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Life of a Viking — Food (Years 5-6)
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Help children to learn about the Viking diet with this worksheet. Children will match each Viking menu with the type of Viking family that would have eaten it, as well as complete the Viking shopping list. In the second activity, they must read the information on the table and decide what is true and what is false.
Answers are provided.
- Key Stage: Key Stage 2
- Subject: History
- Topic: Vikings
- Topic Group: Settlers & Invaders in Britain
- Year(s): Years 5-6
- Media Type: PDF
- Resource Type: Worksheet
- Last Updated: 24/10/2023
- Resource Code: H2WAT252
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The Vikings
Who were the Vikings?
The Vikings came from all around Scandinavia (where Norway, Sweden and Denmark are today). They sent armies to Britain about the year 700 AD to take over some of the land, and they lived here until around 1050.
Even though the Vikings didn’t stay in Britain, they left a strong mark on society – we’ve even kept some of the same names of towns. They had a large settlement around York and the Midlands, and you can see some of the artefacts from Viking settlements today.
Top 10 facts
- The Vikings are also called Norsemen, and came from Scandinavia.
- They spoke Norse , which had an alphabet made up of characters called runes.
- They travelled over the sea in longships, which are long, narrow wooden boats that could be sailed in both deep and shallow water.
- The Vikings left their homeland because they were looking for better places to farm than the kind of terrain that Scandinavia had.
- The Vikings first attacked Britain in 787 AD, but didn’t start to invade and settle in the British Isles until 793 .
- In 878, King Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings in battle and had them sign a treaty saying they had to keep to their own land in England – this section of land was called Danelaw.
- Jorvik was a large Viking kingdom around York ; the last king of Jorvik was Eric Bloodaxe in 954.
- Viking warriors believed that when they died in battle, they went to Valhalla – this is where the king of the gods lived, named Odin.
- England once had a Viking king: King Canute ruled from 1016-1035, and his descendants ruled until 1042.
- A few weeks before the Anglo-Saxons were defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066 , they defeated Viking warriors near York, led by Harald Hardrada at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.
- 793 The Vikings attacked a monastery at Lindisfarne in Northumbria and started to settle in England
- 866 The Vikings raided and conquered York, and established the Viking Kingdom of Jorvik
- 878 Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ethandun
- 886 The boundary between Anglo-Saxon and Viking territories was established, called Danelaw
- 950 Viking armies raided Wales
- 954 The Viking Kingdom of Jorvik became part of England again
- 994 Viking armies from Denmark and Norway attempted to raid London, but were defeated
- 25 September 1066 The Battle of Stamford Bridge took place near York, between the Anglo-Saxons and Viking invaders led by Harald Hardrada
- 14 October 1066 William from Normandy, "William the Conqueror", won the Battle of Hastings and the Normans began to rule England
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Did you know?
- The word ‘Viking’ means ‘a pirate raid’ in the Norse language, which is what the Vikings spoke.
- ‘-by’, as in Corby or Whitby, means ‘farm’ or ‘town’
- ‘-thorpe’, as in Scunthorpe, means ‘village’
- The Viking alphabet, ‘Futhark’, was made up of 24 characters called runes. Each one stood for entire words or gods, as well as sounds.
- There was a large Viking community around York called Jorvik. Archaeologists have found out a lot about the Vikings thanks to the artefacts they found there.
- The Vikings kept long benches in their homes that they’d use to sit on during the day, and then to sleep on at night. Only rich people had beds.
- In Viking times, people usually just took baths once a week! This was often on Saturdays.
- The Normans from France who defeated the Anglo-Saxons in the Battle of Hastings were actually descendants of Vikings! Vikings settled around more places than just Britain – they went to Ireland , Iceland, Greenland, France and Spain too.
Can you find the following in the gallery below?
- A map showing where the Vikings originally lived, and where they settled in Britain and Ireland
- A map showing the Danelaw
- A replica of a Viking longboat
- What a Viking warrior would have looked like
- A Viking warrior’s helmet
- What a Viking man would have worn
- What a Viking woman would have worn
- The names of clothing that the Vikings wore
- Weapons that the Vikings used
- A Viking ship reconstruction
- A Viking village reconstructed in Ukranenland, an archeological village-museum in Germany
- Viking gold bracelets
- A Viking boat sculpture in Iceland
- An illustration of a Viking boat
- A re-enactment of Viking life
The Vikings wanted new land because the places where they came from in Scandinavia – Norway, Sweden and Denmark – weren’t very easy to live in. It was hard to grow crops, which meant there wasn’t a lot of food as the population got bigger. Britain and Europe had plenty of good farmland , so the Vikings tried to claim some of that land for themselves.
Even though the Anglo-Saxons were pretty well established in England, the Vikings would turn up every now and then to raid towns and take a bit of land. Sometimes, instead of fighting the Vikings, the Anglo-Saxons decided it was better to pay them money so they’d stay away. This payment was called Danegeld.
