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CSS Past Papers – Download Past Papers of CSS In PDF

Being new to the CSS (Central Superior Services) exam, you might be wondering about the CSS paper pattern difficulty level or length, or you may be thinking about the paper scheme that is asked in the question paper through the examiner’s point of view. For all these reasons, past papers of CSS would assist you to grab an outstanding command on the compulsory and optional subjects. Aspirants do need CSS past papers throughout the entire preparation. These past paper would give you a mock experience before you appear in the actual exam. Thus, you would be more confident towards the CSS exam and its preparation, and there would be fewer chances of failure.

Besides this discussion, the CSS past papers PDF format might not be a great attraction to you. You might be fed up with PDFs as they keep many distractions. Sometimes, your eyes would hurt, and you would feel a headache because of the LED screen. Also, the screen’s brightness causes the reader to feel an itch in their eyes that results in nothing good. So, if you are not a PDF fanatic and go through any of these problems, don’t worry. We will provide you the CSS solved past papers in one booklet with answer keys on your home address with FREE delivery!

Below you will find groups of all compulsory and optional subjects of CSS examinations from 2016 to 2024 with free PDF, Just click on the subject’s name, and it will provide you with the CSS past papers 2016 to 2024 PDF format. Let’s get into it.

CSS Compulsory Subjects Past Papers

English essay, english precis and composition, general science & ability, current affairs, pakistan affairs, islamic studies, comparative study of major religions, css optional subjects past papers, accountancy & auditing, computer science, political science, international relations, applied mathematics, pure mathematics, group – iii, business administration, public administration, governance & public policies, town planning & urban management, history of pakistan & india, islamic history & culture, british history, european history, history of usa, gender studies, environmental sciences, agriculture & forestry, english literature, urdu literature, constitutional law, international law, muslim law & jurisprudence, mercantile law, criminology, group – vii, journalism & mass communication, anthropology.

Now, you have found all the past papers in PDF form, but wait! Do you think solving past papers CSS on your own would be enough to prepare for such a big competitive exam? Of course, no, past papers answer keys are the most critical part of practice questions. Answer keys would help you analyze your mistakes and help you not to repeat them. You can order full-fledge papers of CSS with solved answer keys through our website right now with FREE home delivery.

Also, The CSSAspirants.Pk is a dedicated website for all those students who want to appear in the FPSC (Federal Public Service Commission) competitive examination. Indeed, we know all that you need for the CSS exams and its preparation. So we have covered all the needs of CSS Aspirants and provide CSS Notes, CSS Date Sheet , CSS Syllabus , and CSS Books .

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CSS 2021 Papers

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Compulsory Papers

• Islamic Studies / Comparative Religions
• General Science & Ability
• Pakistan Affairs
• Current Affairs

Optional Papers

• Accountancy & Auditing – I
• Accountancy & Auditing – II
• Economics – I
• Economics – II
• Computer Science – I
• Computer Science – II
• Political Science – I
• Political Science – II
• International Relations – I
• International Relations – II
• Chemistry-I
• Chemistry-II
• Applied Mathematics
• Pure Mathematics

GROUP – III

• Business Administration
• Public Administration
• Governance & Public Policies
• Town Planning & Urban Management
• History of Pakistan & India
• Islamic History & Culture
• British History
• European History
• History of the U.S.A
• Gender Studies
• Environmental Sciences
• Agriculture & Forestry
• English Literature
• Urdu Literature
• Constitutional Law
• International Law
• Muslim Law & Jurisprudence
• Mercantile Law
• Criminology

GROUP – VII

• Journalism & Mass Communication
• Anthropology

• CSS Syllabus
• CSS Past Papers

CSS English Essay Past Papers (PDF Updated)

On this page, you’ll find a compilation of CSS Essay Past Papers for English from 2010 to 2023. These CSS Essay Past Papers serve as a crucial tool for CSS aspirants. Examining these papers enables candidates to grasp the exam’s structure, recognize common topics, and enhance their essay writing abilities. Wishing you the best of luck with your CSS preparations!

• Essay – 2010
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• Essay – 2012 
• Essay – 2013
• Essay – 2014
• Essay – 2015
• Essay – 2016
• Essay – 2017
• Essay – 2018
• Essay – 2019
• Essay – 2020
• Essay – 2021
• Essay – 2022
• Essay – 2023

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Past Papers Analysis (CSS 2015-2023)

English essay (css 2024).

