persuasive speech on alcohol

170 Alcoholism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best alcoholism topic ideas & essay examples, 💡 interesting topics to write about alcoholism, 📑 good research topics about alcoholism, 📌 simple & easy alcoholism essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on alcoholism, ❓ research questions about alcohol addiction.

• Drug and Alcohol Abuse For along time now, drug and alcohol abuse in the society has been a problem that affects the youth and the society at large. This paper highlights the problems of drug abuse and alcohol drinking […]
• Reaction to Attending Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting The mentor and organizer started the meeting with a short introduction, greeting and thanking the participants for their persistence to inspire the conversation that followed.
• Alcoholic Anonymous: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Programs In addition to this, the merits and demerits of AA in the fight against alcohol abuse will be articulated so as to demonstrate the effectiveness of AA in helping Alcoholics recover.
• Alcoholism as a Social Problem The first attempt to tackle the problem was in the 1920s when the government passed the prohibition Act. This may cause them to turn to alcohol as a way of neutralizing the problem.
• Alcoholism Causes and Curing In addition, professional counseling is equally important as the specialist can be able to access the level of alcoholism in the patient, how dependant that person is on alcohol and such information which would help […]
• Alcoholism and the Impact Colonization Has Had on Aboriginals Once alcohol had become a part of the community, there was a gradual shift in the health of the people and they succumbed to illnesses.
• Underage Drinking and Teen Alcohol Abuse However, due to low legal driving age in America, many teenagers are prone to the risk of driving under the influence of alcohol than in other countries.
• Non-Alcoholic Beverage Company’ SWOT Analysis For instance, recent data on the progress of Coca-Cola shows that the organization gained the total of $67,749,000,000 in the target market.
• Social Article About Alcoholism Problem by Sanders Russell In his story “Under the Influence: Paying the Price of My Father’s Booze,” author Sanders Russell gives a deeply personal account of the effects of alcoholism in his family as he was growing up. Russell […]
• Alcoholic Anonymous Meeting as Group Therapy The AA meeting allows the participants to feel a sense of belonging. Describe the observations of the social milieu in an AA meeting.
• Effects of Alcohol Abuse on Women Among all these destructive substances, alcohol is the leading one and a significant companion of the 21st century people as well as a way of relaxing to escape the difficulties of posed by life. It […]
• Drug and Alcohol Abuse Among Young People It is evident among drinkers that, when the BACs are low they develop a feeling of elation and when it rises, a feeling of friendliness begins to develop.
• Alcoholic Industry: Beam Suntory and Diageo Companies In the United States, the beverage industry continues growing: more than 60% of all revenues in the industry are made of the revenues of alcoholic beverages.
• History of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Wilson and Smith went to the Oxford Group to learn the Oxford Group’s techniques of prayer, for example: surrender, guidance, and moral principles.
• Alcoholic Anonymous Reaction Essay The understanding of alcohol abuse and the current resources that exist to curb it, such as AA, is fundamental to understanding the challenge on a medical level.
• Alcoholism and Treatment Options Even though alcohol has been inappropriately abused recently, it is safe to say that the consumption of alcohol is both a tonic and poison, depending on the dose. In India, several states prohibit the sale […]
• Drug and Alcohol Abuse Among Teenagers The thesis statement is: “Conviction is a better way to reduce drug and alcohol addiction among teenagers in the United States”.
• Awareness on Alcoholism: What Is It and How to Cope? The availability of these products is a major driver of individual and family problems that many people face. Alcoholism is a form of physical and mental addiction to drinks containing alcohol.
• Alcohol Abuse: Causes, Symptoms, Prevention, and Treatment Alcohol can additionally be the cause of brain damage manifested in the form of impairments in executive functioning, for example, weakening of visuospatial function and working memory.
• Screening Alcoholism With AUDIT Evaluation Method This tool, in turn, could provide some extra explanations for Brian’s drinking and help determine whether he was genetically predisposed to the condition. Thus, AUDIT happens to be the most suitable tool for reviewing Johnson’s […]
• Narcotic Anonymous and Alcoholics Anonymous Groups The desire to change one’s life for the better and look at the world soberly is what many people come to with time, and all of them are united by the desire to return to […]
• Alcoholism Issue in Miami Gardens The new data also matches tendencies from the summer of 2020, when the coronavirus struck, when many Floridians resorted to alcohol and other narcotics in the face of unpredictable circumstances.
• Alcoholics Anonymous Program Evaluation Program evaluation also assesses the organization’s quality, the efficiency of its methods and identifies aspects of the procedures that can be improved.
• Alcoholism Causes: Where Science and Religion Converge Although it is difficult to pinpoint a single cause of alcoholism, it is clear that many internal and external factors serve as raw material in the making of an alcoholic.
• Alcohol Abuse and Effective Prevention Technique The original presentation and this extended exploration for it discuss the community structure, the essence of the problem and the theory and practice behind the SBIRT approach.
• Media Influence on Alcohol Abuse Consequently, many people are likely to watch the advert, and the ad can increase consumption of the product and limit the fight against alcohol problems.
• Alcoholics Anonymous Overview When I attended the third meeting, I was among the people who largely contributed to how it is easy to stop taking alcohol.
