformity regarding the formatting of the margins, text alignment, and font size.  Now let’s understand the basic formatting guidelines for creating a title page according to APA, MLA, and Chicago style guides.  Guidelines for formatting an APA title page  The format of an APA title page differs, depending on whether it’s required for a student paper or a professional paper. While a professional paper requires a running head (title mentioned on top of every document page), student papers don’t require it unless it’s specified by the university. Here are some general guidelines for formatting an APA title page: Maintain a 1-inch margin on all sides.  Apply double spacing consistently.  Include the running head on the left. (for professional papers)  Add the page number on the right side.  Centrally align your thesis paper’s title.  Use fonts like Times New Roman, Calibri, Arial, Lucida Sans Unicode, Georgia, and Computer Modern.  You can read the article “ How to Create an APA Title Page ” to know more.  Guidelines for creating an MLA title page  Write the author’s name first, followed by the instructor’s name, course name, subject name, and title.  For a thesis involving multiple authors, list every author’s name on a separate line. Centrally align your paper’s title. Except for the paper’s title, align all important details to the left.  Use italics to format the title of media works, including books, movies, and TV series.  To know in detail, you can read the article “ How to Create an MLA Title Page ”.  Guidelines for creating a Chicago-style title page  Centrally align the title of your thesis paper.  After the title, write details such as the teacher’s name, course name, and date in 3 separate lines. Ensure that they are centrally aligned towards the bottom of the page.  Utilize the Times New Roman font (size- 12).  If there is a subtitle, end the title with a colon ( : ) and write the subtitle on the next line.  Omit the page number from the thesis paper’s title page.  To know more about creating a title page in Chicago Style, you can read the article “ Chicago Title, Cover Page & Body | Paper Format Guidelines Now, let’s see a thesis title page example to understand better!  Thesis title page example  If you want to see more templates for a thesis title page, we’ve got you covered. Explore the next section to know more!  Thesis title page templates  Access the following document to see various thesis title page templates!  Thesis title page templates Now, let’s quickly see five pointers to follow while creating a thesis paper title page.  Bonus section: Important pointers  Following are 5 important pointers for creating a thesis title page:  Use proper capitalization- Capitalize the title correctly and make the first letter capital for any nouns , verbs , adjectives , and adverbs in the title.  Avoid unnecessary decorative elements- Stick to a clean professional layout and avoid any unnecessary graphics and borders.  Carefully proofread- Double-check the title page for any spelling or grammatical errors . You can also use English corrector tools to do this!  Use a template for reference- Many universities provide a sample template. It’s better to refer to the template to ensure the correct thesis title page format.  Get feedback- If you’re unsure about any element of a thesis title page, you can consult your instructor or advisor about this.  You can also use title page generators like Ivy Panda, Writing-Services.org, and Custom-Writing.org to create a title page. However, it’s essential to ensure that you follow your institution’s guidelines.  This concludes our guide about the title page of a thesis! Once your title page is ready, the next step is to edit your paper. As experts in editing and proofreading services , we’d love to perfect your paper.  Here are some more useful resources for you:  2024’s Top 10 Thesis Statement Generators (Free Included!) The 10 Best Essential Resources for Academic Research Academic Writing in 2024: 5 Key Dos & Don’ts + Examples Best ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing (100+ Prompts!) The Ethics of Academic Research Frequently Asked Questions What is the title page of a thesis, how to title a thesis, how do you format a thesis title page. Found this article helpful? Leave a Comment: Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Your vs. You’re: When to Use Your and You’re Your organization needs a technical editor: here’s why, your guide to the best ebook readers in 2024, writing for the web: 7 expert tips for web content writing. Subscribe to our Newsletter Get carefully curated resources about writing, editing, and publishing in the comfort of your inbox. How to Copyright Your Book? 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However, the following information should always be included: Attributive tag or signal phrase that introduces your source Reference Citation: Information to Include Authorlastname, Authorfirstinitial. (Year, Month Day). Blog post title in sentence case. Blog Title in Italics. URL_but_not_active_hyperlink Specific Example: Blog Post with a Single Author In-text Citation Options Financial advisor and blogger Joshua Brown (2018) addressed the widening wealth gap in the US and examined how gains for capital markets have made an uneven “two-track system.” One post from The Reformed Broker addressed the widening wealth gap in the US and examined how gains for capital markets have made an uneven “two-track system” (Brown, 2018).                          Note : Blog titles are italicized in the body of a document. References Page Entry Brown, J. M. (2018, March 1). Something to live for. The Reformed Broker .             