gender reassignment surgery for dogs

Hermaphrodite dog fully recovered after sex-change surgery

Vets operated on Jack Russell puppy Molly because she had testicles in place of ovaries and male and female external genitalia.

By Russell Hope, News Reporter

Tuesday 25 April 2017 18:37, UK

An "intersex" dog born with male and female genitals has made a full recovery after having rare gender reassignment surgery.

Molly, a Jack Russell puppy, was taken to a vet when her owners, Mary and Frank Finlay, noticed she would get excited before going to the toilet and squat to pee in their home, but lift her leg outside.

Vet Ross Allan discovered that, despite appearing to be completely female, she was a male pseudo hermaphrodite or "intersex" as it is more commonly known, with elements of both male and female external genitalia.

"Her particular anatomy meant that whilst Molly appeared to be a female, closer examination revealed elements of both male and female external genitalia, and unfortunately this was leading to significant genital discomfort," he said.

During "complex" surgery at the Pets'n'Vets Family's Roundhouse Hospital in Glasgow last June, Mr Allan found Molly had male internal sexual organs, with testicles in the place of ovaries within her abdomen.

He removed her pseudo male sexual organs and formed a functional urethral opening where the female genitalia would normally be found.

Mr Allan said Molly's condition is rare. He said: "She is certainly unique to me.

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"She was four months old when Mary and Frank first brought her in after they noticed her displaying quite masculine behaviour...rubbing herself against furniture, causing discomfort and abrasions to her skin.

"If left untreated, this risked her developing a long-term and debilitating condition.

"We decided that the very best solution for Molly was to proceed with definitive surgery to create an anatomical situation which would avoid ongoing issues or discomfort.

"The surgery was a great success and Molly is much more comfortable and happier as a result."

Mrs Finlay told BBC Scotland's Kaye Adams programme: "We've seen no change in her behaviour. She's still the same wee Molly and we wouldn't be without her, she's too precious."

Experience: my dog underwent gender reassignment surgery

Molly seemed like a perfectly normal female pup at first. It was only when she started taking walks outside that we noticed unusual behaviour

T he death of our collie Bonnie in 2006 hit my husband Frank and me so hard that it was almost a decade before we considered taking on another dog. But, late in 2015, my daughter mentioned that a friend of hers had a jack russell that was about to have pups. Familiar with female dogs, we decided that if there were any bitches in the litter we would take one. That’s how we ended up with Molly.

Picking her up involved a round trip of about 200 miles, but it was love at first sight. She was a tiny wee doggy, only 11in long and 6in high, and she weighed about a kilo and a half. She had delicate features – very feminine-looking.

We registered Molly at the local vet and made sure she had all her jabs. It was only when she started taking walks outside at about three months old that we noticed peculiarities in her behaviour.

Indoors, when Molly needed to pee, she would squat on her training mat as she had been taught, but when Frank took her out he noticed that she cocked her leg like a boy dog. We had spotted before that she had a tiny appendage between her back legs, but we thought little of it until we noticed that it sometimes seemed to cause her discomfort when she tried to sit down.

We took Molly to the vet to get it looked at. After examining her, the vet said: “I’m going to have a senior colleague look at this,” and took Molly into a back room. I was reminded of Bonnie’s diagnosis with stomach cancer and feared the worst. When the vet came back and said she thought Molly could be a hermaphrodite, I didn’t realise what she meant; I started crying, assuming she was referring to another form of cancer. But she said: “No, it means Molly has male and female genitalia.” I was flabbergasted; I had never heard anything like it. But we were assured that Molly’s condition could be fixed, although we would have to wait until she was older and stronger.

In the meantime, Molly started to behave more like a male dog, mounting cushions and soft toys, although this often left her sore and unhappy. When she was six months old, we took her back to the vet, where a senior practitioner, Ross Allan , examined her. X-rays and other tests confirmed his suspicions – Molly was an intersex dog. In fact, she was most likely genetically male, meaning she was a male pseudohermaphrodite . She had a small vestigial penis within what looked like a female vulva and testicles inside her abdomen that hadn’t descended.

Molly’s condition was very rare. About one in 6,800 dogs born are pseudohermaphrodites. In 15 years of practice, Ross had never encountered another case, nor had any of his more senior colleagues. Sometimes no operation is needed, but Ross explained that Molly’s complications were likely to increase as she aged. Well-meaning friends had already suggested it might be kinder to have her put down, because she was often visibly distressed. The thought horrified us. However, Ross reassured us that an operation would make her life much easier.

The day she went into theatre was very stressful. Ross said: “Call me in the morning.” I didn’t sleep a wink that night, thinking about Molly and fearing the worst. But we were able to take her home the next day. Ross had removed the partly formed penis and testicles, which were at risk of becoming cancerous, and created an opening for Molly’s urethra so she could pee comfortably. She was exhausted the first day back and lay at the end of our bed, crying. When we spotted blood, we rushed her back to the vet, where she ended up spending a few more days being treated with drugs and antibiotics.