• Alcoholism, Domestic Violence and Drug Abuse Kaur and Ajinkya researched to investigate the “psychological impact of adult alcoholism on spouses and children”. The work of Kaur and Ajinkya, reveals a link between chronic alcoholism and emotional problems on the spouse and […]
• Alcoholic Anonymous Meeting and Impact on Treatment As the name suggests, the meeting was open to alcohol addicts and those who have recovered, members of the public, media, and professionals in different fields.
• Alcoholism Problem Overview Alcoholism is one of the major factors affecting the health of individuals and family relations due to the repercussions of the dependence.
• Alcoholism: A Female Patient’s Drinking Profile It had changed her perspective of reality and destroyed her family in a way that each of her children had a health problem leading to death of one child at the age of 10 years.
• Moderate Alcohol Abuse as DSM–IV–TR Diagnosis The DSM-IV-TR diagnosis in this case is a moderate alcohol abuse ), which requires a minimum of four symptoms as specified in the DSM.
• Alcoholic Anonymous: Its Purposes and General Topics Another primary objective of AA groups is for the members to provide support to each other in the process of healing from alcoholism.
• Alcoholism in Native Americans Theories suggest that the rate at which alcohol is absorbed in the body of a Native American is different from that of the rest of the U.S.population.
• Alcoholism Among the Adult Population in Wisconsin Alcohol dependency, which is an offshoot of excessive alcohol consumption, has been noted to lead to behaviours such as child abuse and neglect, poor dietary habits and absenteeism among the adult population in Wisconsin.
• Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Symptoms and Treatment The onset of alcoholic cirrhosis is proportional to the amount and period of ethanol intake. Alcohol breakdown in the body occurs in the liver and partly in the alimentary canal.
• Alcoholism and Depression: Intervention Strategies The intention of the research paper is to assess if indeed there is an association between alcoholism as manifested by Jackson, and a case of depression.
• Teenage Depression and Alcoholism There also has been a demonstrated connection between alcoholism and depression in all ages; as such, people engage in alcoholism as a method of self medication to dull the feelings of depression, hopelessness and lack […]
• Alcohol Abuse, Behaviour, and Types of Personalities Personality type is a process that assists in the determination of people’s behavior; it however assists in the classification of people into distinct category types.
• The Main Problems of Alcoholism Despite the overall advance in treatment, alcoholism is still a challenge due to the lack of successful drug efficacy appraisals and pharmacotherapy personalization in patients with AUD.
• Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Interconnection In addition to its physical effects on the chronic drinker’s body, alcohol is associated with a variety of mental impairments. Alcoholic dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome are among the most prominent concerns in the matter. The former is a blanket term for a variety of cognitive deficiencies caused by the substance. The latter is a two-stage […]
• Alcoholic Anonymous Organization Fighting Addiction By accepting the problem and causes, a participant can try to resolve. In the program, participants have to admit their past wrongs and errors to a group and receive support to change.
• A Workaholic and an Alcoholic This happens due to the fact that workaholics and alcoholics both tend to neglect their responsibilities at the family level in favor of their engagements.
• Personality Issues Among Male People With Alcoholism The main message of the authors is that the personality degradation occurring during alcoholism is directly caused by problems of a socio-psychological nature.
• Counseling Theories in the Management of Alcoholics The amount of alcohol he needs to get drunk has been increasing over the years and he spends much of his income on alcohol.
• Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting After the analysis of a series of data collected over a fixed six months period, by the concerned members globally, in connection to that, 15% of accidents, 36% of deaths due to fire, and 26% […]
• Should Alcoholic Beverages Be Legalized for All Ages? Alcohol expectations vary across different cultures and this affects the mode of consumption and the age limit to which alcohol is taken. The loopholes in the law should also be amended to prevent any consumption […]
• Alcoholism as a Psychiatric and Medical Disorder He meets criteria A since he is unwilling to admit that he needs help to fight his dependence, which means that he requires the assistance of an expert to recognize the issue and, therefore, manage […]
• Genetic Predisposition to Alcohol: The Appreciation and Therapy for Alcoholism Through family studies it has been established that the likelihood of alcohol dependence and similar complications happening is more in the families of the individuals who have been affected as compared to in the people […]
• Alcoholism: The Disease Is Often Progressive and Fatal According to the definition, the disease is a problem in society, but Colchado argues that if alcoholism is a problem, it cannot be considered a disease.
• Alcohol Consumption Factors Among College Students In general, the purpose of the research was to arrive at evidence-based recommendations for university policy and guidance programs that could more holistically help students avoid binge drinking or alcoholism and systematically cope with the […]
• Drug and Alcohol Abuse: A Comprehensive Research Study First, it is necessary to indentify the age groups, most inclined to drug and alcohol addiction, and ascertain the major reasons for it. The research should discuss the problem of addiction from various standpoints therefore […]
• Genetic Basis for Alcoholism Further, Genetic studies will help you to understand more about the heritability of alcohol dependence and which will positively help you to explore the correlation of alcoholism to other disorders like major depression.