The first Viking attack on England was in 787 on the Isle of Portland. The Vikings went home straight afterwards, but they came back to England in 793 and raided a monastery at Lindisfarne. Monastaries made easy targets because the monks who lived there didn’t have any weapons, and they did have money and food.
The Vikings believed in many different gods , and they thought making sacrifices to the gods kept them all happy. They also told stories about the gods, called Norse mythology . Some of the gods included:
- Thor , the god of thunder
- Idun , the goddess of spring
- Odin , the king of gods and the god of war
The Vikings believed that if a warrior died while fighting in battle, he’d go to Valhalla , which is where Odin was. Other heroes who had died would also be there. Odin would send his warrior maidens, called Valkyries, across the sky to ferry dead warriors to Valhalla.
Viking warriors were very good fighters. They’d wear helmets and carry shields to defend themselves, and they’d also have one of these weapons:
- spear – a leaf shape or spike at the end of a wooden shaft
- sword – these were expensive to make and usually double-edged, and warriors would decorate the hilts
- battle axe – an axe with a long handle, and cheaper to make than a sword
Boats that the Vikings built are called longships – they are long, narrow boats that can be used in both deep and shallow water, making them perfect for travelling over the ocean and carrying lots of warriors onto the shore. Longships were symmetrical, meaning they looked the same at the front as they did at the back. They’d often have dragon heads carved at either end.
VIkings sailed all the way across the Atlantic Ocean to Newfoundland in North America in their longships!
Viking homes were long too – they were called longhouses ! They were rectangular, made from wood and were usually just one big room without any inside walls. There would be one big fire pit in the centre for cooking and keeping the house warm. The roof was covered in thatch, and there was a hole in the middle for smoke from the fire to go through. Benches around the house would be used both to sit on and to sleep on.
Most clothes that the Vikings had were made from wool, but they also had some clothes made from linen. They used dyes made from plants and minerals to make red, green, brown, yellow and blue, so their clothes were very colourful.
Viking men wore a long shirt, trousers with a drawstring tie and a coat with a belt around the waist. Viking women wore long dresses with a tunic over the top that was held up by two brooches pinned at the shoulders. Both men and women wore woollen socks and leather shoes.
Alfred the Great defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Ethandun (in modern day Wiltshire). After this, he and the Vikings agreed to set boundaries for their kingdoms. The area that the Vikings lived in was called Danelaw, and it meant that the land south of the diagonal line between London and Chester belonged to King Alfred (Wessex). Danelaw eventually became smaller and smaller as the Anglo-Saxons took more and more control.
Jorvik was a large Viking kingdom around York. The last king of Jorvik was Eric Bloodaxe, who was driven out in 954. The Vikings in England then agreed to be ruled by the king of England rather than having their own king.
But, that doesn’t mean that the king of England couldn’t be a Viking! The first Viking king of England was King Canute in 1016. He ruled until 1035, and then his sons were kings after that – but only for a total of seven years. Harold Harefoot was king until 1040, then Hardicanute was king until 1042.
Names to know:
King Canute (ruled as king of England from 1016-1035) – Canute was the first Viking king of England. He won a battle against Edmund II that divided their kingdoms, but when Edmund died Canute ruled both kingdoms. His sons, Harold Harefoot and then Hardicanute, ruled until 1042.
Harald Hardrada (c.1015-1066) – Harald Hardrada was the king of Norway. He led Viking armies into England, but was defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in York by King Harold II.
Leif Erikson (c.970-1020) – Leif Erikson was a famous Viking explorer who sailed all the way to North America.
Eric Bloodaxe (died in 954) – Eric Bloodaxe was king of the Viking kingdom of Jorvik between 947-948 and 952-954. He was the last king of Jorvik before it became part of England.
Related Videos
Just for fun...
- Type your name into the box and see how it looks written in Viking runes!
- Have Mum or Dad help you make some porridge in the way that the Vikings would have had it
- Watch Horrible Histories songs about the Vikings, the Vikings & Garkunkel Song and The Vikings - Literally
- Print some Viking colouring sheets and a Viking Age boat to colour in
- Make your own Viking tortoise brooches and try Viking cord winding
- You'll find amazing artefacts from the Viking Age on the Jorvik Discover from Home webpage, as well as Viking colouring, puzzles, crafts, stories and videos
- Quiz yourself on the Vikings
- Make your own Viking name
- Bake your own Viking flatbread
- The Cbeebies television show Gudrun the Viking Princess offers a glimpse of what life might have been like for the Vikings a thousand years ago
- Listen to a collection of Viking sagas told by Loki, Viking god of fire, on BBC Schools Radio
- Read a National Geographic kids comic set on a Viking longboat
- Make your own Viking shield , Viking longboat and Viking helmet with step-by-step instructions and videos from Hobbycraft
- Try some Viking puzzles from the Yorvik Centre
- Step back to 876AD and make your own Viking longship, Viking longship figurehead and Viking helmet
Children's books about the Vikings
See for yourself
- Visit Jorvik Viking Centre in York to go back in time and see what it was like to live as a Viking
- See a Viking coin made in England for a Viking ruler
- Step into a Viking Longhouse reconstruction at the Ancient Technology Outdoor Education Centre
- At the National Museum of Scotland, see the Galloway Hoard , the richest collection of rare and unique Viking-age objects ever found in the British Isles
Find out more:
- Watch BBC Bitesize animations about the Vikings
- A children's introduction to the Vikings from DKfindout!