English Essay Syllabus for CSS 2024 Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English. A wide choice of topics will be given. Candidates are expected to reflect comprehensive and research based knowledge on a selected topic. Candidate’s articulation, expression and technical treatment of the style of English Essay writing will be…

English Precis and Composition (CSS 2023)

English (Precis & Composition) Paper Syllabus for CSS 2023 The examination in this subject will be based upon a paper carrying 100 marks to Test the candidate’s abilities to handle Precis Writing, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Structuring, Translation, Grammar and Vocabulary, etc. Downloadable Content Recommended Books

Current Affairs (CSS 2023)

General science and ability (css 2022), islamic studies (css 2023), pakistan affairs (css 2023).

CSS Essay Past Paper (2016-2024)

This guide serves you a comprehensive collection of CSS Essay past paper from 2016-24. Make yourself familiar with the structure, style, and difficulty level of actual CSS Essay questions. Luckily, CSS past papers serve as invaluable material for understanding the exam format, assessing strengths and weaknesses of oneself, and ultimately, achieving success.

To download CSS Essay past papers! Click on the button⬇️

Additional Resources for CSS Essay Preparation

CSS Essay Syllabus:

• Carefully study the official CSS syllabus for Essay paper to make sure you cover all essential topics.

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• Utilize recommended textbooks and study guides to build a strong theoretical foundation.

Remember, consistent practice and effective utilization of Essay CSS Past Papers are key ingredients for success in this competitive exam

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Nearpeer’s CSS Past Papers: Compulsory Subjects Made Easy

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Navigating the rigorous CSS (Central Superior Services) examination is no small feat, especially when it comes to the compulsory subjects. These subjects lay the foundation for your success, and mastering them is essential to securing your position among Pakistan's top civil servants. To support you on this challenging journey, Nearpeer is excited to introduce our newest offering: six comprehensive courses focused on CSS compulsory subjects past papers .

Why Past Papers Matter

Past papers are not just a review of what has been asked in previous years; they are a strategic resource that can help you understand the examiners' mindset, identify trends, and hone your answering techniques. Analyzing these papers enables you to focus on key areas, improve time management, and boost your confidence. Here are links of our CSS Compulsory Past Papers.

English Essay: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/english-essay-past-papers

English Precis: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/english-precis-past-papers

General Science and Ability: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/general-science-and-ability-past-papers

Isamic Studies: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/islamic-studies-past-papers

Pakistan Affairs: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/pakistan-affairs-past-papers

Current Affairs: https://nearpeer.org/css/4.-past-paper-solutions/current-affairs-past-papers

What Makes Nearpeer’s Past Papers Courses Stand Out?

Our past papers courses are designed to offer more than just a superficial overview. Here's what makes them unique:

• Expert-Led Discussions : Each course is led by our experienced maestros, who have a deep understanding of the CSS exam structure and requirements. These experts break down the past papers, providing insightful commentary on each question, highlighting common pitfalls, and offering strategies to tackle even the trickiest problems.
• Efficient Learning : Time is of the essence when preparing for the CSS exam. Our courses are structured to make the most of your study time. The content is delivered in a concise, focused manner, ensuring that you grasp the key concepts without unnecessary fluff.
• Trend Analysis : One of the unique features of our courses is the emphasis on trend analysis. By studying past papers, our experts have identified recurring themes and frequently asked questions. This analysis allows you to prioritize your preparation, focusing on the areas most likely to appear in future exams.
• Interactive Learning : Learning is most effective when it's engaging. Our courses incorporate interactive elements such as quizzes, practice questions, and discussion forums where you can interact with instructors and fellow aspirants. This active learning approach helps reinforce your knowledge and keep you motivated throughout your preparation.
• Flexible Access : Understanding that each aspirant has a unique study schedule, our courses are available online 24/7. Whether you're studying full-time or balancing your preparation with other commitments, you can access the course materials whenever and wherever it suits you.
• Comprehensive Coverage : Our courses cover all compulsory subjects, including English Essay, English Precis & Composition, General Science & Ability, Current Affairs, Pakistan Affairs, and Islamic Studies. Each subject is tackled in depth, ensuring you have a solid foundation to build upon.

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Since launching these courses, we've received overwhelmingly positive feedback from CSS aspirants. Many have praised the clarity and depth of the explanations, noting significant improvements in their understanding of the compulsory subjects. Our trend analysis has also helped students focus their studies more effectively, resulting in higher scores in mock exams.

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With the CSS exam just around the corner, now is the perfect time to strengthen your preparation. Enroll in Nearpeer’s past papers courses and equip yourself with the knowledge and skills needed to excel in the compulsory subjects. Our expertly curated content, coupled with the convenience of online learning, makes this an opportunity you can't afford to miss.