• Analysis of Alcoholic Products Market in Ireland One of the major threats to the alcoholic drinks industry in Ireland is the increase in the number of coffee shops on the high street.
• Critical Issues in Education: Drug Abuse and Alcoholism For this case, the ministry concerned has a very hard task of ensuring there are no critical issues that are left unsolved that relate to education, failure to which will affect the performance of students […]
• Alcoholism: Its Causes and Effects This is because when the levels of CYP2E1 are high, there is a greater level of lipid peroxidation within the liver, thus a lower ability of the liver to fight against the toxins that have […]
• Cirrhosis: Non- and Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 27%, is the end result of a hepatocellular injury that leads to both fibrosis and regenerative nodules throughout the liver. The main cause of alcoholic liver disease is the excessive intake of alcohol, whereas the […]
• Single Parents in the Alcoholic Classification In this category, the single parent, either the father or the mother is a chronic alcoholic and heavily uses alcohol and other substances.
• Alcoholic Fermentation and Metabolic Traits Furthermore, researchers intended to investigate the impact of human selection on strains’ food processing in addition to studying both the genetic variability and plasticity of different fermentation products between strains and food processes.
• Reducing the Alcohol Abuse Among the Youth This paper includes a brief discussion of two possible ways to improve the problem and the justification for the use of one of the options.
• Alcoholic Drinks Market Analysis Demand and supply are the foundations of economic analysis in the interaction of the two market forms. The law of demand and supply works in divergent ways in the sense that, when prices of commodities […]
• Alcoholism and Related Issues: Treatment Plan The patient is trying to get help to recover and rectify poor health conditions through medical treatment and the support of his family.
• Treatments for Alcohol Abuse in the Military It is also notable that the use of illicit drugs and alcohol is not high among military professionals in comparison with the other members of the society. Stress and the nature of the working environment […]
• Alcoholics Anonymous Observation and Group Therapy The examination of therapeutic techniques employed in the program of Alcoholics Anonymous demonstrates that they are significant in guiding and helping alcoholics to control and cope with alcoholism. Comparatively, the group of alcoholics employed Alcoholics […]
• Alcohol Abuse for Military-Connected It should also be pointed out that in the earlier conversation Wilson expressed interest in transferring to a base that would be closer to home and revealed his intention to terminate service in order to […]
• Alcoholism as a Social Issue and Its Effect on Families Such children tend to think that they are the causes of the problem, which would end up affecting them psychologically. Since children are not helped to get out of the horrifying scenarios, they end up […]
• Disease Concept of Alcoholism The universal definition of a disease is anything that is capable of causing an imbalance in the body’s nervous system thus, going by this definition then it is a disease, but in this century whereby […]
• Alcoholics Anonymous Meetings as Community Agency Nothing special is needed to become a member of the meetings at the Palatine club the only demand is the desire to stop drinking.
• Economic Tools: The Alcohol Abuse Problem Solving The four elements of an economic way of thinking are the use of assumptions, isolating variables, thinking at the margin, and the response of rational people to incentives.
• The Facts About Alcoholism The acetaldehyde reacts with the brain amines to produce isoquinolines which trigger the urge to drink more and more alcohol to combat the excess production of acetaldehydes in the body.
• Do Alcoholic People Interact Differently? The mode of interaction of alcoholics is different from that of non-alcoholics because the two categories of people operate in different states of mind.
• Alcohol Abuse by Quentin McCarthy The aim of MAST is to determine the extent of alcohol consumption based on responses provided and formulate strategies of helping the agent with regard to excess consumption of alcohol.
• Alcohol Abuse Among Elderly The effects of moderate consumption of alcohol are more beneficial to the elderly than to the younger generations. Thus, in the body of this report contains a deeper discussion of the causes, effects and solutions […]
• Reducing Drug and Alcohol Abuse: Europe vs. USA For instance, the needle and syringe exchange program has helped to reduce the rate of HIV infection among the injection drug users in the UK, which is the pioneer of needle and syringe exchange program.
• Concept and Treatment of Alcohol Abuse Alcoholism is the taking of alcoholic beverages to an extent that it can interfere with the physical behavior and activities of the alcoholic person.
• Definition of Alcohol Misuse (Alcohol Abuse and Addiction) in Youth Population Age 18-29 Analyzing the article of Jiang, it is possible to define the alcohol misuse simply as the excessive consumption of alcohol where a number of the young drinkers is higher than any other group of age […]
• Non-Alcoholic Beverage Industry The structure of the industry is oligopolistic; this is since the industry is dominated by three major players which are Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and Cadbury Schweppes.
• Social Influences on Behavior: Towards Understanding Depression and Alcoholism Based on Social Situations According to Smith & Mackie, dispositional variables entails the personalities, values, worldviews, and attitudes of the people that are interacting in a group, while situational variables comprise of the particular characteristics of the situation that […]
• Motivational Program and Alcoholics Anonymous The success or failure of AA recovery program can arguably be attributed to the strength of an individual to undergo total change in the way of thinking.