http://thereformedbroker.com/2018/03/01/something-to-live-for/ << Previous: APA Citations - Specific Examples Next: Book >> Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 3:28 PM URL: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/APAStyleGuide Special Collections Home Archives Home Madrid Home Assessement Contact/Directory Library Associates Archives & Digital Services Databases - Article Linker FAQ Digital Collections Government Information Library Catalog Library Catalog - Alerts/Other Material Locating Materials in Pius Library Meet your Librarian SLU Journals and SLU Edited Journals SLUth Search Plus Special Collections Research Guides Academic Technology Commons Course Reserves Course Reserves FAQ Interlibrary Loan Journal Articles on Demand Library Access library Account Library Instructions Library Resources for Faculty and Staff Off Campus Library Access Questions? Ask Us! Study Space and Lockers Writing Program Information Literacy Instruction Pius Faculty and Staff Meet Your Pius Research Librarian MCL Faculty and Staff Meet Your MCL Liaison Librarian NURS AMSN Second Year School of Nursing Library Instruction Session Fall 2024 Welcome! Library Liasion Info Google Scholar & Predatory Journals Generative AI? Research Process and Mindset Subject Headings Other Common Searching Tools Saving Searches Accessing the SLU Libraries Medical and Nursing Books via the Library Accessing Full-Text Articles Example Question for Searching PubMed (through SLU!) Ovid MEDLINE Other Possibilities Additional Helpful Resources! APA and EndNote Medical Library Center RL Location APA Citation Resources Remember, the citations that can be exported from CINAHL (or any library database) may not be correct or up to date per the current APA Citation Style.   The following sources may be helpful! Katy's General APA Citation Overview Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab): APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition ) APA Documentation from Saint Louis University Writing Services At some point, you may want to use a citation manager.  EndNote is free via SLU! EndNote is a citation management software that can make it easier to keep track of your research and to create properly formatted citations and bibliographies for your research projects. Save references and PDFs from databases Cite articles in the body of your paper in APA format Create your APA formatted reference list at the end of your paper Don't save EN libraries to cloud services or network drives--the EN Library may become corrupted.  Save to a local hard drive or jump drive. There are 2 parts to an EN library: .enl file and .Data folder--both must be kept together! Do not use EndNote to access and search databases. Be careful:  EN X9,20, and 21 are not fully compatible! For a guide to download EndNote 21 see:  https://libguides.slu.edu/endnote Example for class:  H EndNote Library.enlx For more help with EndNote:   https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/support/endnote/ Update APA 7th to Full Journal Names EndNote abbreviates journal names--APA 7th edition requires the full name.  To tell Endnote 21 to use the full names: Open Tools (from EN menu bar) Output Styles Edit APA 7th Select Journal Names Click on button for "Use Full Journal Name" Then simply close!  You will be asked if you want to save to APA 7th or to a new file.  Stick with APA 7th! << Previous: Additional Helpful Resources! Next: Medical Library Center RL Location >> Last Updated: Sep 5, 2024 1:06 PM URL: https://libguides.slu.edu/c.php?g=1422457 Use 1-inch margins on every side of the page for an APA Style paper. However, if you are writing a dissertation or thesis , your advisor or institution may specify different margins (e.g., a 1.5-inch left margin to accommodate binding). Margins are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.22 and the Concise Guide Section 1.21 Related handout Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB) From the APA Style blog APA Style student papers webinar A new APA Style webinar, “A Step-by-Step Guide for APA Style Student Papers,” taking place on September 10, 2020, will provide detailed guidance on creating, formatting, and organizing APA Style student papers. 425 IMAGES 💄 Apa format summary. How to Write a Summary APA Style. 2022-11-03 APA Formatting Guide for Essays and Dissertations apa cover page format spacing Example Abstract Research Paper Apa Format APA Citations for a Thesis or Dissertation APA Citations for a Thesis or Dissertation VIDEO APA, References|Literature Writing|A Guide For Beginners APA headings using the APA format template APA style thesis and article writing #sk notes ugc net Format of Headings in Thesis according to APA 7 LESSON 79 How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation in Chicago Manual of Style COMMENTS PDF APA Style Dissertation Guidelines: Formatting Your Dissertation tutorials under the "Resources for Writing Your Dissertation" tab. APA Style, 7 th Edition: A Brief Overview This section provides a very brief overview of APA Style formatting. For more thorough information about APA Style, 7 th edition, please refer to Appendix A (on page 11) of this guide for additional APA resources. Headings APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.) Published Dissertation or Thesis References The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., "Undergraduate honors thesis"). Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples). How to Cite a Dissertation in APA Style To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add "Unpublished" to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets. APA format. Author last name, Initials. (Year). APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.). Thesis/Dissertation Thesis, from a commercial database. Lope, M. D. (2014). Perceptions of global mindedness in the international baccalaureate middle years programme: The relationship to student academic performance and teacher characteristics (Order No. 3682837) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland].ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in APA Citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database. If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It's similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences: Structure: Author's last name, F. M. (Year published). PDF How to Prepare your Dissertation in APA Style In APA Style, you can use up to five . levels of headings, each with its own formatting style. In the table of contents, you should include all level 1 and 2 headings, left-aligned and formatted as plain text. Level 2 headings are indented. Including lower-level headings in the table of contents is optional. Add an additional indent for each level. Dissertations or Theses Title of dissertation (Publication No. xxxxxxxxx). [Doctoral dissertation or Masters thesis, Name of institution that awarded the degree]. Name of Source i.e. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. URL for the dissertation or thesis. Example: D'Arcangelis, G. S. (2009). The bio scare: Anthrax, smallpox, SARS, flu and post-9/11 U.S. empire ... Thesis/Dissertation Dissertation or thesis available from a database service: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication). Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.) For an unpublished dissertation or thesis: Author Surname, First Initial. Second ... APA Style The authority on APA Style and the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual. Find tutorials, the APA Style Blog, how to format papers in APA Style, and other resources to help you improve your writing, master APA Style, and learn the conventions of scholarly publishing. APA Citations for a Thesis or Dissertation How to Cite a Published Dissertation or Thesis in APA. To cite a published dissertation in APA 7th edition, you need to include: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication number, if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Publisher. APA Style 7th Ed. The 7th edition of Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was created by the American Psychological Assocation (APA), and contains the complete guidelines on how to format material for publication and cite your research.It is a set of style rules that codifies the components of scientific writing in order to deliver concise and bias free information to the reader. PDF Student Paper Setup Guide, APA Style 7th Edition Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5 in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. Page numbers: Put a page number in the top right corner of every page, including the title page or cover page, which is page 1. Student papers do not require a running head on any page. Library Guides: APA 7th referencing style: Thesis Self-determined mindfulness and attachment style in college students (Publication No. 305210119) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. EndNote reference type: Thesis. Add Publication Number to Document Number field. << Dissertation & SPP Formatting If you are on this tab, you have probably been asked to format a dissertation or Scholarly Practice Project paper using APA format. Use the below information to help you format the different pieces of your paper. ... with annotations on where to find more information in APA Manual. From the APA Style site. << Previous: Formatting the Paper ... Formatting your Dissertation in APA Style The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition is the official source for APA Style. With millions of copies sold worldwide in multiple languages, it is the style manual of choice for writers, researchers, editors, students, and educators in the social and behavioral sciences, natural sciences, nursing, communications, education, business, engineering, and ... How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.. This citation guide outlines the most important citation guidelines from the 7th edition APA Publication Manual (2020). Scribbr also offers free guides for the older APA 6th ... Theses and dissertations Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work; e.g., a film, artwork, novel. Sample Papers These sample papers demonstrate APA Style formatting standards for different student paper types. Students may write the same types of papers as professional authors (e.g., quantitative studies, literature reviews) or other types of papers for course assignments (e.g., reaction or response papers, discussion posts), dissertations, and theses. Referencing in APA Style: A-Z Referencing Examples Format. Unpublished dissertation or thesis (available from the awarding institution) Author, N. (Year). Dissertation or thesis title [Unpublished master's dissertation or Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Name of University. Published dissertation or thesis (available from databases such as EThoS or ProQuest, or Google Scholar) Author, N. (Year). How to Create the Perfect Thesis Title Page in 2024 Now let's understand the basic formatting guidelines for creating a title page according to APA, MLA, and Chicago style guides. Guidelines for formatting an APA title page The format of an APA title page differs, depending on whether it's required for a student paper or a professional paper. While a professional paper requires a running ... Paper Format Paper Format. Consistency in the order, structure, and format of a paper allows readers to focus on a paper's content rather than its presentation. To format a paper in APA Style, writers can typically use the default settings and automatic formatting tools of their word-processing program or make only minor adjustments. Blog General Rules: Citing Blog Posts. In-text Citation: Information to Include. In-text citations and signal phrases can be woven into sentences and paragraphs in multiple ways, and what you emphasize depends on what information will be most relevant and/or persuasive to your reader. However, the following information should always be included: APA and EndNote Remember, the citations that can be exported from CINAHL (or any library database) may not be correct or up to date per the current APA Citation Style. The following sources may be helpful! Katy's General APA Citation Overview; Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab): APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition) Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References Narrative citation: Harris (2014) When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description " [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or " [Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree. Title Page Setup Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page. Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize major words of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. Instructional Aids These instructional aids will help you improve your APA Style skills. Access free tutorials and webinars, handouts and guides, and sample papers; learn about instructional products such as the Mastering APA Style Student Workbook; and request desk or exam copies of APA Style books as well as ancillary materials related to course adoption.New to APA Style? Margins Use 1-inch margins on every side of the page for an APA Style paper. However, if you are writing a dissertation or thesis, your advisor or institution may specify ... 2020, will provide detailed guidance on creating, formatting, and organizing APA Style student papers. Last updated: July 2022 Date created: September 2019. Back to top. Home; essay homework paper phd project resume review study thesis