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Download CSS Essay Past Papers here to prepare for CSS exams. Download 2011-2021 Current Affairs Past Papers for CSS Exam Preparation. Just click on each year’s essay past papers to obtain the PDF.

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CSS English Essay Paper 2018 | FPSC CSS Past Papers 2018

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FEDERAL PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION COMPETITIVE EXAMINATION FOR RECRUITMENT TO POSTS IN BPS – 17 UNDER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, 2000. CSS ENGLISH ESSAY PAPER 2018

TIME ALLOWED: 3 HOURS MAXIMUM MARKS:100 NOTE: Write a comprehensive and analytical essay on ONE of the following topics:

• Real development should transform people’s lives, not just economic statistics.
• Higher Education in Pakistan: Ills and Remedies.
• Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears.
• China – Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Socio-economic Implications for the Region and the World.
• Beware the barrenness of a busy life!
• The Emerging Power of Social Media: Prospects and Problems.
• In the fight against terrorism and corruption, it is imperative not to compromise human rights and civil liberties.
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• Will “Rule of law” always remain an impracticable myth in our country?
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What happened in the Kolkata rape case that triggered doctors’ protests?

Activists and doctors in India demand better safeguarding of women and medical professionals after a trainee medic was raped and murdered in Kolkata.

Activists and doctors across India continued to protest on Wednesday to demand justice for a female doctor, who was raped and murdered while on duty in a hospital in the eastern city of Kolkata.

Feminist groups rallied on the streets in protests titled “Reclaim the Night” in Kolkata overnight on Wednesday – on the eve of India’s independence day – in solidarity with the victim, demanding the principal of RG Kar Medical College resign. Some feminist protesters also marched well beyond Kolkata, including in the capital Delhi.

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Doctors across india protest rape and murder of medic in kolkata, india supreme court to monitor investigations into manipur sexual violence, goals not guns: how a girls football team in india’s manipur beats violence, four arrested after spanish blogger on india motorcycle tour gangraped.

While the protests were largely peaceful, a small mob of men stormed the medical college and vandalised property. This group was dispersed by the police.

This comes after two days of nationwide protests by doctors following the incident at RG Kar Medical College in West Bengal’s capital city. “Sit-in demonstrations and agitation in the hospital campus will continue,” one of the protesting doctors, identified as Dr Mridul, told Al Jazeera.

Services in some medical centres were halted indefinitely, and marches and vigils shed light on issues of sexual violence, as well as doctors’ safety in the world’s most populous nation.

What happened to the doctor in Kolkata?

A 31-year-old trainee doctor’s dead body, bearing multiple injuries, was found on August 9 in a government teaching hospital in Kolkata.

The parents of the victim were initially told “by hospital authorities that their daughter had committed suicide,” lawyer and women’s rights activist Vrinda Grover told Al Jazeera. But an autopsy confirmed that the victim was raped and killed.

Grover has appeared for victims in sexual violence cases in India in the past, including Bilkis Bano , a Muslim woman who was gang-raped during the 2002 Gujarat riots, and Soni Sori, a tribal activist based in Chhattisgarh state.

Thousands of doctors marched in Kolkata on Monday, demanding better security measures and justice for the victim.

On Tuesday, the Kolkata High Court transferred the case to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).

The Federation of Resident Doctors Association (FORDA) called for a nationwide halting of elective services in hospitals starting on Monday. Elective services are medical treatments that can be deferred or are not deemed medically necessary.

On Tuesday, FORDA announced on its X account that it is calling off the strike after Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda accepted protest demands.

One of these demands was solidifying the Central Protection Act, intended to be a central law to protect medical professionals from violence, which was proposed in the parliament’s lower house in 2022, but has not yet been enacted.

FORDA said that the ministry would begin working on the Act within 15 days of the news release, and that a written statement from the ministry was expected to be released soon.

Press release regarding call off of strike. In our fight for the sad incident at R G Kar, the demands raised by us have been met in full by the @OfficeofJPNadda , with concrete steps in place, and not just verbal assurances. Central Healthcare Protection Act ratification… pic.twitter.com/OXdSZgM1Jc — FORDA INDIA (@FordaIndia) August 13, 2024

Why are some Indian doctors continuing to protest?

However, other doctors’ federations and hospitals have said they will not back down on the strike until a concrete solution is found, including a central law to curb attacks on doctors.

Those continuing to strike included the Federation of All India Medical Associations (FAIMA), Delhi-based All India Institute Of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and Indira Gandhi Hospital, local media reported.

Ragunandan Dixit, the general secretary of the AIIMS Resident Doctors’ Association, said that the indefinite strike will continue until their demands are met, including a written guarantee of the implementation of the Central Protection Act.