• Alcohol Abuse and the Contribution of Economists to Solving This Issue Analyzing the impact of a shift in supply, the researcher should consider the elasticity of demand as if the demand is elastic the price may be changed depending on the number of existing products at […]
• Diseases Caused by Alcohol Abuse and Its Preventions It is very important for the addicted person to feel all harmful consequences of the addiction and of alcohol in particular before giving up this bad habit.
• Alcoholism-Nature vs. Nurture Debate The analysis on physiological physiology regarding alcohol shows that, alcohol displays feelings of superiority and fearless behavior and also, it reduces an individual’s fear.
• Alcoholism: The Rough Road I was the only family he had and he had to move in with me in my apartment. Ken had nothing and he was willing to try anything to put his life back together.
• Alcoholism Disease or Self Will Alcoholism as a disease has serious physical effects to the body because it affects organs and systems such as the liver, the heart, and the nervous system amongst other critical organs in the body. Alcoholism […]
• Analysis of the Video “Effects of Alcoholism on Children: An Oral History Video” From the lecture, it is evident that individuals who grow in families with alcoholic members are highly likely to become alcoholic in future compared to their counterparts who have grown up in non-alcoholic environments.
• Teenage Alcoholism: Parental Influence and How to Get Rid of Vice The teenagers are in the process of emulating or declining the parental guidance since they need their freedom and at the same time are trying to win the parental support and acceptance.
• The Wide Range of Effects of Alcoholism on the Personality of an Individual
• The Historical Realities of Alcoholism in the Mexican American Community and the Social Implications
• The Various Stages in the Development of Alcoholism
• The Problem of Alcoholism and Its Negative Impact on Our Health
• The Effect of Parental Attitudes on Teenage Alcoholism
• The Seriousness of the Problem of Alcoholism Among Teenagers in the U.S
• The Overwhelming Presence of Alcoholism in the Native American Community Today
• The Problem of Alcoholism in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, a Novel by Sherman Alexie
• The Issues of Alcoholism and The Effects it Has In society In The United States
• The Expensiveness, Seriousness, and Commonality of Alcoholism
• The Various Causes of Alcoholism and How a Person Becomes an Alcoholic
• Uncovering the Genetic Factors of Alcoholism
• The Genetic, Psycho-social and Environmental Factors in the Development of Alcoholism
• The Problem of Teen Alcoholism in the United States
• The Stigma of Alcoholism and Drug Addiction
• The Rising Problem of Teenage Alcoholism and Its Contributing Factors
• The Use and Abuse of Alcohol, Its Negative Impact and the Disease of Alcoholism
• The Symptoms, Complications, Treatments, and Prevention of Alcoholism
• The Impact of Parental Alcoholism on Adult Children
• Understanding Alcoholism and How a User Develops into an Alcoholic
• Understanding Alcoholism and Its Effects on the Major Organ Systems
• The Objectives Of Client Advocacy In Alcoholism And Drug Abuse Treatment
• Understanding the Process in the Development of Alcoholism
• Alcoholism and Native America: The Therapeutic Pertinence of the Movie Smoke Signals
• The Psychological Effects and Problems about Alcoholism
• The Nature Vs. Nurture Debate In Learning More About Alcoholism
• The Reasons Why Alcoholism Should Be Considered a Disease
• The Proposition for Legal Age in the United States in Response to Alcoholism
• Understanding the Physical and Social Effects of Alcoholism
• Work Hard, Party Harder: Alcoholism And College Campuses
• Alcoholism as a Major Social, Economic and Public Health Problem in the United States
• Alcoholism and Its Effects on Women’s Reproductive Systems and Pregnancy
• An Analysis of the Issue of Alcoholism in American Society and Its Impact on Children
• Alcoholism as the Plot Builder of Fitzgerald’s The Beautiful and Damned
• An Analysis of the Definition, Symptoms, Causes and Effects of Alcoholism
• Alcoholism Disease And Alcoholism Physical Symptoms
• How People Become Alcoholics and Effects of Alcoholism
• Alcoholism: The Symptoms And Effects Of The Disease
• Factors, Symptoms And Treatment Of Alcoholism
• An Analysis of the Theme of Alcoholism in My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke
• Alcoholism Is An Extremely Common Disease And It Affects
• An Analysis of the Role of Genetics and Environment in Causing Alcoholism
• Genetics Is Just One of the Many Contributing Factors of Alcoholism
• Living With Alcoholism: How Does Alcoholism Affect Other Family Members
• What Alcoholism Is and What Are Its Side Effects?
• Does Drinking Every Day Make You an Alcoholic?
• What Are the Symptoms of Alcoholism?
• Is Alcoholism a Disease or a Habit?
• What Is the Best Definition of Alcoholism?
• How Does Alcohol Affect Behavior?
• What Are the Problems of Alcoholism?
• How Do You Stop a Man From Drinking?
• What Does Alcohol Do to the Brain?
• Can a Person Drink a Lot and Not Be an Alcoholic?
• What Is the Root Cause of Alcoholism?
• Which Person Would Be Most Likely to Develop Alcoholism?
• What Is the Life Expectancy of an Alcoholic?
• Does Alcohol Change Personality?
• What Happens if You Drink Alcohol Every Day for a Month?
• Does Alcohol Cause Anger Issues?
• What Does Your Drunk Personality Say About You?
• Does Alcohol Affect Mental Health?
• What Happens When You Stop Drinking?
• Does Alcohol Cause Dementia?
• What Are the Statistics of Recovering Alcoholics?
• How Does Alcohol Affect Sleep?
• What Are the Signs of Someone Who Drinks Too Much?
• When Is Drinking a Problem in a Relationship?
• What Are the First Signs of Liver Damage From Alcohol?
• Is Damage From Alcohol Reversible?
• What Is the Most Successful Way to Stop Drinking?
• Is It True That Once an Alcoholic Always an Alcoholic?
• What Are the Four Types of Drinkers?
• What Is the First Step in the Development of Alcoholism?
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Persuasive Speech Outline Title/Topic: "Don't Drink and Drive"

