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How to Start a Profitable LED Light Manufacturing Business

• March 28, 2024
• by Next What Business Research Team

Do you want to start a LED light manufacturing business? If yes, you have landed at the right place. dynamic and rapidly growing industry. LED lights are energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, making them increasingly popular in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. To help you get started, here we have provided a step-by-step guide on how to start an LED light business with costs, licenses, manufacturing process, machinery required, and more.

Table of Contents

10 Steps to Start a LED Light Manufacturing Business

1. learn the different types of led lights & applications.

There is a wide range of different types of LED bulbs and their applications in everyday life. If you are a beginner, it is advised to select a specific niche and concentrate on making it successful. Some of the popular types and their applications are listed below;

• LED Bulbs: Showrooms, Malls, Houses, Offices, Hospitals, Hotels, Restaurants, Rural areas
• LED Deco Bulb: Houses, Offices, Hotels, Restaurants, Decoration, Testing Labs
• LED Candle Bulb: Houses, Offices, Hotels, Restaurants, Decoration, Testing Labs
• LED Tube Light: Showrooms, Offices & Bank, Conference rooms, Malls, Departmental stores & boutiques, Industrial shed, Warehouses, Parking, Houses
• LED Spot Lights: Showrooms, Offices, Conference rooms, Malls, Hotels & Restaurants
• LED Down Light: Offices, Houses, Malls, Hospitals and laboratories, Hotels & Restaurants
• LED Panel Light: Offices & Conference Rooms, Hotels & Restaurants, Showrooms & Malls, Hospital & Laboratories
• LED Hi-Bay Light: Factories, Sheds, Airport Concourse, Exhibitions, Railway sheds, Warehouses
• LED Flood Light: Building facades, Architectural lighting, Commercial lighting, Monuments, Wall washing light, Railway marshaling yards, Warehouses
• LED Street Light (Solar) : Street lighting in cities, towns, and villages
• LED Garden Light: Farmhouses, Housing/Hospital compounds, Amusement/ Water parks, Hotel, Banquet, Marriage lawns, Parks & Gardens, Residential Blocks
• LED Solar Lantern: Rural areas houses, Compound light, Camping, Emergency light

2. Conduct Market Research

It is essential to do detailed market research to understand the demand for LED lights in different sectors and regions of India. Try to gather the competition, identify potential target markets, and assess the market size and growth potential. In addition, know more about customer preferences, pricing trends, and technological advancements in the LED lighting industry.

3. Ways to Start a LED Business

If you are interested in starting an LED business in India, there are several ways you can approach it. Here are some potential ways to enter the LED market and establish a successful business:

Manufacturing LED Lights

• Set up your LED light manufacturing unit, where you produce LED lights from scratch.
• Acquire the necessary machinery, equipment, and raw materials to manufacture LED lights.
• Develop a strong supply chain and distribution network to reach your target market effectively.

Importing LED Lights

• Import LED lights from established manufacturers in other countries and distribute them in the Indian market.
• Research and identify reliable overseas suppliers who offer high-quality LED lights at competitive prices.
• Build partnerships with retailers, distributors, and contractors to ensure a steady supply chain.

Assembling LED Lights

• Import LED components such as LED chips, drivers, and housings, and assemble them locally.
• Collaborate with component suppliers to ensure a consistent supply of high-quality parts.

LED Retrofitting and Installation

• Offer LED retrofitting services to existing establishments, such as residential buildings, commercial spaces, and street lighting.
• Provide energy audits, recommend LED lighting solutions, and handle the installation process.
• Build relationships with contractors, architects, and building owners to secure retrofitting projects.

Physical LED Retail Shop

• Set up a retail shop offering LED products
• Offer a wide range of LED products, including residential, commercial, and industrial lighting solutions.

LED Consulting and Design

• Provide consulting services to clients looking to implement LED lighting solutions.
• Offer expertise in lighting design, energy efficiency, and cost optimization.
• Help clients choose the right LED products for their specific requirements.
• Conduct lighting audits, prepare lighting design plans, and assist with project implementation.

Online LED Retail Store

• Set up an online platform to sell LED lights directly to customers.
• Provide detailed product information, specifications, and energy-saving calculations to help customers make informed choices.

4. Create a Business Plan

Starting a LED Light Manufacturing pant will require considerable investment. Hence you might need funds for setting it up. As a result, creating an in-depth business plan document will be essential. It is advised to hire a professional plan consultant experienced in the LED business. Some of the basic chapters that must be included in your LED Light manufacturing plan document are the following:

• Startup and recurring costs
• Name of Your Business
• Industry Analysis
• Target Customers
• Pricing Plan
• Manpower Hiring Plan
• Marketing Plan

5. Led Bulb Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing process of LED lights involves several steps to produce these energy-efficient lighting solutions. Here is a general overview of the manufacturing process:

a) LED Chip Fabrication

• The process starts with the fabrication of LED chips, which are the core components of LED lights.
• Semiconductor materials, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) or gallium nitride (GaN), are processed to create LED chips.
• The semiconductor material is grown on a substrate, and layers of different materials are deposited to form the chip structure.
• This process involves techniques like epitaxy, lithography, etching, and deposition.

b) LED Chip Testing

• After fabrication, the LED chips undergo testing to ensure they meet the required specifications.
• Various tests are performed to check parameters such as brightness, color temperature, forward voltage, and current characteristics.
• Only the chips that pass the quality standards are selected for further processing.

c) LED Packaging

• The tested LED chips are then packaged to protect them and provide electrical connections for operation.
• The chips are mounted on a lead frame or substrate and encapsulated with epoxy resin or silicone to protect them from environmental factors.
• Wire bonding or flip-chip technology is used to connect the chip to the lead frame and establish electrical connections.

d) PCB Assembly

• The next step involves assembling the LED chips onto a printed circuit board (PCB).
• The PCB provides electrical connections and circuitry for the LEDs to function properly.
• SMT (Surface Mount Technology) machines are used to place the LED components on the PCB.
• Soldering techniques, such as reflow soldering or wave soldering, are employed to secure the components in place.

e) Secondary Optics Integration

• LED lights often incorporate secondary optics, such as lenses or reflectors, to control light distribution and improve efficiency.
• These secondary optics are integrated into the LED assembly, ensuring proper alignment and optimal light output.

f) Electrical Testing and Quality Control

• Once the LED lights are assembled, they undergo rigorous electrical testing and quality control procedures.
• Tests include measuring electrical parameters, verifying color temperature, checking for uniformity, and ensuring proper functioning.
• Quality control measures are implemented to identify any defects and ensure that only high-quality products are released.

g) Final Assembly and Packaging

• After passing all tests and quality checks, the LED lights are ready for final assembly and packaging.
• The lights are mounted on heat sinks or fixtures, which provide thermal management and mechanical support.
• The products are labeled, packaged, and prepared for distribution.

It’s important to note that the manufacturing process may vary slightly depending on the specific type and design of LED lights. Manufacturers may also implement additional steps for advanced features or customization.

6. LED Light Manufacturing Business Registration

First of all, you will need to obtain different registrations and licenses from Government authorities. However, it depends on the manufacturing process and what type of LED light you are producing,

• Company registration with ROC
• Obtain Trade License from the Municipal Authority
• Udyog Aadhaar MSME Registration
• BIS Certification
• Bureau of Energy Efficiency Certification
• NOC from Pollution Control Board
• GST Registration

7. Procure LED Light Manufacturing Machines & Tools

The LED light manufacturing or assembling process is a little complex. One needs to have basic knowledge and skills in starting any type of unit operation. It is difficult to list machinery as a whole. You will need to select machines according to the specific type of LED you want to produce and the raw material. Some of the common machines are

• LED PCB assembly machine
• LED lights assembly machine
• High-speed LED mounting machine
• LED chip SMD mounting machine
• Candlelight assembly machine for LED
• LED tube light assembly machine

Additionally, you will also need to have a regular supply of a wider range of raw materials for manufacturing LED bulbs. Some of the primary materials are listed below:

• Encapsulation Material
• Electrical Components
• Connectors and Wires
• Optical Components
• Housing and Base
• Adhesives and Soldering Materials
• Packaging Materials

8. Arrange Funds

The cost of starting a LED Light manufacturing business will be in the range of Rs. 5 Cr. to Rs. 10 Cr. If you can arrange the money by yourself, you may not require to pitch for funds from banks or startup investors.

If short in budget, you will have to pitch for funds with financial lenders. Herein, your business plan document will be the most important as every investor will ask for it first. You can read our article on the best types of business loans for startups to learn more.

Also, do not forget to apply for a credit card to meet small-time expenses.

9. Select a Proper Location

It is essential to choose a location for your led light manufacturing plant location nearby to the immediate market. It is advisable to find a location that is near a city or a town so that the transportation costs of procuring and dispatching finished materials are less. The more the distance the more will be logistic costs and that will eat your net profit return.

You will need to have at least an 800 sq. ft area to start a small-scale LED business. The space requirement includes manufacturing space, storage space, packaging space, and operational office space.

10. Make a Marketing Plan

It is extremely important to create an efficient network of distributors, wholesalers, and big retailers so that your finished led lights are sold smoothly. In addition, it is a must to create an online presence. Create a website and if possible make an online shop and sell your items online. Also, take appropriate promotional measures so that information about your led bulb items is reached, and target customers.

Why People are Switching to LED Bulbs

LED (Light Emitting Diode) bulbs have gained significant popularity in recent years and for good reason. Here are some of the key reasons why people are switching to LED bulbs:

Energy Efficiency

LED bulbs are highly energy-efficient compared to traditional incandescent bulbs. They consume significantly less electricity to produce the same amount of light. LED bulbs can save up to 80-90% of energy, leading to lower electricity bills and reduced energy consumption.

Long Lifespan

LED bulbs have a much longer lifespan compared to incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. They can last anywhere from 15,000 to 50,000 hours or more, depending on the quality and usage. This eliminates the frequent need for bulb replacements, reducing maintenance costs and inconvenience.

Cost Savings

Although LED bulbs may have a higher upfront cost compared to traditional bulbs, their long lifespan and energy efficiency result in substantial cost savings over time. The reduced energy consumption and longer lifespan offset the initial investment, making LED bulbs a cost-effective choice in the long run.

Environmental Benefits

LED bulbs are environmentally friendly due to their lower energy consumption and longer lifespan. They produce less greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to reducing carbon footprints. Additionally, LED bulbs do not contain harmful substances like mercury, which is found in fluorescent bulbs, making them easier to recycle and dispose of responsibly.

Quality of Light

LED bulbs offer excellent light quality with a range of color temperatures and brightness options. They produce a bright and focused light that is evenly distributed, enhancing visibility and reducing eye strain. LED bulbs also have better color rendering properties, accurately representing colors compared to other lighting options.

LED bulbs are highly durable and resistant to shocks, vibrations, and temperature fluctuations. This makes them suitable for various environments and applications, including both indoor and outdoor lighting.

Instantaneous Lighting

Unlike some other lighting technologies, LED bulbs provide instant illumination without any warm-up time. They reach their full brightness immediately upon switching on, ensuring convenience and immediate visibility.

Versatility

LED bulbs come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, making them versatile for different lighting fixtures and applications. They can be used for general lighting, accent lighting, decorative lighting, and specialized applications like automotive lighting or signage.

Smart Lighting Integration

LED technology seamlessly integrates with smart lighting systems, allowing users to control and customize their lighting remotely. Smart features like dimming, color changing, and scheduling enhance convenience, ambiance, and energy management.

Government Incentives

Many governments worldwide offer incentives and rebates to encourage the adoption of energy-efficient lighting solutions like LED bulbs. These incentives further motivate people to switch to LED lighting, making it a financially attractive option.

Overall, the numerous advantages of LED bulbs, including energy efficiency, long lifespan, cost savings, environmental benefits, and quality of light, have led to widespread adoption and a shift away from traditional lighting options.

Is LED Business Profitable?

It is needless to say that LED (Light Emitting Diode) business has emerged as a highly profitable venture in India. The industry is driven by the increasing demand for energy-efficient lighting solutions.

The LED lighting market in India has witnessed huge growth in recent years. According to reports, the market size of LED products will reach $11.9.8 billion by 2028 from $3.4 billion in 2022, growing at a CAGR of around 23.38%.

In addition, the Indian government has launched various initiatives and policies to promote energy efficiency and LED adoption. One such initiative is the “Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All” (UJALA) scheme, which aims to distribute LED bulbs at subsidized rates. These government initiatives create a favorable environment for LED businesses, boosting their profitability.

Some other significant factors that are powering the tremendous growth of the LED business in India are as follows:

• Energy Efficiency Standards set up by the Indian government.
• Cost Savings for Consumers
• Growing demand for LED products in various Industries
• Increasing Consumer Awareness
• Technological Advancements
• Huge Export Opportunities
• Local Manufacturing Support
• Ancillary Services and Solutions

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the key components required for led light manufacturing.

The key components required for LED light manufacturing include LED chips, electronic components (such as drivers and capacitors), heat sinks, housing materials, lenses, and connectors.

Which are the top LED companies manufacturing in India?

Some of the major LED companies in India are as follows:

• Philips Electronics India Ltd
• Havells India Ltd
• Osram India Pvt Ltd

How much investment is needed to start an LED light manufacturing business in India?

The investment required to start an LED light manufacturing business can vary based on factors. It includes the scale of operations, machinery and equipment costs, infrastructure expenses, labor costs, and working capital. Hence it is difficult to provide an exact cost without considering specific business requirements and market conditions.

However, as a rough estimate, the initial investment for a small-scale LED bulb manufacturing business in India could range from INR 20 to 20 Lacs. You will need more than Rs. 1 Cr. to start a medium to large-scale led light manufacturing business in India.

Are there any government schemes or incentives available for LED light manufacturing businesses in India?

Yes, the Government of India offers various schemes and incentives to promote the LED lighting industry. It includes the Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme ( DELP ) and the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme. These schemes provide financial assistance, subsidies, and support for research and development initiatives.

What are the quality certifications required for LED light manufacturing?

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) certification is mandatory for LED light manufacturers in India. It ensures that the products meet the necessary safety and quality standards. Additionally, international certifications like CE (Conformité Européene) and RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) compliance can enhance the credibility of your products in global markets.

How can I differentiate my LED light products from competitors?

Differentiate your LED light products by focusing on factors such as energy efficiency, durability, aesthetic design, product reliability, customer service, and competitive pricing. Furthermore, offering unique features, and customization options, and providing eco-friendly lighting solutions can also set you apart from competitors.

Alchem Learning

How to Start Led Light Manufacturing Business

Welcome to our guide on starting a LED light manufacturing business. LED lights have gained immense popularity due to their energy efficiency and long lifespan. If you’re considering entering the LED light manufacturing industry, here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started.

1. Research and Planning

Begin by conducting thorough market research. Understand the demand for LED lights in your target market, identify your competitors, and assess the latest trends. Create a detailed business plan outlining your goals, target audience, marketing strategies, and financial projections.

2. Legal Formalities

Register your business and obtain all the necessary licenses and permits. Choose a suitable business structure, such as sole proprietorship, partnership, or limited liability company. Comply with environmental regulations and safety standards to ensure a smooth operation.

3. Location and Infrastructure

Select a suitable location for your manufacturing facility. Ensure that the facility has sufficient space for production, storage, and administrative tasks. Install the required machinery and equipment for LED light manufacturing.

4. Supply Chain and Materials

Establish relationships with reliable suppliers for LED components, such as LED chips, drivers, and housings. Maintain a steady supply chain to avoid disruptions in production. Ensure the quality of materials for consistent product performance.

5. Production Process

Develop an efficient production process that includes assembling LED components, testing for quality and performance, and packaging the final products. Implement strict quality control measures to deliver reliable LED lights to your customers.

6. Branding and Marketing

Create a strong brand identity for your LED light manufacturing business. Design a logo, packaging, and product labels that reflect your brand values. Develop an online presence through a professional website and engage with potential customers through social media platforms.

7. Distribution and Sales

Decide whether you’ll sell directly to consumers, retailers, or both. Establish distribution channels that ensure your LED lights reach your target market efficiently. Offer competitive pricing and promotions to attract customers.

8. Customer Support

Provide excellent customer support to address inquiries, issues, and feedback from customers. Build a strong reputation for reliability and customer satisfaction, which can lead to repeat business and referrals.

9. Sustainability and Innovation

Stay updated with the latest LED technology trends and innovations. Strive to develop energy-efficient and eco-friendly LED products. Emphasize sustainability in your manufacturing process to appeal to environmentally conscious consumers.

10. Financial Management

Monitor your finances closely and manage your expenses, cash flow, and profits. Keep track of production costs, overhead expenses, and pricing strategies to ensure a healthy bottom line.

Starting a LED light manufacturing business requires careful planning, dedication, and a commitment to quality. By following these steps and continuously adapting to market changes, you can build a successful and sustainable LED light manufacturing venture.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. what is a led light manufacturing business.

A LED light manufacturing business involves producing energy-efficient LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting products for various applications such as residential, commercial, and industrial lighting.

2. Why should I consider starting a LED light manufacturing business?

LED lights have gained popularity due to their energy efficiency, long lifespan, and lower maintenance costs, making them a sought-after lighting solution. Starting a LED light manufacturing business can tap into this growing demand.

3. What steps are involved in starting a LED light manufacturing business?

The steps include conducting market research, securing necessary licenses, setting up infrastructure, sourcing materials, establishing a production process, branding, marketing, distribution, and ensuring financial management.

4. How do I ensure the quality of LED lights I manufacture?

Ensuring quality involves sourcing reliable components, implementing strict quality control during production, conducting performance tests, and adhering to industry standards for LED lighting products.

5. What are the key components required for LED light manufacturing?

Key components include LED chips, drivers, heat sinks, housings, lenses, and circuit boards, which are essential for assembling LED lights.

6. How do I market my LED light products?

Market your products through a professional website, social media platforms, industry exhibitions, and targeted advertising. Highlight the energy-saving benefits and long lifespan of LED lights to attract customers.

7. What’s the importance of sustainability in LED light manufacturing?

Sustainability is important for meeting environmental regulations and appealing to eco-conscious consumers. Using energy-efficient manufacturing processes and recyclable materials can enhance your brand’s reputation.

8. What challenges might I face in the LED light manufacturing business?

Challenges include fierce competition, evolving technology, sourcing quality materials, maintaining consistent product quality, and managing production costs.

9. How do I determine the right pricing for my LED light products?

Calculate your production costs, overhead expenses, and desired profit margin to determine your pricing strategy. Consider market trends and competitor pricing while setting your prices.

10. What are some tips for financial management in this business?

Keep detailed records of your finances, monitor cash flow, control expenses, and regularly review your financial projections to ensure the profitability and sustainability of your LED light manufacturing business.

Top Businesses in the World

Explore the websites of 20 top global companies to improve your website and grow your business. Learning from these industry leaders will provide valuable insights and strategies for enhancing your website.

• 1. Apple Inc.
• 2. Amazon.com Inc.
• 3. Microsoft Corporation
• 4. Alphabet Inc. (Google)
• 5. Tesla, Inc.
• 6. Facebook, Inc.
• 7. Berkshire Hathaway Inc.
• 8. Visa Inc.
• 9. JPMorgan Chase & Co.
• 10. Walmart Inc.
• 11. Alibaba Group Holding Limited
• 12. Tencent Holdings Limited
• 13. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• 14. Procter & Gamble Co.
• 15. Johnson & Johnson
• 16. Nestle S.A.
• 17. The Coca-Cola Company
• 18. Toyota Motor Corporation
• 19. Intel Corporation
• 20. Pfizer Inc.

References:

• How to Start a Small Business: A Step by Step Guide | Amazon Business
• How to Start Your Own Business (with Pictures) – wikiHow
• 9 Things Needed to Start a Business in 2023
• How to start and fund your own business | USAGov Lock
• How to (Realistically) Start an Online Business That (Actually) Grows | BigCommerce
• How to start a business: Step by Step
• The complete guide to starting a business | Legalzoom
• How to Start a Business – Ramsey
• 10 Steps to Starting a Business | Coursera List
• How to Start a Business in 6 Steps | Mailchimp
• How to Start a Business in 2023: A 10-Step Guide
• 70 Small Business Ideas for Anyone Who Wants to Run Their Own Business
• 5 Steps to Start Your First Business – YouTube
• How to Grow a Successful Business
• How to Start a Small Business (Step-by-Step Guide) | ADP
• How to Start a Small Business at Home: 5 Tips for Success
• 10 Key Steps to Creating a Business (2023 Guide) | Wolters Kluwer
• How to Start a Business: Steps to Start Up a Business | Square
• 10 steps to start your business | U.S. Small Business Administration Lock
• How To Start A Business: A Step by Step Guide For 2023
• How To Start A Business In 11 Easy Steps (2023 Guide) – Forbes
• How to Start a Business From Scratch in 7 Steps | The Hartford
• How to Start a Business: 13 Steps to Launch – Shopify
• How to Start a Business in 15 Steps – NerdWallet
• How to Start a Business: A Startup Guide for Entrepreneurs
• How to Start a Business in India – The Complete Guide

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• How to Start Your LED Light Business: A Helpful Plan

• Last Update: August 22, 2024

Starting any business will be profitable if one has a proper plan in place. The LED lighting business is one of the most profitable businesses, and one can start at any moment due to the steadily growing demand for LED lights. Among different types of lights, LED lights have become pretty popular due to their wide list of benefits. 

There are different types of LED lights, such as LED parking lights, LED panel lights, LED strip lights, LED floodlights, LED stage lights, and many more manufactured by an LED light manufacturer . The LED lights are affordable, last for a longer duration, and emit less heat, which makes them great for a profitable business. Scroll down to learn how to start an LED light business. 

Explore LED Light Business Opportunities

Diodes that emit light are known as LEDs or Light-emitting diodes. These are semiconductor appliances that radiate visible light when an electric current flows through them. LED lighting comes in a variety of colors and varies from 2700k to 6500k. The LED lighting system uses a lot less electricity than a conventional lighting system because it has a lumen efficiency of 110 lumens per watt.

Additionally, it offers a lower total cost of ownership and a longer useful life. In addition to being more affordable than other forms of lighting, it also produces higher light quality. Given that LED technology lasts 20 times longer and uses 80% less energy than incandescent lighting, it is the main reason for the growing popularity of LED lights . 

For instance, a 36-watt LED light can produce the same amount of light as a 100-watt fluorescent light . LED lights, which come in warm and cool tone colors, are more robust and provide light quality that is on par with or better than other varieties of lighting.

All types of lighting, including compact fluorescent lamps, conventional bulbs, tube lights , and many others of the same kind, have been replaced by LED lights. There is a lot of potential for the growth of LED lights both locally and internationally. In 2023, the LED market is anticipated to increase by 25% annually and reach $25 billion. Thus, the production of LED lights presents business owners with a lucrative investment opportunity.

Choose Your Type of LED Lighting Business

• LED Light Manufacturing Business 

Setting up a sizable plant with an intricate production process is necessary for full-scale LED light manufacturing. However, it is not mandatory to launch a large-scale manufacturing operation as it is also possible to commence a small-scale LED manufacturing assembly line.

To set up an LED manufacturing facility, it is essential to comprehend the foundations of LED production and its numerous interconnected units. Along with a few manufacturing machines, it is essential to register with the government and obtain a number of licenses.

• LED Light Wholesale Business

Wholesale or LED light distribution is the sale of lighting products to retail businesses or other professional business users. LED light manufacturers will sell products in bulk quantities in most cases. As a wholesale business, it is possible to buy them in bulk at a low cost and then sell them to retail stores or outlets for a higher price. 

Wholesale business is required to store stock; thus, there is a requirement for warehouse space. The benefit of this line of work is that one can move things through the supply chain more quickly because the business frequently sells to those who would resell them. The wholesale businesses acquire bulk products from the direct manufacturing company . 

• LED Light Retail Business 

Retailing LED lights should be the choice if one discovers that it is simpler to market LED lighting tubes, LED bulbs , and industrial LED lamps. It is possible to establish an LED supply company from one’s residence or workshop and supply them to the buyers. 

It is vital to get contacts of trustworthy LED light suppliers when setting up a retail store. LED lights should dominate the market in terms of both quality and cost. Knowing how to operate a successful business and having some prior experience selling LED products can both aid business strategy and success.

Financing Your LED Light Business

Securing the foundation of your LED light business starts with smart financing. In today’s diverse financial landscape, entrepreneurs have a plethora of options at their disposal. Traditional bank loans are a solid choice for those with strong business plans and credit scores. For a more modern approach, crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter offer a dual advantage of raising capital and validating your product in the market. Additionally, angel investors and venture capitalists provide not only funding but also valuable business acumen and networks to help your business grow.

Creating a comprehensive budget is your next crucial step. It should detail initial setup costs, production expenses, marketing strategies, and a reserve for unforeseen challenges. This budget acts as a financial blueprint, guiding your spending and investment decisions. Effective financial management, from meticulous record-keeping to strategic cash flow planning, will ensure your LED light business not only takes off but also thrives in the competitive market. With the right financial strategy, your business will shine brightly in the LED industry.