- See an animated film about the life of a ten-year-old Viking boy
- Learn about everyday life in the Viking age
- Find out about the Vikings in Scotland with BBC Bitesize animations
- Watch a virtual tour of the British Museum's Vikings Live exhibition
- Discover the secrets of Viking ships
- "Walk" through a real Viking village
- Read stories and sagas from the Viking world – we've collected the best kids' books about the Vikings
- Find out about the Viking words we use in English place names . Did you know that words like berserk, ugly, muck, knife, die and cake come from Old Norse, the Viking language ?
- Information about Viking gods and mythology
- Did Vikings have horned helmets? Find out!
- See some images of Viking clothes and Viking jewellery and find out about Viking pets
- The Vikings were warriors of the sea. Find out more about Viking voyages and sea-faring life
- Download a Viking information booklet, packed with pictures
- Watch a video about the Vikings Eric the Red and his son Leif Ericson, who explored areas of Greenland and North America
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Viking Food (KS2) And Recipes Made Easy
Image © Unsplash.
The Vikings are well known as fearless invaders and warriors that ruled between 793 to 1066 AD, but did you know they were also very skilled farmers and fishermen?
Here’s all you need to know about the diet the Vikings depended upon, the kind foods they would have enjoyed, as well as their mealtime practices and customs. We have also added a few authentic, easy Viking recipes for you to try with your kids at home, as well as Viking facts for kids.
The Viking diet was a simple affair, they ate what they could grow, farm or hunt, but the methods they used to smoke, preserve or salt their foods are still used in many places in the world today.
If you are exploring diets from centuries gone by, take a look at our other posts such as Tudor food facts - or the Anglo-Saxons to compare.
Viking Food Sources
The Vikings ate plenty of vegetables they could grow themselves, notably foods resilient to colder climates. These included:
Vegetables : Leeks, onions, turnips, parsnips, mushrooms, cabbage and carrots. Vegetables were a top choice for soups.
Wild nuts : Hazelnuts and walnuts.
Berries: Gooseberries, blackberries and blueberries. Berries were a popular choice for Vikings.
Grains : To make bread and also porridge
Herbs : Fennel, common sorrel, wild garlic, parsley.
Leaves : Nettles and spinach.
Dairy Products : Milk, cheese, curds, skyr, whey and butter
Meat: The Vikings reared animals for consumption, and they also were keen hunters. They often preserved and salted meat to keep it for longer through the harsh winters. These included:
Wild animals : deer, wild boar, fox, beaver, goat, lambs quarters, mutton, horse meat and bear. All made a traditional Viking night meal.
Farm animals : Chicken, goat meat, lamb and pork
Eggs : Both from hens and wild birds eggs. A popular Viking food .
Viking fishermen used both nets and barbed hooks to catch fish. They caught freshwater fish (such as trout, salmon and eels) in the many lakes of Europe and herring, mackerel and cod fish in the Baltic Sea, the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean.
Fish formed a significant part of the Viking’s diet and was a popular food choice.
Honey was an essential staple food in any Viking diet; they would use it sweeten food, make delicious treats or for the famous Vikings alcoholic drink- mead.
Viking Drinks
Vikings enjoyed herbal teas, as well as pulping fresh apple juice. The Vikings also enjoyed alcoholic drinks, such as mead, wine and beer to wash their food down.
Viking Bread
An assortment of breads were typical in the Vikings daily diet. The Vikings ate rye breads, barley breads, as well as flatbreads.
How Did the Vikings Eat and Prepare Their Food?
Food was usually prepared around a hearth situated in the centre of the main living area, although wealthier Viking dwellings had separate kitchen areas. They would use a huge iron cauldron to cook meat and make stews. Some animals and birds were roasted on spits. They also employed methods such as burying food in fire pits.
When it came to crockery, the Vikings ate from bowls and plates made of wood, pottery or a soapstone pot. They often used horns and carved bones as drinking vessels. They didn’t use forks. Instead, they used their fingers and very sharp knives to position and cut their meals into bite-size mouthfuls.
Viking Food Facts
- Typically, Viking families usually ate twice a day.
- Vikings are renowned across the world for their banquet feasts with wild boar, fish, meat and plenty of vegetables. Viking feasts usually lasted a long time, and they enjoyed plenty of drinks
- A typical Viking wedding celebration could last for weeks!
Nässelsoppa (Nettle Soup)
This recipe is modified from the Över Öppen Eld Vikingatida Recept (Over an Open Fire Viking Age Recipes). Serves 4. This soup is a classic taste of what the Vikings ate.
Vikings would harvest nettles early in the spring months. To avoid the painful sting of the fine hairs of the nettle, be sure to wear gloves or pull the stalk very firmly.