Position Statement: Failure to demand robust reforms in alcohol education, traffic legislation, and awareness creation would mean that our country will continue to record more senseless deaths and incur counterproductive costs in the long run.

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Title: The legal drinking age should be lowered to 18 Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience as to why the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen. Central Idea: I will persuade my audience that the legal drinking age should be lowered to eighteen from twenty-one because of the rights Americans have at the age of eighteen, the comparison to other countries drinking age, and the pressure Americans put an alcohol because of the limit.

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The debate about increasing the legal age for drinking is increasingly getting vicious especially in the United States of America. The excessive drinking among young adults especially in college results in negative externalities, and there are legal procedures that can reduce or prevent these problems maybe until a later age when they are mature enough and responsible. Most economies have implemented the requirement of the drinking age as twenty-one instead of the conventional legal age of eighteen or sixteen in some countries (Elements Behavioral Health, 2016). The notion of raised drinking age is greatly gaining traction over the past few years, and the primary purpose is to prevent alcohol-related harm by young people. This paper will support my claim that the drinking age should be raised to twenty-five years because it is the age when the brain and the nervous systems have developed to physical maturity.

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Bruce Maycock , David Sleet

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Introduction, conflict of interest statement.

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Persuading People to Drink Less Alcohol: The Role of Message Framing, Temporal Focus and Autonomy

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Susan Churchill, Louisa Pavey, Donna Jessop, Paul Sparks, Persuading People to Drink Less Alcohol: The Role of Message Framing, Temporal Focus and Autonomy, Alcohol and Alcoholism , Volume 51, Issue 6, 26 November 2016, Pages 727–733, https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agw033

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Health information can be used to try to persuade people to follow safe drinking recommendations. However, both the framing of information and the dispositional characteristics of message recipients need to be considered. An online study was conducted to examine how level of autonomy moderated the effect on drinking behaviour of gain- and loss-framed messages about the short- vs. long-term consequences of alcohol use.

At Time 1, participants ( N  = 335) provided demographic information and completed a measure of autonomy. At Time 2, participants reported baseline alcohol use and read a gain-framed or loss-framed health message that highlighted either short- or long-term outcomes of alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption was reported 7 days later.

The results showed a significant three-way interaction between message framing (loss vs. gain), temporal focus (short-term vs. long-term) and autonomy. For low-autonomy (but not high-autonomy) individuals, the loss-framed health message was associated with lower levels of alcohol consumption than was the gain-framed message but only if the short-term outcomes were conveyed.

This research provides evidence that the interaction between message framing and temporal focus may depend on a person's level of autonomy, which has implications for health promotion and the construction of effective health communication messages.

We examined how autonomy moderated the effect on drinking behaviour of gain- and loss-framed messages about the short- vs. long-term consequences of alcohol use. For low-autonomy individuals, the loss-framed health message was associated with lower alcohol consumption than was the gain-framed message but only if the short-term outcomes were conveyed.

Health appeals are often used to motivate and encourage people to reduce their consumption of alcohol. Both the framing of information in such appeals and the dispositional characteristics of message recipients need to be carefully considered, however, in an assessment of the likely persuasive impact of such information.

Message framing

‘Gain-framed’ information in health messages might address the benefits of a health-beneficial behaviour, or ‘loss-framed’ information might focus on the costs of not carrying out that behaviour (for reviews, see Rothman et al ., 2006 ; O'Keefe and Jensen, 2007 ; Gallagher and Updegraff, 2012 ). Rothman and Salovey (1997) argued that gain-framed messages would be most persuasive when encouraging a ‘protection’ behaviour (e.g. fruit and vegetable consumption), which individuals perceive to be minimally risky to perform and which is very likely to result in a healthy outcome. In contrast, loss-framed messages would typically be more persuasive when encouraging a ‘detection’ behaviour (e.g. mammography), which involves the possibility that one might discover a life-changing health problem.

In line with these expectations, gain-framed messages have been found to be more effective in promoting ‘low-risk’ illness protection behaviours such as physical exercise ( Latimer et al ., 2008 ) and condom use ( Kiene et al ., 2005 ). In contrast, loss-framed messages have been shown to be effective in promoting ‘risky’ illness detection behaviours such as breast self-examination ( Abood et al ., 2005 ) and cervical cancer screening ( Rivers et al ., 2005 ).

Although there is supporting evidence for these message framing hypotheses, there are also mixed findings. Some studies have reported no effect of message framing ( Brug, et al ., 2003 ; Jones, et al ., 2004 ), and others have found effects in the opposite direction to that predicted by Rothman and Salovey ( O'Connor et al ., 1996 ; Williams et al ., 2001 ). Moreover, researchers have found that a range of contextual and dispositional variables can moderate the persuasive effects of loss- and gain-framed messages (see Covey, 2014 , for a review).

Little research has explored the effects of gain- and loss-framed messages on alcohol consumption (although see Gerend and Cullen, 2008 ;  Bernstein et al ., 2016 ; de Graaf et al ., 2015 ). Research investigating the impact of contextual variables alongside pre-existing characteristic of the message recipient is also limited, leaving open important questions related to the effectiveness of message framing. This article presents the results of an experimental study that suggests that the effects of (loss vs. gain) message framing may be moderated by the temporal focus of the outcomes of behaviour (i.e. are the outcomes short-term or long-term?) and message recipients’ level of autonomy prior to exposure to health information.

Temporal focus of outcomes

Temporal message framing is the application of a time frame to information about a potential health-related outcome (e.g. cardiovascular disease) to make the risk to health seem either more proximal or more distant in time. Research has shown that the temporal context in which alcohol outcomes are presented can moderate peoples’ responses to gain- and loss-framed messages. Gerend and Cullen (2008) investigated the effects of message framing (loss vs. gain) and temporal focus (short- vs. long-term consequences) on student drinking behaviour. Results showed significant main effects for both temporal focus and message frame, and a significant message frame x temporal focus interaction, such that participants in the gain-frame/short-term consequences condition reported consuming fewer units of alcohol compared to participants in the other three conditions. For messages that focussed on the long-term outcomes of alcohol use, there was no differential effect of loss- vs. gain-framing.