Register and Apply for the Business Licenses

The business owner who decides to enter the LED light manufacturing business must apply for and receive a specific license and registration from the relevant government agencies. Based on the type of LED lighting one plans to create, they can additionally need appropriate documentation. 

It is possible to launch the business as a sole proprietor or as a partnership. If one chooses a partnership firm, it is a must to register the business as a limited liability partnership or Pvt. Ltd. company. Contrarily, if one opts for a sole proprietor to run the business and adheres to the one-man show philosophy, it is required to register the company as a proprietorship.

For trade licenses, one must speak with the relevant municipal authorities in their area. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency Certification is a requirement for energy generation businesses, such as LED light manufacturing facilities. In addition, prioritizing sustainability is also beneficial. 

The production of LEDs involves some dangerous, non-eco-friendly materials, which results in a lot of pollution. As a result, requesting a NOC from the Pollution Control Board is required. It is crucial to submit a trademark application to protect the company’s label. If there are plans to export LED products to foreign nations, one must have an Importer-Exporter Code (IEC) Code . 

Select Your LED Business Location

For an LED light built-up plant or an LED light store, it is best to choose a location with enough area for your trade negotiation, daily work, and product display.

Here are a few factors that one needs to consider while choosing a location for an LED light business plan. 

• Think about the accessibility of the location, whether it is easy to reach or not. Check the transportation availability and whether there are decent roads for smooth and quick commute times. 
• Choose a location where there is enough foot traffic so the LED light sales will be high. 
• Count how many competitor businesses are situated in the surrounding area. 
• Think about the costs of setting up a store, such as electricity bills, water bills, location rents, and more. 
• Consider the transportation costs of bringing raw materials to the manufacturing location and sending the finished products to the market. 

Build Your LED Light Supply Network Vorlane

After starting the LED light business, it is vital to have a decent supply network strategy. First of all, create a small assortment of LED light products during the initial stage. It is best to increase the type of LED lights manufactured as the business grows. Estimate the demand for the LED lights and start the production process. 

Supply the manufactured items to the stores and keep track of the purchase orders. Make sure to constantly check if there is enough stock to meet the growing demand for LED lighting products. In case the stock is low, start the production again to fulfill the client’s orders. 

Manufacturing LED lights is an international business with a multinational client base and supply chain. From the time of the commercial release of LED lights and luminaries more than ten years ago, the supply chain has changed, and the LED lighting industry has grown quickly.

In order to deliver the required performance level and price arrangement for market success, the leading companies in the LED lighting sector were frequently vertically incorporated and involved in several processes in the initial stage of LED adoption. The many components of the supply chain for LED lighting have been divided up as the market has grown, and different businesses have honed their production skills in particular fields.

Online LED Lighting Suppliers

There are many local and international LED lighting suppliers. One such best LED light OEM supplier is Vorlane, which can help your business. Vorlane has decent-quality machinery, highly skilled staff, and production capabilities to supply sturdy, high-quality, durable, long-lasting, and customized LED lights. 

From start to finish, the experienced and qualified engineers at Vorlane will work closely with the clients to find an LED light solution that addresses your business requirements. All one has to do is send the design sample, which will be reviewed by the experts, and then will get the sample LED lights. Upon approval, mass production of LED lights will start, and Vorlane will deliver the products to the doorstep. 

LED Lighting Trade Shows

Exhibitions and trade exhibitions for LED lighting are examples of experiential marketing channels where visitors congregate in person to see the LED lighting items on display. LED trade shows accomplish several objectives at once. They primarily serve as marketing opportunities for the LED light companies that have booths set up at the events to ensure excellent sales . 

It is simple to promote the LED business better, gain better business results overall, and demonstrate the LED lights, company advancements, and lighting design concepts to the general public. It is the ideal opportunity to gain international exposure for the LED business, thanks to all of these benefits. Additionally, the representatives of your company at the booths can collect potential buyer information for later follow-up emails and calls. 

Promote Your LED Light Business

It is essential to promote LED lighting products both offline and online to expand the business. Here are some of the best ways that can help in promoting the LED light business. 

• Get A Website 

A decent company website functions as a marketing tool. It conveys information about your company, what you have to offer, how to get in touch with you, and the personality and distinctive qualities of your brand.

• Blogs And Guest Posts

Content is the main element in dispersing brand awareness and getting more potential buyers. Create and spread content about your LED lighting products , their uses, and why people should buy from your brand. 

If there is enough of a budget, it is best to use Google Ads to promote the LED business, which gives instant exposure. These ads will display your business at the top of search engine results pages and local listings. 

• Organize Trade Shows

LED lighting trade shows bring the potential buyers to the sellers, giving access to real leads to the business. 

• Use Social Media 

Make use of various social media platforms to promote your business through posts, up-to-date feeds, trendy hashtags, and so on. 

• Discounts And Coupons

Offering discounts and coupons for purchasing your LED lights is a great way to promote the LED light business. 

LED lights have evolved as a fantastic way to save electricity and a promising way to produce greater light at cheaper prices. Given that the demand for LED lights has significantly increased, LED lighting represents the future of lighting. With multiple benefits and prospective uses, the LED light industry is successful in every market. 

For aspiring business owners, the LED light industry offers a lucrative investment opportunity. It is not too difficult to launch your own LED lighting company as long as you plan ahead and take the aforementioned points into consideration. For buying bulk, customized, and different types of LED lights for your business needs, make sure to contact Vorlane . 

FAQs on LED Lighting Business

• How can I start an LED lighting business? To start an LED lighting business, you need to conduct market research, develop a business plan, secure financing, register your business, and find reliable suppliers for LED components.
• What types of LED lighting products should I consider for my business? Popular LED lighting products include LED bulbs, LED panel lights, LED strip lights, LED floodlights, LED downlights, and LED streetlights.
• What are the common applications of LED lighting? LED lighting is used in various applications, including residential, commercial, industrial, outdoor, and specialty lighting (such as stage and automotive lighting).
• What are the key factors to consider when choosing an LED lighting supplier? Consider the supplier’s reputation, product quality, customization options, pricing, delivery times, and customer service.
• What licenses and permits are required to start an LED lighting business? You may need a business license, environmental permits, electrical contractor licenses, and other local or industry-specific permits. Check with local authorities for specific requirements.
• How can I market my LED lighting business effectively? Effective marketing strategies include creating a professional website, utilizing social media, attending trade shows, offering promotions and discounts, and leveraging SEO and content marketing.
• Can LED lights be customized for specific applications? Yes, LED lights can be customized in terms of color, shape, size, brightness, and other features to meet specific requirements for different applications.
• How can I stay competitive in the LED lighting market? Focus on innovation, offer high-quality products, provide excellent customer service, stay updated with industry trends, and continuously improve your business operations.
• What is the profit margin for the LED light business (retailer, wholesaler, and manufacturer)? Retailer: The profit margin for LED light retailers can vary widely depending on factors such as location, competition, and pricing strategy. Generally, retailers can expect a profit margin of 20% to 40% on LED lighting products. Premium products and customized solutions often yield higher margins. Wholesaler: LED light wholesalers typically have lower profit margins compared to retailers but benefit from higher volume sales. The profit margin for wholesalers usually ranges from 10% to 20%. Effective supply chain management and bulk purchasing can help maximize margins. Manufacturer: Manufacturers of LED lights can achieve profit margins ranging from 15% to 35%. The margins depend on factors such as production efficiency, raw material costs, technological advancements, and economies of scale. Manufacturers with innovative products and strong brand recognition often enjoy higher profit margins. It’s important to note that these margins can fluctuate based on market conditions, economic factors, and changes in consumer demand.

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Lighting Category

• Stage Lighting

Application

Why vorlane.

• [email protected]
• +86-760-86925568
• +86 18925389688

No.1 Factory:

• No.14, South 2nd Lane, Huasheng East Road, Caosan Innovation Zone, Guzhen, Zhongshan, Guangdong, CN

No.2 Factory:

• 3rd Floor, Building 4, Tuoyue Leshan Business Port, No.2 Leshan Street, Gexin Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, CN

Indonesia Branch:

• Pt Ligled Cahaya Indonesia Komplek Mutiara Taman Palem Blok A19 No.25 Cengkareng - Jakarta Barat, Indonesia +62 21 2901 8880 /81 [email protected]

Brazil Branch:

• Rua do Gasómetro, 597 Brás, São Paulo SP, 03004-001 Brazil Steven 0055 1199548 1313

The LED lamp market will grow at 25 per cent annually to reach $25 billion in 2023. Hence LED light manufacturing is a profitable investment opportunity for entrepreneurs

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are semiconductor devices that emit visible light when electric current passes through them. Compared to conventional lighting systems, these are smaller, have a longer operating life and involve a lower cost of ownership. Available in a wide range of colours, LED light bulbs are more durable and offer comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting.

Residential LED lights, especially Energy Star rated products, consume at least 75 per cent less energy and last 25 times longer than incandescent lights. These also use significantly less power—a typical 84-watt fluorescent light can be replaced with a 36-watt LED to give the same level of light output.

The LED lamp market is projected to grow at 25 per cent annually to reach $25 billion in 2023. Hence LED light manufacturing is a profitable investment opportunity for entrepreneurs.

Full-scale LED light manufacturing requires setting up of a large-scale factory with a complex production process. However, it is possible for small-scale entrepreneurs to set up LED light assembly units as a small- or medium-scale manufacturing operation.

LED-based lighting system cum LED lamp assembly consists of the following steps: 1. Procure/import milliwatt-rated LED chips, circuit and other mounting devices 2. Embed milliwatt-rated LED chips on the PCB board with the rectifier circuit, filter circuit, etc 3. Fit the PCB board with a holder cap and plastic modules fitted with Smokey reflector to form a compact unit 4. Test the assembled LED lighting system and package

Raw materials

For assembly of LED-based lighting systems up to 10W you may require: 1. LED chips 2. Rectifier circuit with filter 3. Heat-sink devices 4. Metallic cap holder 5. Plastic body 6. Reflector plastic glass 7. Connecting wire 8. Soldering flux 9. Miscellaneous items 10. Packaging material

Equipment required

LED light manufacturing or assembly is a complex process. Machines need to be selected on the basis of the specific LED type that is being produced and the raw material being used. However, major machines include:

1. LED PCB assembly machine 2. LED lights assembly machine 3. High-speed LED mounting machine 4. LED chip SMD mounting machine 5. Candlelight assembly machine for LED 6. LED tubelight assembly machine

Other equipment that may be required:

1. Soldering machine 2. Sealing machine 3. Small drilling machine 4. Packaging machine 5. LCR meter 6. Digital multimeter 7. Continuity tester 8. Lux meter 9. Oscilloscope

Pollution control requirements

The following steps may help to control pollution wherever applicable:

1. Fumes and gases are released during hand soldering/wave soldering/dip soldering, which are harmful to people as well as the environment and end products. Alternative technologies may be used to phase-out the existing polluting technologies. Numerous new fluxes have been developed, which contain 2-10 per cent solids as opposed to the traditional 15-35 per cent solids.

2. CFCs, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform are used for cleaning of printed circuit boards after assembly to remove flux residues left after soldering and various kinds of foams for packaging. Many alternative solvents could replace CFC-113 and methyl chloroform in electronics cleaning. Other chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethylene, per chloroethylene and methylene chloride have been used as effective cleaners in the electronics industry for many years. Other organic solvents such as ketenes and alcohols are effective in removing both solder fluxes and many polar contaminants.

LED light manufacturing business registration

The entrepreneur needs to obtain following registrations and licences from government authorities: 1. Company registration with ROC 2. Trade licence from municipal authority 3. Udyog Aadhaar MSME registration 4. BIS certification 5. Bureau of Energy Efficiency certification 6. NOC from Pollution Control Board 7. GST registration

However, specific licence and registration requirements will depend on the manufacturing process and the type of LED light that is being produced.

Business economics

Under Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS), the Indian government provides a special incentive package to promote large-scale manufacturing in the electronic system design and manufacturing (ESDM) sector. This scheme was amended on August 3, 2015. Salient amendments to the scheme include: 1. The term of the scheme has been extended up to 27-07-2020. 2. The scope of the scheme has been extended to cover additional verticals. 3. The procedure for grant of approval has been simplified and streamlined.

Incentives are now available for investments made in a project within a period of 10 years from the date of application.

Land and building

Builtup area: 280sq.m (3000sq.ft) office

Store: 93sq.m (1000sq.ft)

Assembly and testing: 185sq.m (2000sq.ft)

Rent payable per month: ₹ 10,000

Financial analysis

Profit per annum (before taxes) = Turnover per annum–Production cost per annum= ₹1,567,841

Net profit ratio=(Profit per annum)×100/(Sales per annum)

Rate of return=(Profit per annum) ×100/(Total capital investment)

Breakeven point.

Breakeven point=(Fixed cost) ×100/(Fixed cost+Profit)

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LED Light Manufacturing Business How To Start, Cost, Raw Material, Profit, Plan, Idea | SkillsAndTech

Are you looking for an LED lighting company? Here you get the detailed LED production business plan.

LED stands for Light Emitting Diode. It is a kind of semiconductor. When the current flowing through this semiconductor emits light, LED is becoming more and more popular. LED daytime running lights are available in a variety of colors, ranging from 2700k to 6500k. The maximum lumen output of the

LED lamp is 110 lumens per watt, so compared with compact fluorescent lamps, traditional lamps and bulbs, LED lamps consume less power and provide brighter light. 50,000 to 80,000 working hours.

LED products are in high demand in the domestic and foreign markets. Anyone can start LED light business individually or collectively. LED light production is a business with low capital investment and high profits.

Table of Contents

Potential LED lamp business

Benefits of using LED lights; LED lights consume about 0.6W of electricity, producing bright output light; the maintenance cost of LED lights is about one-tenth of the cost of traditional light bulbs

Low power consumption and high output energy saving; LED lights save energy as much as other light sources 50%

LED lights have a longer service life than traditional lights; in addition, the price of LED lights is lower than CFL and tube , so people turn to LED lights solar energy. LED lights are one of the best combinations that can minimize energy consumption today. LED lights with high-efficiency light sources and green energy will increase by 25% every year, reaching 25 billion by 2022; therefore, the production of LED lights provides Huge business opportunity.

Registration and license of LED lamp business

The LED light business requires specific permits and registrations with government agencies, and the documents depend on the type of LED light you are processing or manufacturing.

• Company registration: You can start a small and medium enterprise privately or in partnership. …

If you start the business as a sole proprietorship, you must register your business as the owner.

For a partnership to work, you must be a limited liability company (LLP) or Pvt. Limited company. At the Registry of Commerce (ROC).

 The energy efficiency certification office is a factory that produces LED lights in the power supply industry, so you need to apply for the energy efficiency office certification

•  GST registration: apply for a GST number, that is. After the rules apply GST, all business owners are mandatory.
•  Business license: Obtain a lease permit from the local authority
•   Environmental pollution certificate: The LED lamp industry handles some hazardous materials that cause environmental pollution, so it needs to obtain NOC
• MSME / SSI registration : Register Udyog aadhar and MSME so that you can take advantage of government services and benefits
•  Trademark: Protect your company’s brand through personal data.
• IEC code: The export of LED lights needs to apply for the IEC code.

Space requirements for LED business (location)

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Artificial Flower Making Business

Location plays an important role in the entire manufacturing process.

It is recommended to start the LED light business in an industrial area, because the manufacturing process requires a certain amount of space to produce LED lights.

When choosing a location, please make sure it is available and must be delivered to the raw material supply by transportation.

The area also includes warehouses, packaging units and office space; 500 square meters of LED light production can be started

It is recommended to divide the area into three compartments, one for the processing unit (280 square meters), and the second for the storage area ( 93 square meters), where you can store the materials and components of the raw material of LED bulb. The last compartment is used to install and test (185 square feet)

LED bulbs. In addition, please make sure that the location of your LED lamp manufacturing plant complies with regulations that mention the legal requirements of the energy industry.

 Raw materials for LED lamp production

Raw material required LED light manufacturing (for the 10W LED-based system)

• Connecting wire
• Heat-sink devices
• Metallic cap holder
• Miscellaneous parts
• Packaging material
• Plastic body
• Rectifier circuit with filter
• Reflector plastic glass
• Soldering flux

Equipment for LED lamp production

The manufacturing process of LED lights is complicated, and you need to master the basic knowledge and skills required for the operation of the production unit before starting the installation.

There are certain equipment to make LED lights, and you need to choose the equipment in the production department according to the specific type of LED you want to make.

List of machine required for LED light manufacturing

• Candlelight assembly machine for LED
• High speed LED mounting machine
• LED chip SMD mounting machine
• LED lights assembly machine
• LED PCB assembly machine
• LED tube light assembly machine

Apart from the heavy working machinery, you need some minor equipment for LED manufacturing

• Continuity tester
• Digital multi-meter
• Oscilloscope
• Packaging machine
• Sealing machine
• Small drilling machine
• Soldering machine

Depending on the specific LED type, you should get innovative assembly technology. This is largely the government. In particular, the compilation of innovative technologies can be attributed to the cost of the association. Nevertheless, it is wise to obtain innovative technologies from trusted sources.

LED bulb manufacturing process

1.wafer production 

First, make wafers, GaAs, GaP and other composite materials, which are determined by the color of the light-emitting LED.

Forms crystalline semiconductors in high temperature and high pressure chambers.

Gallium, arsenic and/or phosphorous are cleaned and mixed in a high temperature and high pressure chamber.

2. Liquid encapsulation:

The components are liquefied and compressed, and then forced to dissolve. To prevent them from entering the chamber, they are coated with a layer of boron oxide to isolate them. This process is called a liquid capsule. After elements are thoroughly mixed and form a homogeneous solution. Dip the rod in the solution and slowly remove it from the chamber. As the solution moves away, it cools and forms a long crystal ingot of GaAs, GaP, or GaAsP.

3. Polishing wafers:

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cutting the beads into thin wafers of semiconductors (approximately 10 mils).

Polish the wafer until its surface is smooth, so that the wafer can quickly pick up other semiconductor layers on the surface.

4. Printing plate cleaning:

The produced printing plates are thoroughly chemically and ultrasonically cleaned with various solvents; this process can remove organic materials that may accumulate on the polished surface of the wafer.

This cleaning process will produce better LEDs.

Step 2 Add epitaxial layer

5. Make a semiconductor crystal layer on a clean, polished wafer surface. This process is called liquid phase epitaxy (LPE).

In this process, a semiconductor layer with the same crystal orientation is deposited on the wafer. The layered plate is located on the graphite plate and pushes the channel into the molten liquid.

Adds various dopants to the melt to produce layers of materials with different electron densities. The deposition has become the crystal structure of the wafer.

Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) can form a uniform material layer several microns thick.

6. After adding multiple layers, additional dopants must be added to change the characteristics of the diode in terms of efficiency and color.

After additional alloying, the plate is placed in the high pressure furnace again under a gas atmosphere containing alloy additives such as nitrogen or zinc ammonium; nitrogen is added to the top layer of the diode to make it light yellow or green.

Add metal contacts

7. Insert metal contacts: Insert the metal contacts into the board.

The contact pattern depends on the design stage and the combination of diodes (alone or in combination).

The contact pattern is replicated in photoresist. It is a photosensitive compound that is scattered on the surface of the printing plate. The photoresist will harden under the pants at a low temperature of about 100°C.

The pattern is copied to the photoresist by layering the pattern on the board and exposing the photoresist to ultraviolet light.

The exposed area of ​​the photoresist protective layer is washed with a developer, and the unexposed area is covered with a semiconductor layer.

8. The contact metal evaporates in a further high-temperature sealed chamber and fills the open area.

The contact metal adheres to the exposed area of ​​the wafer. The photoresist can be rinsed off with acetone. This leaves only metal contacts. On the semiconductor wafer.

According to the final LED installation plan, add a layer of metal on the back of the panel.

The deposited metal undergoes an annealing process in which the plate is heated in an oven in an inert atmosphere of hydrogen or nitrogen for several hours; in this process, the bond between the metal and the semiconductor becomes stronger.

9. A similar pattern is repeated up to 6000 times on a 2-inch board made in this way; this gives an idea of ​​the oscillation of the finished diode.

The diode is cut or sawed, and each segment cut from the board is called a mold. This is a complicated process with many defects.

Splitting or cutting results in the total number of available LEDs being less than 6,000, which is one of the main difficulties that limit the cost of manufacturing semiconductor devices.

Step 3 Assembly and packaging

10. A single stamp is assembled approximately in the packaging; it is mounted on two 2-inch cables. The back of the board is coated with lead metal to make electrical contact with the wires on which it rests. A thin gold wire is soldered to the other lead, and the material is glued to the contacts of the chip surface pattern.

Using wire bonding, the edge of the lead is pressed against the contact metal with a thin needle. Gold is very brittle and can be bent and adhered to similar metal surfaces.

11. Finally, seal the entire assembly with plastic, hook the wires and the mold into a shape corresponding to t.

Where can LED be sold

Retail Market

You can go to the local electronics store to sell your LED lights.

Wholesale Market

You can sell your LED lights on the wholesale market in your city.

Online marketplace

B2B website:

Register your company as

• Exportersindia

etc. where you can sell your product on bulk orders.

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B2C Websites:

Register your business on B2C websites like

etc. where you can sell your product directly to the customer.

Export market

You can export your LED lights to other countries; you only need to export the IEC code, and of course, there is a good marketing network.

Brand and uniqueness

You can use traditional advertising strategies and online advertising strategies to promote your products.

Distribution and retail networks are the best advertising options for this type of business. You can also consider selling B2B and industrial products Lightbulb

to join the local energy industry association. Protector Fee is a good place to promote your LED bulb brand.

Create your own website; you can blog on your website to connect with customers.

You can sell your products on social media.

How To Start LED Light Manufacturing Business | SkillsAndTech

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How To Start LED Light Manufacturing Business in 11 Simple Steps

LED stands for the light-emitting diode. LED lights are gaining huge popularity these days. Find here a detailed LED light manufacturing business plan sample checklist for your ready reference.

Any individual can start an LED manufacturing business on a small, medium, or large-scale basis. Definitely, the business demands a substantial startup capital investment. However, LED manufacturing is a highly profitable business as well.

11 Steps to Start LED Light Manufacturing Business

1. understand the market, 2. create a business plan.

Crafting a business plan is one of the essential aspects of starting this business. Do some market research and identify the demand for specific types of LED lights. Identify the major players in the industry and how they are promoting their products. Get the machinery quote and calculate the costs related to setting up the plant. These all will help you in writing the business plan in a more accurate way.

3. Cost & Investment

4. business compliance.

This is an important part of commencing the business. First of all, you will need to register your business. Every state and country offers different company structures under which the business is going to operate. Select the one that suits you best based on your scale of operation and the size of the company.

5. Fix a Location

6. machinery required.

LED light manufacturing or assembling process is complex. And it is difficult to list machinery as a whole. You will need to select machines according to the specific type of LED you want to produce and the raw material you are using. However, here we put a list of major machines required for this business.

7. Manufacturing Technology

8. staffing, 9. fix standard operating processes.

Starting and operating a LED light manufacturing company is not an easy task. Therefore, you must be careful in multiple aspects from the very beginning. Broadly, the operations include production, billing, accounting, distribution, etc.

Generally, this type of business includes a wide range of operations as suck It is advisable to use the right tools for smooth operation.

10. Promote your LED Bulb Business

Join the local business associations that are related to the electrical industry. Additionally, trade fares are great places for promoting an LED light manufacturing company.

11. Create A Website

Things to consider in starting led light bulb manufacturing business.

In starting a led light manufacturing business, you must consider the following things:

c) What are the manpower requirements for setting up a LED plant?

f) Fix the pricing of your product carefully.

Editorial Team at 99BusinessIdeas is a team of experts led by Rupak Chakrabarty with over 25 years of experience in starting and running small businesses. Started in 2010, 99BusinessIdeas is now one of the largest free small business resources in the industry.

LED Light Manufacturing Business ideas-The Step By Step Guide

LED Light Manufacturing Business Idea LED lights are one of the most popular types of lighting these days. LED lights are more energy-efficient and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs, making them a great choice for both residential and commercial settings. 

If you’re looking for a business idea, starting an LED light manufacturing business could be a great option. In this post, we will discuss the LED light manufacturing business idea in detail. LED light manufacturing is a process of creating LED lights by combining various materials like semiconductor chips, lenses, and phosphors.

Table of Contents

What Is an LED Bulb?

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when an electric current passes through it. The effect is called electroluminescence. LED bulbs are the most energy-efficient lighting option available and can last up to 50 times longer than traditional incandescent bulbs.

What are the benefits of using LEDs?

LEDs are much more energy-efficient than traditional incandescent bulbs and can last up to 50 times longer. LED bulbs also emit very little heat, making them a safer option for home and office use. In addition, LED bulbs are available in a variety of colours and styles to suit any need or preference.