Twenty months on, she’s a cheeky little dog, full of character. She’s still unmistakably our Molly, whatever her genetic makeup. When our grandchildren visit, she jumps all over them and licks their ears; she’s clearly much happier than she was before the operation. She still loves her soft toys, too – just not in the same way.

As told to Chris Broughton

Do you have an experience to share? Email [email protected]

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Intersex pet dog undergoes gender reassignment surgery

Jack russell molly's owners became concerned when they say she started to behave like a male , article bookmarked.

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An intersex dog born with both male and female genitals has successfully recovered from a rare gender reassignment surgery.

Molly, a Jack Russell terrier puppy, was taken to the vet when her owners Frank and Mary Finlay noticed she was behaving strangely when going to the toilet, sometimes lifting her leg and other times squatting to pee.

The couple bought Molly in 2015 believing she was a female but became concerned about what they felt was increasingly male behaviour.

Upon examination by Glasgow vet Ross Allan, it appeared Molly had both female genitalia and male testicles - which had not descended - and a poorly-formed “vestigial” penis, BBC Scotland reports.

Mr Allan told the couple Molly’s hermaphrodite nature explained her genital discomfort.

Mr Allan told BBC Scotland's Kaye Adams Programme Molly’s condition was “extremely rare” and that neither him nor his colleagues had come across it before.

“In the literature there have been about 15 cases published in total. In 15 years of doing this job I have seen this in Molly and in no other dog at all," he said.

The vet operated on Molly, when she was six months old. He removed her male genitals and formed a functional urethral opening where the female genitalia would normally be found.

"She actually had the female external genitalia, as it were, but in the male formation,” said Mr Allan.

The vet said that without the operation, Molly’s problems would have exacerbated over time and could have developed into a debilitating condition.

Nearly a year on from the operation, he said Molly had made a full recovery and was happy in her home.

“Molly is Molly and she is happy and fit and healthy, that is the main thing,” said Mr Allan.

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This intersex dog made a complete recovery after gender reassignment surgery

• Apr 25 2017
• Written by Joseph McCormick
• Save for later

A dog has undergone gender reassignment after vets discovered she is intersex.

Molly, a pet Jack Russell, was born with elements of both male and female genitalia.

She has fully recovered after undergoing gender reassignment surgery after her owners Mary and Frank Finlay noticed that she acted strangely when she went to the toilet.

The pooch had endured “significant” abrasions and discomfort before undergoing the “complex” operation.

Molly, now 18 months old, underwent the surgery last June.

Mr Finlay told BBC Scotland’s Kaye Adams Programme: “We got Molly in November 2015 and noticed that around the house she would squat to do her pees but outside she would lift her leg.

“I mentioned this early on in 2016 to one of Ross’s colleagues and they came up with the probability that she was a hermaphrodite, both sexes.

“They did MRI scans and X-rays, and eventually she was operated on in 2016. We still call her Molly.”

Mrs Finlay also commented, saying: “We’ve seen no change in her behaviour. She’s still the same wee Molly and we wouldn’t be without her, she’s too precious.”

It was discovered by the surgeon that Molly had testicles in place of ovaries within her abdomen.

Surgeons removed the elements of her male sexual organ, and created a functional urethral opening.

Speaking to the BBC, Ross Allan, the surgeon, who works at Pets’n’Vets, said: “Molly was what is defined medically as a male pseudo hermaphrodite, or more commonly ‘intersex’.

“Her particular anatomy meant that whilst Molly appeared to be a female, closer examination revealed elements of both male and female external genitalia, and unfortunately this was leading to significant genital discomfort.

“If left untreated, this risked her developing a long-term and debilitating condition.

“We decided that the very best solution for Molly was to proceed with definitive surgery to create an anatomical situation which would avoid ongoing issues or discomfort.

“The surgery was a great success and Molly is much more comfortable and happier as a result.

“Intersexism is rare in pets and some cases will not require any treatment at all.

“In Molly’s case, it was a painful condition which was causing problems and surgery was an important step to ensure she was able to go on to live a pain-free life.”

A pet shelter last year put out an adoption appeal for a dog that is biologically intersex.

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Trump repeats false claims that children are undergoing transgender surgery during the school day

Former President Donald Trump repeated his false claim that children are undergoing transition-related surgery during their school day, worsening fears among some conservatives that educators are pushing children to become transgender and aiding transitions without parental awareness.

“Can you imagine you’re a parent and your son leaves the house and you say, ‘Jimmy, I love you so much, go have a good day in school,’ and your son comes back with a brutal operation? Can you even imagine this? What the hell is wrong with our country?” Trump said Saturday at a campaign rally in Wisconsin, a vital swing state. 

Trump made similar remarks — saying children were returning home from school after having had surgical procedures — the previous weekend at an event hosted by Moms for Liberty, a parent activist group that has gained outsized influence in conservative politics in recent years.

Asked by one of the group’s co-founders how he would address the “explosion in the number of children who identify as transgender,” Trump said: “Your kid goes to school and comes home a few days later with an operation. The school decides what’s going to happen with your child.”