However, there are mixed findings in the literature. Some studies have found message-framing effects in the context of alcohol consumption ( Gerend and Cullen, 2008 ; de Graaf et al ., 2015 ). However, in a recent study using email communications to disseminate gain- and loss-framed messages about the short- vs. long-term consequences of alcohol use to college students with high levels of alcohol consumption, Bernstein et al ., (2016) found no main effects of message frame or temporal context or any interaction between the two. This suggests that further research is needed to elucidate the impacts of loss- and gain-frame messages and temporal context in the domain of alcohol consumption and to further investigate the interactions between message framing (loss vs. gain) and temporal context (short-term vs. long-term).

It is possible that the persuasive effects of message framing (in terms of gains vs. losses) and temporal focus (in terms of short-term vs. long-term outcomes) may be moderated by individual difference characteristics. One variable that may reasonably be expected to influence the effect of temporal focus within loss- and gain-framed messages is the extent to which people feel a sense of freedom to act in accordance with their internalized standards and values rather than feel an obligation to act as a result of influence from others.

Self-determination theory ( Deci and Ryan, 1985 , 2000 ) describes autonomy in terms of a person's basic psychological need to perceive their behaviour as freely chosen and under volitional control. Research has shown that greater autonomy is associated with increased motivation, greater likelihood of adherence to recommended health behaviours and higher levels of psychological well-being ( Hagger et al ., 2006 ; Chatzisarantis and Hagger, 2009 ; Williams et al ., 2009 ). Perceived autonomy over behavioural choice is argued to be empowering, providing people with a sense of agency and control over behaviour ( Hagger et al ., 2014 ).

Churchill and Pavey (2013) showed that individual differences in autonomy moderated the persuasive effects of loss- and gain-framed messages regarding fruit and vegetable consumption, such that gain-framed information was maximally persuasive for those higher in autonomy. These authors argued that this finding may be due to an autonomous individual construing the behaviour as in accordance with their interests and values and, therefore, as ‘less risky’ ( Pavey and Churchill, 2014 ). A further study examining the effectiveness of messages aimed at reducing high-calorie snack food consumption showed that the same effect occurred when autonomy was experimentally manipulated, with participants who were autonomy primed eating fewer high-calorie snacks after being presented with information about the benefits of reduced snack consumption ( Pavey and Churchill, 2014 ). This study also showed that when feelings of heteronomy (pressure and coercion) were primed, loss-framed information was more effective in promoting the avoidance of high-calorie snacks than was gain-framed information. The authors contend that this could be due to these low-autonomy participants perceiving the behaviour as more risky, with the loss-frame thus persuading them to adopt the recommended health behaviour. Loss-framed messages have been suggested to be most effective when people's risk perceptions are high ( Rothman and Salovey, 1997 ; Rothman et al ., 2006 ).

People who feel autonomous and self-determined in their lives have been shown to process personally relevant health-risk information less defensively than do those low in autonomy ( Pavey and Sparks, 2010 ) and see recommended behaviour in health communications as ‘non-threatening’ because it is perceived to emanate from the self and be consistent with intrinsic goals ( Hagger et al ., 2014 ). Hence, autonomy might be expected to increase positive affective and behavioural responses in autonomy supportive contexts (e.g. gain-framed information about an action, which allows individuals to freely decide whether they want to engage in that action), which in turn can lead to positive changes in motivation and behaviour. For highly autonomous individuals, it is likely therefore that a short-term focus within gain-framed information will lead to even greater motivation to adhere to the recommended health behaviour than would a long-term frame due to the steeper discounting of positive (gain-frame) consequences.

This study expands previous research by assessing the interactive effects of message framing (loss vs. gain), temporal focus (short-term vs. long-term) and autonomy in the domain of alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol consumption is a prominent risk factor in premature death and chronic diseases such as liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disease, stroke and some cancers ( World Health Organization, 2014 ). Excessive alcohol consumption is also associated with an increased risk of physical assault and injuries, suicidal ideation and attempts, impaired driving, interpersonal problems and academic under achievement ( Boles and Miotto, 2003 ;  Ness et al ., 2015 ). It is therefore important to examine how health information can best be framed to ensure it is effective in persuading individuals to confine their alcohol consumption to recommended limits.

One further construct that has been shown to influence the persuasive effects of short- and long-term temporal framing in health messages concerns the consideration of future consequences (CFC; Strathman et al ., 1994 ), a stable individual difference variable that reflects the extent to which a person considers the short- or long-term outcomes of his/her current behaviour. Individual differences in CFC can be assessed by the CFC Scale ( Strathman et al ., 1994 ). Given associations found in previous research between CFC and temporal message framing, we used the CFC scale as a covariate in our analyses in this study.

Participants

Four hundred and fifty-nine students at three UK universities completed the Time 1 measures (from an original sample of 466, 6 people's data were removed as only contact details were included. One person's data were deleted because of an excessively high frequency of alcohol consumption (>3 SD)). Twenty-five participants at Time 2 and 24 participants at Time 3 failed to respond, representing an overall attrition rate of 11%. Since research indicates that systematic processing of persuasive communication is only likely to occur when the presented information is personally relevant ( Hovland, 1959 ), we removed participants reporting no alcohol consumption at baseline ( n  = 79). Thus, our analyses were conducted on 335 participants who reported alcohol consumption at baseline and completed all three phases of data collection. Participants (80% women) were aged between18 and 56 years (mean = 20.95; SD = 4.35).