Differences between LED and CFL Bulbs?

Traditional incandescent bulbs are more energy efficient than LED and CFL (compact fluorescent) bulbs. However, LED bulbs are more expensive than CFLs. LED bulbs also last much longer than CFLs, making them a more cost-effective option in the long run. LED bulbs also emit very little heat, making them safer for home and office use.

How to start an LED Bulb Manufacturing Business:

Starting an LED light manufacturing business can be a great option for entrepreneurs looking for a business idea with high potential. The first step is to research the industry and develop a business plan. Once you have a plan, you’ll need to raise capital, purchase the necessary equipment, and obtain the appropriate licenses and permits.

LED light manufacturing can be a complex and expensive process, so it’s important to ensure you have the right team to help you get started.

Minimum Cost to start an LED Bulb Manufacturing Business:

The minimum cost to start an LED business is Rs. 2 lakh. This includes the cost of raw materials, packaging, and marketing. However, the total cost will depend on the scale of the business. For example, the costs will be much higher if you’re planning on starting a large-scale LED manufacturing business.

LED Lights Market Capacity :

The LED light manufacturing market is growing rapidly. In 2018, the global LED lighting market was valued at USD 27.8 billion and was expected to reach USD 54.9 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of 9.5%.

The Asia-Pacific region is the largest market for LED lights, accounting for more than 50% of the global market.

Area Require For LED Light Making Business :

The manufacturing process of LED lights requires a clean and well-ventilated area. A minimum of 500 sq ft is required for a small-scale LED light manufacturing business. However, the size of the area will depend on the scale of the business. You’ll need a much larger space for a large-scale LED manufacturing business.

List of Raw materials for LED making :

1. LED chips

3. Phosphors

6. Epoxy resin

7. LED driver IC (integrated circuit)

8. LED heat sink

9. LED housing

Equipment used in LED making:

1. Crystal growth furnace

2. Wafer cutting machine

3. Doping machine

4. Epitaxy machine

5. Metallization machine

6. Photolithography machine

7. LED packaging machine

8. LED testing equipment

Four Steps in the LED Manufacturing Process :

1) Semiconductor Wafers:

The first step in the manufacturing process is to grow the semiconductor crystals that will form the LED.

2) Cutting and Polishing: Once the semiconductor crystals have been grown, they must be cut and polished into wafers.

3) Doping: The next step is to dope the wafers with impurities to create p-type and n-type semiconductors.

4) Building LED Structures: Once the semiconductor wafers have been cut and polished, LED structures must be built on top of them.

5) Attaching Electrical Contacts: The final step in the LED manufacturing process is to attach electrical contacts to the LED.

After the LED light manufacturing process is completed, the LED lights are ready to be used in a variety of applications. LED lights are used in many products, including televisions, computers, cars, and more.

Licenses and Registrations Required :

• Company Registration
• Trade License
• Environmental Pollution Certificate
• GST Registration
• SSI Registration
• In case you want to export your manufactured products abroad
• Trade Mark Both of these licenses will be required.

Profits in the Business of LED Lights :

Depend on several factors, including the price of raw materials, the cost of labor, and the selling price of LED lights. LED light manufacturers sell their products to wholesalers, who then sell them to retailers. The retail price of LED lights can vary depending on the type of light, the brand, and the retailer.

Wholesale LED lights typically sell for Rs. 25-30 per light. Retail prices can range from Rs. 50-100 per light, depending on the type of light and the retailer. LED light manufacturers typically have a profit margin of 20-30%.

LED Business Marketing :

LED lights are used in many products, including televisions, computers, cars, and more. LED lights are also becoming increasingly popular in residential and commercial settings. As the demand for LED lights grows, so does the need for LED light manufacturers.

If you’re planning on starting an LED light manufacturing business, it’s important to have a solid marketing plan. There are several ways to market LED lights, including online, print, and television advertising. It’s also important to develop relationships with wholesalers and retailers who can sell your LED lights.

Drawbacks in LED Business :

The LED light manufacturing process is complex and expensive. To be successful, you’ll need to have the right team in place to help you get started. LED light manufacturing businesses also require a clean and well-ventilated area. A minimum of 500 sq ft is required for a small-scale LED light manufacturing business. However, the size of the area will depend on the scale of the business. You’ll need a much larger space for a large-scale LED manufacturing business.

LED light manufacturing businesses also require a significant amount of start-up capital. The minimum cost to start an LED business is Rs. 2 lakhs. This includes the cost of raw materials, equipment, and labor. LED light manufacturing businesses also have several other operating costs, such as marketing and advertising expenses.

Also Read : Incense Stick Manufacturing Business

1. What are LED lights?

LED lights are a type of lighting that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to produce light. LED lights are more energy-efficient and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs, making them a great choice for residential and commercial settings.

2. How are LED lights made?

The LED manufacturing process involves several steps, including growing semiconductor crystals, cutting and polishing wafers, doping semiconductors, building LED structures, and attaching electrical contacts.

3. What are the benefits of LED lights?

LED lights are more energy-efficient and last longer than traditional incandescent bulbs, making them a great choice for residential and commercial settings. LED lights are also more durable and resistant to breakage than other types of lighting.

4. How much does start an LED light manufacturing business cost?

The minimum cost to start an LED business is Rs. 2 lakhs. This includes the cost of raw materials, equipment, and labor. LED light manufacturing businesses also have other operating costs, such as marketing and advertising expenses.

5. What is the profit margin for LED light manufacturers?

LED light manufacturers typically have a profit margin of 20-30%. This margin can vary depending on several factors, including the price of raw materials, the cost of labor, and the selling price of LED lights.

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Strategies To Increase Your Led Lighting Manufacturing Sales & Profitability

By henry sheykin, get full bundle.

Introduction

Welcome to our blog post on strategies to increase your LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability. In this article, we will discuss a range of effective strategies that can help your business thrive in the competitive LED lighting industry. With the global LED market expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.9% from 2020 to 2027, it is crucial for manufacturers to implement successful strategies to stay ahead of the curve. Whether you are a small-scale manufacturer or a large corporation, these strategies will provide valuable insights and practical tips to improve your sales and profitability. Read on to discover how you can take your LED lighting manufacturing business to new heights.

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Expand distribution to reach new markets

Expanding distribution to reach new markets is a crucial strategy for increasing sales and profitability in the LED lighting manufacturing industry. By targeting new markets, businesses can tap into previously untapped customer segments and increase their revenue potential.

One effective way to expand distribution is by partnering with wholesalers and retailers who cater to different geographical locations or customer demographics. By forming strategic alliances, LED lighting manufacturers can leverage the existing distribution networks of their partners to reach new markets.

Another approach is to explore online sales platforms and e-commerce channels. In today's digital age, more and more customers prefer to shop online, making it essential for LED lighting manufacturers to have a strong online presence. Utilizing e-commerce platforms allows businesses to expand their reach beyond traditional brick-and-mortar stores and tap into a global customer base.

Tip: When expanding distribution to new markets, it is essential to conduct thorough market research and identify the demand and preferences of potential customers. This will help businesses tailor their products and marketing strategies to meet the specific needs of each market.

Expanding distribution to new markets can have a significant impact on sales and profitability. By reaching a wider customer base, businesses can increase their overall sales volume. Additionally, targeting new markets can also lead to increased brand recognition and reputation, further boosting sales and profitability in the long run.

Example Calculation: Let's assume an LED lighting manufacturer expands its distribution to a new market and reaches an additional 100 retailers. If each retailer sells an average of 50 LED lighting products per month, the manufacturer can potentially generate an additional 5,000 unit sales per month. With an average profit margin of $10 per unit, the expansion could result in an extra $50,000 in monthly profit.

Tip: When expanding distribution, it is crucial to carefully manage inventory and ensure timely delivery to meet the increased demand. Efficient logistics and supply chain management play a vital role in maximizing the benefits of reaching new markets.

• Partner with wholesalers and retailers targeting different geographic locations or customer demographics.
• Utilize e-commerce platforms and online sales channels to tap into a global customer base.
• Conduct thorough market research to understand the demand and preferences of potential customers in new markets.
• Manage inventory efficiently and ensure timely delivery to meet the increased demand.

By implementing a well-planned strategy to expand distribution to new markets, LED lighting manufacturers can open up exciting growth opportunities and achieve higher sales and profitability.

Develop strategic partnerships with wholesalers and retailers

One effective strategy to increase LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability is to develop strategic partnerships with wholesalers and retailers. By partnering with these key players in the distribution chain, your company can tap into their existing networks and reach a wider customer base.

Building strategic partnerships involves establishing mutually beneficial relationships with wholesalers and retailers. This can be achieved by offering them incentives, such as discounts on bulk purchases or exclusive access to certain product lines. Additionally, providing training and support to their sales teams can help them better promote and sell your LED lighting products.

Tip: Conduct market research to identify potential partners who align with your target market and business goals. Look for wholesalers and retailers who have a strong presence in the LED lighting industry and a solid customer base.

Tip: Develop a value proposition that clearly outlines the benefits of partnering with your company. Highlight key features of your LED lighting products, such as energy efficiency and durability, and explain how these features can help wholesalers and retailers attract and retain customers.

By developing strategic partnerships, your company can greatly impact its sales and profits. The partnerships can lead to increased distribution and visibility of your LED lighting products, ultimately resulting in higher sales volumes. Furthermore, by leveraging the existing networks of wholesalers and retailers, your company can reduce marketing and advertising costs.

Example Calculation: Let's assume your company partners with a major wholesaler that operates nationwide and has a customer base of 1,000 retailers. If each retailer places an average order of $1,000 per month, your company has the potential to generate an additional $1 million in monthly sales through this partnership alone. Considering a profit margin of 20%, your company could achieve $200,000 in additional monthly profits.

Tip: Regularly evaluate the performance of your partnerships and make necessary adjustments. Monitor sales data, customer feedback, and market trends to ensure that your partnerships are driving the desired results.

In summary, developing strategic partnerships with wholesalers and retailers is a vital strategy for increasing LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability. By taking a proactive approach in establishing and nurturing these partnerships, your company can expand its market reach, drive sales growth, and ultimately achieve greater financial success.

Invest in research and development to innovate new LED lighting products

Investing in research and development (R&D) to innovate new LED lighting products is crucial for the growth and success of your LED lighting manufacturing business. By continuously improving your product offerings, you can stay ahead of the competition and meet the evolving needs of your customers.

Here are some tips and tricks to effectively implement this strategy:

• Allocate resources for R&D: Set aside a dedicated budget and allocate skilled personnel to focus on research and development activities. This will ensure that you have the necessary resources to drive innovation and create new LED lighting products.
• Stay updated with industry trends: Keep a close eye on the latest trends and advancements in LED lighting technology. This will help you identify potential areas for product improvement or new product development that can give your business a competitive edge.
• Collaborate with partners: Foster partnerships with technology suppliers, research institutions, and industry experts. Collaborative efforts can provide access to new knowledge, resources, and technical expertise to fuel your R&D initiatives.
• Engage with customers: Listen to your customers' feedback and understand their pain points and requirements. Their insights can inspire new product ideas and guide your R&D efforts to develop solutions that address their specific needs.

Implementing this strategy can have a significant impact on your sales and profitability. By introducing innovative LED lighting products, you can attract new customers who are looking for advanced solutions. Additionally, existing customers may upgrade their purchases to benefit from improved features and functionalities.

To understand the potential impact on sales and profits, let's consider a hypothetical scenario:

Suppose your company invests $100,000 in R&D over a year to develop a new LED lighting product that offers 20% more energy efficiency compared to your existing products. If you have a customer base of 500 retailers, and each retailer purchases an average of 100 units of the new product, you can estimate the potential revenue increase.

Assuming the sales price per unit is $50, the calculation would be as follows:

Total units sold = 500 retailers * 100 units/retailer = 50,000 units

Revenue increase = Total units sold * $50 per unit * 20% energy efficiency improvement

By leveraging the power of R&D and innovation, your LED lighting manufacturing business can generate a substantial revenue increase, ultimately boosting your sales and profitability.

Enhance marketing efforts to raise brand awareness

One of the most effective strategies to increase sales and profitability in LED lighting manufacturing is to enhance marketing efforts to raise brand awareness. By effectively promoting your brand, you can reach a wider audience, attract potential customers, and build a strong reputation in the market.

Tips and tricks:

• Invest in digital marketing: In today's digital age, it is crucial to have a strong online presence. Allocate resources to create a user-friendly website, optimize it for search engines, and engage in social media marketing. This will increase your visibility and allow more potential customers to discover your brand.
• Utilize content marketing: Create valuable and informative content related to LED lighting, such as blog posts, videos, or infographics. By positioning yourself as an industry expert, you can attract the attention of potential customers who are seeking information and solutions in this field.
• Collaborate with influencers: Identify influencers or industry experts who have a strong online presence and a relevant audience. Partnering with them can help you reach a larger, targeted audience and gain credibility in the industry.
• Participate in trade shows and exhibitions: Attend relevant trade shows and exhibitions to showcase your LED lighting products. This allows you to directly interact with potential customers, establish personal connections, and demonstrate the quality and uniqueness of your products.
• Offer incentives and promotions: Encourage customers to try your products by offering discounts, promotions, or loyalty programs. This not only attracts new customers but also fosters repeat business and customer loyalty.

Impact on sales and profits:

An enhanced marketing strategy aimed at raising brand awareness can have a significant impact on your sales and profits. By reaching more potential customers and building a recognizable brand, you can increase your customer base and generate more sales. Increased brand awareness also allows you to command higher prices for your products due to perceived value, resulting in improved profitability.

Example calculation:

Let's assume that by implementing the marketing strategies mentioned above, you manage to increase your brand awareness and attract 100 new customers per month. If the average purchase value per customer is $200, your monthly revenue from these new customers alone would be $20,000. Additionally, with proper retention strategies, a percentage of these new customers could become repeat customers, further boosting your sales and profitability.

Remember, enhancing your marketing efforts is an ongoing process that requires consistent monitoring, adaptation, and creativity. By continuously improving your brand awareness, you can stay ahead of the competition and achieve sustainable growth in the LED lighting manufacturing industry.

Streamline manufacturing processes to improve efficiency and reduce costs

One of the key strategies to increase sales and profitability in LED lighting manufacturing is to streamline the manufacturing processes. By optimizing and improving the efficiency of the production system, companies can reduce costs and improve their overall competitiveness in the market.

Tip 1: Identify bottlenecks and eliminate them: Analyze the manufacturing process and identify any bottlenecks that may be slowing down production or increasing costs. It could be a specific machine or a step in the production line. Once identified, take steps to eliminate these bottlenecks either by investing in new equipment or by reorganizing the workflow.

Tip 2: Implement lean manufacturing techniques: Adopting lean manufacturing principles can significantly improve efficiency and reduce waste. This approach focuses on identifying and eliminating non-value-added activities, optimizing inventory management, and implementing continuous improvement efforts. By implementing lean practices, manufacturers can reduce lead times, increase production flexibility, and ultimately improve customer satisfaction.

Tip 3: Embrace automation and technology: Invest in automation and advanced technologies to streamline manufacturing processes. Automated systems can perform tasks more quickly and accurately than manual labor, resulting in increased efficiency and reduced costs. For example, implementing automated quality control systems can minimize defects and rework, leading to cost savings and improved product quality.

Impact on sales and profits: Streamlining manufacturing processes directly impacts sales and profits in several ways. Firstly, by improving efficiency, companies can increase their production capacity, allowing them to meet higher demand and fulfill orders more quickly. This can lead to increased sales and customer satisfaction.

Secondly, streamlining processes helps reduce costs by eliminating waste, improving resource utilization, and optimizing production. By reducing production costs, companies can offer competitive prices, attracting more customers and potentially increasing sales volume.

To illustrate the impact, let's consider an example calculation. Assume that by streamlining the manufacturing processes, a company reduces its production costs by 10%. If the company's average selling price per unit is $50 and it sells 10,000 units per month, the cost savings would amount to $5,000 per month. This cost reduction can directly contribute to increased profitability.

In conclusion, streamlining manufacturing processes is a crucial strategy for LED lighting manufacturers to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and ultimately increase sales and profitability. By identifying bottlenecks, implementing lean manufacturing techniques, and embracing automation, companies can optimize their production systems and stay competitive in the market.

Offer competitive pricing without compromising quality

In the competitive LED lighting manufacturing industry, it is crucial to find ways to attract customers while maintaining high-quality products. One effective strategy is to offer competitive pricing without compromising on product quality.

Here are some tips and tricks to implement this strategy:

• Conduct thorough market research: Understand the pricing strategies of your competitors and identify a pricing point that offers value to customers while still ensuring profitability for your business.
• Optimize your production process: Look for ways to reduce manufacturing costs without sacrificing product quality. Streamline your operations, negotiate better deals with suppliers, and invest in efficient technology.
• Implement cost-saving measures: Identify areas where you can cut unnecessary expenses. This could include optimizing energy usage in your production facilities or negotiating better shipping rates.
• Offer bulk discounts: Encourage larger orders by offering volume-based discounts to your customers. This not only increases sales but also allows you to maximize your production efficiency.
• Build strong supplier relationships: Establish long-term partnerships with reliable suppliers who can offer competitive prices for raw materials. This will help you maintain lower production costs and subsequently offer better pricing to your customers.

Implementing the strategy of offering competitive pricing without compromising quality can have a significant impact on your sales and profitability. By providing attractive prices, you can attract price-conscious customers who are more likely to choose your products over competitors. This can increase your market share and potentially lead to higher sales volume.

Moreover, when customers perceive that they are getting the best value for their money, they are more likely to become repeat customers and recommend your products to others, thus improving customer loyalty and driving long-term profitability.

Let's consider an example calculation to illustrate the impact of this strategy. Imagine a competitor is selling a similar LED lighting product for $50. By optimizing your production process and reducing costs, you are able to offer the same product at $45 without compromising quality. Assuming a profit margin of 20%, if you sell 1,000 units, you would generate an additional profit of $1,000 compared to your competitor.

Provide ongoing training and support to retailers and wholesalers

One effective strategy to increase your LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability is to provide ongoing training and support to retailers and wholesalers. By investing in the education and development of your business partners, you can enhance their knowledge and expertise in promoting and selling your LED lighting products.

Training programs can be designed to cover various aspects, including product features, technical specifications, and benefits of LED lighting. This will enable your partners to effectively communicate the advantages of your products to potential customers and address any queries or concerns they may have.

Moreover, ongoing support should be offered to retailers and wholesalers to ensure they have access to the resources and assistance they need. This can include providing marketing materials, product samples, and technical documentation. By being readily available to support their requirements, you can foster strong relationships and build trust with your business partners.

The strategy of providing ongoing training and support to retailers and wholesalers can have a significant impact on your sales and profits. By enhancing their product knowledge and sales skills, you empower your partners to effectively market and sell your LED lighting products.

Increased product knowledge allows them to confidently showcase the features and benefits of your products, ultimately increasing the likelihood of a purchase. Additionally, well-informed retailers and wholesalers can provide valuable advice to customers regarding suitable LED lighting solutions for their specific needs.

Furthermore, by offering ongoing support, you ensure that your business partners have the necessary tools and resources to effectively promote your products. This can result in higher customer satisfaction as retailers and wholesalers are equipped to address inquiries promptly and provide reliable after-sales support.

To illustrate the impact of this strategy, let's consider an example. Imagine your company offers a one-day training program to retailers and wholesalers, covering the technical aspects and benefits of your LED lighting products. After implementing this training program, you observe that the average monthly sales of retailers who have attended the training increase by 20% compared to those who have not.

Assuming an average monthly sales of $50,000 for retailers, a 20% increase would result in an additional $10,000 in sales per month. Over the course of a year, this translates to an impressive $120,000 increase in sales, directly contributing to your company's profitability.

In conclusion, providing ongoing training and support to retailers and wholesalers is a crucial strategy for increasing your LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability. By empowering your business partners with knowledge and resources, you can enhance their ability to effectively promote and sell your products, leading to improved sales and long-term business growth.

Implement sustainable practices to appeal to eco-conscious customers

As the demand for environmentally friendly products continues to rise, it has become imperative for LED lighting manufacturers to implement sustainable practices. By incorporating eco-friendly strategies into their manufacturing processes, businesses can attract a growing segment of eco-conscious customers. Here are some tips to help you appeal to this environmentally aware consumer base:

• Use energy-efficient production methods: Opt for manufacturing processes that minimize energy consumption and reduce carbon emissions. By using energy-efficient machinery and production techniques, you can demonstrate your commitment to sustainability while also lowering operational costs.
• Source sustainable materials: Look for suppliers who provide sustainably sourced materials for your LED lighting products. This includes using recycled or recyclable materials whenever possible. Promote the use of eco-friendly components and highlight their benefits to your customers.
• Reduce waste and promote recycling: Implement waste reduction strategies in your manufacturing facilities. Optimize material usage and recycling programs to minimize the environmental impact of your operations. Encourage customers to recycle their LED lighting products at the end of their lifecycle.
• Offer energy-saving product options: Develop LED lighting products that consume less energy without compromising on quality or performance. Highlight the energy-saving features of your products to attract environmentally conscious customers who seek to reduce their carbon footprint.
• Transparently communicate your sustainability efforts: Clearly communicate your commitment to sustainable practices to your target audience. Use your marketing materials, website, and packaging to educate customers about your eco-friendly initiatives. Showcasing your efforts will build trust with eco-conscious consumers and differentiate you from competitors.

Impact on sales and profits: Implementing sustainable practices not only helps attract eco-conscious customers but also positively impacts your sales and profitability. As consumers increasingly prioritize sustainability, your brand's commitment to eco-friendly manufacturing can be a significant differentiating factor that influences their purchasing decisions.

By appealing to eco-conscious customers, you can expand your customer base and increase demand for your LED lighting products. This can lead to higher sales volume and market share. Additionally, by adopting energy-efficient production methods and optimizing resource usage, you can lower operational costs and improve profitability.

Example calculation: Let's consider a hypothetical scenario where a LED lighting manufacturer incorporates sustainable practices and experiences a 15% increase in sales as a result. If the company's current annual sales revenue is $5 million, the 15% increase would amount to an additional $750,000 in revenue. Assuming a profit margin of 20%, the sustainable practices could contribute an extra $150,000 to the company's annual profits.

Seek customer feedback to continuously improve products and services

Seeking customer feedback is an essential strategy for LED lighting manufacturers to continuously improve their products and services. By gathering insights directly from customers, businesses can identify areas for improvement, make necessary adjustments, and tailor their offerings to meet customer preferences and needs. Here are some tips and tricks on implementing this strategy effectively:

• Create multiple feedback channels: Provide customers with various avenues to share their thoughts and opinions. This can include online surveys, feedback forms on your website, or even in-person conversations. By offering multiple channels, you can cater to different customer preferences and capture a wider range of feedback.
• Actively listen to your customers: When customers provide feedback, it's crucial to truly listen and understand their concerns, suggestions, and expectations. Take the time to read and analyze their feedback and use it as a valuable resource to identify areas of improvement.
• Regularly communicate with customers: Build a strong relationship with your customers by maintaining open lines of communication. Reach out to them regularly to seek their feedback, provide updates on product developments, or ask for suggestions on potential improvements.
• Incentivize feedback: Encourage customers to provide feedback by offering incentives such as discounts, exclusive offers, or entry into contests or giveaways. This can motivate customers to take the time to share their thoughts and opinions, increasing the quantity and quality of feedback received.
• Implement feedback effectively: Once feedback has been collected, it's crucial to take action on it promptly. Use the insights gained to improve product features, enhance customer service processes, or introduce new offerings that directly address customer needs and pain points.

The impact of seeking customer feedback on sales and profitability can be significant. By actively involving customers in the development process and addressing their concerns, businesses can ensure that their products and services are better aligned with market demands. This boosts customer satisfaction, loyalty, and ultimately sales. Moreover, implementing customer feedback-driven improvements can help businesses differentiate themselves from competitors and position their products as superior in the market.

To illustrate the potential impact, let's consider an example calculation. Suppose an LED lighting manufacturer receives feedback from customers highlighting a need for more energy-efficient outdoor lighting options. Based on this feedback, the company invests in research and development to develop a new line of energy-efficient outdoor lighting products. After launching these products, the company experiences a 20% increase in sales specifically within the outdoor lighting segment. This increase in sales, directly attributed to customer feedback-driven improvements, leads to a corresponding boost in profits.

In conclusion, implementing effective strategies to increase LED lighting manufacturing sales and profitability is essential for businesses in the industry. By actively promoting products through various marketing channels and investing in research and development, companies can position themselves as industry leaders and capture a larger market share. Moreover, cultivating strong relationships with suppliers and improving operational efficiency can significantly reduce costs, resulting in higher profitability. Additionally, leveraging emerging technologies such as IoT integration and smart lighting systems can open up new avenues for growth and innovation. By following these strategies and constantly adapting to changes in the market, manufacturers can thrive in the competitive LED lighting industry and achieve long-term success.