There is no evidence that a student has ever undergone gender-affirming surgery at a school in the U.S., nor is there evidence that a U.S. school has sent a student to receive such a procedure elsewhere. 

About half the states ban transition-related surgery for minors, and even in states where such care is still legal, it is rare . In addition, guidelines from several major medical associations say a parent or guardian must provide consent before a minor undergoes gender-affirming care, including transition-related surgery, according to the American Association of Medical Providers . Most major medical associations in the U.S. support gender-affirming care for minors experiencing gender dysphoria. For those who opt for such care and have the support of their guardians and physicians, that typically involves puberty blockers for preteens and hormone replacement therapy for older teens.

A spokesperson for Trump’s campaign did not substantiate his claims and pointed NBC News to reports about parents’ being left in the dark about their children’s gender transitions at school. 

“President Trump will ensure all Americans are treated equally under the law regardless of race, gender or sexual orientation,” said the spokesperson, Karoline Leavitt.

Kate King, president of the National Association of School Nurses, said that even when it comes to administering over-the-counter medication such as Advil or Tylenol, school nurses need explicit permission from a physician and a parent.

“There is no way that anyone is doing surgery in a classroom in schools,” she said when she was asked about Trump’s remarks.

Trump’s claims stand out even amid years of allegations by conservative politicians and right-wing media pundits that teachers, Democratic lawmakers and LGBTQ adults are “grooming” or “indoctrinating” children to become gay or transgender. 

The practice of labeling LGBTQ people, particularly gay men and trans women, as “groomers” and “pedophiles” of children had been relegated to the margins for decades, but the tropes resurfaced during the heated debate over Florida’s so-called Don’t Say Gay law, which Gov. Ron DeSantis signed in March 2022. The law limits the instruction of sexual orientation and gender identity in school and has been replicated in states across the country.

At the Republican National Convention in July, at least a dozen speakers — including DeSantis and Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, R-Ga. — mentioned gender identity or sexuality negatively in their speeches, according to an NBC News analysis. DeSantis, for example, alleged that Democrats want to “impose gender ideology” on kindergartners.

Nearly 70% of public K-12 teachers who have been teaching for more than one year said topics related to sexual orientation and gender identity “rarely or never” come up in their classrooms, according to a recent poll from the Pew Research Center. Half of all teachers polled, including 62% of elementary school teachers, said elementary school students should not learn about gender identity in school.

Trump vowed last year that if he is re-elected he would abolish gender-affirming care for minors, which he equated to “child abuse” and “child sexual mutilation.” This year, Trump also said he would roll back Title IX protections for transgender students “on day one” of his potential second presidential administration.

His campaign website says he would, if he is re-elected, cut federal funding for schools that push “gender ideology on our children” and “keep men out of women’s sports.”

More broadly, Trump has promised to eliminate the Education Department, claiming that doing so would give states more authority over education.

During his first administration, Trump barred trans people from enlisting in the military — which he has vowed to do again if he is re-elected — and rolled back several antidiscrimination protections for LGBTQ people. 

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Gender Reassignment Surgery Saves Dog 

A Pomeranian puppy born with partially formed male and female reproductive organs has been saved from euthanasia after undergoing gender reassignment surgery.

Red the Pomeranian would have been put to sleep, but a woman donated the $1,100 needed to pay for the lifesaving surgery. "I just felt he was a very adoptable dog," Sharon Blechinger, director of the Helping Every Animal League, told The Press-Enterprise of Riverside, Calif. Red was taken into the shelter after he was found roaming the streets in San Bernardino. Genetically male, a shelter supervisor says Red was born with partially formed male and female organs. Red is recovering from the surgery in a temporary home, after which Blechinger will help to arrange for his adoption.

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Continuing Coverage

Gender Reassignment Surgery Saves Puppy

Red the "very adoptable dog" is recovering after gender reassignment surgery, by jonathan lloyd • published august 6, 2010 • updated on august 6, 2010 at 5:10 pm.

Red the Pomeranian puppy is recovering after a gender reassignment surgery saved the dog from euthanasia. According to a report in the Press-Enterprise , the dog was born with partially formed male and female reproductive organs. It's a rare condition among dogs. But thanks to a woman's donation of more than $1,100, Red was able to undergo a life-saving gender reassignment surgery. "I just felt he was a very adoptable dog," Sharon Blechinger , director of the Helping Every Animal League , told the Press-Enterprise. She paid for the surgery after Red was found roaming the streets in San Bernardino . According to the PE's report:

Ryan Long , a kennel supervisor at the shelter, described the dog as bright, alert and responsive when he first examined him. But he said upon examination, Red did not look anatomically correct. Di Carlo diagnosed the dog as a pseudo-male hermaphrodite. Genetically male, the pooch was born with partially formed male and female parts. Shelter workers then contacted Blechinger, who arranged for a foster home for Red and paid for his surgery.

Red moved in with a woman whose Pomeranian died in June, the PE reported. The dog is now recovering at a temporary home.