Fun fact- Did you know Nettles are rich in vitamins and minerals? They were the perfect way to replenish the body after a long cold Viking winter, a popular day meal.
Ingredients
400g fresh nettles
2 tbsp butter
2 tbsp wheat flour
1 quarter of a stock cube.
A pinch of salt
1 tsp thyme
1 tsp marjoram
A handful of freshly chopped chives
4 cooked egg yolks
First, wash the nettles thoroughly. Cover nettles with the stock and boil for 5 minutes or until just tender. Drain the liquid off the nettles and put aside and chop the nettles.
Then, melt the butter in a pan. Add a pinch of flour to the butter and stir until it starts to become brown, then gradually add the stock.
Add the nettles back into the pan, then simmer for 3 to 4 minutes. Season the soup with thyme, salt, chives, and marjoram. Place the soup into individual bowls and garnish with chopped egg yolk.
Garlic Mushrooms
The Vikings loved to eat plenty of vegetables, especially foraged ones like mushrooms.
Serves 6 as a starter, or 4 people as a vegetarian main course.
500g of large portobello mushrooms,
170g of butter
3 or 4 garlic cloves (add more if you love garlic!),
A good pinch of salt,
A tablespoon of roughly chopped parsley.
Clean the mushrooms and trim the stalks, slice them in half vertically. Finely chop the garlic in a wooden bowl, then add the salt and crush it to a paste using the back of a wooden spoon (You could also use a pestle and mortar to be more authentic).
Next, combine the garlic with the butter and parsley. Next, heat a small knob of butter in a pan and add the mushrooms, and keep cooking for around 30 seconds.
Turn the mushrooms over and spoon some of the garlic and herb butter into the cup of each mushroom.
Cook further until the butter has melted through the mushrooms (1 to 5 minutes depending on the size). Serve right away with some fresh bread to mop up the juices.
Viking Oatcakes
450g wholemeal flour
225g oatmeal
A good pinch of salt
1 tbsp melted of vegetable oil and water to mix
First, mix all the ingredients in a large bowl until you have a fairly wet dough. Then cover the bowl with a damp tea towel and leave out of the sun for around 30 minutes, by which time the dough will have solidified.
Add flour to your hands, break off walnut-sized pieces of dough, and shape them into flat cakes. Bring your pan to a hot temperature, or the oatcakes will cook slowly and turn into hockey pucks!
Cook the cakes quickly for approximately 30 seconds on each side. You can serve the oatcakes hot or cold, with just about anything.
Viking Style Stuffed Dates
Shelled almonds, hazelnuts or pine kernels (one for each date)
A pinch of salt and pepper
2 tbsp honey
Pit the dates and fill with the nuts and a little pepper. Next, roll the dates in salt and heat the honey in a frying pan. Fry the dates briskly and then serve.
Blackberry Patties
500g of bread dough
A handful of blackberries, and a little butter and honey
Wash the blackberries thoroughly before use. Then, flatten egg-sized pieces of bread dough with your hands (or flatten them on a floured chopping board), making them as thin as possible.
Next, place the berries on top of the dough, add a small knob of butter and a drizzle of honey. Sprinkle some water around the edge of the dough, fold it in half, and seal it firmly by pressing the edges together. Place your patty in a medium-hot pan (as for the bread), and cook until golden, turning occasionally.
Serve hot or cold. Be careful to let the patties cool before you give them to children, as the fruit filling can be scalding.
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More for you, 13 super easy activities for kids at home with no equipment, 105 food trivia questions (and answers) for budding foodies, good enough to eat 6 food art inspiration kids will love.
Bachelor's degree specializing in Speech Therapy and Psychology, Postgraduate degree specializing in Dysphagia
Dayna Clarke Bachelor's degree specializing in Speech Therapy and Psychology, Postgraduate degree specializing in Dysphagia
A true "linguaphile," Dayna's upbringing in rural Devon exposed her to three languages spoken at home. After pursuing a Bachelor's degree in Speech-Language Pathology at the University of Reading, she embarked on a fulfilling career as a Speech and Language Therapist, specializing in early intervention for children with special educational needs. Additionally, she provides support to adults and teenagers dealing with dysfluency. She also has a postgraduate degree in Dysphagia from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
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- Year 4 History Links
- Online Learning
- Key Stage 2
- BBC Bitesize - Vikings This site has learner guides and video clips about the Vikings.
- Children's British History Encyclopedia - The Vikings This site has lots of information about the Vikings and their invasion of Britain.
- DK Find Out - Vikings Click on the pictures to learn more about the Vikings.
- Primary Homework Help - Vikings This site covers lots of topics including settlements, food, clothes and Viking houses.
- Cook it! - Historical Cookbook - Saxons and Vikings This site has lots of information about Viking life as well as authentic recipes from the time you can make at home.
- BBC Viking Quest In this activity you need to build a ship and go exploring.
- BBC Schools Radio - Viking Sagas Listen to a selection of tales from Viking mythology featuring Thor and Loki.