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Smart TV Manufacturing Plant Project Report

Smart tv manufacturing plant project report 2024: industry trends, plant setup, machinery, raw materials, investment opportunities, cost and revenue.

• Report Description
• Table of Contents
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Report Overview:

IMARC Group’s report, titled “Smart TV Manufacturing Plant Project Report 2024: Industry Trends, Plant Setup, Machinery, Raw Materials, Investment Opportunities, Cost and Revenue,” provides a complete roadmap for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant. It covers a comprehensive market overview to micro-level information such as unit operations involved, raw material requirements, utility requirements, infrastructure requirements, machinery and technology requirements, manpower requirements, packaging requirements, transportation requirements, etc. The smart TV project report provides detailed insights into project economics, including capital investments, project funding, operating expenses, income and expenditure projections, fixed costs vs. variable costs, direct and indirect costs, expected ROI and net present value (NPV), profit and loss account, financial analysis, etc.

A smart TV is a digital television (TV) that is, essentially, an Internet-connected, storage-aware computer specialized for entertainment. These TVs are preloaded with an operating system, similar to a computer or smartphone, that allows for the installation of apps and offers a broad spectrum of more advanced computing ability and connectivity than a regular television set. Smart TVs are characterized by their integration of the Internet. They offer a variety of "internet-connected services" that regular televisions and set-top boxes do not. These TVs support Wi-Fi, have built-in apps, and provide web browsing capabilities. Key features of Smart TVs include high-definition (HD) or 4K Ultra HD resolution, support for HTML5 to run web-based apps and games, voice recognition and motion control, social networking, a variety of music streaming services, and the ability to view and edit photos. They also have USB and HDMI ports for connecting external devices. Some advanced smart TVs even offer artificial intelligence (AI) and home automation integration.

The widespread adoption of streaming platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, Hulu, and Disney+ is significantly influencing the Smart TV market growth. In line with this, these services offer a vast library of content, consumers are turning towards smart TVs to access them conveniently. Moreover, the evolution of technology has made smart TVs more interactive, with features such as voice control and gesture recognition enhancing the user experience, thereby encouraging more purchases. Besides this, the proliferation of high-speed internet connectivity and Wi-Fi is a significant driver, as these are essential for the functioning of Smart TVs. Improvements in resolution technology, such as the transition from HD to 4K and now 8K, have made smart TVs even more appealing. In addition, the integration of artificial intelligence and home automation systems into smart TVs has further driven their market growth. The falling prices of smart TVs, making them more affordable to the wider public, is contributing to the market growth.

One of the significant trends is the increasing shift toward 4K and 8K resolution TVs. Consumers are seeking enhanced picture quality, driving the demand for higher resolution smart TVs. The increasing integration with artificial intelligence (AI) is acting as another key trend. Features like voice assistants, content suggestions based on user behavior, and automated controls are becoming common in smart TVs, leading to a more personalized user experience. Also, with the rise of Internet of Things (IoT), there is a growing trend toward the integration of smart TVs with home automation systems, contributing to the creation of smart homes. The expansion of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, offering a plethora of content, is boosting the smart TV market. Furthermore, manufacturers are also focusing on aesthetics, offering sleek and stylish TVs that not only offer advanced features but also complement modern home décor. These design improvements are increasingly influencing consumer buying decisions.

The following aspects have been covered in the smart TV manufacturing plant report:

• Market Trends
• Market Breakup by Segment
• Market Breakup by Region
• Price Analysis
• Impact of COVID-19
• Market Forecast  

The report provides insights into the landscape of the smart TV industry at the global level. The report also provides a segment-wise and region-wise breakup of the global smart TV industry. Additionally, it also provides the price analysis of feedstocks used in the manufacturing of smart TV, along with the industry profit margins.

• Product Overview
• Unit Operations Involved
• Mass Balance and Raw Material Requirements
• Quality Assurance Criteria
• Technical Tests  

The report also provides detailed information related to the smart TV manufacturing process flow and various unit operations involved in a manufacturing plant. Furthermore, information related to mass balance and raw material requirements has also been provided in the report with a list of necessary quality assurance criteria and technical tests.

• Land, Location and Site Development
• Plant Layout
• Machinery Requirements and Costs
• Raw Material Requirements and Costs
• Packaging Requirements and Costs
• Transportation Requirements and Costs
• Utility Requirements and Costs
• Human Resource Requirements and Costs  

The report provides a detailed location analysis covering insights into the land location, selection criteria, location significance, environmental impact, expenditure, and other smart TV manufacturing plant costs . Additionally, the report provides information related to plant layout and factors influencing the same. Furthermore, other requirements and expenditures related to machinery, raw materials, packaging, transportation, utilities, and human resources have also been covered in the report.

• Capital Investments
• Operating Costs
• Expenditure Projections
• Revenue Projections
• Taxation and Depreciation
• Profit Projections
• Financial Analysis  

The report also covers a detailed analysis of the project economics for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant. This includes the analysis and detailed understanding of capital expenditure (CapEx), operating expenditure (OpEx), income projections, taxation, depreciation, liquidity analysis, profitability analysis, payback period, NPV, uncertainty analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the report also provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory procedures and approvals, information related to financial assistance, along with a comprehensive list of certifications required for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant.  

Report Coverage:

Key Questions Answered in This Report:

• How has the smart TV market performed so far and how will it perform in the coming years?
• What is the market segmentation of the global smart TV market?
• What is the regional breakup of the global smart TV market?
• What are the price trends of various feedstocks in the smart TV industry?
• What is the structure of the smart TV industry and who are the key players?
• What are the various unit operations involved in a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What is the total size of land required for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant??
• What is the layout of a smart TV manufacturing plant??
• What are the machinery requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the raw material requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the packaging requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant??
• What are the transportation requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the utility requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the human resource requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the infrastructure costs for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the capital costs for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the operating costs for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What should be the pricing mechanism of the final product?
• What will be the income and expenditures for a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What is the time required to break even?
• What are the profit projections for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?
• What are the key success and risk factors in the smart TV industry?
• What are the key regulatory procedures and requirements for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant??
• What are the key certifications required for setting up a smart TV manufacturing plant?

Report Customization

While we have aimed to create an all-encompassing smart TV plant project report , we acknowledge that individual stakeholders may have unique demands. Thus, we offer customized report options that cater to your specific requirements. Our consultants are available to discuss your business requirements, and we can tailor the report's scope accordingly. Some of the common customizations that we are frequently requested to make by our clients include:

• The report can be customized based on the location (country/region) of your plant.
• The plant’s capacity can be customized based on your requirements.
• Plant machinery and costs can be customized based on your requirements.
• Any additions to the current scope can also be provided based on your requirements.

Why Buy IMARC Reports?

• The insights provided in our reports enable stakeholders to make informed business decisions by assessing the feasibility of a business venture.
• Our extensive network of consultants, raw material suppliers, machinery suppliers and subject matter experts spans over 100+ countries across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Africa, and the Middle East.
• Our cost modeling team can assist you in understanding the most complex materials. With domain experts across numerous categories, we can assist you in determining how sensitive each component of the cost model is and how it can affect the final cost and prices.
• We keep a constant track of land costs, construction costs, utility costs, and labour costs across 100+ countries and update them regularly.
• Our client base consists of over 3000 organizations, including prominent corporations, governments, and institutions, who rely on us as their trusted business partners. Our clientele varies from small and start-up businesses to Fortune 500 companies.
• Our strong in-house team of engineers, statisticians, modeling experts, chartered accountants, architects, etc. has played a crucial role in constructing, expanding, and optimizing sustainable manufacturing plants worldwide.

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• Places - European, Western and Northern Russia

YEKATERINBURG: FACTORIES, URAL SIGHTS, YELTSIN AND THE WHERE NICHOLAS II WAS KILLED

Sverdlovsk oblast.

Sverdlovsk Oblast is the largest region in the Urals; it lies in the foothills of mountains and contains a monument indicating the border between Europe and Asia. The region covers 194,800 square kilometers (75,200 square miles), is home to about 4.3 million people and has a population density of 22 people per square kilometer. About 83 percent of the population live in urban areas. Yekaterinburg is the capital and largest city, with 1.5 million people. For Russians, the Ural Mountains are closely associated with Pavel Bazhov's tales and known for folk crafts such as Kasli iron sculpture, Tagil painting, and copper embossing. Yekaterinburg is the birthplace of Russia’s iron and steel industry, taking advantage of the large iron deposits in the Ural mountains. The popular Silver Ring of the Urals tourist route starts here.

In the summer you can follow in the tracks of Yermak, climb relatively low Ural mountain peaks and look for boulders seemingly with human faces on them. You can head to the Gemstone Belt of the Ural mountains, which used to house emerald, amethyst and topaz mines. In the winter you can go ice fishing, ski and cross-country ski.

Sverdlovsk Oblast and Yekaterinburg are located near the center of Russia, at the crossroads between Europe and Asia and also the southern and northern parts of Russia. Winters are longer and colder than in western section of European Russia. Snowfalls can be heavy. Winter temperatures occasionally drop as low as - 40 degrees C (-40 degrees F) and the first snow usually falls in October. A heavy winter coat, long underwear and good boots are essential. Snow and ice make the sidewalks very slippery, so footwear with a good grip is important. Since the climate is very dry during the winter months, skin moisturizer plus lip balm are recommended. Be alert for mud on street surfaces when snow cover is melting (April-May). Patches of mud create slippery road conditions.

Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg (kilometer 1818 on the Trans-Siberian Railway) is the fourth largest city in Russia, with of 1.5 million and growth rate of about 12 percent, high for Russia. Located in the southern Ural mountains, it was founded by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine, it was used by the tsars as a summer retreat and is where tsar Nicholas II and his family were executed and President Boris Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career. The city is near the border between Europe and Asia.

Yekaterinburg (also spelled Ekaterinburg) is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains in the headwaters of the Iset and Pyshma Rivers. The Iset runs through the city center. Three ponds — Verkh-Isetsky, Gorodskoy and Nizhne-Isetsky — were created on it. Yekaterinburg has traditionally been a city of mining and was once the center of the mining industry of the Urals and Siberia. Yekaterinburg remains a major center of the Russian armaments industry and is sometimes called the "Pittsburgh of Russia.". A few ornate, pastel mansions and wide boulevards are reminders of the tsarist era. The city is large enough that it has its own Metro system but is characterized mostly by blocky Soviet-era apartment buildings. The city has advanced under President Vladimir Putin and is now one of the fastest growing places in Russia, a country otherwise characterized by population declines

Yekaterinburg is technically an Asian city as it lies 32 kilometers east of the continental divide between Europe and Asia. The unofficial capital of the Urals, a key region in the Russian heartland, it is second only to Moscow in terms of industrial production and capital of Sverdlovsk oblast. Among the important industries are ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, machine building and metalworking, chemical and petrochemicals, construction materials and medical, light and food industries. On top of being home of numerous heavy industries and mining concerns, Yekaterinburg is also a major center for industrial research and development and power engineering as well as home to numerous institutes of higher education, technical training, and scientific research. In addition, Yekaterinburg is the largest railway junction in Russia: the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through it, the southern, northern, western and eastern routes merge in the city.

Accommodation: There are two good and affordable hotels — the 3-star Emerald and Parus hotels — located close to the city's most popular landmarks and main transport interchanges in the center of Yekaterinburg. Room prices start at RUB 1,800 per night.

History of Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg was founded in 1723 by Peter the Great and named after his wife Catherine I. It was used by the tsars as a summer retreat but was mainly developed as metalworking and manufacturing center to take advantage of the large deposits of iron and other minerals in the Ural mountains. It is best known to Americans as the place where the last Tsar and his family were murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 and near where American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Gary Powers, was shot down in 1960.

Peter the Great recognized the importance of the iron and copper-rich Urals region for Imperial Russia's industrial and military development. In November 1723, he ordered the construction of a fortress factory and an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. In its early years Yekaterinburg grew rich from gold and other minerals and later coal. The Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745 created such a huge amount of wealth that one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. By the mid-18th century, metallurgical plants had sprung up across the Urals to cast cannons, swords, guns and other weapons to arm Russia’s expansionist ambitions. The Yekaterinburg mint produced most of Russia's coins. Explorations of the Trans-Baikal and Altai regions began here in the 18th century.

Iron, cast iron and copper were the main products. Even though Iron from the region went into the Eiffel Tower, the main plant in Yekaterinburg itself was shut down in 1808. The city still kept going through a mountain factory control system of the Urals. The first railway in the Urals was built here: in 1878, the Yekaterinburg-Perm railway branch connected the province's capital with the factories of the Middle Urals.

In the Soviet era the city was called Sverdlovsk (named after Yakov Sverdlov, the man who organized Nicholas II's execution). During the first five-year plans the city became industrial — old plants were reconstructed, new ones were built. The center of Yekaterinburg was formed to conform to the historical general plan of 1829 but was the layout was adjusted around plants and factories. In the Stalin era the city was a major gulag transhipment center. In World War II, many defense-related industries were moved here. It and the surrounding area were a center of the Soviet Union's military industrial complex. Soviet tanks, missiles and aircraft engines were made in the Urals. During the Cold War era, Yekaterinburg was a center of weapons-grade uranium enrichment and processing, warhead assembly and dismantlement. In 1979, 64 people died when anthrax leaked from a biological weapons facility. Yekaterinburg was a “Closed City” for 40 years during the Cold Soviet era and was not open to foreigners until 1991

In the early post-Soviet era, much like Pittsburgh in the 1970s, Yekaterinburg had a hard struggle d to cope with dramatic economic changes that have made its heavy industries uncompetitive on the world market. Huge defense plants struggled to survive and the city was notorious as an organized crime center in the 1990s, when its hometown boy Boris Yeltsin was President of Russia. By the 2000s, Yekaterinburg’s retail and service was taking off, the defense industry was reviving and it was attracting tech industries and investments related to the Urals’ natural resources. By the 2010s it was vying to host a world exhibition in 2020 (it lost, Dubai won) and it had McDonald’s, Subway, sushi restaurants, and Gucci, Chanel and Armani. There were Bentley and Ferrari dealerships but they closed down

Transportation in Yekaterinburg

Getting There: By Plane: Yekaterinburg is a three-hour flight from Moscow with prices starting at RUB 8,000, or a 3-hour flight from Saint Petersburg starting from RUB 9,422 (direct round-trip flight tickets for one adult passenger). There are also flights from Frankfurt, Istanbul, China and major cities in the former Soviet Union.

By Train: Yekaterinburg is a major stop on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Daily train service is available to Moscow and many other Russian cities.Yekaterinburg is a 32-hour train ride from Moscow (tickets RUB 8,380 and above) or a 36-hour train ride from Saint Petersburg (RUB 10,300 and above). The ticket prices are round trip for a berth in a sleeper compartment for one adult passenger). By Car: a car trip from Moscow to Yekateringburg is 1,787 kilometers long and takes about 18 hours. The road from Saint Petersburg is 2,294 kilometers and takes about 28 hours.

Regional Transport: The region's public transport includes buses and suburban electric trains. Regional trains provide transport to larger cities in the Ural region. Buses depart from Yekaterinburg’s two bus stations: the Southern Bus Station and the Northern Bus Station.

Regional Transport: According the to Association for Safe International Road Travel (ASIRT): “Public transportation is well developed. Overcrowding is common. Fares are low. Service is efficient. Buses are the main form of public transport. Tram network is extensive. Fares are reasonable; service is regular. Trams are heavily used by residents, overcrowding is common. Purchase ticket after boarding. Metro runs from city center to Uralmash, an industrial area south of the city. Metro ends near the main railway station. Fares are inexpensive.

“Traffic is congested in city center. Getting around by car can be difficult. Route taxis (minivans) provide the fastest transport. They generally run on specific routes, but do not have specific stops. Drivers stop where passengers request. Route taxis can be hailed. Travel by bus or trolleybuses may be slow in rush hour. Trams are less affected by traffic jams. Trolley buses (electric buses) cannot run when temperatures drop below freezing.”

Entertainment, Sports and Recreation in Yekaterinburg

The performing arts in Yekaterinburg are first rate. The city has an excellent symphony orchestra, opera and ballet theater, and many other performing arts venues. Tickets are inexpensive. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater is lavishly designed and richly decorated building in the city center of Yekaterinburg. The theater was established in 1912 and building was designed by architect Vladimir Semyonov and inspired by the Vienna Opera House and the Theater of Opera and Ballet in Odessa.

Vaynera Street is a pedestrian only shopping street in city center with restaurants, cafes and some bars. But otherwise Yekaterinburg's nightlife options are limited. There are a handful of expensive Western-style restaurants and bars, none of them that great. Nightclubs serve the city's nouveau riche clientele. Its casinos have closed down. Some of them had links with organized crime. New dance clubs have sprung up that are popular with Yekaterinburg's more affluent youth.

Yekaterinburg's most popular spectator sports are hockey, basketball, and soccer. There are stadiums and arenas that host all three that have fairly cheap tickets. There is an indoor water park and lots of parks and green spaces. The Urals have many lakes, forests and mountains are great for hiking, boating, berry and mushroom hunting, swimming and fishing. Winter sports include cross-country skiing and ice skating. Winter lasts about six months and there’s usually plenty of snow. The nearby Ural Mountains however are not very high and the downhill skiing opportunities are limited..

Sights in Yekaterinburg

Sights in Yekaterinburg include the Museum of City Architecture and Ural Industry, with an old water tower and mineral collection with emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and other precious stone; Geological Alley, a small park with labeled samples of minerals found in the Urals region; the Ural Geology Museum, which houses an extensive collection of stones, gold and gems from the Urals; a monument marking the border between Europe and Asia; a memorial for gulag victims; and a graveyard with outlandish memorials for slain mafia members.

The Military History Museum houses the remains of the U-2 spy plane shot down in 1960 and locally made tanks and rocket launchers. The fine arts museum contains paintings by some of Russia's 19th-century masters. Also worth a look are the History an Local Studies Museum; the Political History and Youth Museum; and the University and Arboretum. Old wooden houses can be seen around Zatoutstovsya ulitsa and ulitsa Belinskogo. Around the city are wooded parks, lakes and quarries used to harvest a variety of minerals. Weiner Street is the main street of Yekaterinburg. Along it are lovely sculptures and 19th century architecture. Take a walk around the unique Literary Quarter

Plotinka is a local meeting spot, where you will often find street musicians performing. Plotinka can be described as the center of the city's center. This is where Yekaterinburg holds its biggest events: festivals, seasonal fairs, regional holiday celebrations, carnivals and musical fountain shows. There are many museums and open-air exhibitions on Plotinka. Plotinka is named after an actual dam of the city pond located nearby (“plotinka” means “a small dam” in Russian).In November 1723, Peter the Great ordered the construction of an ironworks in the Iset River Valley, which required a dam for its operation. “Iset” can be translated from Finnish as “abundant with fish”. This name was given to the river by the Mansi — the Finno-Ugric people dwelling on the eastern slope of the Northern Urals.

Vysotsky and Iset are skyscrapers that are 188.3 meters and 209 meters high, respectively. Fifty-story-high Iset has been described by locals as the world’s northernmost skyscraper. Before the construction of Iset, Vysotsky was the tallest building of Yekaterinburg and Russia (excluding Moscow). A popular vote has decided to name the skyscraper after the famous Soviet songwriter, singer and actor Vladimir Vysotsky. and the building was opened on November 25, 2011. There is a lookout at the top of the building, and the Vysotsky museum on its second floor. The annual “Vysotsky climb” (1137 steps) is held there, with a prize of RUB 100,000. While Vysotsky serves as an office building, Iset, owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company, houses 225 premium residential apartments ranging from 80 to 490 square meters in size.

Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center

The Boris Yeltsin Presidential Center (in the city center: ul. Yeltsina, 3) is a non-governmental organization named after the first president of the Russian Federation. The Museum of the First President of Russia as well as his archives are located in the Center. There is also a library, educational and children's centers, and exposition halls. Yeltsin lived most of his life and began his political career in Yekaterinburg. He was born in Butka about 200 kilometers east of Yekaterinburg.

The core of the Center is the Museum. Modern multimedia technologies help animate the documents, photos from the archives, and artifacts. The Yeltsin Museum holds collections of: propaganda posters, leaflets, and photos of the first years of the Soviet regime; portraits and portrait sculptures of members of Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of various years; U.S.S.R. government bonds and other items of the Soviet era; a copy of “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, published in the “Novy Mir” magazine (#11, 1962); perestroika-era editions of books by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Vasily Grossman, and other authors; theater, concert, and cinema posters, programs, and tickets — in short, all of the artifacts of the perestroika era.

The Yeltsin Center opened in 2012. Inside you will also find an art gallery, a bookstore, a gift shop, a food court, concert stages and a theater. There are regular screenings of unique films that you will not find anywhere else. Also operating inside the center, is a scientific exploritorium for children. The center was designed by Boris Bernaskoni. Almost from the its very opening, the Yeltsin Center has been accused by members of different political entities of various ideological crimes. The museum is open Tuesday to Sunday, from 10:00am to 9:00pm.

Where Nicholas II was Executed

On July, 17, 1918, during this reign of terror of the Russian Civil War, former-tsar Nicholas II, his wife, five children (the 13-year-old Alexis, 22-year-old Olga, 19-year-old Maria and 17-year-old Anastasia)the family physician, the cook, maid, and valet were shot to death by a Red Army firing squad in the cellar of the house they were staying at in Yekaterinburg.

Ipatiev House (near Church on the Blood, Ulitsa Libknekhta) was a merchant's house where Nicholas II and his family were executed. The house was demolished in 1977, on the orders of an up and coming communist politician named Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin later said that the destruction of the house was an "act of barbarism" and he had no choice because he had been ordered to do it by the Politburo,

The site is marked with s cross with the photos of the family members and cross bearing their names. A small wooden church was built at the site. It contains paintings of the family. For a while there were seven traditional wooden churches. Mass is given ay noon everyday in an open-air museum. The Church on the Blood — constructed to honor Nicholas II and his family — was built on the part of the site in 1991 and is now a major place of pilgrimage.

Nicholas and his family where killed during the Russian civil war. It is thought the Bolsheviks figured that Nicholas and his family gave the Whites figureheads to rally around and they were better of dead. Even though the death orders were signed Yakov Sverdlov, the assassination was personally ordered by Lenin, who wanted to get them out of sight and out of mind. Trotsky suggested a trial. Lenin nixed the idea, deciding something had to be done about the Romanovs before White troops approached Yekaterinburg. Trotsky later wrote: "The decision was not only expedient but necessary. The severity of he punishment showed everyone that we would continue to fight on mercilessly, stopping at nothing."

Ian Frazier wrote in The New Yorker: “Having read a lot about the end of Tsar Nicholas II and his family and servants, I wanted to see the place in Yekaterinburg where that event occurred. The gloomy quality of this quest depressed Sergei’s spirits, but he drove all over Yekaterinburg searching for the site nonetheless. Whenever he stopped and asked a pedestrian how to get to the house where Nicholas II was murdered, the reaction was a wince. Several people simply walked away. But eventually, after a lot of asking, Sergei found the location. It was on a low ridge near the edge of town, above railroad tracks and the Iset River. The house, known as the Ipatiev House, was no longer standing, and the basement where the actual killings happened had been filled in. I found the blankness of the place sinister and dizzying. It reminded me of an erasure done so determinedly that it had worn a hole through the page. [Source: Ian Frazier, The New Yorker, August 3, 2009, Frazier is author of “Travels in Siberia” (2010)]

“The street next to the site is called Karl Liebknecht Street. A building near where the house used to be had a large green advertisement that said, in English, “LG—Digitally Yours.” On an adjoining lot, a small chapel kept the memory of the Tsar and his family; beneath a pedestal holding an Orthodox cross, peonies and pansies grew. The inscription on the pedestal read, “We go down on our knees, Russia, at the foot of the tsarist cross.”

Books: The Romanovs: The Final Chapter by Robert K. Massie (Random House, 1995); The Fall of the Romanovs by Mark D. Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalëv (Yale, 1995);

See Separate Article END OF NICHOLAS II factsanddetails.com

Execution of Nicholas II

According to Robert Massie K. Massie, author of Nicholas and Alexandra, Nicholas II and his family were awakened from their bedrooms around midnight and taken to the basement. They were told they were to going to take some photographs of them and were told to stand behind a row of chairs.

Suddenly, a group of 11 Russians and Latvians, each with a revolver, burst into the room with orders to kill a specific person. Yakob Yurovsky, a member of the Soviet executive committee, reportedly shouted "your relatives are continuing to attack the Soviet Union.” After firing, bullets bouncing off gemstones hidden in the corsets of Alexandra and her daughters ricocheted around the room like "a shower of hail," the soldiers said. Those that were still breathing were killed with point black shots to the head.

The three sisters and the maid survived the first round thanks to their gems. They were pressed up against a wall and killed with a second round of bullets. The maid was the only one that survived. She was pursued by the executioners who stabbed her more than 30 times with their bayonets. The still writhing body of Alexis was made still by a kick to the head and two bullets in the ear delivered by Yurovsky himself.