Can Dogs Identify As Transgender? Exploring Canine Gender Identity

• Last updated May 31, 2023
• Difficulty Beginner

• Category Dogs

It is a commonly held belief that gender is only a human construct, but recent conversations about inclusivity and acceptance have sparked a curiosity among pet parents if their furry companions can be transgender too. While the topic may be thought-provoking and even controversial for some, it raises important questions about the gender identity of dogs and how they express themselves. So, can dogs be transgender? Let’s delve into this intriguing topic and find out.

What You'll Learn

• What does it mean for a dog to be transgender Are there visible physical signs of gender dysphoria in dogs?

Is there a difference between a dog experiencing gender dysphoria and displaying gender-neutral behavior?

Can dogs undergo hormonal or surgical transition to align their physical appearance with their gender identity, and are there any ethical concerns about doing so, has there been any research conducted on the prevalence of transgender dogs, and how do we identify them in animal shelters, how can we ensure that transgender dogs receive the support and care they need to live happy and healthy lives, and what can we do to challenge societal stereotypes about gender in the animal kingdom.

What does it mean for a dog to be transgender? Are there visible physical signs of gender dysphoria in dogs?

As a pet parent, you may be familiar with the concept of gender and sex when it comes to your furry companion. However, have you ever wondered if dogs can experience gender dysphoria and what it means for them to be transgender?

Gender dysphoria is a condition where an individual experiences distress or discomfort with their gender identity. While this condition is often associated with humans, it is not entirely unheard of for dogs to display similar behaviors.

There is limited scientific research on the topic of gender dysphoria in dogs, but some studies have reported cases of dogs displaying behaviors typically associated with the opposite sex. For example, a male dog displaying submissive behavior and preferring to urinate in a squatting position like a female dog or a female dog attempting to mount other dogs like a male dog.

However, it is important to note that not all dogs who showcase behavior previously seen as uncommon for their gender identity are necessarily transgender. Gender expression in dogs can vary significantly, and some dogs naturally prefer behaviors typically associated with the opposite sex with no underlying gender dysphoria.

There are no visible physical signs of gender dysphoria in dogs, and the diagnosis of this condition can only be made based on observed behaviors. Therefore, it's essential to work with your veterinarian or an animal behavior specialist who can help determine if your dog is experiencing gender dysphoria or other behavioral issues.

If your dog is diagnosed with gender dysphoria, it is crucial to offer them unconditional love and support. Dogs with gender dysphoria may benefit from gender-affirming care, which may include training aimed at promoting consistent gender expression or gender reassignment surgery in severe cases.

In conclusion, while gender dysphoria in dogs remains a relatively under-researched area, it is essential to understand that some dogs may indeed experience this condition. If you suspect that your dog is showing signs of gender dysphoria, it is always best to seek the help of a qualified animal behaviorist or a veterinarian who can offer the right guidance and support to ensure your furry companion receives the best care possible.

Allowing Your Dog to Roam Free in the House: Pros and Cons

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Gender dysphoria is a psychological condition where an individual feels a disconnect between their biological sex and their gender identity. It is a complex and multifaceted issue, with no known cause. While humans can experience gender dysphoria, it is unknown if it can also occur in dogs.

Gender-neutral behavior, on the other hand, refers to when a dog displays characteristics or behaviors that are not traditionally associated with their gender. For example, a male dog who enjoys being groomed or a female dog who prefers to play rough.

It is essential to note that gender-neutral behavior does not necessarily mean a dog is experiencing gender dysphoria. Gender expression and identity are not the same thing, and dogs do not have the same capacity for understanding or experiencing gender in the way that humans do.

Furthermore, it is challenging to determine if a dog is experiencing gender dysphoria as they cannot communicate their thoughts or feelings to us. Unless there is a recognizable pattern of behavior that deviates significantly from their typical behavior, it is unlikely that a dog is experiencing gender dysphoria.

Gender-neutral behavior, on the other hand, is entirely normal and is not indicative of any underlying psychological condition. Dogs are individuals with their own unique personalities and preferences, and they are entirely capable of expressing themselves in whatever way they feel most comfortable.

In conclusion, while gender dysphoria is a legitimate psychological condition that can occur in humans, it is not clear if it can also occur in dogs. However, it is entirely normal for dogs to display gender-neutral behavior, and it does not indicate any underlying psychological issues. Like humans, dogs have their own personalities and preferences, and they should be able to express themselves in whatever way they feel most comfortable.

Canine Claustrophobia: Do Dogs Fear Confined Spaces?

Dogs are part of our families, and just like humans, their gender identity is an important aspect of their individuality. However, unlike humans, we do not generally assign gender roles to dogs, as they do not have complex societal structures based on gender. Nevertheless, there has been a growing debate about whether dogs should be allowed to undergo hormonal or surgical transition to align their physical appearance with their gender identity. In this article, we will explore the scientific and ethical aspects of this controversial issue.

Firstly, it is important to understand that dogs do not have the same level of cognitive ability as humans when it comes to understanding their gender identity. In short, dogs do not have a sense of gender identity, and their behavior is largely determined by their instincts and training. Therefore, the concept of a dog undergoing a hormonal or surgical transition to align their physical appearance with their gender identity can be a difficult one to grasp.

