variation order thesis

Modified Variation Order Management Model for Civil Engineering Construction Projects

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Causes, effects and possible solutions of variation order in project performance

This thesis deals with the variation order that occurs in every construction project and how it affects the performance of the projects itself. Variation order is defined as the additions, omissions, alterations and substitution in terms of quality, quantity and schedule of works. Malaysia as a developing country is overgrown with various type of construction project here and there and the occurence of variation order in each of this project is inevitable. So, the objective of this thesis is to identify the causes of variation order in construction project, to investigate the impact of variation orders and to determine the proactive measure regarding the existence of the variation order. The scope of the study is on any ongoing construction projects in Kuantan area to identify the variation order that may occurs in each and every projects. In order to achieved the objective stated, a questionnaire is distributed to three parties involve in the construction area ; the client, consultant and contractor. Questionnaire is given according to how many projects that is still progressing handled by them. The questionnaire consists of demographic, causes of variation order, effects of variation order and the possible solution on how to avoid variation order. After 100 questionnaire is distributed and the result is tabulated, it is known that the main cause of variation order is the change of plan or scope is the main reason why variation order occurs in those construction project. It is known that the main effect of the occurence of variation order is the increase in the project cost. There will be an overrun in the cost of the project. The best possible solution to avoids variation order is to have a very good and proactive communication between all parties (the clients, contractors and consultants) throughout the construction of the project from start to finish. In a nutshell, it is known that the client, contractor and also the consultant all played a vital and important role in order to have a zero variation order or at least to minimize the variation order itself in each of the projects that are handled by them. Variation order should be taken as a serious matter as it will affects the project performances and also the growth of development in Malaysia in a long term period of time.

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ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF VARIATION ORDERS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

2019, Yeboah Isaac

This study investigated the impact of variation orders on project performance in order to propose measures to reduce them. The study had the following objectives, namely (1) To identify the causes of variation orders on construction projects; (2) assess the effects of variation orders on construction project performance; (3) To propose ways of managing variation orders on construction project in order to enhance project performance. For this study, data was collected from relevant literature review of scholars and through administering of questionnaires. The findings from the research revealed that, changing of plans or scope by architects and clients before and during the construction process causes for the instruction of variation orders; error and omissions in designs presented by the architect contributes to reduction in the quality of the project; lack of funds also contributes to late completion of construction projects. Recommendations regarding the reduction of variation orders include (1) clients should provide specific briefs to design teams to assist designers to arrive at conclusive designs so that frequent variations to original plans or material type will be minimized; (2) Specifications should be comprehensive enough to assist contractors to deliver the quality that is expected of them by clients; (3) Specialists and experts should be involved in the design planning and process stages of the construction work in order to explain and provide solutions to technical problems.

Related Papers

Aftab Hameed Memon

Variation Order (VO) is a common phenomenon in construction projects. It involves an amendment of the original scope of work as in the contract. VO is caused from various factors. Variations often cause disputes and dissatisfactions among the parties involved in construction projects. Thus, it is very important to control VOs in a construction project. For this, the first step is to uncover and understand the causes and effects of VO. Hence, the aim of this study is to determine the significant causes and effects of VO in construction projects. Data collection involved the survey with a structured questionnaire consisting of 18 causes and 9 effects of variation orders identified through comprehensive literature review. Survey was carried out among client representatives, consultants and contractors involved in handling projects of Malaysian Public Works Department (PWD) known as Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (JKR). A total of 101 completed questionnaire sets were collected against 200 questionnaires distributed among the practitioners. Collected questionnaires were analyzed with statistical software package SPSS and Average Index formula. The results of the study showed that in Malaysia’s JKR projects often variation orders are occurred; these VO’s are majorly caused because of unavailability of equipment, poor workmanship and design complexity. While most significant effects of VO on the projects are increased project cost, delay in completion and logistic delays. Early participation of professionals may be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of variations. Also, improved design and avoiding frequent design changes will be very effective in controlling the problem of variations.

IJERA Journal

Variations or changes to construction plans have been identified as a major problem in construction projects. Variations have adverse impact on project delivery. Effective management of variations, therefore, is critical to accomplishing project objectives; and this commences with identifying the sources and causes of variations. This paper presents the results of a study of the origins and causes of variation orders in building projects within the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN): Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDGs). Extensive review of relevant literature has been provided. The methodology adopted involved the use of structured questionnaires administered on the MDGs ensuring a fair representation of the geo-political zones of the country. Use was made of field assistants to facilitate the administration of questionnaires. An ex-post facto research design was also employed in the data gathering. Analysis of data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results reveal that variation orders are common in building projects. The client was shown to be the most frequently involved origin agent of variation orders as a result of inadequate or unclear brief, and change in plan or scope. The study concludes with recommendations that project planning; and engagement of project officers are effective means of formulating clear project briefs in order to minimize variation orders and enhance project performance.