Yurovsky wrote: "When the party entered I told the Romanovs that in view of the fact their relatives continued their offensive against Soviet Russia, the Executive Committee of the Urals Soviet had decided to shoot them. Nicholas turned his back to the detachment and faced his family. Then, as if collecting himself, he turned around, asking, 'What? What?'"

"[I] ordered the detachment to prepare. Its members had been previously instructed whom to shoot and to am directly at the heart to avoid much blood and to end more quickly. Nicholas said no more. he turned again to his family. The others shouted some incoherent exclamations. All this lasted a few seconds. Then commenced the shooting, which went on for two or three minutes. [I] killed Nicholas on the spot."

Nicholas II’s Initial Burial Site in Yekaterinburg

Ganina Yama Monastery (near the village of Koptyaki, 15 kilometers northwest of Yekaterinburg) stands near the three-meter-deep pit where some the remains of Nicholas II and his family were initially buried. The second burial site — where most of the remains were — is in a field known as Porosyonkov (56.9113628°N 60.4954326°E), seven kilometers from Ganina Yama.

On visiting Ganina Yama Monastery, one person posted in Trip Advisor: “We visited this set of churches in a pretty park with Konstantin from Ekaterinburg Guide Centre. He really brought it to life with his extensive knowledge of the history of the events surrounding their terrible end. The story is so moving so unless you speak Russian, it is best to come here with a guide or else you will have no idea of what is what.”

In 1991, the acid-burned remains of Nicholas II and his family were exhumed from a shallow roadside mass grave in a swampy area 12 miles northwest of Yekaterinburg. The remains had been found in 1979 by geologist and amateur archeologist Alexander Avdonin, who kept the location secret out of fear that they would be destroyed by Soviet authorities. The location was disclosed to a magazine by one his fellow discovers.

The original plan was to throw the Romanovs down a mine shaft and disposes of their remains with acid. They were thrown in a mine with some grenades but the mine didn't collapse. They were then carried by horse cart. The vats of acid fell off and broke. When the carriage carrying the bodies broke down it was decided the bury the bodies then and there. The remaining acid was poured on the bones, but most of it was soaked up the ground and the bones largely survived.

After this their pulses were then checked, their faces were crushed to make them unrecognizable and the bodies were wrapped in bed sheets loaded onto a truck. The "whole procedure," Yurovsky said took 20 minutes. One soldiers later bragged than he could "die in peace because he had squeezed the Empress's -------."

The bodies were taken to a forest and stripped, burned with acid and gasoline, and thrown into abandoned mine shafts and buried under railroad ties near a country road near the village of Koptyaki. "The bodies were put in the hole," Yurovsky wrote, "and the faces and all the bodies, generally doused with sulfuric acid, both so they couldn't be recognized and prevent a stink from them rotting...We scattered it with branches and lime, put boards on top and drove over it several times—no traces of the hole remained.

Shortly afterwards, the government in Moscow announced that Nicholas II had been shot because of "a counterrevolutionary conspiracy." There was no immediate word on the other members of the family which gave rise to rumors that other members of the family had escaped. Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlov in honor of the man who signed the death orders.

For seven years the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra, three of their daughters and four servants were stored in polyethylene bags on shelves in the old criminal morgue in Yekaterunburg. On July 17, 1998, Nicholas II and his family and servants who were murdered with him were buried Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg along with the other Romanov tsars, who have been buried there starting with Peter the Great. Nicholas II had a side chapel built for himself at the fortress in 1913 but was buried in a new crypt.

Near Yekaterinburg

Factory-Museum of Iron and Steel Metallurgy (in Niznhy Tagil 80 kilometers north of Yekaterinburg) a museum with old mining equipment made at the site of huge abandoned iron and steel factory. Officially known as the Factory-Museum of the History of the Development of Iron and Steel Metallurgy, it covers an area of 30 hectares and contains a factory founded by the Demidov family in 1725 that specialized mainly in the production of high-quality cast iron and steel. Later, the foundry was renamed after Valerian Kuybyshev, a prominent figure of the Communist Party.

The first Russian factory museum, the unusual museum demonstrates all stages of metallurgy and metal working. There is even a blast furnace and an open-hearth furnace. The display of factory equipment includes bridge crane from 1892) and rolling stock equipment from the 19th-20th centuries. In Niznhy Tagil contains some huge blocks of malachite and

Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha (180 kilometers east-northeast of Yekaterinburg) has an open air architecture museum with log buildings, a stone church and other pre-revolutionary architecture. The village is the creation of Ivan Samoilov, a local activist who loved his village so much he dedicated 40 years of his life to recreating it as the open-air museum of wooden architecture.

The stone Savior Church, a good example of Siberian baroque architecture. The interior and exterior of the church are exhibition spaces of design. The houses are very colorful. In tsarist times, rich villagers hired serfs to paint the walls of their wooden izbas (houses) bright colors. Old neglected buildings from the 17th to 19th centuries have been brought to Nizhnyaya Sinyachikha from all over the Urals. You will see the interior design of the houses and hear stories about traditions and customs of the Ural farmers.

Verkhoturye (330 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg) is the home a 400-year-old monastery that served as 16th century capital of the Urals. Verkhoturye is a small town on the Tura River knows as the Jerusalem of the Urals for its many holy places, churches and monasteries. The town's main landmark is its Kremlin — the smallest in Russia. Pilgrims visit the St. Nicholas Monastery to see the remains of St. Simeon of Verkhoturye, the patron saint of fishermen.

Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains are the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia and have been a crossroads of Russian history. Stretching from Kazakhstan to the fringes of the Arctic Kara Sea, the Urals lie almost exactly along the 60 degree meridian of longitude and extend for about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) from north to south and varies in width from about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the north and 160 kilometers (100 miles) the south. At kilometers 1777 on the Trans-Siberian Railway there is white obelisk with "Europe" carved in Russian on one side and "Asia" carved on the other.

The eastern side of the Urals contains a lot of granite and igneous rock. The western side is primarily sandstone and limestones. A number of precious stones can be found in the southern part of the Urals, including emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and aquamarines. The highest peaks are in the north. Mount Narodnaya is the highest of all but is only 1884 meters (6,184 feet) high. The northern Urals are covered in thick forests and home to relatively few people.

Like the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the Urals are very old mountains — with rocks and sediments that are hundreds of millions years old — that were one much taller than they are now and have been steadily eroded down over millions of years by weather and other natural processes to their current size. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: “The rock composition helps shape the topography: the high ranges and low, broad-topped ridges consist of quartzites, schists, and gabbro, all weather-resistant. Buttes are frequent, and there are north–south troughs of limestone, nearly all containing river valleys. Karst topography is highly developed on the western slopes of the Urals, with many caves, basins, and underground streams. The eastern slopes, on the other hand, have fewer karst formations; instead, rocky outliers rise above the flattened surfaces. Broad foothills, reduced to peneplain, adjoin the Central and Southern Urals on the east.

“The Urals date from the structural upheavals of the Hercynian orogeny (about 250 million years ago). About 280 million years ago there arose a high mountainous region, which was eroded to a peneplain. Alpine folding resulted in new mountains, the most marked upheaval being that of the Nether-Polar Urals...The western slope of the Urals is composed of middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. In many places it descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern slope, volcanic layers alternate with sedimentary strata, all dating from middle Paleozoic times.”

Southern Urals

The southern Urals are characterized by grassy slopes and fertile valleys. The middle Urals are a rolling platform that barely rises above 300 meters (1,000 feet). This region is rich in minerals and has been heavily industrialized. This is where you can find Yekaterinburg (formally Sverdlovsk), the largest city in the Urals.

Most of the Southern Urals are is covered with forests, with 50 percent of that pine-woods, 44 percent birch woods, and the rest are deciduous aspen and alder forests. In the north, typical taiga forests are the norm. There are patches of herbal-poaceous steppes, northem sphagnous marshes and bushy steppes, light birch forests and shady riparian forests, tall-grass mountainous meadows, lowland ling marshes and stony placers with lichen stains. In some places there are no large areas of homogeneous forests, rather they are forests with numerous glades and meadows of different size.

In the Ilmensky Mountains Reserve in the Southern Urals, scientists counted 927 vascular plants (50 relicts, 23 endemic species), about 140 moss species, 483 algae species and 566 mushroom species. Among the species included into the Red Book of Russia are feather grass, downy-leaved feather grass, Zalessky feather grass, moccasin flower, ladies'-slipper, neottianthe cucullata, Baltic orchis, fen orchis, helmeted orchis, dark-winged orchis, Gelma sandwart, Krasheninnikov sandwart, Clare astragalus.

The fauna of the vertebrate animals in the Reserve includes 19 fish, 5 amphibian and 5 reptile. Among the 48 mammal species are elks, roe deer, boars, foxes, wolves, lynxes, badgers, common weasels, least weasels, forest ferrets, Siberian striped weasel, common marten, American mink. Squirrels, beavers, muskrats, hares, dibblers, moles, hedgehogs, voles are quite common, as well as chiropterans: pond bat, water bat, Brandt's bat, whiskered bat, northern bat, long-eared bat, parti-coloured bat, Nathusius' pipistrelle. The 174 bird bird species include white-tailed eagles, honey hawks, boreal owls, gnome owls, hawk owls, tawny owls, common scoters, cuckoos, wookcocks, common grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, common partridges, shrikes, goldenmountain thrushes, black- throated loons and others.

Activities and Places in the Ural Mountains

The Urals possess beautiful natural scenery that can be accessed from Yekaterinburg with a rent-a-car, hired taxi and tour. Travel agencies arrange rafting, kayaking and hiking trips. Hikes are available in the taiga forest and the Urals. Trips often include walks through the taiga to small lakes and hikes into the mountains and excursions to collect mushrooms and berries and climb in underground caves. Mellow rafting is offered in a relatively calm six kilometer section of the River Serga. In the winter visitor can enjoy cross-mountains skiing, downhill skiing, ice fishing, dog sledding, snow-shoeing and winter hiking through the forest to a cave covered with ice crystals.

Lake Shartash (10 kilometers from Yekaterinburg) is where the first Ural gold was found, setting in motion the Yekaterinburg gold rush of 1745, which created so much wealth one rich baron of that time hosted a wedding party that lasted a year. The area around Shartash Lake is a favorite picnic and barbecue spot of the locals. Getting There: by bus route No. 50, 054 or 54, with a transfer to suburban commuter bus route No. 112, 120 or 121 (the whole trip takes about an hour), or by car (10 kilometers drive from the city center, 40 minutes).

Revun Rapids (90 kilometers road from Yekaterinburg near Beklenishcheva village) is a popular white water rafting places On the nearby cliffs you can see the remains of a mysterious petroglyph from the Paleolithic period. Along the steep banks, you may notice the dark entrance of Smolinskaya Cave. There are legends of a sorceress who lived in there. The rocks at the riverside are suited for competitive rock climbers and beginners. Climbing hooks and rings are hammered into rocks. The most fun rafting is generally in May and June.

Olenii Ruchii National Park (100 kilometers west of Yekaterinburg) is the most popular nature park in Sverdlovsk Oblast and popular weekend getaway for Yekaterinburg residents. Visitors are attracted by the beautiful forests, the crystal clear Serga River and picturesque rocks caves. There are some easy hiking routes: the six-kilometer Lesser Ring and the 15-kilometer Greater Ring. Another route extends for 18 km and passes by the Mitkinsky Mine, which operated in the 18th-19th centuries. It's a kind of an open-air museum — you can still view mining an enrichment equipment here. There is also a genuine beaver dam nearby.

Among the other attractions at Olenii Ruchii are Druzhba (Friendship) Cave, with passages that extend for about 500 meters; Dyrovaty Kamen (Holed Stone), created over time by water of Serga River eroding rock; and Utoplennik (Drowned Man), where you can see “The Angel of Sole Hope”., created by the Swedish artist Lehna Edwall, who has placed seven angels figures in different parts of the world to “embrace the planet, protecting it from fear, despair, and disasters.”

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

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Yekaterinburg

Yekaterinburg [lower-alpha 1] is a city and the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast and the Ural Federal District , Russia. The city is located on the Iset River between the Volga-Ural region and Siberia , with a population of roughly 1.5   million residents, [14] up to 2.2   million residents in the urban agglomeration. Yekaterinburg is the fourth-largest city in Russia, the largest city in the Ural Federal District, and one of Russia's main cultural and industrial centres. Yekaterinburg has been dubbed the "Third capital of Russia", as it is ranked third by the size of its economy, culture, transportation and tourism. [15] [16] [17] [18]

Imperial era

Contemporary era, demographics, administrative districts, administration, living costs and the labor market, finance and business, retail and services, transportation, public transit, media and telecommunications, life and culture, architecture, international relations, bric summit, twin towns – sister cities, notable people, bibliography, external links.

Yekaterinburg was founded on 18 November 1723 and named after the Orthodox name of Catherine I (born Marta Helena Skowrońska), the Polish wife of Russian Emperor Peter the Great . The city served as the mining capital of the Russian Empire as well as a strategic connection between Europe and Asia. In 1781, Catherine the Great gave Yekaterinburg the status of a district town of Perm Province , and built the historical Siberian Route through the city. [3] Yekaterinburg became a key city to Siberia, which had rich resources. In the late 19th century, Yekaterinburg became one of the centres of revolutionary movements in the Urals. In 1924, after the Russian SFSR founded the Soviet Union , the city was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . During the Soviet era, Sverdlovsk was turned into an industrial and administrative powerhouse. On 23 September 1991 the city returned to its historical name.

Yekaterinburg is one of Russia's most important economic centres and was one of the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The city is currently experiencing an economic and population boom, which resulted in some of the tallest skyscrapers of Russia being located in the city. Yekaterinburg is home to the headquarters of the Central Military District of the Russian Armed Forces , as well as the presidium of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences .

Yekaterinburg is famous for its constructivist architecture [19] [20] [21] and is also considered the "Russian capital of street art ". [22] [23] [24]

The area was settled in prehistory. The earliest settlements date to 8000–7000   BC, in the Mesolithic period . The Isetskoe Pravoberezhnoye I archaeological site contains a Neolithic settlement dated to 6000–5000   BC. It includes stone processing workshops with artefacts such as grinding plates, anvils, clumps of rock, tools, and finished products. Over 50 different types of rock and minerals were used in tool making, indicating extensive knowledge of the region's natural resources. The Gamayun peninsula (left bank of the Verkh-Isetsky Pond) has archaeological findings from the Chalcolithic Period : workshops for producing stone tools (upper area) and two dwellings of the Ayat culture (lower area). There are also traces of the Koptyak culture from 2000   BC: dishes decorated with bird images and evidence of metallurgical production. The Tent I site contains the only Koptyak culture burials discovered in the Ural Mountains . In the Bronze Age , the people of Gamayun culture lived in the area. They left fragments of ceramics, weapons, and ornaments. [25] [26] [27]

Archaeological artifacts in the vicinity of Yekaterinburg were first discovered during railway construction, at the end of the 19th century. Excavation and research began in the 20th century. Artifacts are held at the Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore , at the Hermitage , at the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, and at other museums. [26]

The first Russian settlements within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg appeared in the second half of the 17th century — in 1672, an Old Believers village arose in the area of Shartash lake [28] (this fact is disputed by historians, since no evidence of the founding of the village at that time was found in the sources), [29] and in 1680 – 1682, the villages of Nizhny and Verkhny Uktus appeared on the banks of Uktus River (now the territory of the Chkalovsky district of the city). [30] In 1702, by the initiative of the head of Sibirskiy prikaz Andrew Vinius , the Uktus state ironwork plant was founded near Nizhny Uktus — the first ironworks within the boundaries of modern Yekaterinburg. [31] In 1704, the Shuvakish ironworks was built (now the territory of the Zheleznodorozhny district of the city). [28] With the beginning of active construction of factories in the Urals in the 18th century, relations with their southern neighbors, the Bashkirs , became strained. As a result of the Bashkir raid in 1709, the village of Verkhny Uktus was devastated, all buildings, including the wooden church and chapel, were burned, the residents fled to the protection of the Uktus plant fortifications. [30] On the night of 5 April 1718, a fire destroyed all the factory buildings of the Uktus plant, except for the dam, and the plant was restored only by 1720 under the supervision of Timofey Burtsev. [32] However, the plant did not receive further development due to the lack of water in Uktus river.

In 1720, by decree of Peter I , a delegation led by mining specialist Johann Blüher and statesman Vasily Tatishchev was sent to the Urals . [33] They were entrusted with managing the mining industry, identifying the causes of the collapse and reduction of production at state-owned factories. [33] On 29 December 1720, [33] Tatishchev and Blüher arrive at the Uktus plant, which became their main residence in the Urals. As a result of familiarizing himself with the state of nearby state-owned factories, Tatishchev came to the conclusion that on the basis of these factories, even if they were reconstructed and expanded, it would not be possible to quickly increase the production of iron, and it would be more profitable to build a new large plant. After inspecting the immediate area, together with the commissary of the Uktus plant, Timofey Burtsev, a place rich in ore and forest was chosen on the banks of the more full-flowing Iset River , 7 versts from Uktus. [33] On 6 February 1721, Tatishchev sent a message to the Collegium of Mining , in which he asked permission to begin construction of the plant, with detailed explanations and justification for this project. [33] On 1 March 1721, without waiting for a response from the Collegium, Tatishchev began construction of the new plant, [28] but he failed to convince Collegium, and by the Collegium decree of 10 December 1721, he was removed from the leadership of mining affairs in the Urals. [28] In 1722, by decree of Peter the Great, a mining engineer, Major General Georg Wilhelm de Gennin , was sent to the Urals in place of Tatishchev. Having studied all the circumstances, de Gennin fully supported Tatishchev’s project, and on 12 March 1723, construction of the plant on Iset resumed. [28]

Russian historian Vasily Tatishchev and Russian engineer Georg Wilhelm de Gennin founded Yekaterinburg with the construction of a massive iron-making plant under the decree of Russian emperor Peter the Great in 1723. [34] They named the city after the emperor's wife, Yekaterina, who later became empress regnant Catherine   I . [2] Officially, the city's founding date is 18 November 1723, when the shops carried out a test run of the bloomery for trip hammers. [2] The plant was commissioned 6 days later, on 24 November. [35] 1723 also saw the establishment of Yekaterinburg fortress , which would encompass many of the settlement's earliest buildings. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak very vividly described the beginning of the construction of a mining plant and a fortress: "Imagine completely deserted banks of the Iset river, covered with forest. In the spring of 1723, soldiers from Tobolsk, peasants of the assigned settlements, hired craftsmen appeared, and everything around came to life, as if by the dictates of a fairy tale. They dropped the forest, prepared a place for the dam, laid blast furnaces, raised the rampart, set up barracks and houses for the authorities... ". [36]

In 1722–1726 the Verkhne-Uktussky mining plant was built, [37] which was officially called the plant of the princess Elizabeth (the future village of Elizabeth, or Elizavetinskoe) and became a part of modern Yekaterinburg in 1934. [38] In 1726, Wilhelm de Gennin founded an auxiliary Verkh-Isetsky plant with a working settlement 2 versts from Yekaterinburg upstream ('verkh' in Russian) the Iset River. [39] The plant's dam formed the Verkh-Isetsky pond. Colloquially called by the Russian acronym VIZ, it was a satellite town until in 1926, with a population of over 20,000 people by this time, it was incorporated into Yekaterinburg as the core of the Verkh-Isetsky district. [39]

Yekaterinburg was one of the industrial cities of Russia prompted at the beginning of the 18th century by decrees of Tsar Peter the Great which demanded the development of the metalworking industry. With extensive use of iron, the city was built to a regular square plan with ironworks and residential buildings at the centre. These were surrounded by fortified walls so that Yekaterinburg was at the same time both a manufacturing centre and a fortress at the frontier between Europe and Asia. It, therefore, found itself at the heart of Russia's strategy for further development of the entire Ural region. The so-called Siberian Route became operational in 1763 and placed the city on an increasingly important transit route, which led to its development as a focus of trade and commerce between east and west, and gave rise to the description of the city as the "window to Asia". With the growth in trade and the city's administrative importance, the ironworks became less critical, and the more important buildings were increasingly built using expensive stone. Small manufacturing and trading businesses proliferated. In 1781 Russia's empress, Catherine the Great, granted Yekaterinburg town status and nominated it as the administrative centre for the wider region within Perm Governorate . [3] In 1807, the role of the capital of the mining and smelting region was confirmed by assigning it the status of the only "mountain city" in Russia. Until 1863, Yekaterinburg remained subordinate to the head of the mining plants of the Ural ridge , the minister of finance and personally to the emperor, and enjoyed considerable freedom from the governor's power. Since the 1830s, mountainous Yekaterinburg has become the center of mechanical engineering. [36]

In 1820–1845, 45% of the world's gold was mined in Yekaterinburg. This is the first ever "Gold Rush". [40] Until 1876, 80% of the coins in circulation in the Russian Empire were produced at the Yekaterinburg mint. [41]

Following the October Revolution , the family of deposed Tsar Nicholas II was sent to internal exile in Yekaterinburg where they were imprisoned in the Ipatiev House in the city. In July 1918, the Czechoslovak Legions were closing on Yekaterinburg. In the early hours of the morning of 17 July, the deposed Tsar, his wife Alexandra , and their children Grand Duchesses Olga , Tatiana , Maria , Anastasia , and Tsarevich Alexei were murdered by the Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House. Other members of the Romanov family were killed at Alapayevsk later the same day. The Legions arrived less than a week later and captured the city. [42] [43] The city remained under the control of the White movement in which a provisional government was established. The Red Army took back the city and restored Soviet authority on 14 July 1919. [44] [45]

In the years following the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War , political authority of the Urals was transferred from Perm to Yekaterinburg. On 19 October 1920, Yekaterinburg established its first university, the Ural State University , as well as polytechnic, pedagogical, and medical institutions under the decree of Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin . Enterprises in the city ravaged by the war were nationalised, including: the Metalist (formerly Yates) Plant, the Verkh-Isetsky (formerly Yakovleva) Plant, and the Lenin flax-spinning factory (formerly Makarov). In 1924, the city of Yekaterinburg was renamed Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov . [46] [28] [44]

By the 1934, following a series of administrative reforms carried by the early Soviet government, the earliest Russian settlements which predated Yekaterinburg and laid the basis of its founding, were incorporated into the city proper. [38] [47]

During the reign of Stalin, Sverdlovsk was one of several places developed by the Soviet government as a centre of heavy industry. Old factories were reconstructed and new large factories were built, especially those specialised in machine-building and metalworking. These plants included Magnitogorsk and the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk oblast , and Uralmash in Sverdlovsk. During this time, the population of Sverdlovsk tripled in size, and it became one of the fastest-growing cities of the Soviet Union. At that time, very large powers were given to the regional authorities. By the end of the 1930s, there were 140 industrial enterprises, 25 research institutes, and 12 higher education institutions in Sverdlovsk. [48] [49]

During World War II, the city became the headquarters of the Ural Military District on the basis of which more than 500 different military units and formations were formed, including the 22nd Army and the Ural Volunteer Tank Corps. Uralmash became the main production site for armoured vehicles. Many state technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Sverdlovsk away from cities affected by war (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Sverdlovsk after the victory. The Hermitage Museum collections were also partly evacuated from Leningrad to Sverdlovsk in July 1941 and remained there until October 1945. [50] In the postwar years, new industrial and agricultural enterprises were put into operation and massive housing construction began. [51] [44] The lookalike five-story apartment blocks that remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Sverdlovsk sprang up in the 1960s, under the direction of Nikita Khrushchev 's government. [52] In 1977, Ipatiev House was demolished by order of Boris Yeltsin in accordance to a resolution from the Politburo in order to prevent it from being used as a rallying location for monarchists . Yeltsin later became the first President of Russia and represented the people at the funeral of the former Tsar in 1998. [53] There was an anthrax outbreak in Sverdlovsk in April and May 1979, which was attributed to a release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility . [54]

During the 1991 coup d'état attempt , Sverdlovsk, the home city of President Boris Yeltsin, was selected by him as a temporary reserve capital for the Russian Federation, in case Moscow became too dangerous for the Russian government. A reserve cabinet headed by Oleg Lobov was sent to the city, where Yeltsin enjoyed strong popular support at that time. [55] Shortly after the failure of the coup and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city regained its historical name of Yekaterinburg on 23 September 1991. However, Sverdlovsk Oblast, of which Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre, kept its name. [56] [57]

In the 2000s, an intensive growth of trade, business, and tourism began in Yekaterinburg. In 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin and German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder negotiated in Yekaterinburg. On 15–17 June 2009, the SCO and BRIC summits were held in Yekaterinburg, which greatly improved the economic, cultural, and tourist situation in the city. On 13–16 July 2010, a meeting between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and German Chancellor Angela Merkel took place in the city. [58]

In 2018, Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup and hosted the inaugural University International Sports Festival in 2023. [59]

Geographically, Yekaterinburg is in North Asia, close to the Ural Mountains (which divide Europe from Asia), 1,667   km (1,036   mi) east of the nation's capital Moscow.