- Write Your Name in Runes Type in your name and see what it would look like in the runic alphabet.
- BBC Schools Radio - Tudor Sketches Listen to audio clips about Tudor life and Tudor kings and queens.
- Children's British History Encyclopedia - The Tudors This site has lots of information about the Tudors including life in Tudor times, clothes and the royalty.
- DK Find Out - Tudors Learn about a range of topics including childhood, exploration and entertainment.
- BBC Class Clips - Tudors and Stewarts Watch videos about life in Tudor times.
- Primary Homework Help - Tudors This site covers lots of topics including Tudor houses, food, schools and the Mary Rose.
- Cook it! - Historical Cookbook - Tudors This site has information about the Tudors as well as authentic recipes from the time you can make at home.
- Tudor Britain This site has pictures of real documents and objects from Tudor times.
- BBC Schools - Famous People - Henry VIII This archived site covers the life of King Henry VIII.
- Object Lessons - Tudors This site lets you explore objects from the Tudor era and other periods from history.
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- Who were the Vikings? (BBC)
- Where did the Vikings settle?
- Google maps
- Fun Facts about the Vikings
- The Vikings (Primary Homework Help)
- Viking Timeline for Kids (Primary Homework Help)
- Norse Gods (Mr Donn)
- Fun Facts about Norse Gods
- Information about Odin
- Information about Thor
- Information about Loki
- Viking Sagas BBc
- Sif and her golden hair (Storynory)
- Norse Myths (Storynory)
- Viking Trade
- Lindisfarne Facts (Primary Facts)
- Lindisfarne
- BBC Lindisfarne, why did the Vikings raid?
- Norman Conquest (BBC)
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- 7 Traditional Dishes You Must...
7 Traditional Dishes You Must Try in St Petersburg
St Petersburg’s cuisine has been influenced by French , German, Swedish, Finnish and other cultures, thanks to the city’s rich and diverse history. Nowadays, St Petersburg continues to be known for its delicious and traditional dishes. Here’s our pick of the best.
Although on first sight they may look like donuts , pyshki are St Petersburg’s variation on this most delicious of sweet treats. As the traditional dessert of St Petersburg and an intrinsic part of culture of the city, a hot pyshki with a coffee – especially in winter – tastes like paradise. It’s little wonder that you’ll see ‘Pyshechnaya’ cafes almost on every corner – and it’s easy to guess what’s served there.
Koryushka (smelt) is a small river fish closely linked with spring in the minds of local citizens. The story is that it appears in the Neva river around the beginning of May – it’s easy to notice by the smell of cucumbers wafting along, as surprisingly, this fish smells like cucumber. The favorite dish of many citizens is fried koryushka , served with potatoes or vegetables. With a fresh taste, it is really addictive!
Beef stroganoff
Legend has it that this dish owes its creation to Duke Stroganov’s bad teeth: his cook had to cut the meat into small pieces for a sour cream and beef stew that was being prepared, as the old duke could no longer chew effectively. The recipe is a simple one, but delicious nonetheless, resulting in the dish quickly becoming popular in the whole country.
Leningradsky rassolnik
Rassolnik is a type of traditional soup enjoyed throughout Russia, though Leningradsky rassolnik is a variation specific to St Petersburg. Traditionally, rassolnik is prepared using pickles and pickle brine, which gives the soup its distinctive taste. In Soviet times, the most popular rassolnik recipe in St Petersburg was one with meat and barley – thus it was named Leningradsky, after the city’s USSR name.
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Skobelevskie bitki
Invented in the 19th century and prepared from chicken or veal meat, this dish is named after General Mikhal Skobelev, a historical figure who was a true hero in the eyes of public, and was known as the “white general” because of his white horse.
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Pancakes with caviar
Pancakes and caviar are possibly some of the best-known dishes associated with Russia, and are enjoyed especially at Maslenitsa, a traditional holiday symbolizing the end of winter. Although, as some cycnics say, local aristocrats enjoyed eating pancakes with caviar not just at Maslenitsa, but all year round.
Sterlet in champagne
After the French invasion in 1812, champagne became extremely popular in Russia. By using sterlet, a type of sturgeon found in the Volga river, and French champagne, the chefs of the time were able to demonstrate an exquisite and sophisticated combination of tastes. This dish also used to be a sign of wealth, as the ingredients were very expensive.
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Saint Petersburg
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Introduction
The second largest city in Russia , St. Petersburg is the country’s unofficial cultural capital and one of Europe’s most beautiful cities. Strewn with canals and hundreds of bridges, it is distinguished by its graceful mix of western European and Russian architecture. St. Petersburg was founded by Tsar Peter the Great at the beginning of the 18th century and thus is younger than most great European cities. Nevertheless, the city has a historical significance that rivals its cultural legacy. Capital of tsarist Russia for more than 200 years, St. Petersburg is also remembered as the birthplace of the Russian Revolution of 1917.
St. Petersburg lies on the Gulf of Finland in the delta of the Neva River. Spreading over mainland and more than 40 islands, it is cut by 80 river branches and canals. The city is subject to flooding from gulf waters backing into the river.