At Time 1, participants completed a questionnaire including the following sections.

Demographic information

Participants were asked to indicate their age, gender and student status.

Individual differences in autonomy were measured using the nine-item Autonomy Subscale of the Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale ( Deci and Ryan, 2000 ). An example item is, ‘I feel that my choices are based on my true interests and values’ ( not at all true for me [1] to very true for me [7]), α  = 0.80.

Consideration of future consequences

Participants’ tendency to consider the short- vs. long-term consequences of behaviour was assessed using the 12-item CFC scale ( Strathman et al ., 1994 ). Example items are ‘I often consider how things might be in the future and try to influence those things with my day to day behaviour’ and ‘I only act to satisfy immediate concerns, figuring the future will take care of itself’. Participants were required to indicate to what extent each item was characteristic of themselves on a five-point Likert-type scale ( extremely uncharacteristic [1] to extremely characteristic [5]), α  = 0.83. Higher scores indicate greater CFC.

Baseline alcohol consumption

Following Armitage et al . (2014) , an adapted version of the timeline follow-back technique ( Sobell and Sobell, 1992 ) was used to assess alcohol consumption. Participants were asked to report the types of drinks (i.e. beer, wine, spirits), size of measures (i.e. small glass, can, pint, single or double measure) and number of each of these drinks they had consumed on each day of the previous week. Each day of the week was presented on a separate line in the online survey, and space was given to write a description. Units of alcohol were calculated for each participant and summed to provide a measure of baseline alcohol consumption, with higher scores indicating higher levels of alcohol consumption.

Message frame and temporal focus manipulations

Alcohol prevention messages

The Time 2 questionnaire also included self-report measures of cognitions (e.g. intentions, attitudes, perceived behavioural control) that are not reported here, since they revealed no effects of the experimental manipulations.

Alcohol consumption

Alcohol consumption was measured using the same measure as at Time 2.

Design and procedure

The study employed a 2 (message framing [loss, gain]) × 2 (temporal focus [short-term, long-term]) × (autonomy [continuous index]) design, involving three waves of data collection over a 2-week period. An email message was sent to students who were required to participate in research as part of their degree programme. The message requested students to participate in an online three-phase research study about alcohol consumption in exchange for course credits and contained a link to the Time 1 questionnaire. Students who included their email addresses at Time 1 were contacted 7 days after completion of Time 1 measures and invited to complete the second phase of the study. At Time 2, each participant was randomly allocated to receive one of the four messages arising from the experimental design: Gain-frame/Short-term ( n  = 90), Loss-frame/Short-term ( n  = 74), Gain-frame/Long-term ( n  = 95) and Loss-frame/Long-term ( n = 76). Allocation was based on a computer-generated numbers list (A computer programming error meant that more participants were allocated to the gain vs. loss message frame conditions). Participants completed the Time 3 measure of alcohol consumption 7 days later. The study was approved by the Ethics Committees at the participating universities.

Data analysis

Mean values and standard deviations of the study variables: pre-intervention by condition

Bivariate correlations between variables

* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001.

Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to explore the impact of message frame, temporal focus and autonomy on alcohol consumption. To facilitate interpretation of interaction terms, the continuous variables were standardized and categorical variables were dummy coded prior to analysis (cf. Aiken and West, 1991 ). Gender (males [0], females [1]), age, baseline alcohol consumption and CFC were entered as covariates at Step 1. Message framing (loss-frame [0], gain-frame [1]), temporal focus (long-term [0], short-term [1]) and autonomy were entered at Step 2 to determine whether the experimental manipulations and autonomy had any independent effect on alcohol consumption. The three two-way interaction terms ([1] message frame × temporal focus, [2] message frame × autonomy and [3] temporal focus x autonomy) were entered at Step 3, and the three-way interaction (message frame × temporal focus × autonomy) was entered at Step 4. Pending any of these interactions being significant, we planned to use simple slopes analysis detailed by Aiken and West (1991) , with high (+1 SD from the mean) and low (−1SD from the mean) levels of autonomy.

Predicting alcohol consumption

Gender, age, baseline alcohol consumption and CFC entered at Step 1, predicted 42% of the variance in Time 3 alcohol consumption, F (4330) = 58.69, P < 0.001. Inspection of the individual beta weights at this step revealed that baseline alcohol consumption ( b  = 0.64, P < 0.001) and CFC scores ( b  = −0.11, P = 0.01) emerged as significant predictors of behaviour, with those consuming more alcohol in the past and those reporting a propensity to consider the shorter term (rather than longer term) consequences of behaviour reporting higher levels of alcohol consumption.

Hierarchical regressions of alcohol consumption on message-framing manipulations and autonomy

SE, Standard Error; MF, Message Frame; TF, Temporal Focus; A, Autonomy.

Self-reported alcohol consumption (units of alcohol) as a function of message frame and temporal focus among low-autonomy and high-autonomy participants, controlling for gender, age, baseline alcohol use and CFC.