The city has a total area of 1,111   km 2 (429   sq   mi) .

Yekaterinburg is on the eastern side of the Urals. The city is surrounded by wooded hills, partially cultivated for agricultural purposes. Yekaterinburg is located on a natural watershed, so there would be many bodies of water close and in the city. The city is bisected by the Iset River , which flows from the Urals into the Tobol River . There are two lakes in the city, Lake Shuvakish and Lake Shartash. The city borders Verkh-Isetskiy Pond, through which the Iset River flows. Lake Isetskoye and Lake Baltym are both near the city, with Lake Isetskoye located near Sredneuralsk , and Lake Baltym located near the towns of Sanatornyy and Baltym.

Yekaterinburg uses the Yekaterinburg Time, which is five hours ahead of UTC (UTC+5), and two hours ahead of Moscow Time . [60]

The city possesses a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) under the Köppen climate classification . [61] It is characterised by sharp variability in weather conditions, with well-marked seasons. The Ural Mountains, despite their insignificant height, block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. As a result, the Central Urals are open to the invasion of cold arctic air and continental air from the West Siberian Plain. Equally, warm air masses from the Caspian Sea and the deserts of Central Asia can freely penetrate from the south. Therefore, the weather in Yekaterinburg is characterised by sharp temperature fluctuations and weather anomalies: in winter, from frost at −40   °C to thaw and rain; in summer, from frosts to temperatures above 35   °C (95   °F) . [61]

The distribution of precipitation is determined by the circulation of air masses, relief, and air temperatures. The main part of the precipitation is brought by cyclones with a western air mass transfer, that is, from the European part of Russia, while their average annual amount is 601   mm. The maximum falls on a warm season, during which about 60–70% of the annual amount falls. For the winter period is characterized by snow cover with an average capacity of 40–50   cm. The coefficient of moistening(the ratio of yearly precipitation and potential evaporation ) – 1. [61]

• The average temperature in January is −12.6   °C (9.3   °F) . The record minimum temperature is −44.6   °C (−48.3   °F) (6 January 1915);
• The average July temperature is 18.9   °C (66.0   °F) . The record maximum temperature is 40.0   °C (104.0   °F) (11 July 2023);
• The average annual temperature is 2.1   °C (35.8   °F) ;
• The average annual wind speed is 2.9   m/s (10   km/h; 6.5   mph) ;
• The average annual humidity is 75%;
• The average annual precipitation is 534   mm (21.0   in) ;

According to the results of the 2021 Census , the population of Yekaterinburg was 1,544,376 ; [64] up from 1,349,772 recorded in the 2010 Census . [7]

As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Yekaterinburg was: [65]

Christianity is the predominant religion in the city, of which most are adherents to the Russian Orthodox Church. The Yekaterinburg and Verkhotursky diocese is located in the Holy Trinity Cathedral in the city. Other religions practised in Yekaterinburg include Islam , Old Believers , Catholicism , Protestantism , and Judaism .

Yekaterinburg has a significant Muslim community, but it suffers from a lack of worship space: there are only two small mosques . Another mosque was built in the nearby city of Verkhnyaya Pyshma . On 24 November 2007, the first stone was laid in the construction of a large Cathedral Mosque with four minarets , and space for 2,500 parishioners in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral and a synagogue , thus forming the "area of the three religions". [66] The mosque was planned to be built for the SCO summit, but due to funding problems, construction did not move from zero and is now frozen.

Construction of a Methodist church started in 1992, and with the help of American donations, finished in 2001. [67] A synagogue was opened in 2005, on the same place a 19th-century synagogue was demolished in 1962.

Most of the city's religious buildings were destroyed during the Soviet era, in addition to the synagogue, the three largest Orthodox churches in Yekaterinburg were demolished – the Epiphany Cathedral, the Ekaterininsky Cathedral, and the Great Zlatoust Church . Other Christian churches such as the Lutheran Church of Yekaterinburg and the Roman Catholic Church of St. Anne (a new Catholic St. Anne's Church was built in 2000) were demolished as well. Other churches were used as warehouses and industrial sites. The only religious building in Yekaterinburg in the Soviet era was the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. Recently, some churches are being rebuilt. Since 2006, according to the surviving drawings, the Great Zlatoust Church was restored in 2012. On 17 April 2010, the city was visited by Patriarch Kirill . [68]

Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of Sverdlovsk Oblast . [1] Within the framework of the administrative divisions , it is, together with twenty-nine rural localities , incorporated as the City of Yekaterinburg, [9] an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . [1] As a municipal division, the City of Yekaterinburg is incorporated as Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug. [10]

Each district is not a municipal formation, and the historical centre of the city is divided into five inner-city districts (except Chkalovsky and Ordzhonikidzevsky).

A district named Akademicheskiy was formed from the parts of Leninsky and Verkh-Isetsky districts on 3 January 2020. [70] On 1 October 2021, more settlements were transferred from Verkh-Isetsky to Akademicheskiy district. [71]

The Charter of Yekaterinburg establishes a four-link system for the organisation of local authorities, which includes: the Head of Yekaterinburg, who serves as the chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Yekaterinburg City Duma, the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, and the Chamber of Accounts. [74]

According to the charter of Yekaterinburg, the highest official of the municipal formation is the mayor of Yekaterinburg. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage, but since 3 April 2018, the procedure for direct elections of the mayor of the City of Yekaterinburg was abolished. The mayor of the city is endowed with representative powers and powers to organize activities and guide the activities of the City Duma. In addition, the mayor of the city exercises other powers such as concluding a contract with the head of the city administration and ensuring compliance with the Russian Constitution, Russian legislation, the city charter, and other normative acts. [75] [76]

In the event of a temporary absence of the mayor of Yekaterinburg, his authority under his written order is exercised by the deputy mayor of Yekaterinburg. [77]

The representative body of the municipal formation is the Yekaterinburg City Duma, which represents the city's entire population. The membership of the Duma is 36 deputies (18 deputies were elected in single-mandate constituencies and 18 in a single electoral district). Residents of the city elect deputies on the basis of universal suffrage for a period of 5 years. [74]

The executive and administrative body of the municipal formation is the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg, led by the head of the Administration, currently held by Aleksandr Yacob. The administration is endowed with its own powers to resolve issues of local importance, but it is under the control and accountable to the Yekaterinburg City Duma. The building of the Administration of Yekaterinburg is located on 1905 Square . [76]

The Chamber of Accounts is a permanently operating body of external municipal financial control. The Chamber is formed by the apparatus of the City Duma and is accountable to it. The Chamber consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, auditors and staff. The structure and number of staff of the chamber, including the number of auditors, is determined by the decision of the City Duma. The term of office of the Chamber staff is 5 years. The Chamber of Accounts is a legal entity. [77]

In accordance with the regional charter, Yekaterinburg is the administrative centre of the Sverdlovsk Oblast. [1] The executive power is exercised by the governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, the legislative power by the legislative assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the judicial power by the Sverdlovsk Regional Court, located in the building of the Palace of Justice. [78] The building serving the regional government is the White House and the building serving the legislative assembly is located next to it on October Square. The ministries of the Sverdlovsk Region are located in the building of the regional government, as well as in other separate buildings of the city. [79]

Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Ural Federal District. As a result, it serves as the residence of the presidential envoy , the highest official of the district and part of the administration of the President of Russia. The residence is located the building of the regional government on October Square near the Iset River embankment.

In addition, Yekaterinburg serves as the centre of the Central Military District and more than 30 territorial branches of the federal executive bodies, whose jurisdiction extends not only to Sverdlovsk Oblast, but also to other regions in the Ural Mountains, Siberia, and the Volga Region.

According to the results of the September 2013 elections, the mayor of the city was Yevgeny Roizman , nominated by the Civil Platform party. Out of the 36 seats in the City Duma, 21 belong to United Russia , 7 to A Just Russia , 3 to the Civil Platform, 2 to the Communist Party and 1 seat to the LDPR . The turnout in the mayoral elections was 33.57%. [80]

It was the last popular vote in Yekaterinburg. Since 2018, there have been no elections, but a vote in the Municipal Duma. On 25 September 2018 the majority of the representatives in the Duma voted in favour of the Vice-Governor of Sverdlovsk oblast, Alexander Vysokinskiy.

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest economic centres in Russia. It is included in the City-600 list (it unites the 600 largest cities in the world that produce 60% of global GDP), compiled by the McKinsey Global Institute, a research organisation. In 2010, the consulting company estimated the gross product of Yekaterinburg to be about $19   billion (according to the calculations of the company, it should grow to $40   billion by 2025). [82] [83]

By volume of the economy, Yekaterinburg ranks third in the country, after Moscow and St. Petersburg. According to a research of the Institute for Urban Economics, in the ranking of the largest cities and regional capital cities according to economic standards for 2015, Yekaterinburg ranked third. The city's gross urban product (GVP) was 898   billion rubles. Per capita GDP was 621.0 thousand rubles (18th place). [84] In 2015, the gross urban product of the Yekaterinburg metropolitan area amounted to 50.7   billion international dollars (the fourth place in the country) or 25.4 thousand international dollars in terms of per inhabitant of the metropolitan area. [85]

In the Soviet era, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) was a purely industrial city, with a share of industry in the economy of 90% (of which 90% were in defense production). With Chelyabinsk and Perm, the three cities formed what to be the Urals industrial hub. [86]

The former head of Yekaterinburg, Arkady Chernetsky, has set the goal of diversifying the city's economy, which has resulted in the development of sectors such as warehousing, transportation, logistics, telecommunications, financial sector, wholesale and retail trade, etc. in Yekaterinburg. [86] Economist-geographer Natalia Zubarevich points out that at the present stage, Yekaterinburg has practically lost its industrial specialisation. [87]

The standard of living in Yekaterinburg exceeds the average standard across Russia. According to the Department of Sociology of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, it is among the top ten cities with the highest standard of living. Compared to other Russian cities with a population of around or over one million, in 2015, Yekaterinburg held a leading position in terms of average monthly wages and retail turnover, in terms of the total volume of investments in fourth place of fixed assets, and second place in housing placement. [88] [89]

The average monthly wage in Yekaterinburg following the results of 2019 was 54,976 rubles. This is the first place among the millionth municipalities of the Russian Federation. [90] There are on average 440,300 people employed by large and middle-sized organisations and companies. The unemployment rate at the end of 2015 was 0.83% of the total economically active population. Locals labelled the main problems of the city such the current state of the healthcare system, housing system, and transportation system. [89] [91]

The budget of Yekaterinburg in 2015 was executed on income in the amount of 32,063.6   million rubles, for expenses in the amount of 32,745.8   million rubles. Among the budget expenditures: 17 billion rubles were spent on education, over 1 billion rubles on culture, and about 900 million rubles on health. The main part of the revenue of the city treasury was its own tax and non-tax revenues (more than 18 billion rubles). The revenues from the regional and federal budgets were at the lowest level in 10 years. Specialists noted a decrease in tax revenues and an increase in tax debt (exceeded 2 billion rubles). [89] [92]

The main budget expenditures are the development of the economy (which accounts for 19% of expenditures) and the social security of the townspeople (11% of expenditures go). Cities such as Perm, Kazan and Ufa, spend for these purposes in a smaller percentage of costs (from 2 to 6%). Also, a fairly strict budgetary discipline is noted—the budget deficit is kept at the level of 2% of its volume. [93]

Yekaterinburg is one of the largest financial and business centres in Russia, with offices of multinational corporations, representative offices of foreign companies, and a large number of federal and regional financial and credit organisations. The financial market of Yekaterinburg is characterised by stability and independence, based both on the broad presence of large foreign and Moscow credit organisations and on the availability of large and stable local financial holdings. [94]

The financial sector of Yekaterinburg has more than 100 banks, including 11 foreign banks. The list of the largest Russian banks for assets for 2016 included 10 banks registered in Yekaterinburg, including but not all: Ural Bank for Reconstruction and Development, SKB-Bank, Uraltransbank, and UM Bank. [95] [96]

IT "SKB Kontur" from Yekaterinburg – the largest software manufacturer in Russia – first place according to the RAEX rating [97]

Also in Yekaterinburg is the Ural headquarters of the Central Bank of Russia. Since 7 August 2017, by order of the Bank of Russia, the branches of the Siberian, Far Eastern and part of the Prevolzhsky Federal Districts have been transferred to the control of the Ural Megaregal Directorate. Thus, this is one of the three main departments of the Mega-regulator in the territory of Russia. [98]

A major role in the formation of Yekaterinburg as a business centre has its infrastructural potential, which is growing at a high rate: transport accessibility for Russian and foreign economic entities, the availability of hotels, advanced communication services, business related services (consulting, exhibition activities, etc.). [94] Yekaterinburg has its own central business district, Yekaterinburg City. [99]

Yekaterinburg has been a major industrial centre since its foundation. In the 18th century, the main branches were smelting and processing of metal. Since the beginning of the 19th century, machine building appeared, and in the second half of the 19th century, light and food (especially milling) industry was widely spread. A new stage in the development of production occurred during the period of industrialisation – at this time in the city, factories were built, which determined the industry specialisation of heavy engineering. During World War II, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) hosted about sixty enterprises evacuated from Central Russia and Ukraine. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the production capacity of existing plants and the emergence of new branches of the Urals industry.

At present, more than 220 large and medium-sized enterprises are registered in Yekaterinburg, 197 of them in manufacturing industries. [94] In 2015, they shipped 323,288 million rubles worth of own-produced goods. Production by industry was divided accordingly: metallurgical production and metalworking 20.9%, food production 13.3%, production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment 9.2%, production of vehicles 8.4%, production of machinery and equipment 6.4%, chemical production 5.5%, production of other nonmetallic mineral products 3.7%, production of rubber and plastic products 2.8%, pulp and paper production, publishing and printing 0.5%, and other 29.3%. [100]

Several headquarters of large Russian industrial companies are located in the city: IDGC of Urals, Enel Russia, Steel-Industrial Company, Russian Copper Company, Kalina, NLMK-Sort, VIZ-Stal, Sinara Group, Uralelectrotyazhmash, Automation Association named after academician NA Semikhatov, Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash), Fat Plant, Fores, confectionery association Sladko, Machine Building Plant named after M.I. Kalinin, Ural Turbine Plant, Uralkhimmash and others. [101]

Yekaterinburg ranks first in retail trade of the Russian Federation per capita, ahead of Moscow. [102] The consumer market contributes significantly to Yekaterinburg's economy. Revenue of retail stores in 2015 amounted to 725.9   billion rubles, and the number of retailers totaled 4,290. [103] As of 1 January 2016, 36 shopping centers operate in the city, taking up a total area of which was 1,502,700   m 2 (16,175,000   sq   ft) . The availability of shopping centres per 1,000 inhabitants increased to 597.2   m 2 (6,428   sq   ft) . [104]

Retail areas amounted to 2,019,000   m 2 (21,730,000   sq   ft) , with the availability of retail space reached 1,366.3   m 2 (14,707   sq   ft) per 1,000 inhabitants. According to these statistics, Yekaterinburg holds leading positions among other major cities of Russia. In the consumer market of Yekaterinburg, 1041 network operators are represented. The number of wholesale enterprises totalled 1,435. Among the Federal construction stores represented in the city, you can select: Leroy Merlin, [105] Castorama, [106] Domostroy, [107] Maxidom, [108] OBI, [109] Sdvor. [110] Yekaterinburg has an agricultural market named Shartashsky. [104] [111]

The revenue of catering in 2015 totalled 38.6   billion rubles. The network of catering enterprises in Yekaterinburg is presented as follows: 153 restaurants, 210 bars, 445 cafes, 100 coffee houses, 582 dining rooms, 189 eateries, 173 fast-food establishments, 10 tea shops, 319 other types of institutions (buffets, cafeterias, catering companies). 82.6% of catering enterprises provide additional services to consumers. [112]

The revenue of the services industry in 2015 totalled 74.9   billion rubles. The fastest pace in the city is developing hairdressing services, sewing and knitting atelier services, pawnshop services, fitness centre services. The network of public service enterprises in Yekaterinburg includes 5,185 facilities. In 2015, the provision of service areas for service enterprises totaled 382.1   m 2 (4,113   sq   ft) per 1,000 citizens. The highest concentration of household services is observed in the Verkh-Isetsky, Oktyabrsky and Leninsky districts. [113]

Greenwich Shopping Center, as of 2021, is the largest shopping center in Europe. [114]

The largest store in the world by area is Sima-Land. [115]

Yekaterinburg is a major centre for the Russian tourist industry. In 2015, the city was one of the top five most visited Russian cities (others being Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk , and Vladivostok ) according to the Global Destinations Cities Index, which represents the payment system Mastercard . [116] In recent years, a lot of work has been done to create a positive image of Yekaterinburg as a centre for international tourism, including holding of summits for the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in 2008 and 2009 and the international exhibition Innoprom in 2009 and 2010. [117] In 2014, Yekaterinburg ranked third among Russian cities in popularity among foreign tourists after Moscow and St. Petersburg. [118]

In 2015, the total flow of inbound tourism grew by 10% compared to the previous year and amounted to 2.1   million people. [119] In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the role of business tourism in the overall flow: if in 2013 about 80% of trips were business, in 2015 their number was already 67%. Most tourists go to "bow to the memory of the last and his family." In addition, new tourist ideas are developing such as the Bazhov theme, the geological and mineralogical theme, industrial tourism, and the event calendar. [120]

Yekaterinburg is the third largest transport hub of Russia, behind Moscow and St. Petersburg. The city has 6 federal highways, 7 main railway lines, and an international airport. The location of Yekaterinburg in the central part of the region allows for 7 to 10 hours to get from it to any large city of the Urals. [121] The formation of Yekaterinburg as an important transportation hub is largely due to the city's favourable geographical location on a low stretch of the Ural Mountains, through which it was convenient to lay the main roads connecting the European and Eastern parts of Russia. [122]

Yekaterinburg is one of the ten Russian megacities with the largest car fleet (0.437 megacars were registered in the city in 2014), which has been intensively increasing in recent years (by 6–14% annually). [123] [124] The level of car ownership in 2015 has reached 410 cars per 1,000 people. [125] Its pace in the past few years has seriously exceeded the pace of development and the capacity of the road infrastructure. For the first time, transport problems started to appear in Yekaterinburg in the 1980s and though it did not seem threatening at first, the situation gets worse every year. Studies have shown that as early as 2005, the capacity limit for the road network was reached, which has now led to permanent congestion. [126] To increase the capacity of the street-road network, stage-by-stage reconstruction of streets is being carried out, as well as multi-level interchanges being built. In order to reduce the transit traffic, the Sverdlovsk Oblast administration announced two road projects in 2014: the Yekaterinburg Ring Road (EKAD) and an overpass road on Sovetskaya Street. The Yekaterinburg Ring Road would surround the largest municipalities of Yekaterinburg. Its purpose would be to help the city's economy and reduce traffic on the Middle Ring Road of the city, making it easier for civilians to commute around the city than going through the city's traffic congestion. Eventually, the Ring Road would connect to other federal roads in order for easier access between other Russian cities. Construction of the road started in the same year. The projects were assigned to the Ministry of Transport and Communications since the projects were crucial to the city's economy. Officials hope the road projects will build environments more conducive to improving local quality of life and outside investments. Completing these major inter-regional roads will increase productive traffic by 50% to 100%, improving the local economy with its ease of access to industries. [127]

Since 2014, the project for the introduction of paid parking in the central part of Yekaterinburg is being implemented. The project is implemented in parallel with the increase in the number of intercepting parking lots and the construction of parking lots. At the end of 2015, in the central part of the city there were 2,307 paid parking places. [125]

The total length of the road network in Yekaterinburg is 1,311.5   km (814.9   mi) , of which 929.8   km (577.8   mi) is cobbled carriageways, 880   km (550   mi) is with upgraded coverage, 632   km (393   mi) is backbone networks, of which 155   km (96   mi) are on the citywide backbone network movement. 20 interchanges have been constructed at different levels within the city limits, including 11 on the EKAD and 9 on the middle ring. 74 transport facilities (27 bridges across the Iset River, Patrushikha, Mostovka, Istok Rivers, 13 dams on the Iset, Patrushikha, Istok, Olkhovka, Warm, Shilovka Rivers, 23 road overpasses , and 18 out-of-the-way pedestrian crossings) were built as well. [128]

Yekaterinburg is served by the following highways: [129]

Yekaterinburg uses almost all types of public transport. The largest transportation services—the Municipal Association of Bus Enterprises, the Tram-Trolleybus Office, and the Yekaterinburg Metro —transported 207.4   million people in 2015. [130] The total volume of passenger transportation by all land transport modes decreases annually. If the annual passenger traffic of municipal transport was 647.1   million people in 2002, and according to this index the city occupied the third place in the country with a wide margin, then in 2008 this figure would be 412 million people (the fourth place in Russia). [131] [132]

Since 1991, the city operates the sixth metro in Russia and the thirteenth in the CIS . At the moment there is one line with 9 stations. In 2015 49.9   million passengers were transported; according to this metric the Yekaterinburg Metro is the fourth in Russia, behind the Moscow Metro, Saint Petersburg Metro, and Novosibirsk Metro . [133] Although the metro is the second most popular type of public transport, in recent years significant problems have appeared in its work: loss-making, obsolete rolling stock, and a shortage of funds for modernisation. [134] The tram network was established in 1929 and currently [ when? ] plays a leading role in the urban transport system. The volume of passengers carried for 2013 is 127.8   million, [135] but this declines every year (245   million people in 2013 [136] ). In 2016 there were 30 routes operating 459 cars. The total length of the tracks is 185.5   km. As of 2016 [ update ] , the construction of a tram line "Ekaterinburg-Verkhnyaya Pyshma" was planned. [137]

There are 93 bus routes operating in Yekaterinburg, including 30 municipal ones (EMUP "MOAP"). [138] In 2007, 114.5   million passengers were transported by municipal intercity buses (124.6   million in 2006). [139] The decrease in volume is due to the increasing role of the fixed-route taxis in the urban transport system of Yekaterinburg, as well as the high cost of travel. However, the city bus transport network provides significant employment for the people of Ekaterinburg, including the formidable babushkas who collect passenger fares. In the park of EMPU, there are 537 buses. [140] In 2013, there are 19 routes, which employ 250 trolleybuses. The total length of trolleybus lines is 168.4   km. The number of passengers transported by trolleybus in 2007 amounted to 78.4   million (84.3   million in 2006). [139]

In addition, the city operates an electric train route linking the north-western and the southern parts of Yekaterinburg, from Sem' Klyuchey to Elizavet.

Yekaterinburg is a major railway junction. In the Yekaterinburg node, 7 main lines converge (to Perm , Tyumen , Kazan , Nizhny Tagil , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , and Tavda ). The Sverdlovsk Railway Administration is located in the city, which serves trains on the territory of the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen Regions, the Perm Territory, the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, as well as parts of the Omsk Region, and there is a single road traffic control centre. The Perm–Yekaterinburg–Tyumen section is now part of the main route of the Trans-Siberian Railway .

Yekaterinburg is served by two primary airports: Koltsovo International Airport (SVX) and the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport . Koltsovo Airport is one of the largest airports in the country, serving 5.404   million passengers (including 3.485   million serviced by domestic airlines, 1.919   million at international flights) in 2017, making it the sixth busiest airport in Russia . [141]

Yekaterinburg has an extensive network of municipal, regional and federal health facilities. There are 54 hospitals, designed at a capacity of 18,200 beds, [142] 272 ambulatory polyclinics, and 156 dental clinics and offices. [143] Some health facilities are based on medical research institutes such as the Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, [144] the Research Institute of Dermatology and Immunopathology, [145] and the Ural State Medical University, as well as others.

In clean areas of the city, there is the Yekaterinburg Medical Centre, which includes the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital No. 1 (also includes a polyclinic and a boarding house), Central City Hospital No. 40 (polyclinic, therapeutic building, surgical building, infectious body, neuro-surgical building, maternity hospital), Regional Cardiology Centre, Centre for Prevention and Control of AIDS, and MNTK Eye Microsurgery. [146]

Other large medical centres are the Uralmash Health Centre (Hospital No. 14), the Hospital of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, the district hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the district military hospital, the Oncology Centre, the Sverdlovsk Oblast Psychiatric Hospital, the Disaster Medicine Centre, the Sanguis Blood Transfusion Centre, children's versatile hospital No. 9, and the regional rehabilitation centre on Chusovsky lake. There are about 300 pharmacies in the city. [143] The number of doctors in public medical institutions is 11,339 people (83.9 per 10,000 people) and the number of nurses is 16,795 (124 per 10,000 people).