Medical professionals in India want a central law that makes violence against doctors a non-bailable, punishable offence, in hopes that it deters such violent crimes against doctors in the future.

Those continuing to protest also call for the dismissal of the principal of the college, who was transferred. “We’re demanding his termination, not just transfer,” Dr Abdul Waqim Khan, a protesting doctor told ANI news agency. “We’re also demanding a death penalty for the criminal,” he added.

“Calling off the strike now would mean that female resident doctors might never receive justice,” Dr Dhruv Chauhan, member of the National Council of the Indian Medical Association’s Junior Doctors’ Network told local news agency Press Trust of India (PTI).

Which states in India saw doctors’ protests?

While the protests started in West Bengal’s Kolkata on Monday, they spread across the country on Tuesday.

The capital New Delhi, union territory Chandigarh, Uttar Pradesh capital Lucknow and city Prayagraj, Bihar capital Patna and southern state Goa also saw doctors’ protests.

Who is the suspect in the Kolkata rape case?

Local media reported that the police arrested suspect Sanjoy Roy, a civic volunteer who would visit the hospital often. He has unrestricted access to the ward and the police found compelling evidence against him.

The parents of the victim told the court that they suspect that it was a case of gang rape, local media reported.

Why is sexual violence on the rise in India?

Sexual violence is rampant in India, where 90 rapes were reported on average every day in 2022.

Laws against sexual violence were made stricter following a rape case in 2012, when a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern was brutally gang-raped and murdered on a bus in Delhi. Four men were hanged for the gang rape, which had triggered a nationwide protests.

But despite new laws in place, “the graph of sexual violence in India continues to spiral unabated,” said Grover.

She added that in her experience at most workplaces, scant attention is paid to diligent and rigorous enforcement of the laws.

“It is regrettable that government and institutions respond only after the woman has already suffered sexual assault and often succumbed to death in the incident,” she added, saying preventive measures are not taken.

In many rape cases in India, perpetrators have not been held accountable. In 2002, Bano was raped by 11 men, who were sentenced to life imprisonment. In 2022, the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi authorised the release of the men, who were greeted with applause and garlands upon their release.

However, their remission was overruled and the Supreme Court sent the rapists back to jail after public outcry.

Grover believes that the death penalty will not deter rapists until India addresses the deeply entrenched problem of sexual violence. “For any change, India as a society will have to confront and challenge, patriarchy, discrimination and inequality that is embedded in our homes, families, cultural practices, social norms and religious traditions”.

What makes this case particularly prominent is that it happened in Kolkata, Sandip Roy, a freelance contributor to NPR, told Al Jazeera. “Kolkata actually prided itself for a long time on being really low in the case of violence against women and being relatively safe for women.”

A National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report said that Kolkata had the lowest number of rape cases in 2021 among 19 metropolitan cities, with 11 cases in the whole year. In comparison, New Delhi was reported to have recorded 1, 226 cases that year.

Prime Minister Modi’s governing Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has called for dismissing the government in West Bengal, where Kolkata is located, led by Mamata Banerjee of All India Trinamool Congress (AITC). Banerjee’s party is part of the opposition alliance.

Rahul Gandhi, the leader of the opposition in parliament, also called for justice for the victim.

“The attempt to save the accused instead of providing justice to the victim raises serious questions on the hospital and the local administration,” he posted on X on Wednesday.

Roy spoke about the politicisation of the case since an opposition party governs West Bengal. “The local government’s opposition will try to make this an issue of women’s safety in the state,” he said.

Have doctors in India protested before?

Roy explained to Al Jazeera that this case is an overlap of two kinds of violence, the violence against a woman, as well as violence against “an overworked medical professional”.

Doctors in India do not have sufficient workplace security, and attacks on doctors have started protests in India before.

In 2019, two junior doctors were physically assaulted in Kolkata’s Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital (NRSMCH) by a mob of people after a 75-year-old patient passed away in the hospital.

Those attacks set off doctors’ protests in Kolkata, and senior doctors in West Bengal offered to resign from their positions to express solidarity with the junior doctors who were attacked.

More than 75 percent of Indian doctors have faced some form of violence, according to a survey by the Indian Medical Association in 2015.

What happens next?

The case will now be handled by the CBI, which sent a team to the hospital premises to inspect the crime scene on Wednesday morning, local media reported.

According to Indian law, the investigation into a case of rape or gang rape is to be completed within two months from the date of lodging of the First Information Report (police complaint), according to Grover, the lawyer.

The highest court in West Bengal, which transferred the case from the local police to the CBI on Tuesday, has directed the central investigating agency to file periodic status reports regarding the progress of the investigation.