However, there are cases in which dogs may display signs of gender dysphoria, or discomfort with their physical appearance. For example, a female dog may display signs of aggression and stress if it is forced to conform to traditionally feminine roles such as giving birth and nursing puppies. In such cases, some veterinarians may recommend hormone therapy or surgical intervention to address the dog’s distress and discomfort.

When it comes to hormonal therapy, the most common practice is to administer estrogen or testosterone to the dog to mimic the effects of male or female hormones. This can be done through injections, topical applications or oral medications. However, hormone therapy is not without its risks and side effects. For instance, dogs undergoing estrogen therapy may be at increased risk of developing mammary tumors, while dogs undergoing testosterone therapy may develop aggression and territorial behavior.

On the other hand, for surgical intervention, there are two types of procedures that can be performed: neutering and spaying. Neutering is the removal of the testicles in male dogs, while spaying involves the removal of both ovaries and the uterus in female dogs. While spaying is a generally safe and effective procedure, neutering may pose some risks to the dog’s health and well-being. For instance, neutering has been linked to increased risk of joint disorders, certain cancers, and obesity.

When it comes to the ethical concerns about hormonal or surgical transitions for dogs, there are several points to consider. Firstly, we must ensure that the transition is done for the dog’s well-being and not for the owner’s personal preferences. Secondly, we must weigh the potential risks and benefits of such interventions and ensure that the dog’s health and safety are not compromised. Thirdly, we must acknowledge that dogs do not have a sense of gender identity like humans, which makes it difficult to justify gender-based interventions.

In conclusion, while hormonal or surgical transitions for dogs may be a controversial issue, there are instances where they may be deemed necessary for the dog’s well-being. However, we must ensure that these interventions are done with caution and empathy, taking into consideration the dog’s individual needs and circumstances. Finally, we must continue the debate and conversation around this issue, questioning our assumptions and biases and striving to provide the best care for our four-legged companions.

Is Vaporub Safe for Dogs? Everything You Need to Know.

Transgender individuals have been receiving increased attention in recent years, prompting research and a more comprehensive understanding of the experiences of transgender people. But have you ever stopped to consider the existence and prevalence of transgender dogs? While it may seem like an unlikely topic, it has been an area of interest for animal rights and advocacy groups.

At present, there isn't very much research on transgender dogs, but there have been a few instances reported in the media. In one case, a dog named Molly was diagnosed with a condition called testicular feminization syndrome. This condition caused Molly to have a female body despite possessing XY chromosomes, which is typically associated with male dogs. The case of Molly isn't particularly common, but it raises interesting questions regarding the gender identity of our animal friends, particularly when it comes to identifying them in animal shelters.

Identifying a transgender dog in a shelter environment can be challenging and requires specialized knowledge. It's important to note that not all dogs will exhibit clear signs of being transgender or gender nonconforming. Typically, dogs will exhibit behavioral or physical markers that are different from traits typically associated with their biological sex.

For instance, a male dog may display a preference for stereotypically feminine activities or behaviors, such as playing with toys perceived as "girly" or frequently sitting with his legs crossed. On the other hand, a female dog may exhibit traits that are generally associated with the male gender, such as a preference for more masculine toy choices or behaviors.

Shelters should be aware of these gender expression differences and be trained to evaluate each dog on a case-by-case basis. Gender expression in dogs is complex and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, breeding, and socialization.

It's important to note that shelter staff should not make assumptions about a dog's gender identity based on their sex. Instead, they should look for signs of gender expression, which can assist in the dog's placement in a forever home where they are comfortable and understood.

While research on transgender dogs is still in its early stages, it's essential to recognize that gender expression is not limited to humans. Dogs, like people, have distinct personalities and preferences that may not align with stereotypes associated with their biological sex. It's important to understand these variations to ensure that every dog is placed in a loving and understanding forever home, regardless of their gender identity.

Can Dogs Safely Eat Lemon Cake?

When it comes to gender in the animal kingdom, it's important to remember that not all animals conform to binary gender norms. One group of animals that has gained attention in recent years for challenging these norms are transgender dogs.

Transgender dogs, also known as gender non-conforming dogs, are dogs that do not conform to traditional gender norms. This can manifest in several ways, such as a male dog displaying more feminine behaviors, or a female dog displaying more masculine behaviors. Some transgender dogs may even experience gender dysphoria, where they feel a disconnect between their biological sex and their gender identity.

So, how can we ensure that transgender dogs receive the support and care they need to live happy and healthy lives? Here are a few steps we can take:

• Educate ourselves: It's important to educate ourselves on the concept of transgender dogs and understand that gender identity exists in animals just as it does in humans. This will help us to better recognize and support transgender dogs that we may come across.
• Use gender-neutral language: When referring to transgender dogs, it's important to use gender-neutral language. For example, instead of saying "he" or "she", use "they" or "them". This can help to normalize the idea of non-binary gender identities.
• Provide a safe and supportive environment: Transgender dogs may face discrimination and bullying from other dogs or even humans. It's important to create a safe and supportive environment for them, where they can freely express their gender identity without fear of judgment.
• Seek veterinary care: Transgender dogs may require specialized veterinary care, such as hormone therapy or surgery. It's important to seek out a veterinarian who is knowledgeable and supportive of transgender dogs.