Private medical institutions also operate in the city. [147]

Yekaterinburg's education system includes institutions of all grades and conditions: preschool, general, special (correctional), and vocational (secondary and higher education), as well as others. Today, the city is one of the largest educational centres of Russia, with Yekaterinburg considered to be the leading educational and scientific centre of the Urals . [148]

There are 164 educational institutions in Yekaterinburg: 160 of them operate in the morning and the other 4 in the evening. In 2015, 133,800 people were enrolled in general education institutions, which holds a capacity of 173,161 people. [149] Yekaterinburg's education system also includes state pre-school educational institutions, non-state pre-school institutions, out-of-town health camps, and municipal city health facilities with a one-day stay. [150] Five educational institutions of the city: SUNC UrFU, Gymnasium No. 2, Gymnasium No. 9, Gymnasium No. 35, and Lyceum No. 135, were included in the rating of the five hundred best schools in the country by the Moscow Center for Continuous Mathematical Education and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation . [151]

On 16 July 1914, the Ural Mining Institute of Emperor Nicholas II (now the Ural State Mining University ) was established as Yekaterinburg's first educational institution. [152] In 1930, the Sverdlovsk Power Engineering College (now the Ural Technical Institute of Communications and Informatics) was opened to train specialists in the field of communications. The Alexei Maximovich Gorky Ural State University (now the Ural Federal University ) became the first university in Yekaterinburg by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR , signed by Vladimir Lenin on 19 October 1920. The Sverdlovsk Engineering and Pedagogical Institute (today the Russian State Vocational and Pedagogical University) became the first university of the USSR for the training of engineering and pedagogical personnel when it was opened in 1979.

In terms of the level of qualification of the graduates, Yekaterinburg's universities are among the leading in Russia, in particular in terms of the number of graduates representing the current managing elite of the country, Yekaterinburg universities are second only to the educational institutions of Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [153] [154] Currently, there are 20 state universities in the city, which currently holds a total of 140,000 students. [155] In addition, there are 14 non-state institutions of higher education in the city, such as the Yekaterinburg Academy of Contemporary Art and the Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary. The prestigious architecture school, the Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts , is also located within the city limits. Other institutions of higher education Ural State Pedagogical University, Ural State University of Forestry, Ural State University of Railway Transport, Ural State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Ural State Conservatory , Ural State Agricultural Academy, Ural State Law Academy , Ural State Medical University, Ural State Academy of Performing Arts, Ural Academy of Public Service, and Institute of International Relations .

In May 2011, the Ural State University and Ural State Technical University merged to form the Boris N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University , making it the largest university in the Urals and the largest university in Russia. As of 1 January 2016, the university had 35,300 students and 2,950 teachers. The university's budget in 2015 totalled 9,1   billion rubles and the volume of research and development work totalled 1,6   billion rubles. [156] As of 2021, UrFU is the largest university in Russia in terms of the number of students, being on the 351st place in the QS World University Rankings. [157] [158] The number of publications of the university in the Web of Science database is about a thousand per year. [159]

There are many branches of non-resident universities in the city, including the Ural branch of the Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Private Law, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Plekhanov Russian Economic Academy, the Yekaterinburg branch of the University of the Russian Academy of Education, the Yekaterinburg branch of the Moscow State University, and Sholokhov Humanitarian University, as well as others.

In Yekaterinburg, a large number of print publications are published: about 200 newspapers, the most read being the Ural Worker , Vecherny Yekaterinburg , Oblastnaya Gazeta , and For Change! , and 70 magazines, with most read being Red Burda and I'm Buying . [160] [161]

A television studio was built in Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) in 1955 and on 6 November of the same year, the first telecast appeared. Coloured television later appeared in 1976. [162] Now the television is broadcast by 19 companies, including but not all: STRC Ural, Channel Four, 41 Home, Channel 10, OTV, Union (Orthodox), and UFO 24. Broadcasting is carried out from the TV tower on Lunacharsky street (television studio GTRK Ural), the TV tower on the Moskovskiy Hill, and from the TV tower (radio relay tower) on Blyukher Street. In 1981, construction of a new television tower was started, which was to become the second tallest in Russia after the Ostankino Tower and cover the territory of most of the Sverdlovsk region, but economic difficulties postponed construction. As a result, the television tower was the tallest uncompleted structure in the world. On 24 March 2018, the television tower was demolished by detonation for the city's beautification in preparation of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . [163] The Shartash radio mast, which broadcasts, is the tallest structure in the city, with a height of 263 meters. [164] In addition, several dozens of national and local news agencies are broadcast in Yekaterinburg, with the most watched being ITAR-TASS Ural, RUIA-Ural, and Interfax-Ural.

At the moment [ when? ] , there are 26 internet providers and 6 cellular operators in the city. [165] According to Yekaterinburg News , the city has signed a cooperative agreement with the Russian mobile operator Vimpelcom , working under the Beeline brand. The partnership will involve cooperation on investment projects and social programmes focused on increasing access to mobile services in the city. Beeline has launched an initiative to provide Wi-Fi services in 500 public trams and trolley buses in Yekaterinburg. [166]

Yekaterinburg is a multipurpose cultural centre of the Urals Federal District. [148] There are about fifty libraries in the city. The largest library organisations are the Sverdlovsk Oblast Universal Scientific Library, the V.G. Belinsky Scientific Library, which is the largest public library in Sverdlovsk Oblast, and the Municipal Library Association, which is composed of 41 libraries throughout the city, including the AI Herzen Central City Library. [167]

There are about 50 different museums in the city. [168] Yekaterinburg has unique museum collections, such as the collections of Russian paintings in the Yekaterinburg Museum of Fine Arts and the Nevyansk icons in the Nevyansk Icon Museum , with more than 300 icons representing the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries on display. There is also a unique exhibit, the Kaslinsky cast iron pavilion, which received main awards at the 1900 World Exhibition in Paris. The Kasli Pavilion was registered by UNESCO as the only cast-iron architectural structure in the world, which is in the museum collection. [169] Museums of the city also have collections of jewellery and stone ornaments. The United Museum of Writers of the Urals presents exhibitions in memory of writers such as Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak and Pavel Bazhov . It also is the home of the Shigirskaya Kladovaya ( Шигирская кладовая ), or Shigir Collection, which includes the oldest known wooden sculpture in the world. The sculpture was found near Nevyansk and originally estimated to have been made approximately 9,500 years ago, but now is estimated to have been made 11,500 years ago. [170] Yekaterinburg museums annually participate in the international event Long Night of Museums .

Yekaterinburg has the third most theatres in Russia. [171] The influence of theatrical life of the city was made by the Moscow Art Academic Theater and the Central Theater of the Soviet Army when they evacuated to Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk) during World War II, and they had their own theater in the city. [172] Notable theatres that operate in the city are Academic Theater of Musical Comedy, Drama Theater, Kolyada-Theater , the youth theatre, and the puppet theatre, as well as others. The Yekaterinburg Opera and Ballet Theater received four awards at the Golden Mask 2020 Festival in Moscow, including the main Golden Mask for the Best Opera Performance [173]

In 2014, the city showcased its education, literary, art, and theatre culture through the Russian Year of Culture Programme. [174]

The city has a well-developed film industry. Opened back in 1909, Laurage was the first cinema in Yekaterinburg. In 1943, the Sverdlovsk Film Studio was opened and produced its first feature film Silva a year later. After the Second World War, the studio produced up to ten feature films a year. There are more than 20 cinemas in Yekaterinburg, the oldest of which is the Salyut, while the most capacious is the Cosmos spacecraft. [175] [176] There are also chains of movie theatres such as Premier-Zal, Kinomaks, and Kinoplex, which usually open in shopping and entertainment centres.

A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif , Chicherina , Nautilus Pompilius , Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi , Slaughter to Prevail and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii , were originally formed in Yekaterinburg ( Ural Rock is often considered as a particular variety of rock music. Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are actually considered to be the main centres of the genre in Russia). Also, opera singers like Boris Shtokolov , Yuri Gulyayev , Vera Bayeva graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (currently conducted by Dmitry Liss ), founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg, is also very popular in Russia and in Europe, as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus, a folk-singing and dance ensemble. [ citation needed ]

Yekaterinburg V. I. Filatov State Circus is located in the centre of the city, on the western bank of the Iset River. In 2012, the Yekaterinburg Circus was nominated "Best Circus of the Year" for the circus show Sharivari by the Rosgoscirk and the Ministry of Culture . [177]

The Presidential Center named after Boris Yeltsin was built in Yekaterinburg in 2015. It is considered to be a public, cultural and educational center. Center has its art gallery, library, museum equipped with the newest multimedia technologies that help to present the documents, video materials and archive photos. In 2017, the Yeltsin Center was recognized as the best museum in Europe by the Council of Europe, the first of the museums in Russia. [178]

The Urals Society of Natural Science Lovers pushed Yekaterinburg to have a zoo. Currently, the zoo has more than 1,000 animals that belong to more than 350 species. The zoo covers an area of 2.7 hectares.

On 18 June 2011, Yekaterinburg launched Red Line as a pedestrian tourist route for self-guided tours by residents and visitors to go to 34 landmarks in the historical section of the city. [179]

Many buildings of Yekaterinburg are ranged from a different number of architectural styles. The city had a regular layout, based on the fortresses of the Renaissance and by the principles of French town planning during the 17th century. By the 18th century, the Baroque movement was not that influential in Yekaterinburg, with the style being seen in churches which later declined [180]

In the first half of the 19th century, neoclassicism grew influential in the Yekaterinburg's architecture. The estates were built in the neoclassic style, including the main house, wings, services, and often an English-style park. This style's influence in Yekaterinburg is mostly due to the contributions of architect Michael Malakhov, who worked in the city from 1815 to 1842. He designed the assemblies of the Verkhne-Isetsky factory as well as the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery. [180]

At the beginning of the 20th century, eclecticism became a dominant influence in Yekaterinburg's architecture. Buildings such as the Opera House and Yekaterinburg railway station were built in this style. During the 1920s and the 1930s, constructivism took effect, influencing residential complexes, industrial buildings, stadiums, etc. Architects Moses Ginzburg, Jacob Kornfeld, the Vesnina brothers, Daniel Friedman, and Sigismund Dombrovsky contributed greatly to the constructivism in the city. More than 140 structures in Yekaterinburg are designed through the constructivist style. [181]

During the 1930s to 1950s, there was a turn back to neoclassicism, with much attention paid to public buildings and monuments. Notable examples include the buildings of the Ural Industrial Institute on Lenin Avenue, the City Party Committee and the City Council Executive Committee building (now the City Administrative building), the District Officers' House, and the House of Defense complex. Cultural buildings are built in the squares in orderly composition. In these years, architects Golubev, K. T. Babykin, Valenkov worked fruitfully in Yekaterinburg with this style. In the 1960s, changes in the approach to construction led to widespread distribution of apartment blocks common in the Khrushchev era . Buildings built by individuals were rare, among them being: KKT "Kosmos", the Palace of Youth, and DK UZTM. [182]

From the 1960s to the 1980s, as industrial development grew in Yekaterinburg, so did rationalism . The situation changed in the 1990s when Russia transferred into a market economy. At that time, older buildings were restored, giving the urban area a new environment such as: the Cosmos Concert Hall, the Puppet Theater, the children's ballet theatre The Nutcracker, the Palace of Justice, the Cathedral of the Blood, and the Church of the Transfiguration . At the same time, the construction of new buildings was accompanied by the demolition of historical buildings, leading to the development of the "facade" phenomenon, where the facades of historic buildings are preserved while adjacent modern buildings are built. [183]

The centre of Yekaterinburg became the centre of new construction, where banks, business centres, hotels, luxury residential complexes, and sports and shopping centres were built. High-tech architecture grew influential, with buildings such as the Center for Railway Transportation Management, the Summit business centre, the Aquamarine residential complex, and the retail strip at Vaynera Street being notable examples. Along with this, postmodernism revived interest in the older architectural styles of Yekaterinburg, growing more emphasis on historicalism and contextualism. In the late 1990s, architects grew interested in regionalism . [183]

At the beginning of the 21st century, Yekaterinburg architects turned back to the Soviet-based avant-garde, and influence future city buildings with the neoconstructivist style. The practice of attracting large foreign investors to projects has become popular. In 2007, the construction of the Central business district started, being headed by the French architect Jean Pistre. [183] In 2010, Yekaterinburg became one of the largest centers for the construction of High-rise buildings. In the city, 1,189 high-rise buildings were built, including 20 skyscrapers, the tallest of which is the Iset Tower , with a height of 209 meters. [184]

Yekaterinburg is also a leading sports centre in Russia. A large number of well-known athletes, both world and Olympics champions, are associated with the city. Since 1952, Yekaterinburg athletes have won 137 medals at the Olympic Games (46 gold, 60 silver and 31 bronze). In the 2008 Summer Olympics , 8 residents of Yekaterinburg returned with medals (1 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze). [185]

In 1965, Yekaterinburg (as Sverdlovsk), along with a number of Russian cities, hosted the Bandy World Championship . In 2018, Yekaterinburg was one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena (called Central Stadium before the World Cup). [186]

Yekaterinburg has a total of 1728 sports facilities, including 16 stadiums with stands, 440 indoor gyms and 45 swimming pools. There are 38 sports children's and youth schools for reserves for the Olympic Games, in which more than 30,000 people are participating. [187]

Sport clubs

Yekaterinburg has many professional sports clubs in sports such as volleyball, basketball, futsal , bandy , and ice hockey for both women and men. Bandy club SKA-Sverdlovsk , women's volleyball club VC Uralochka-NTMK , women's basketball club UMMC Yekaterinburg , and futsal club MFK Sinara Yekaterinburg were among the best teams in Russia and Europe.

2018 FIFA World Cup

Yekaterinburg hosted four matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup [59] Yekaterinburg is one of the 11 Russian cities that hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The matches were played on the upgraded Yekaterinburg Arena . [186]

For the World Cup 2018, from 7 October 2015 to 29 December 2017, the Central Stadium was upgraded to bring it into compliance with FIFA requirements for the World Cup and was renamed Yekaterinburg Arena. The architectural concept of the new stadium is built on a combination of historical walls and the built-in core of the modern arena. During the reconstruction of the sports facility, which is a monument of history and culture, the facades are carefully preserved, and the arena itself is equipped with the latest technical achievements of the sports industry. Temporary stands extending outside the stadium's original perimeter were erected to comply with the FIFA requirement of seating for 35,000 spectators. They can hold a total of 12,000 spectators, but the seating will be removed after the World Cup, decreasing the seating capacity back to 23,000. [188] [189]

The FIFA Fan Fest in Yekaterinburg is located in the Mayakovsky Central Park of Entertainment and Culture. Located just outside the city centre in a popular and well-known amusement park, it will have a capacity to hold 17,000 people. [190]

Koltsovo Airport was also reconstructed and had a second runway built. In addition, work was done to prepare another passenger terminal, modernize the technical infrastructure, and launch the business aviation hangar. The airport's capacity in preparation for the World Cup has increased to two thousand people per hour. The street and road network was also upgraded. [191]

The United States, [192] United Kingdom, [193] Germany, [194] France, [195] China [196] and several other countries have consulates in Yekaterinburg.

The BRIC countries met for their first official summit on 16 June 2009, in Yekaterinburg, [197] with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Dmitry Medvedev , Manmohan Singh , and Hu Jintao , the respective leaders of Brazil, Russia, India and China, all attending.

The foreign ministers of the BRIC countries had also met in Yekaterinburg previously on 16 May 2008.

In June 2013, at the 153rd General Assembly of the Bureau of International Expositions held in Paris, representatives from Yekaterinburg presented the city's bid to host the 2020 World Expo . Yekaterinburg's concept for the upcoming exhibition relates to the impact of globalisation on the modern world.

Russian President Vladimir Putin confirmed during a televised statement in English to earmark the required funds to build an exhibition complex large enough to receive the estimated 30 million visitors from more than 150 countries. [198]

Yekaterinburg later bid for the Expo 2025 . Yekaterinburg's concept for the bid exhibition relates to the technologies to make people happy by changing the world with innovation and quality of life. The host was announced on 23 November 2018 and Yekaterinburg lost out to Osaka, Japan.

Yekaterinburg hosted the Global Summit on Manufacturing and Industrialization (GMIS — 2019) GMIS under the auspices of the United Nations. [199] The annual INNOPROM exhibition is among the five largest industrial exhibitions in the world. [200]

Yekaterinburg is twinned with: [201]

• Anton Bakov , Leader of the Monarchist Party
• Irina Antonenko , Miss Russia 2010
• Aleksei Balabanov , film director, screenwriter, producer
• Vera Bazarova , pairs figure skater
• Pavel Bazhov , folklorist and children's author
• Old Man Bukashkin , artist and poet
• Pavel Datsyuk , ice hockey player
• Nikolay Durakov , bandy legend
• Chiang Fang-liang , former first lady of Taiwan
• Aleksey Fedorchenko , film director, producer
• Denis Galimzyanov , sprinter cyclist
• Anna Gavrilenko , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Nikolay Karpol , national women volleyball team coach
• Nikolai Khabibulin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Yashin , ice hockey player
• Alexei Khvostenko , avant-garde poet, singer-songwriter, artist, and sculptor
• Nikolay Kolyada , actor, director, writer, playwright, and playwriting teacher
• Ilya Kormiltsev , poet, translator, publisher
• Olga Kotlyarova , Olympic runner
• Maxim Kovtun , figure skater
• Vladislav Krapivin , children's author
• Valeria Savinykh , WTA Professional player
• Nikolay Krasovsky , mathematician
• Yulia Lipnitskaya , figure skater
• Iskander Makhmudov , businessman
• Vladimir Malakhov , ice hockey player
• Gennady Mesyats , vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences
• Maxim Miroshkin , pairs figure skater
• Vladimir Mulyavin (1941 – 2003), Belarusian musician and the founder of the folk-rock band Pesniary [202]
• Alfia Nazmutdinova , rhythmic gymnast
• Ernst Neizvestny , sculptor
• Oleg Platonov , writer, historian, and economist
• Daria Pridannikova , rhythmic gymnast
• Eduard Rossel , ex-governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Boris Ryzhy , poet
• Mikhail Shchennikov , race walker
• Vera Sessina , rhythmic gymnast
• Georgy Shishkin , painter
• Vassily Sigarev , playwright, screenwriter, film director
• Anastasiia Tatareva , Group rhythmic gymnast Olympic Gold medalist
• Sergei Tchepikov , Olympic biathlon competitor
• Vladimir Tretyakov , ex-rector of the Ural State University
• Lev Vainshtein , Olympic shooter
• Sergei Vonsovsky , physicist
• Alexander Dudoladov , writer
• Alexander Malinin , singer
• Petr Yan , Former UFC Bantamweight Champion
• A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM Delfin class ( NATO reporting name: Delta IV ) is named Ekaterinburg (K-84/"807") in honour of the city.
• The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

Related Research Articles

Sverdlovsk Oblast is a federal subject of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as Sverdlovsk. Its population is 4,268,998.

Irbit is a town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located 203 kilometers (126 mi) from Yekaterinburg by train or 250 kilometers (160 mi) by car, on the right bank of the Nitsa. Population: 37,009 (2021 Census) ; 38,357 (2010 Russian census) ; 43,318 (2002 Census) ; 51,708 (1989 Soviet census) .

Koltsovo International Airport is the international airport serving Yekaterinburg, Russia, located 16 km (10 mi) southeast of the city. Being the largest airport in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Koltsovo also serves nearby towns such as Aramil, Sysert, and Polevskoy. In general, the airport is responsible for serving approximately 4,290,000 people yearly. The airport is a hub for Ural Airlines, RusLine and Aviacon Zitotrans. Due to its location in the center of Russia, Yekaterinburg's airport is included in the "Priority Airports" list of Russia's Federal Air Transport Agency (Rosaviatsia).

Serov is a mining and commercial town in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the eastern foothills of the Ural Mountains, on the left bank of the Kakva River, about 350 kilometers (220 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 99,373 (2010 Russian census) ; 99,804 (2002 Census) ; 104,158 (1989 Soviet census) .

Pervouralsk is a city in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the Chusovaya River 39 kilometers (24 mi) west of Yekaterinburg, the administrative center of the oblast. Population: 124,528 (2010 Russian census) ; 132,277 (2002 Census) ; 142,193 (1989 Soviet census) ; 122,000 (1974); 90,000 (1959); 44,000 (1939).

Sredneuralsk is a town under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, located on the shore of Iset Lake, at the head of the Iset River, 25 kilometers (16 mi) north of Yekaterinburg. Population: 20,449 (2010 Russian census) ; 19,555 ; 18,786 (1989 Soviet census) .

Anton Alekseyevich Bakov is a Russian businessman, monarchist politician, traveler, writer and human rights activist. He is the chairman of the Russian Monarchist Party, was a member of the 4th convocation of the State Duma of Russia from 2003 to 2007 and was a candidate at 2018 Russian presidential election. Due to being known for a long series of unusual political projects such as Ural franc, the writer Alexei Ivanov coined him a "political Leonardo".

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Isetsky District is an administrative district (raion), one of the twenty-two in Tyumen Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Isetsky Municipal District . It is located in the west of the oblast. The area of the district is 2,751 square kilometers (1,062 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality of Isetskoye. Population: 26,061 ; 26,565 (2002 Census) ; 25,862 (1989 Soviet census) . The population of Isetskoye accounts for 28.7% of the district's total population.

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Boris Yeltsin Street is a street in Yekaterinburg, Russia.

The coat of arms of Yekaterinburg is the official municipal coat of arms of Yekaterinburg, Russia. The current symbol was adopted on 23 May 2008 and consists of a French shield divided horizontally into two fields, with a white mine shaft and a white furnace within the top field, which is green, and a blue wavy bend within the bottom field, which is gold. A gold bear and gold sable are located to the left and right of the shield, respectively. A gold crown with a gold laurel wreath is located above the shield and a gold ribbon is located below the shield. A grey druse is located at the bottom center of the shield.

Yevgeny Vladmirovich Kuyvashev is a Russian politician serving as Governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast since 29 May 2012. He served as the acting governor from 14 May 2012 to 29 May 2012, and again from 17 April 2017 to 18 September 2017.

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The 2022 Sverdlovsk Oblast gubernatorial election took place on 11 September 2022, on common election day. Governor Yevgeny Kuyvashev was re-elected for a third term.