Central St. Petersburg is divided into four sections by the Neva River and its branches. The Admiralty Side lies along the south bank of the Neva itself, at this point called the Bolshaya (Great) Neva. Between the Bolshaya Neva and the river’s other main arm, the Malaya (Little) Neva, is Vasilyevsky Island. A cluster of islands called the Petrograd Side lies between the Malaya Neva and the river’s north channel, the Bolshaya Nevka. East of the Bolshaya Nevka and north of the Neva proper is the Vyborg Side.
The hub of the Admiralty Side—and of the city as a whole—is the Admiralty. One of the city’s oldest structures, the Admiralty began as a fortified shipyard and was long the headquarters of Russia’s navy. The current building, modeled on the original, dates from 1806–23. Just upstream is the Winter Palace, former residence of the tsars and now the main building of the Hermitage art museum. On the downstream (western) side of the Admiralty stretches Decembrists’ Square, centered on an equestrian statue of Peter the Great. To the south is St. Isaac’s Square, dominated by the cathedral of the same name. The gilded dome of St. Isaac’s Cathedral can be seen from all over the city.
Three of St. Petersburg’s main thoroughfares—Nevsky Prospekt, Gorokhovaya Street, and Voznesensky Prospekt—radiate out from the Admiralty area. The most famous of these is Nevsky, which is lined with palaces, churches, and other fine buildings. It is also a favorite shopping boulevard, famed for its large department stores.
At the far eastern side of the Admiralty Side, within the sharp bend of the Neva, lies the Smolny complex of buildings. Among them is a former convent, with the five-domed cathedral built in the mid-1700s. The Smolny Institute, constructed in 1806–08, was used as Vladimir Ilich Lenin ’s headquarters in 1917 and is home to the city government.
The largest of the city’s islands, Vasilyevsky Island forms the northwestern corner of the central city. At its eastern tip, called the Strelka, is an elegant complex of buildings that was originally intended to be the city’s downtown. The Stock Exchange building, built in 1805–10 in the style of an ancient Greek temple, now houses a naval museum. Farther back is the Twelve Colleges building (1722–42). Originally built to house Russia’s supreme government bodies, it is now the home of St. Petersburg State University.
The oldest building in St. Petersburg, the Peter and Paul Fortress, is on the Petrograd Side. Begun in 1703, the fortress was long used as a prison and now houses a historical museum. Within the fortress is the Cathedral of St. Peter and St. Paul, burial place of the tsars.
St. Petersburg extends well to the north and south of the original delta site. Two of the most notable suburbs are Petrodvorets and Pushkin. In Petrodvorets stands the Grand Palace (1714–28), the most lavish of the Russian royal summer residences. Pushkin is the site of the Catherine Palace, a royal residence built in 1717–23 and later enlarged and expanded.
The Vyborg Side, forming the northeastern part of the central city, developed as an industrial area but is now mostly residential. Its most famous landmark is Finland Station, where Lenin arrived from exile to lead the Russian Revolution of 1917.
St. Petersburg is one of the great cultural centers of Europe. The Mariinsky Theater (formerly Kirov Theater) is home to a celebrated ballet company that tours internationally. The Alexandrinsky (or Pushkin) Theater hosts performances of classical and modern drama. The St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra and the St. Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra perform at the Philharmonia concert hall. The largest concert hall in the city, the Oktyabrsky Concert Hall, seats 4,000. The Hermitage is Russia’s premier art museum. Founded in 1764, it has a huge collection of Russian, Asian, and western European art. The State Russian Museum houses a collection of Russian paintings.
After Moscow , St. Petersburg has the second largest concentration of institutions of higher education in Russia. St. Petersburg State University, founded in 1724, ranks among the country’s most prestigious schools. The National Library of Russia, established in 1795, has one of the country’s largest collections from tsarist times.
A special feature of St. Petersburg summers is the period of “White Nights,” when—because the city is so far north—only a brief period of twilight intervenes between sunset and sunrise. The White Nights are the occasion for a citywide festival of the arts.
St. Petersburg has long been an industrial center. The city is a leader in metalworking and in the production of machinery, including turbines, generators, nuclear reactors, military equipment, and automobiles. St. Petersburg’s shipyards produce tankers, fishing ships, and nuclear-propelled icebreakers. The second largest industry is food processing, notably the production of beer.
By the early 21st century services accounted for about three fifths of the city’s economy. Important industries in the service sector include finance, real estate, and retail trade. Tourism became a fast-growing industry after the fall of the Soviet Union.
A transportation hub, St. Petersburg is linked by water routes from the Baltic Sea to the Caspian and the Black and Azov seas. Railways radiate out to Scandinavia and eastern Europe as well as to Moscow and other major Russian cities. A subway system operates within the city. The main airport, Pulkovo, is 11 miles (18 kilometers) to the south.