In addition to supporting transgender dogs on an individual level, we can also challenge societal stereotypes about gender in the animal kingdom. For example, we can acknowledge the existence of non-binary gender identities in animals, and use gender-neutral language when referring to animals of unknown gender. We can also advocate for greater inclusion of transgender animals in scientific research, to better understand their experiences and needs.

In conclusion, transgender dogs exist and are an important part of the animal kingdom. By educating ourselves, providing a safe and supportive environment, seeking veterinary care, and challenging societal stereotypes, we can ensure that transgender dogs receive the care and respect they deserve.

Dangerous Doings: Can Dogs Safely Walk on Grass Seeds?

Frequently asked questions.

No, dogs do not have a gender identity or understanding of gender in the same way that humans do.

No, dogs do not have the capacity to identify as a specific gender.

Yes, dogs may exhibit behaviors that are typically associated with a certain gender, but it does not mean that they are identifying as such.

No, spaying or neutering a dog does not impact their potential gender identity and is a common practice to prevent health issues and unwanted litters.

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Breaking news, dog born with male, female sex organs undergoes gender surgery.

An award-winning vet in Scotland has performed a sex swap on a confused Jack Russell Terrier born with both male and female sex organs.

Molly’s owner took her pet along to the Pets n’ Vets Family’s Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in the city’s Southside when she became concerned about her strange behavior.

Molly’s excited behavior was causing the pooch discomfort and abrasions.

But after a successful operation, the pet is said to be much happier.

Despite the surgery, Molly’s owner Mary Finlay revealed that the pooch still cocks her leg like a boy when she pees.

Speaking from her home in Glasgow, Mary said: “Molly still does that. It’s taken a little longer to toilet train her but she’s not been affected by it at all. She still knows she’s a girl doggy though.”

Vet Ross Allan explained: “Molly was what is defined medically as a male pseudo hermaphrodite or more commonly ‘intersex’.

“Her particular anatomy meant that whilst Molly appeared to be a female, closer examination revealed elements of both male and female external genitalia and unfortunately this was leading to significant genital discomfort.

“If left untreated this risked her developing a long-term and debilitating condition.

“We decided that the very best solution for Molly was to proceed with definitive surgery to create an anatomical situation which would avoid ongoing issues or discomfort.”

During the surgical procedure, Allan found that Molly’s internal sexual organs were that of a male, possessing testicles in the place of ovaries within her abdomen.

The complex surgical procedure involved removing her pseudo male sexual organ and forming a functional urethral opening where the female genitalia would normally be found.

Allan added: “The surgery was a great success and Molly is much more comfortable and happier as a result.

“Intersexism is rare in pets, and some cases will not require any treatment at all.

“In Molly’s case it was a painful condition which was causing problems and surgery was an important step to ensure she was able to go on to live a pain-free life.”

Molly’s owner said it took a long time for her to recover from the extensive surgery but praised vet Ross, who won the 2017 BSAVA Melton Award for contributions to small animal practice.

She added: “She was tiny and was only six months old when she had the surgery.

“When we got her back she was so tired, her wee face was drawn and she was shattered.

“Without people like Ross, wee doggies like Molly would be put down.”

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Trump Is Convinced That Trans Kids Are Getting Gender-Affirming Surgeries… at School?

Teachers might be crowdfunding for students’ basic school supplies , but according to Trump’s (false and completely baseless) claims, free sex change procedures are being offered on this year’s curriculums.

Ahead of Tuesday night’s debate, Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump has been spreading lies about transgender people on his campaign trail once again. Most recently, at a rally in Mosinee, Wisconsin this past Saturday, Trump repeated the unfounded lie that children are, for some reason, receiving gender-affirming surgery at school behind their parents’ backs.

“Can you imagine you’re a parent and your son leaves the house and you say, ‘Jimmy, I love you so much. Go have a good day in school,’ and your son comes back with a brutal operation,” Trump said in a video posted to X. “Can you even imagine this? What the hell is wrong with our country?”

This content can also be viewed on the site it originates from.

There are many things wrong with this country, but children seeking gender affirming care is not one of them. Not only are surgeries for trans minors vanishingly rare , but research has shown that when minors do have access to gender-affirming hormone therapy, it has an overwhelmingly positive effects on trans youth’s mental health . The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), an international body of experts that writes the standards of gender-affirming care, states that patients must be of the age of majority in order to undergo bottom surgery.

The Trump campaign, in fact, could not come up with any evidence of a school granting a child access to gender-affirming surgery without parental consent after CNN pressed them on the issue Monday.

Campaign spokesperson Karoline Leavitt instead focused on the broader debate about “parents’ rights” and trans children at schools, telling CNN, “I have personally spoken to several individuals whose children were undergoing transition, being called entirely different names at school and the parents were never notified. These cases don’t always make the news because parents fear backlash, but their stories are nevertheless truthful and very concerning.” However, as CNN mentioned, any evidence of Trump’s claim that gender-affirming surgeries have been made available at schools remains to be seen.