IRJET Journal

Variation orders are reoccurring phenomenon in construction projects. It refers to as any modification in pre-existing scope of work at any stage of construction. There are numerous causes of variation depending upon various parties involved, project complexity and type of project which can cause disputes and dissatisfaction among parties involved, increase project cost and can also reduce overall project performance. Thus, it is necessary to control variation order. This research aims at determining the important factors that lead to variations, their key effects and suggesting control measures for reduction of the same. Data collection involved a detailed questionnaire survey comprising of 30 causes, 9 effects and 8 control measures identified through comprehensive literature review. Survey was carried out among 66 construction professionals involved with construction projects in Ahmedabad. Data was analyzed in SPSS by mean score analysis method and frequency analysis method and further ranked in MS Excel. The results indicated that the most prominent causes of variation are poor planning, value engineering, project complexity, unavailability of equipments and tools and change of project scope by owner. While major effects of variation on projects are increase in project cost, increase in overhead expenses, decrease in quality of work and decrease in labour productivity. Also most significant measures to control variation order are use of work breakdown structure, reviewing the contract documents prior to construction and freezing the design after a certain stage of construction.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)

Keshab Awasthi

Information Management eJournal

Anjay Mishra

Purpose: The main objective of this study is to identify the various origin and causes of variation orders. The study area is limited to Tribhuwan University premises, Kathmandu. The result of this study can be further used to analyze the impacts of those and also to develop prevention measures which further can be beneficial in upcoming projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: Fifty respondents including client, consultant, and contractor and their representatives having experience above two years were questioned for the primary source of data collection. Research works, papers, publications, journals, online information, contract documents, letters, and documents were used for secondary data collection. For ranking the perception based relative importance index of respondents views of causes, five ranking Likert scale have been used. Findings/Result: Respondents have viewed the major cause of variations originated from the client in overall projects are change of plans, impediment i...

Andualem E . Yadeta

Due to the complex nature of the construction industry variation is common in construction projects. It occurs in all types of construction projects and it determines the time limits and anticipated budget of the projects. Variation order is observed as one of the most frequently occurring issues in construction projects in Ethiopia. Like other regions of the country, construction projects in Addis Ababa are suffering from variation orders. These variations are known to impact various aspects of the projects. This study suggested strategies to minimize variation orders on public building projects. The objective of the study was to recommend strategies to minimize variation orders. Through a comprehensive study of literature review, resulted in identification of 15 strategies to minimize variation orders and these variables were mapped in frequency table. Interview and questionnaire survey were carried out to seek recommended strategies to minimize variation orders. Interviews were made with selected experienced public building project participants for expert opinion. Questionnaires distributed to the relevant public building project participants and the responses were analyzed using the relative index method. Data analysis was done for the interview and questionnaire survey together with literatures to improve the validity of the findings from the study. The result suggested the best recommended strategies to minimize variation orders. These strategies were to produce a concluding design and contract document, to complete drawings at tender stage, and to supervise the works with experienced and dedicated supervisor to minimize variation orders on public building projects. The study concluded based on the findings of the research and recommendations forwarded to minimize variation orders.

Construction projects are intricate and one-ofa-kind procedures. Because of the dynamic nature of the construction sector, it is nearly impossible to foresee anything ahead of time. The initial strategy for the project and the terms of the contract can undergo major shifts, which can result in variations. Cost and time overruns are the result of those differences. The majority of variations are observed to be caused by the human component. This study describes the variations produced by construction project stakeholders. It also emphasizes concerns in industry culture and their impact on the number of variations. Although it is an excellent practice to adequately plan all projects, changes in circumstances need that flexibility to be maintained. Measures should ideally be able to perform under both expected and unexpected conditions, striking a balance between precision and flexibility. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the reasons for variation and to advocate for the need for flexibility in contracts.

Jawad Alsuliman

Journal of Building …

Adi Irfan Che-Ani

International research journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

Yahaya Hassan Labaran

Variation is any deviation from the original scope and schedule of work thus; variation order involves alteration, addition, omission and substitution in terms of quality, quantity and schedule of work. Variation order may have considerable negative impacts on items such as costs and schedule delays. This study is aimed to evaluate the factors of variation order in civil engineering project from the clients' perspective in Kano state, Nigeria. Questionnaires were used and distributed to the clients; out of 120 questionnaires that were sent, 90 questionnaires were retrieved and found suitable for the analysis. The findings concluded that; Change in scope of the project with a mean score of 3.5889 is the most significant factors of variation order in civil engineering projects and was ranked the first. While inadequate project objectives with a mean score of 2.9111 was ranked eighth which is the last. The study introduced valuable recommendations to clients in civil engineering project and provide measures to eliminate variations.