The St. Petersburg region was first settled in the 8th or 9th century ad , but for hundreds of years it remained thinly populated. Sweden annexed the region in 1617. In 1703 Peter the Great won control of the area in the Second Northern War (Great Northern War). Shortly after he began construction of the Peter and Paul Fortress on Zayachy Island. In the following year he founded the Admiralty shipyard on the riverbank opposite the fortress. Around the fortress and shipyard Peter began the building of a new city to serve as his “window on Europe.”
In 1712 Peter moved his imperial court from Moscow to St. Petersburg. As nobles and merchants came to the new capital, government buildings and private palaces and houses arose swiftly. A harbor was built, and Peter took measures to direct traffic through it. As early as 1726 St. Petersburg was handling 90 percent of Russia’s foreign trade. A system of canals built between 1703 and 1709 gave the capital a direct water route to central Russia and all the Volga River basin.
Industry was crucial to St. Petersburg’s development. Shipbuilding, centered on the Admiralty, flourished from the city’s earliest days. By the end of the 18th century, papermaking, printing, and food, clothing, and footwear industries had been established. The construction of canals and railways in the 19th century opened up new communication and trade routes and fostered industrial growth. The first railway in Russia linked St. Petersburg with Tsarkoye Selo (now Pushkin) in 1837. A railway to Moscow opened in 1851. By 1862 there were some 300 factories in the city, with metalworking and cotton textiles as the primary industries.
As the working class grew, unrest began to build. Factory workers lived in conditions of appalling overcrowding and squalor. Public services, including even the water supply, were inadequate. Outbreaks of serious epidemics were common. Revolutionary ideas spread and workers’ groups were organized.
The first serious revolutionary uprising in St. Petersburg was led not by workers but by nobles. In 1825 a group called the Decembrists rose up against the tsars, seeking a liberal constitution and an end to serfdom . The revolt was unsuccessful, but it endured as a source of inspiration for later revolutionaries. During the rest of the 19th century, strikes and outbreaks of violence became more frequent. In January 1905 some 150,000 workers took part in a general strike. On a day remembered as Bloody Sunday, more than 100 workers demonstrating outside the Winter Palace were shot and killed by tsarist soldiers. The massacre sparked a revolution that spread throughout Russia but was suppressed by the government.
The beginning of World War I in 1914 brought a wave of patriotism centered on the tsar. The city’s name was changed to the more Russian-sounding Petrograd. However, the military disasters of the war and severe shortages of food and other supplies revived and intensified discontent. In March 1917 the revolutionaries of Petrograd deposed the tsar. They established a provisional government, which in turn was replaced by a communist regime that took power through Lenin’s leadership in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Lenin moved the capital of the new Soviet state to Moscow.
The civil war that followed the Revolution devastated the city’s economy, halting many industries. The population dropped to a third of its pre-Revolutionary size, with many people dying of starvation. Recovery began when the war ended in 1920. After Lenin’s death in 1924, the city adopted the name Leningrad.
World War II brought extreme hardship to the people of Leningrad. From September 1941 until January 1944 the city was besieged by German and Finnish soldiers. During that period electric power and transportation were wiped out, and water had to be carried from the river. Some 17,000 citizens were killed by bombs, while as many as 640,000 more died of starvation and disease during the siege. Not until the 1960s did the city regain its prewar size of 3 million.
After the war, much money and effort were spent to restore the grand architecture that had been damaged in the fighting. In addition, extensive housing construction took place on the outskirts of the city. In 1991, as the Soviet Union was collapsing, the name of the city was changed back to St. Petersburg. The post-Soviet years saw an increase in crime in the city, including the assassinations of several prominent politicians. At the same time, however, St. Petersburg exhibited a new energy as crumbling buildings, potholed roads, and cultural landmarks were renovated. Population (2019 estimate), 5,383,890.
Sarah Gibbard Cook
Additional Reading
Amery, Colin, and Curran, Brian. St. Petersburg (Frances Lincoln, 2006). Orloff, Alexander, and Shvidkovsky, Dmitri. St. Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars (Abbeville, 2006). Phillips, Catherine, and others. St. Petersburg, new ed. (DK, 2010).
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Viking Food. There were no supermarkets or shops to buy food so the Vikings ate what food they could grow or hunt. Vegetables e.g. leeks, onions, turnips, parsnips and carrots. Wild nuts e.g. hazelnuts and walnuts. Berries e.g. gooseberries, blackberries and blueberries. Wild animals e.g. deer, wild boar, fox, beaver, and bear.
The Vikings came across the North Sea, just as the Anglo-Saxons had done 400 years earlier. In time, like the Anglo-Saxons, the Vikings made their home here. They drove the Saxons out of part of the country and took it for themselves. King Alfred, Saxon king of Wessex, fought them in a great battle, but he could not drive them right away and ...
Primary Homework Help The Vikings. by Mandy Barrow : Celts. Romans. Saxons. Vikings. Normans. Tudors. Victorians. WW ll. 500 BC . AD 43. 450. ... Food: Religion: Viking Houses: Clothes: Timeline: ... mandybarrow.com . Where did the Vikings come from? Where did the Vikings come from? The Vikings came from the three countries in Scandinavia (in ...