Not even Trump’s staunchest allies could point to evidence of children receiving gender-affirming surgery at school. CNN asked Moms for Liberty cofounder Tiffany Justice for any information on that phenomenon, to which she said, “Are kids getting surgery in school? No they’re not.” However, she also said that she was “thankful” that he made the false claim, since it brought attention to the “issue” of social transition, or children being allowed to use different names and pronouns at school. Additionally, Thomas Jipping, a senior legal fellow at the Heritage Foundation told CNN that “Trump’s point is completely valid” even though he was also “not aware of a specific incident yet where it has gone that far, where it has gone from social to medical transition.”

Chase Strangio, the Deputy Director for Transgender Justice at the ACLU's LGBT & HIV Project, said in a post on X that the sentiment was hardly worth gracing with a response, writing, “No one needs to verify this to know it is absurd.”

“Schools don’t perform surgery period (and obviously - they can barely afford books),” he wrote. “Gender-affirming medical care doesn’t happen without parental consent. Don’t ‘investigate’ the claim. Show what animates it.”

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Trump's debate comment on 'transgender operations' in prison, explained

In their televised debate of the presidential election, republican nominee donald trump claimed kamala harris endorses gender-affirming care for undocumented immigrants in us custody, inspiring a slew of posts and memes on social media. harris expressed support for the policy while running in the 2020 democratic primary, but her campaign has said it is not part of her 2024 platform ..

"Now she wants to do transgender operations on illegal aliens in prison. This is a radical left liberal that would do this," Trump said during the September 10 debate hosted by ABC News in Philadelphia .

Within minutes, social media users took to X to share their reactions and memes about the eye-popping claim.

The debate kicked off a final sprint to November as Harris and Trump aim to sway undecided voters and take the lead in an election locked in a dead heat. Both candidates made false, misleading and exaggerated claims.

Trump's comment about gender-affirming care references his opponent's response to a 2019 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) questionnaire for presidential candidates, which CNN wrote about one day before the debate (archived here ).

The  document asked if Harris would use "executive authority to ensure that transgender and nonbinary people who rely on the state for medical care -- including those in prison and immigration detention -- will have access to comprehensive treatment associated with gender transition, including all necessary surgical care" (archived here ).

Harris selected "yes," writing :

The Democrat's answer alluded to a 2015 settlement that pushed California officials to allow inmates to receive gender-reassignment surgery -- a first for a state prison  system .

Harris, who was a US senator when she responded to the ACLU questionnaire, also expressed support for sweeping cuts to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) funding and operations.

But Harris spokesperson Michael Tyler told Fox News on September 10 : "That questionnaire is not what she is proposing, this is not what she is running on" (archived here ).

AFP contacted the Harris campaign for additional comment on her position, but a response was not forthcoming.

Access to care

The Federal Bureau of Prisons has fewer than 2,300 transgender people in its custody , constituting less than two percent of those incarcerated in federal prisons (archived here ).

ICE reported in August 2024 that  52 people the agency had detained in the 2024 fiscal year self-identified as transgender, although  advocates argue that is likely an undercount (archived here ).

Amid  US legal battles over transgender rights, detained and incarcerated individuals are routinely denied or offered limited access to gender-affirming care. Many have sued  to receive it .

ICE spokesperson Mike Alvarez told AFP the federal agency "recognizes that detained transgender non-citizens have unique needs while in ICE custody."

"In response to those needs, we have developed structures within our operation to safeguard their rights and ensure their emergent care needs are met from the moment they arrive and throughout the entirety of their stay," he said in a September 13 email.

ICE guidelines say migrants who were already receiving hormone therapy before detention will continue to have access (archived  here ). Those who were not will be assessed and treated "if deemed medically necessary and safe in the context of their other medical conditions."

The agency's policies do not mention  transition surgeries .

Gender-affirming care encompasses a wide range of treatments for gender dysmorphia, including surgical, nonsurgical and mental health services (archived here ). Major US medical associations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association , say such care can be life-saving , without which individuals may suffer from anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation .

More of AFP's reporting on misinformation about the 2024 election is available   here .

The Real Story Of John Wojtowicz And The Bank Robbery That Inspired ‘Dog Day Afternoon’

On august 22, 1972, john wojtowicz tried to rob a brooklyn bank to pay for his lover's gender-reassignment surgery — before the heist went terribly wrong..

Dan Cronin/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images While in the middle of the Brooklyn bank robbery depicted in Dog Day Afternoon , John Wojtowicz points at cops and tells them to back off on Aug. 22, 1972. “How many times do I have to tell you guys to get out of here!” he shouted.

It ranks among the most infamous bank robberies in modern history and inspired the classic film Dog Day Afternoon . But in the case of the 1972 New York bank heist committed by John Wojtowicz and his associates, the true story is even stranger and more fascinating than fiction.