We found supportive evidence for a three-way interaction between message framing, temporal focus and autonomy, albeit a small effect size. When exposed to information about the costs associated with alcohol use, low-autonomy participants in the short-term focus condition reported lower levels of alcohol consumption than did those in the long-term focus condition. There was no significant interaction between message frame and temporal focus for high-autonomy participants; only those perceiving behaviour to be externally regulated (i.e. low-autonomy participants with lower levels of perceived choice over behaviour) appeared to respond to the manipulation. We did not find a main effect for message framing; our findings were thus consistent with previous research which has found no direct effect of message framing on message persuasiveness ( Jones et al ., 2004 ; Bernstein et al ., 2016 ). However, the non-significant effect of message framing in this study is noteworthy, given that the message-framing literature implies that one might expect to find an effect of gain vs. loss framing in studies with relatively short follow-up periods ( Rothman et al ., 2006 ; Gallagher and Updegraff, 2012 ). We did not find a main effect of temporal focus. Although other research has shown an effect of temporal focus ( Gerend and Cullen, 2008 ), our study demonstrated this only for participants lower in autonomy. We observed no two-way interaction between message frame and autonomy, suggesting that this interaction found in previous research ( Churchill and Pavey, 2013 ; Pavey and Churchill, 2014 ) may not hold for alcohol consumption when temporal focus is also manipulated. In future research, a ‘no temporal focus’ condition could be usefully included to attempt to replicate the two-way interaction.

In this study, when faced with information about the potential negative outcomes associated with alcohol use, low-autonomy participants in the short-term focus condition reported lower levels of alcohol consumption than did those in the long-term focus condition. Our findings do not match the results of an earlier study in which participants exposed to a message focusing on the short-term consequences of alcohol consumption were more likely to reduce their alcohol consumption if the message was gain- (vs. loss-) framed ( Gerend and Cullen, 2008 ). Hence, our findings emphasize the need to include potentially important individual difference variables when investigating the persuasive effects of temporal framing within gain- and loss-framed messages.

It has been contended that short-term message frames are maximally effective within loss-framed messages because the presented threats to health are made imminent and likely, enhancing feelings of vulnerability to a health condition and encouraging preventative measures to avoid any potential negative outcomes ( Chandran and Menon, 2004 ). Although we did not directly measure participants’ risk perceptions in this study, our findings may be due to the short-term frame increasing perceptions of risk in the loss-frame message condition for low-autonomy participants, who are thought to already construe a higher risk in conducting the health behaviour due to potential threats to their autonomy ( Churchill and Pavey, 2013 ; Pavey and Churchill, 2014 ). Further research is needed to test this proposal and in particular to examine whether the fit between the beliefs of low-autonomy individuals and short-term loss-framed messages result in increased risk perceptions, heightened concern and greater adherence to the recommended health behaviour.

The results of this study suggest that to provide people with health information that is maximally effective, health-related information should be tailored not only to how the presented information is framed (loss vs. gain) and the temporal focus (short-term vs. long-term) in which the health risks are presented but also to individual characteristics such as autonomy. This could have important practical applications for health promotion efforts that seek to engender health behaviour change. For example, health information about the costs of health-damaging behaviour such as excessive alcohol use could frame the temporal focus of the advice given and whether autonomy is made salient. Heteronomy-related words (e.g. must, should) could be introduced into loss-framed information about the immediate health risks associated with unhealthy lifestyle choices to ensure that the style of language is matched to the message frame and temporal focus of the presented information. Health professionals could assess people's level of autonomy and deliver tailored health information based on the level of autonomy. For those who consider that their behaviour is externally regulated (i.e. low-autonomy participants, who typically have the poorest health behaviours), health professionals imparting information about the negative outcomes associated with continuing health-damaging behaviour may find it more effective to refer to health outcomes in shorter term time frames.

Our findings need to be considered in relation to certain limitations. When reporting alcohol use post-intervention, participants may be susceptible to processes associated with self-deception and self-enhancement ( Chan, 2009 ). Hence, a potential limitation is the use of a self-report measure of alcohol consumption. Under-reporting of health-damaging behaviours such as alcohol use is problematic although this should have occurred similarly across the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, future research may replicate the study using a more reliable measure of alcohol consumption (e.g. a daily alcohol consumption diary). It is also important to note that the findings of this study may be limited by the reliance on a self-report measure of autonomy, which relies on the insight and honesty of the research participants. Thus, it may be constructive to investigate whether the findings of this study can be replicated using assessments of autonomy that do not rely on self-report, such as autonomy manipulated via a priming task ( Levesque and Pelletier, 2003 ; Pavey and Churchill, 2014 ). It should also be noted that no manipulation check data were collected to confirm that the participants experienced the conditions as intended. Finally, it may be that the online delivery of the study influenced the results in that mode of delivery of health information (e.g. whether delivered in text or in speech, in person or anonymously) may be important in influencing persuasive effects.

Future research should endeavour to examine whether the findings are replicated for other health protective behaviours. Such research could usefully include an assessment of the interplay between autonomy and temporally focused loss- and gain-framed messages encouraging the reduction or cessation of other health-damaging behaviours, such as smoking, and detection behaviours (e.g. mammogram). Given the effectiveness of short-term focus within loss-framed information for those low on autonomy in this study, we would predict that a short-term frame would also amplify the effect of loss-framed messages for detection behaviour among this group, offering a profitable area for future research.

The results of this study suggest in order to provide people with health information about alcohol use that is effective, loss- and gain-framed persuasive appeals should consider both the temporal context in which the information about health-related outcomes is presented and individual difference variables such as level of autonomy.

None declared.

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Persuasive Essay on Lowering The Drinking Age

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