Vikings had a varied diet of vegetables, fruit, fish, eggs, cheese, meat and bread. Vikings could catch fish as they were used to living by the sea, they could farm animals such as pigs, chickens and sheep, and they could grow crops such as corn, leeks and carrots. Bread could be made using stone tools to hand-grind the grain.
This fantastic resource pack contains four Viking food recipes. It's the perfect way to bring history to life and make your very own Viking feast at home or at school. Simply download and choose which recipe you and your children are going to make!You can choose from the four following recipes:Viking soda bread;pea soup;apple bacon;and pancake with berries.Each recipe makes a traditional ...
Life of a Viking — Food (Years 5-6) Help children to learn about the Viking diet with this worksheet. Children will match each Viking menu with the type of Viking family that would have eaten it, as well as complete the Viking shopping list. In the second activity, they must read the information on the table and decide what is true and what ...
Simply download this Vikings Resource Pack and receive multiple learning materials to enhance the classroom experience for your children. Not only this, but it'll save you time from having to lesson plan. First, transform your classroom displays by using our fantastic posters, bunting and borders included in the pack, ready to proudly show ...
In the 9th century ad seafaring warriors known as Vikings began raiding the coasts of Europe, burning, plundering, and killing as they went. These marauders, or pirates, came from Scandinavia —what is now Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The people who lived there were known as Norsemen, or Northmen. Their expression for these campaigns of swift ...
About. The Vikings wanted new land because the places where they came from in Scandinavia - Norway, Sweden and Denmark - weren't very easy to live in. It was hard to grow crops, which meant there wasn't a lot of food as the population got bigger. Britain and Europe had plenty of good farmland, so the Vikings tried to claim some of that land for themselves.
Method. Clean the mushrooms and trim the stalks, slice them in half vertically. Finely chop the garlic in a wooden bowl, then add the salt and crush it to a paste using the back of a wooden spoon (You could also use a pestle and mortar to be more authentic). Next, combine the garlic with the butter and parsley.
Primary Homework Help - Vikings This site covers lots of topics including settlements, food, clothes and Viking houses. Cook it! - Historical Cookbook - Saxons and Vikings This site has lots of information about Viking life as well as authentic recipes from the time you can make at home.
The Vikings (Primary Homework Help) Viking Timeline for Kids (Primary Homework Help) Norse Gods (Mr Donn) Fun Facts about Norse Gods; Information about Odin; Information about Thor; Information about Loki; Viking Sagas BBc; Sif and her golden hair (Storynory) Norse Myths (Storynory) Viking Trade; Lindisfarne Facts (Primary Facts) Lindisfarne ...
Explore LearningMedia Resources by Subject. This inquiry kit has sources from the Library of Congress about the history and impact of the Vikings. Thinking Questions Why did the Vikings leave their own country? List 6 words that describe the Vikings. Use two of them in a sentence about the Vikings. If you were in a place that Vikings went ...
Chicken. Freshwater Fish. Onion. Garlic. Salt. Black Pepper. Pelmeni is one of Russia's national dishes, a small dumpling with a delicately thin dough, filled with anything from ground meat or fish to mushrooms. The fillings can be mild or very spicy, depending on the amount of seasonings such as various fresh herbs, black pepper, and onions.
Oranienbaum (Lomonosov) Still commonly known by its post-war name of Lomonosov, the estate at Oranienbaum is the oldest of the Imperial Palaces around St. Petersburg, and also the only one not to be captured by Nazi forces during the Great Patriotic War. Founded by Prince Menshikov, Peter the Great's closest adviser, the Grand Palace is one of ...
5. Writing about a Viking. 6. Who ruled England? This site contains videos. 'Walk' through a Viking village. Find out who the Vikings were and get an idea of the extent of their travels. Write your name in Runes and learn about their longships. Travel back in time to 793 AD.
Viking Houses. The Vikings built their houses from local material such as wood, stone or blocks of turf. They lived in long rectangular houses made with upright timbers (wood). The walls were made of wattle (woven sticks, covered with mud to keep out the wind and rain). Viking houses were often one room homes with a cooking fire in the middle.
Pancakes with caviar. Pancakes and caviar are possibly some of the best-known dishes associated with Russia, and are enjoyed especially at Maslenitsa, a traditional holiday symbolizing the end of winter. Although, as some cycnics say, local aristocrats enjoyed eating pancakes with caviar not just at Maslenitsa, but all year round.
The St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra and the St. Petersburg Academic Symphony Orchestra perform at the Philharmonia concert hall. The largest concert hall in the city, the Oktyabrsky Concert Hall, seats 4,000. The Hermitage is Russia's premier art museum. Founded in 1764, it has a huge collection of Russian, Asian, and western European art.
The Vikings were skilful weavers and made their own clothes. Women, with the help of children, made the wool into yarn and used natural dyes from plants to give it colour. Men wore tunics and trousers and women wore a long dress with a pinafore over it. Their clothes were fastened with belts and brooches.