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Screen Rant

Star wars names order 66's most dangerous survivor & it's awesome the franchise is trying something new.

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Star Wars' New Order 66 Survivor Is the New Anakin Skywalker in 1 Unusual Way

10 biggest star wars plot holes & continuity errors, i was a child of the star wars prequels, & now i'm watching history repeat itself.

• Jedi survivors like Tensu Run prove that the Jedi didn't just fade away after Order 66, but fought back against the Empire.
• The introduction of Tensu Run opens up a new chapter in Star Wars lore by showcasing a Jedi resistance against the Empire.
• Star Wars: Inquisitors #2 sets the stage for a potential Clone Wars-style series focused on the Jedi vs Sith conflict post-Order 66.

Warning: Contains SPOILERS for Star Wars: Inquisitors #2! Order 66 was the bleakest moment in Star Wars history for the Jedi, as the entire Order was wiped out in a single, brutal move by the newly-formed Empire, and the Jedi never truly recovered again. However, with the introduction of one specific Jedi survivor, it’s become clear that the Jedi weren’t completely out of the fight after Order 66 was executed, which opens up an entirely new chapter in Star Wars lore .

In Star Wars: Inquisitors #2 by Rodney Barnes and Ramon Rosanas, Darth Vader has ordered his Inquisitors to find and kill a Jedi survivor named Tensu Run . Run is in the process of building a resistance against the Empire, one that consists of other Jedi survivors as well as regular citizens across the galaxy. Now is far too early in the Empire’s reign for such resistance to stand against it, making it imperative that Tensu Run be found and killed.

After the Grand Inquisitor failed to complete this task in the previous issue, the Fifth Brother accepts the assignment, and even succeeds in finding Tensu Run. However, with minimal effort, Tensu Run slices off the Fifth Brother’s left arm, and tells him to deliver a message to Vader - one that makes it clear that Run will not be so easily dispatched.

Star Wars introduced the latest Order 66 survivor, & after seeing this Jedi Knight in action, it's fair to say that they are the new Anakin Skywalker.

The Jedi Weren’t Completely Wiped Out by Order 66

This issue - and, indeed, this entire limited series thus far - has confirmed that not only were the Jedi not completely wiped out by Order 66 (including Vader’s subsequent crusade against them), they actually stood a fighting chance at dismantling the Empire right when it was established. Tensu Run is the most dangerous Jedi survivor because he built a resistance against the Empire right away, and proved powerful enough to defeat the Empire’s deadliest assassins. He represented the strength of the Jedi during their darkest hour, and even Vader feared what he could accomplish.

The fact that the Jedi didn’t just scatter or die following Order 66 is a huge change from the established Star Wars canon. Now, fans know that another ‘war’ was waged between the Jedi and the Empire immediately following the Clone Wars, which is an extremely exciting development, as it opens the door for Star Wars to explore yet another untold chapter in its extensive history that fans didn’t even know existed.

Star Wars Has the Chance to do Another ‘Clone Wars’-Style Series

Just as Star Wars: Clone Wars takes place between the events of Episode II and Episode III - a moment in the established canon that was brushed over by the films - Star Wars: Inquisitors made it possible for the franchise to do the same thing immediately following Episode III . Tensu Run created an uprising of Jedi and rebels that no one knew about until now, and that could be expanded upon in a truly exciting way, with Jedi survivors coming together under Run’s leadership to fight Vader and the Inquisitors in a ‘Clone Wars’-style Jedi vs Sith war.

The Jedi didn’t die with a whimper like everyone previously thought, but with one brave, final stand against those who sought to wipe them out.

While Star Wars: Inquisitors is currently in the middle of telling that story, it seems the franchise could dive into this bold new idea a bit further, giving fans an entirely new Jedi vs Sith war in Star Wars canon that has every chance to be as extensive as the Clone Wars series. But, no matter what happens, it’s still awesome to see Star Wars trying something new with the tired ‘Jedi survivor’ trope, and it’s all thanks to the most dangerous survivor of them all, Tensu Run.

Star Wars: Inquisitors #2 by Marvel Comics is available August 7, 2024.

Star Wars is a multimedia franchise that started in 1977 by creator George Lucas. After the release of Star Wars: Episode IV- A New Hope (originally just titled Star Wars), the franchise quickly exploded, spawning multiple sequels, prequels, TV shows, video games, comics, and much more. After Disney acquired the rights to the franchise, they quickly expanded the universe on Disney+, starting with The Mandalorian.