• 1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #30-OZ
• 1 2 3 Haywood, A. J. (2010). Siberia: A Cultural History , Oxford University Press, p.   32
• ↑ Charter of Yekaterinburg, Article   24.1
• ↑ Official website of Yekaterinburg. Alexander Edmundovich Yakob, Head of Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
• ↑ "Проект о внесении изменений в Генеральный план развития городского округа – муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» на период до 2025 года" (in Russian). p.   168. [ permanent dead link ]
• 1 2 Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов   – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3   тысячи и более человек [ Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000 ] (XLS) . Всероссийская перепись населения 2002   года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
• ↑ "Federal State Statistic Service" . Government of Russia. 1 January 2024 . Retrieved 6 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации.   №ОК 019-95   1 января 1997 г. « Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код   65 401 », в ред. изменения №278/2015 от   1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification.   # OK 019-95   January   1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code   65 401 , as amended by the Amendment   # 278/2015 of   January   1, 2016. ).
• 1 2 3 Law #85-OZ
• ↑ "Об исчислении времени" . Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 January 2019 .
• 1 2 "Срок регистрации домена закончился" . www.ekaterinburg.com . Archived from the original on 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Upton, Clive ; Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. (2017). The Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (2nd   ed.). Routledge. p.   1552. ISBN   978-1-138-12566-7 .
• ↑ "RUSSIA: Ural'skij Federal'nyj Okrug: Ural Federal District" . City Population.de . 4 August 2020 . Retrieved 2 October 2020 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" " . Urbaneconomics.ru .
• ↑ Kolossov, Vladimir; Eckert, Denis (1 January 2007). "Russian regional capitals as new international actors: the case of Yekaterinburg and Rostov" . Belgeo (1): 115–132. doi : 10.4000/belgeo.11686 .
• ↑ "Central Asian Chapter by Eurasian Respiratory and Allergy Consortium" . Era-cac.org . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 .
• ↑ "Yekaterinburg - Entertainment - Russia.com" . Russia.com .
• ↑ "Конструктивизм. Жемчужина архитектуры Екатеринбурга" . www.e1.ru (in Russian). 16 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург за 10 лет стал столицей конструктивизма" . Strelka Mag (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ Урал, Наш (19 May 2016). "Советская утопия: эпоха конструктивизма в Екатеринбурге" . Наш Урал (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Все кругом храпят, а Екатеринбург — пробужденный Когда уральский город объявил себя российской столицей стрит-арта, многие смеялись. А потом он стал ею" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Как Екатеринбург становится столицей стрит-арта" . Российская газета (in Russian). 16 April 2019 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург – столица стрит-арта. Часть первая" . www.uralweb.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 March 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Памятникик археологии" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "1.2. Палкинские каменные палатки. Проект 1. | "Образование Урала" " . uraledu.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ ГАМАЮНСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА – Уральская Историческая Энциклопедия . ural.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Екатеринбург" . Геральдика Свердловской области . Официальный сайт областной думы законодательного собрания. Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2009 .
• ↑ Юрий, Коновалов (26 March 2004). "Первые русские поселения на реке Уктус" . www.okorneva.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• 1 2 Кулешов, Николай (2001). "Горных заводов щит" . Домострой (4).
• ↑ Архипова, Нина (2001). "Тайны "превысочайшего Камня" ". Родина (11).
• ↑ Корепанов Н. С. Уктус — исток Екатеринбурга — Екатеринбург: Грачёв и партнёры, 2012. — 40 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91256-129-0
• 1 2 3 4 5 Юхт, Александр (1985). Государственная деятельность В. Н. Татищева в 20-е — начале 30-х годов XVIII века (in Russian). Moscow: Наука .
• ↑ "Библиотека истории: Ремесло историка в России – Бердинских В.А." history-library.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Завод-крепость – История основания Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Основание Екатеринбурга" . Histrf.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Металлургические заводы Урала XVII—XX вв.: Энциклопедия / глав. ред. В. В. Алексеев. — Екатеринбург   : Издательство «Академкнига», 2001.
• 1 2 ipravo.info. "О ликвидации Баженовского и Сысертского районов Уральской области и о расширении городской черты и пригородной зоны города Свердловска – Российский Правовой Портал" (in Russian). ipravo.info. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 .
• 1 2 "History of the Verkh-Isetsky district" . Administration of Verkh-Isetsky district . Archived from the original on 16 December 2021 . Retrieved 7 June 2024 .
• ↑ "Золотой век Екатеринбурга" . Уралнаш. Интересно о Екатеринбурге . 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ "50 интересных фактов об Екатеринбурге — Общенет" . obshe.net . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Massie, Robert K. (22 February 2012). The Romanovs: The Final Chapter . Random House Publishing Group. ISBN   9780307873866 .
• ↑ "FSU News" . fsu.edu . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 История Екатеринбурга – Информационный портал Екатеринбурга . ekburg.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Временное Областное Правительство Урала – Энциклопедия Екатеринбурга – Энциклопедии & Словари" . enc-dic.com . Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Главная: НОВОСТИ . familii.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Справочник по административно-территориальному делению Свердловской области" (PDF) . ГАСО (State Archive of the Sverdlovsk oblast). p.   37. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2013 .
• ↑ Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion . ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-57607-084-0 .
• ↑ Беркович Артём. "Пермь и Екатеринбург: история соперничества" . Муниципальный музей истории Екатеринбурга. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 .
• ↑ In the name of Victory. Sverdlovsk-Yekaterinburg during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 . 2005 – via Ekaterinburg: Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
• ↑ "Свердловск – 1983 год" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью – АПИ-Урал" . apiural.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "President Yeltsin speaks about Tsar Murder" . BBC News . 17 July 1998 . Retrieved 4 April 2012 .
• ↑ Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", Science 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202–1208.
• ↑ Martin McCauley, "Who's who in Russia since 1900", Routledge , 1997: p.133.
• ↑ Ровно 18 лет назад Свердловск снова стал Екатеринбургом . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ "О возвращении городу Свердловску его исторического названия Екатеринбург, Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 23 сентября 1991 года №1674-1" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 15 May 2018 .
• ↑ (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. "First BRIC summit concludes | DW | 16 June 2009" . DW.COM . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Russia moves to year-round winter time" . BBC News . 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 Грязнов Олег Николаевич; Гуляев Александр Николаевич; Рубан Наталья Валентиновна (2015). "Факторы инженерно-геологических условий города Екатеринбурга" . Izvestiia Uralʹskogo Gorno-Geologicheskoĭ Akademii (журнал) (3) (Известия Уральского государственного горного университета   ed.). Екатеринбург: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский государственный горный университет": 5–21. ISSN   2307-2091 .
• ↑ Погода и Климат – Климат Екатеринбург [ Weather and Climate – The Climate of Yekaterinburg ] (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) . Retrieved 8 November 2021 .
• ↑ "WMO Climate Normals for Sverdlovsk 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 29 October 2021 .
• ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [ 2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1 ] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service .
• ↑ "Национальный состав населения" (PDF) . Территориальный орган Федеральной службы государственной статистики по Свердловской области и Курганской области . Retrieved 7 June 2023 .
• ↑ "В Екатеринбурге заложили первый камень в основание соборной мечети – Уральская палата недвижимости" . upn.ru . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Четвертый канал" . channel4.ru . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Встреча Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла с общественностью Уральского федерального округа / Видеоматериалы / Патриархия.ru" . Патриархия.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Устав Свердловской области (с изменениями на 7 декабря 2017 года), Устав Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ, Закон Свердловской области от 23 декабря 2010 года №105-ОЗ" . docs.cntd.ru . Retrieved 2 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области Губернатора Свердловской области № 141-ОЗ" . www.pravo.gov66.ru . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Закон Свердловской области от 18.02.2021 № 9-ОЗ ∙ Официальное опубликование правовых актов ∙ Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru . Archived from the original on 12 March 2022 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 The population of the Russian Federation for municipalities as of 1 January 2019 Archived 16 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine (2 May 2019)
• ↑ "К 2023 году население Академического района вырастет до 120 тысяч человек" . Новый День (in Russian). 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 12 March 2022 .
• 1 2 "Chapter IV. Bodies and officials of local self-government of the municipality "city of Yekaterinburg" " . екатеринбург.рф . 25 July 2017. Archived from the original on 26 June 2016 . Retrieved 19 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации" . publication.pravo.gov.ru .
• 1 2 "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "город Екатеринбург", Решение Екатеринбургской городской Думы Свердловской области от 12 октября 2010 года №62/29" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ Article 42 of the Charter of Sverdlovsk Oblast
• ↑ "О ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИИ И РЕОРГАНИЗАЦИИ АДМИНИСТРАЦИИ СВЕРДЛОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (с изменениями на: 06.02.1997), Постановление Правительства Свердловской области от 27 сентября 1995 года №13-П" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Сведения о проводящихся выборах и референдумах" . sverdlovsk.vybory.izbirkom.ru . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Voting results for the Federal Electoral District – Election of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the Seventh Convocation – September 18, 2016" . CEC. Archived from the original on 28 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Российские города отстают в развитии" . НИУ ВШЭ . 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Urban world: Mapping the economic power of cities" . McKinsey Global Institute . March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ "Рейтинг столичных городов России от Фонда "Институт экономики города" | Институт экономики города" . urbaneconomics.ru . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Economics of Russian cities and urban agglomeration , Institute for Urban Economics
• 1 2 Алексей Белоусов, Орнат Валентина. (13 October 2015). "Екатеринбург – глобальный город" . Мегаполис. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Зубаревич Н.В. (2013). "Крупные города России: лидеры и аутсайдеры" (PDF) . Demoskop Weekly (журнал) (551–552) (Демоскоп Weekly   ed.). М.: НИУ ВШЭ: 1–17. ISSN   1726-2887 .
• ↑ "Екатеринбург вошел в топ-10 городов с самым высоким уровнем жизни" . JustMedia . 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 .
• 1 2 3 "Results of social and economic development of the municipal formation "city of Yekaterinburg" in 2015" . 2016. p.   202 – via Ekaterinburg: Department of Economics of the Administration of the City of Yekaterinburg.
• ↑ "Итоги социально-экономического развития Екатеринбурга" . Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Дарья Воронина. (19 June 2013). "Главными проблемами Екатеринбурга назвали медицину, ЖКХ и дороги" . Российская газета . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Юлия Позднякова. (22 April 2016). "Расходы бюджета Екатеринбурга за 2015 год составили почти 33 млрд рублей" . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• ↑ Полина Путякова. (30 August 2016). "Меряемся бюджетами: Откуда города берут деньги и на что тратят" . zvzda.ru. Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
• 1 2 3 Kachanova E.A. Strategic Priorities for the formation of finance for municipalities in the context of reforming the budgetary system Archived 15 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine , – Moscow: Russian Academy of National Economy and State Service under the President of the Russian Federation, 2013. – 354 p.
• ↑ Vyacheslav, Kostyuk (12 December 2014). "His alien" . The Ural Worker . Archived from the original on 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие банки России по капиталу" . Журнал "Коммерсантъ Деньги" . 25 July 2016. p.   60 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Крупнейшие производители ПО" .
• ↑ "О распределении обязанностей по контролю и надзору за соблюдением законодательства Российской Федерации организациями, осуществляющими профессиональную деятельность на рынке ценных бумаг, деятельность центрального депозитария, деятельность по проведению организованных торгов, клиринговую деятельность и деятельность центрального контрагента, репозитарную деятельность, а также деятельность саморегулируемых организаций в сфере финансового рынка, объединяющих профессиональных участников рынка ценных бумаг, и об отмене отдельных распорядительных актов Банка России, Приказ Банка России от 07 августа 2017 года №ОД-2228" . docs.cntd.ru .
• ↑ "Падающие пиксели и огромный шар: как может выглядеть "Екатеринбург-Сити" " . РБК Недвижимость . 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 76
• ↑ "ТОП-100 крупнейших предприятий Свердловской области Екатеринбург" . Деловой квартал. 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования «город Екатеринбург» в 2019 году" . Archived from the original on 29 November 2020 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , p. 127–128
• 1 2 Development results, 2016 , p. 129
• ↑ "Леруа Мерлен" . Archived from the original on 18 October 2021 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 .
• ↑ "Castorama – строительный гипермаркет: купить товары для дома, дачи и ремонта" . Castorama.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
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• ↑ "Максидом - интернет-магазин товаров для дома" . www.maxidom.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "ОБИ строительный гипермаркет: товары для дачи, сада, дома и ремонта: каталог ОБИ" . Obi.ru . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Строительный Двор – интернет-магазин стройматериалов, купить с доставкой строительные материалы в магазинах сети" . Sdvor.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 130
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 131–132
• ↑ Development results, 2016 , pg 133–135
• ↑ "Топ-20 самых больших торговых центров РФ" . marketmedia.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 11 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Сима-Ленд" . 20 October 2016.
• ↑ Вячеславовна, Логунцова Ирина (2015). "Специфика и перспективы Российской индустрии туризма на современном этапе" . Государственное управление. Электронный вестник (52): 259–278.
• ↑ Геннадьевич, Шеломенцев Андрей; Сергеевна, Головина Анна (2011). "Индустрия туризма региона в контексте принципов саморегулирования региональных социально-экономических систем" . Экономика региона (1): 166–170. ISSN   2072-6414 .
• ↑ Екатеринбург поднялся на третье место в топе российских городов по популярности среди иностранных туристов . URBC.RU – новости экономики (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Число посетивших Екатеринбург туристов выросло в 2015 году на 10%" . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Туристический мастер-класс" . expert.ru . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 .
• ↑ Маренков Г.В. (2012). "Транспортная инфраструктура Свердловской области – связующее звено между Европой и Азией" (PDF) . Инфраструктура России (Том 1   ed.). М.: Центр стратегического партнёрства. pp.   254–260. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Мальцева Ю.; Волкова М.В. (2015). "Изучение возможности постройки современного экологического жилья в Свердловской области" (PDF) (сборник трудов IX заочной международной научно-практической конференции (Екатеринбург, 30–31 мая 2015 г.)) (Система управления экологической безопасностью   ed.). Екатеринбург: УрФУ. pp.   138–141.
• ↑ Ведомости (10 March 2015). "Автопарк России увеличился в 2014 году на 1 млн легковых машин" . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Вы точно человек?" . КиберЛенинка . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "ИТОГИ социально-экономического развития муниципального образования в 2015 году" . 2016. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021 . Retrieved 7 July 2022 .
• ↑ Цариков А.А.; Обухова Н.А.; Оглы Мирзоев Н.З. (2015). "Эволюция системы заторов на улично-дорожной сети города Екатеринбурга" (PDF) (журнал) (Эксплуатация автомобильного транспорта   ed.). Екатеринбург: Общероссийская общественная организация "Российская академия транспорта". pp.   74–86. ISSN   2311-164X . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ Reports, Yekaterinburg News. "Sverdlovsk focusing on two road projects" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 .
• ↑ Крицкий В.П. (2009). "Дорожное хозяйство Екатеринбурга" (PDF) . Дороги России-2009. Информационно-аналитический каталог (Издание второе, подготовлено к IХ Международной выставке-форуму "Дороги России XXI века" и Дню работников дорожного хозяйства 3000 экз   ed.). Екатеринбург: Информационно-издательский холдинг "Реал-Медиа". pp.   204–205, 302. ISBN   978-5-98266-061-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Google Maps" . Google Maps . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Скандальный бывший МУП Мирошника лидер сферы общественного транспорта Екатеринбурга? По данным мэрии, именно трамваи перевезли больше всего горожан за 2015 год" . Ведомости-Урал. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Основные технико-эксплуатационные характеристики метрополитенов за 2015 год" (PDF) . asmetro.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ Дмитрий Ольшванг. (18 March 2016). "Проблемы екатеринбургского метро: убытки, снижение пассажиропотока! Общественник Беззуб: "Если учитывать стоимость строительства станций, то цена билета на метро должна быть 144 рубля"..." Ведомости-Урал. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 .
• ↑ "Шины для трамваев, бензин для поездов. Документы: на что транспортные МУПы Екатеринбурга тратят деньги" . uralpolit.ru . Retrieved 13 March 2014 .
• ↑ "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 30 June 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Строительство трамвайной линии Екатеринбург – Верхняя Пышма начнут в 2016 году" . Портал 66.ru. 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• 1 2 "Города Свердловской области" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ Автобусный парк Екатеринбурга утепляют к зиме . УралИнформБюро (in Russian) . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
• ↑ "Более 5,4 миллионов пассажиров обслужил аэропорт Кольцово в 2017 году   (АвиаПорт)" . АвиаПорт.Ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 1 May 2018 .
• ↑ "БГД" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 According to the city directory Dubl.
• ↑ Уральский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии – филиал ФГБУ "НМИЦ ФПИ" Минздрава России . urniif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный сайт ГБУ СО "Уральский научно-исследовательский институт дерматовенерологии и иммунопатологии" " . urniidvi.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Екатеринбургский центр МНТК "Микрохирургия глаза" . eyeclinic.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ Открытие второго центра МРТ-диагностики в городе Екатеринбурге! . ekaterinburg.ldc.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 М.м, Рогалёва (2014). "Екатеринбург как современный мегаполис" . Человек в мире культуры (4): 14–17. ISSN   2227-9857 .
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 14.
• ↑ Report of the head of the Yekaterinburg administration, 2016 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine , p. 13, 15.
• ↑ Лучшие школы России-2015 . РИА Новости (in Russian). 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Общие сведения об университете – ФГБОУ ВО "Уральский государственный горный университет" " . about.ursmu.ru . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ The second business rating of higher education Archived 29 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ Formation of the state elite 2008 Archived 5 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine – Federal Portal Russian Education, 22 May 2018
• ↑ "Российская академия наук намерена готовить кадры самостоятельно | Новости образования | Обучение Екатеринбург" . uchim66.ru . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
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• ↑ "По количеству бюджетных мест мы уже обошли МГУ" . 7 April 2021.
• ↑ "Ural Federal University – UrFU" .
• ↑ Case study: Ural Federal University as a basic university of industry in the region Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine . – Ekaterinburg: Ural Federal University, 2016. – p. 2, 9–10.
• ↑ "Гильдия издателей периодической печати" . 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Welcome media-atlas.ru - BlueHost.com" . www.media-atlas.ru . Archived from the original on 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" – Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" . Официальный сайт "Вести Урал" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вальханская, Наталья (24 March 2018). Взрыв и обрушение: снос телебашни в Екатеринбурге на видео очевидцев . Телеканал "Звезда" (in Russian) . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Тёмная башня" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Uralnets" . uralnets.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg signs cooperative agreement with Vimpelcom under Beeline brand" Archived 22 July 2013 at archive.today , Yekateringburg News , 19 July 2013. (Retrieved 22 July 2013).
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "WiseCms – troubles..." Culture.ekburg.ru . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Триумф России на Всемирной выставке в Париже 1900 года – Новости РуАН" . новости-россии.ru-an.info . Retrieved 20 February 2022 .
• ↑ Lykova TR   Cultural and historical centres of the Sverdlovsk region Archived 11 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine   // method. instructions for studying the course "Cultural and Historical Centres of the Urals" for full-time or part-time students, direction 100400 – Tourism. – Ekaterinburg: UGLTU, 2014. – P. 15-16 .
• ↑ "Главная страница - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Архитектура и планировка социалистического Свердловска. Часть 2" . 1723.ru . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ Вейн, Инна (10 November 2020). "Уральские актеры и режиссеры привезли домой сразу четыре "Золотые маски" " . Ekb.dk.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Fletcher, Martin. "Yekaterinburg to showcase city’s cultural achievements during Year of Culture" Archived 13 February 2014 at archive.today . Yekaterinburg News . 13 February 2014. (Retrieved 13 Feb 2014).
• ↑ Pozdnyakova, Julia (27 May 2016). "Sverdlovsk Oblast was in the picture" . Kommersant . Retrieved 24 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Интервью - АПИ-Урал" . www.apiural.ru . Retrieved 26 February 2022 .
• ↑ "Премией "Шаривари" отметили лучших деятелей циркового искусства – В МИРЕ ЦИРКА И ЭСТРАДЫ" . ruscircus.ru . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Ельцин Центр признали «лучшим европейским музеем 2017 года»" . The Village (in Russian) . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
• ↑ Самые популярные достопримечательности Екатеринбурга соединит красная линия на тротуаре . Interfax-Russia.ru (in Russian). 17 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 .
• 1 2 Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   30. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. pp.   30–31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• ↑ Yekaterinburg Encyclopedia (PDF) . Yekaterinburg: "Akademkniga". 2002. p.   31. ISBN   5-93472-068-6 – via PDF.
• 1 2 3 Shvets, A. V. (2016). "Domestic architecture of the late XX – early XXI century" (PDF) . New Ideas of the New Century: Scientific. Compilation . 2 . Khabarovsk: Pacific State University: 355–362. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 – via PDF.
• ↑ GmbH, Emporis. "Yekaterinburg | Buildings | EMPORIS" . Emporis . Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 .
• ↑ "Официальный портал Екатеринбурга" . Официальный портал Екатеринбурга . Archived from the original on 8 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• 1 2 "The announcement ceremony of the host cities of the 2018 World Cup united the whole of Russia" . ru.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "База данных показателей муниципальных образований" . gks.ru . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ sport, Guardian (4 October 2017). "Outer space: the Russia World Cup stadium with a novel seating extension" . the Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Construction: Tsentralnyj Stadion Yekaterinburg – StadiumDB.com" . stadiumdb.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ FIFA.com. "2018 FIFA World Cup Russia - News - FIFA Fan Fest venues announced for 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia" . fifa.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 .
• ↑ Azmukhanov, Alexander (3 May 2018). "The three most expensive projects of the region for the World Cup" . Oblastnaya Gazeta . Retrieved 22 May 2018 .
• ↑ "Official website of the U.S. Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the British Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the German Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Official website of the French Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
• ↑ "Chinese Consulate General in Yekaterinburg" . Retrieved 7 September 2013 .
• ↑ "First summit for emerging giants" . BBC News . 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 16 June 2009 .
• ↑ Hamilton, Louis (18 June 2013). "Yekaterinburg presents city's bid for 2020 World Expo" . Yekaterinburg News. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 .
• ↑ "Глобальный саммит по производству и индустриализации (GMIS – 2019)" . Росконгресс . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ КИРЯГИН, Кирилл (22 July 2015). "ИННОПРОМ – в пятёрке крупнейших промышленных выставок мира" . ural.aif.ru (in Russian) . Retrieved 12 December 2021 .
• ↑ "Побратимы и тезки Екатеринбурга" . ekb-room.ru (in Russian). The Ekb Room. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018 . Retrieved 22 December 2020 .
• ↑ "Museum Vladimir Mulyavin in Belarusian State Philharmonic" . Retrieved 22 April 2022 .
• Екатеринбургская городская Дума.   Решение   №8/1   от   30 июня 2005 г. «О принятии Устава муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"», в ред. Решения №1/27 от   27 января 2015 г.   «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Екатеринбург"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вестник Екатеринбургской городской Думы", №95, 15 июля 2005 г. (Yekaterinburg City Duma.   Decision   # 8/1   of   June   30, 2005 On the Adoption of the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" , as amended by the Decision   # 1/27 of   January   27, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Yekaterinburg" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Областной закон   №30-ОЗ   от   20 мая 1997 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №32-ОЗ от   25 апреля 2012 г.   «О внесении изменений в Областной закон "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   со дня официального опубликования за исключением отдельных положений, вступающих в силу в иные сроки. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №81, 3 июня 1997 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Oblast Law   # 30-OZ   of   May   20, 1997 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 32-OZ of   April   25, 2012 On Amending the Oblast Law "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day of the official publication with the exception of several clauses which take effect on a different date.).
• Областная Дума Законодательного Собрания Свердловской области.   Закон   №85-ОЗ   от   12 июля 2007 г. «О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области», в ред. Закона №107-ОЗ от   29 октября 2013 г.   «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов, расположенных на территории города Ивделя, и о внесении изменений в Приложение   39 к Закону Свердловской области "О границах муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории Свердловской области"». Вступил в силу   через 10   дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Областная газета", №232–249, 17 июля 2007 г. (Oblast Duma of the Legislative Assembly of Sverdlovsk Oblast.   Law   # 85-OZ   of   July   12, 2007 On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast , as amended by the Law   # 107-OZ of   October   29, 2013 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities on the Territory of the Town of Ivdul and on Amending the Law of Sverdlovsk Oblast "On the Borders of the Municipal Formations on the Territory of Sverdlovsk Oblast" . Effective as of   the day which is 10   days after the official publication.).
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zaha hadid architects to build soundwave-inspired philharmonic concert hall in russia

# PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE PROJECTS

zaha hadid architects has been selected by the jury of an international design competition to build the new sverdlovsk philharmonic concert hall in yekaterinburg, russia. echoing the physical aspects of sound waves, the design is based on the properties of musical sound resonance creating wave vibrations in a continuous smooth surface.

zaha hadid architects’ design re-interprets these physical acoustic properties to define spaces for the auditoria, which includes a 1,600-seat concert hall and a 400-seat chamber music hall. these spaces are nestled within the surface deformations of the suspended canopy, appearing to float above the new civic plaza that is both the lobby of the philharmonic concert hall and an enclosed urban square.

the lobby serves not only as an introduction to the world of symphony music, but also as a welcoming public plaza for all members of its local community. large glazed facades blur the boundary between interior and exterior; inviting visitors to experience the spaces within.

‘russia has been a formative influence on zaha hadid architects’ creative work‘, says christos passas, project director at zaha hadid architects. ‘from very early in her career, zaha was attracted to the russian avant-garde who conceived civic spaces as urban condensers that catalyze a public realm of activity to enrich creativity and community; allowing space itself to enhance our understanding and well-being. these principles are embedded within the design of the new sverdlovsk philharmonic concert hall.’

zaha hadid architects was selected from 47 international teams who submitted proposals. the design competition was organized by the ministry of construction and infrastructure development of the sverdlovsk region, with the assistance of the charitable foundation for support of the ural philharmonic orchestra.

the existing sverdlovsk philharmonic building dates back to 1936 and is very well attended throughout the year. the orchestra’s new home seeks to provide an inspirational venue to meet the increasing popularity of the orchestra’s program of concerts — and also create a new public plaza for the city.

project info:

architect: zaha hadid architects (ZHA)

ZHA principal: patrik schumacher

ZHA design director: christos passas

ZHA project architect: alessio costantino

ZHA design lead: ben kikkawa, melhem sfeir, zsuzsanna barat, afsoon es haghi

ZHA design team: duo chen, christina christodoulidou, anna uborevich-borovskaya, ekaterina smirnova, aleksandar bursac, alicia hidalgo lopez, maria-eleni bali, eckart schwerdtfeger, maria avrami, valeria perco, sattor jabbor

ZHA senior interior designer: sonia renehan

ZHA cultural researcher: vera kichanova

ZHA administrator: nastasija hahonina

ZHA project consultant: liudmila harrison-jones

ZHA graphic design: silviya barzakova

ZHA videography: henry virgin

local architect: SPEECH (moscow); sergey tchoban, marina kuznetskaya, daria demidova

structural engineering: AKT II (london); daniel bosia

MEP engineering: atelier 10 (london); meredith davey, ivan jovanovich, piers watts-jones, younha rhee

façade engineering: OPTIMISE (london); scott cahill, adam willetts, tim macfarlane (glass light and special structure)

landscape design: ARTEZA (moscow); irina chebanenko

theatre consultant: theatre projects (london); david staples, dave agnes

acoustic engineering design: marshall-day (melbourne, hong kong); peter fearnside, peter exton, thomas scelo

lighting design: OVI (new york); enrique peininger, jean sundin and markus fuerderer

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