The FIR was filed on August 9, which means the investigation is expected to be completed by October 9.

Bengal women will create history with a night long protest in various major locations in the state for at 11.55pm on 14th of August’24,the night that’ll mark our 78th year as an independent country. The campaign, 'Women, Reclaim the Night: The Night is Ours', is aimed at seeking… pic.twitter.com/Si9fd6YGNb — purpleready (@epicnephrin_e) August 13, 2024

How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

• Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

Other questions about citing ChatGPT

You may have noticed the confidence with which ChatGPT described the ideas of brain lateralization and how the brain operates, without citing any sources. I asked for a list of sources to support those claims and ChatGPT provided five references—four of which I was able to find online. The fifth does not seem to be a real article; the digital object identifier given for that reference belongs to a different article, and I was not able to find any article with the authors, date, title, and source details that ChatGPT provided. Authors using ChatGPT or similar AI tools for research should consider making this scrutiny of the primary sources a standard process. If the sources are real, accurate, and relevant, it may be better to read those original sources to learn from that research and paraphrase or quote from those articles, as applicable, than to use the model’s interpretation of them.

We’ve also received a number of other questions about ChatGPT. Should students be allowed to use it? What guidelines should instructors create for students using AI? Does using AI-generated text constitute plagiarism? Should authors who use ChatGPT credit ChatGPT or OpenAI in their byline? What are the copyright implications ?

On these questions, researchers, editors, instructors, and others are actively debating and creating parameters and guidelines. Many of you have sent us feedback, and we encourage you to continue to do so in the comments below. We will also study the policies and procedures being established by instructors, publishers, and academic institutions, with a goal of creating guidelines that reflect the many real-world applications of AI-generated text.

For questions about manuscript byline credit, plagiarism, and related ChatGPT and AI topics, the APA Style team is seeking the recommendations of APA Journals editors. APA Style guidelines based on those recommendations will be posted on this blog and on the APA Style site later this year.

Update: APA Journals has published policies on the use of generative AI in scholarly materials .

We, the APA Style team humans, appreciate your patience as we navigate these unique challenges and new ways of thinking about how authors, researchers, and students learn, write, and work with new technologies.

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

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Tim Walz's military record: What to know about potential VP's National Guard service

Democratic presidential candidate Kamala Harris selected Minnesota Governor Tim Walz as her running mate on Tuesday, choosing a progressive yet plain-spoken VP candidate from America’s heartland to help her win over rural, white voters.

“I’m pleased to share that I’ve made my decision: Minnesota Governor Tim Walz will join our campaign as my running mate,” Harris said via text to supporters. “Tim is a battle-tested leader who has an incredible track record of getting things done for Minnesota families. I know that he will bring that same principled leadership to our campaign, and to the office of the vice president.”

We look at Walz, a 60-year-old U.S. Army National Guard veteran, and his military career over the years.

More: Tim Walz is Kamala Harris' VP pick: Minnesota governor named running mate: Live updates

How long was Walz in the military?

Walz served in the military for 24 years, enlisting in the Nebraska National Guard at 17 in 1981 and then transferring to the Minnesota National Guard in 1996. He retired in 2005 to begin his successful run for the U.S. House, representing Minnesota as command sergeant major, among the highest ranks for enlisted soldiers. His battalion went on to deploy to Iraq shortly after Walz's retirement.

Walz specialized in heavy artillery and had proficiency ribbons in sharpshooting and hand grenades.

But during the 21 years that Walz spent working with large artillery pieces, he suffered hearing loss and tinnitus in both ears, Minnesota Public Radio reported. He was allowed to continue his service after undergoing surgery, which partially resolved his hearing loss.

Where did Walz serve, and what did he do in the National Guard?

During his service, Walz responded to natural disasters, including floods and tornadoes in Minnesota and Nebraska, and was deployed overseas for months at a time, according to MPR.

In 2003, he was sent to Italy, where he served with the European Security Force to support the war in Afghanistan. He was also stationed in Norway for joint training with other NATO militaries.

Walz told MPR that he reenlisted in the National Guard after the September 11 attacks but never saw active combat in his years in the military.

Stars and Stripes reported in 2020 that Walz credited his Army experience with helping him steer Minnesota through the COVID-19 pandemic as governor.

As governor of Minnesota, Walz is commander in chief of the 13,000-soldier Minnesota National Guard. “I’m certainly proud of my military service, but it’s one piece of me,” he told Minnesota Public Radio in 2018. “It doesn’t define me.”

Reuters and USA TODAY reporter Tom Vanden Brook contributed to this story.