Spurred by his partner’s suicide attempt, John Wojtowicz decided to rob a bank to get enough money for his partner to undergo gender reassignment surgery. He put together an amateur crew of would-be robbers, drove around the city looking for a bank to rob, and incidentally instigated one of the largest media circuses in New York history.

This is the story of John Wojtowicz and one of New York’s strangest bank robberies.

Who Was John Wojtowicz?

X (Formerly Twitter) A documentary was later made about John Wojtowicz called The Dog .

John Wojtowicz, born in New York City in 1945, was leading a basically “normal” life in the late 1960s. After graduating high school and serving in Vietnam, he returned home and began working for Chase Manhattan Bank, where he struck up a relationship with a coworker named Carmen Bifulco. The pair married in 1967, but Wojtowicz had been keeping a secret from his new bride.

While in the military, he’d had his first gay encounter during basic training, courtesy of “a hillbilly by the name of Wilbur,” before being sent off to Vietnam, according to Esquire .

When he returned home, he was not only keeping his sexuality a secret; he was also dealing with the fallout of his wartime experiences (including being one of the few survivors of a rocket attack on his base).

As his mother, Terry, later said: “When he was a kid, he was good. He was no trouble. The service screwed him all up.”

After being discharged from the service in 1967 and quickly marrying Bifulco, John Wojtowicz couldn’t live a lie for long. He separated from his wife in 1969 and joined the Gay Activist Alliance in addition to taking up with a string of male lovers.

X (Formerly Twitter) Liz Eden died Sept. 29, 1987 due to AIDS.

In 1971, he met a trans woman named Liz Eden. That same year, the pair married in an unofficial ceremony, as an official one wasn’t possible at the time.

Eden longed for gender-reassignment surgery, an idea Wojtowicz originally opposed until Eden was hospitalized after a suicide attempt. Wojtowicz then decided that Eden needed the surgery to end her depression. And he decided to finance the operation himself — by robbing a bank.

An Odd Robbery And The Hostage Situation That Followed

Charles Ruppmann/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images John Wojtowicz looks through the bank window during the robbery.

Eager to get the money for Eden’s gender-reassignment surgery (although, according to the BBC , some claim that John Wojtowicz actually carried out the robbery to pay back money he’d borrowed from the Mafia), Wojtowicz soon put together a team that would help him rob a bank.

He recruited Bobby Westenberg and Salvatore Naturile (both of whom he’d met previously at a gay bar) to help him with the heist, but the trio was far from professional. They simply drove around New York on Aug. 22, 1972 looking for a bank to rob.

At the first bank they entered, they accidentally dropped their shotgun, causing it to go off, but managed to flee. At the second, Westenberg ran into a friend of his mother’s, and they called it off.

After going to see The Godfather , they finally decided on a Chase Bank in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn. They entered and slipped the teller a note bearing a paraphrased quote from the film: “This is an offer you can’t refuse.”

And so began one of the biggest media circuses in New York City history.

As it turned out, the branch’s vault was half-empty, but according to the New York Times , John Wojtowicz and his accomplices did still manage to seize $38,000 in cash and $175,000 in traveler’s checks before one of the employees was able to sound the alarm and police arrived on the scene.

The robbers then took all eight people inside the bank as hostages and holed up for what would be a 14-hour standoff with the authorities.

In addition to the FBI agents, police, journalists, and snipers posted on the rooftops, around 2,000 rowdy spectators (including Wojtowicz’s own mother) gathered in the boiling summer heat to watch the crime unfold.

“That was a Brooklyn crowd that night,” one journalist who had been on the scene recalled. “It was a full-blown show.”

FBI John Wojtowicz’s mugshot after being brought in by the FBI.

Helping to make it a full-blown show, John Wojtowicz eagerly jumped into his role as ringleader. He had pizza ordered for his hostages, then paid the delivery guy with wads of cash taken from the bank, and then tossed more stolen money into the cheering crowd.

Even the hostages came to have a certain fondness for Wojtowicz and were less scared of him than they were simply exhausted. As teller Shirley Ball recalled, “I realized that he was friendly… had a purpose for robbing the bank… he thought he would be in and out.”

But it wasn’t an in-and-out job, and tensions started to rise as the hours dragged on.

Eventually, New York Daily News reporter Robert Kappstatter got the interview of a lifetime when he called the bank on a whim and Wojtowicz himself actually picked up. Caught off guard, Kappstatter opened the conversation with a “So, how’s it going?” to which Wojtowicz snapped back, “How do you think?”

The tense standoff finally ended when the FBI agreed to drive Wojtowicz and Naturile (Westenberg had long since fled the scene before the cops even arrived) to Kennedy International Airport and put them on an international flight.

Of course, this was a ruse. Agents were waiting for them at the airport, and as soon as the pair arrived, Naturile was shot dead (the day’s only casualty) and John Wojtowicz was arrested.

The Aftermath Of John Wojtowicz’s Heist And The Film It Inspired

Wojtowicz was sentenced to 20 years in prison but only wound up serving five and was released in 1978. While in prison, he actually was able to see Dog Day Afternoon and take in the lead performance of Al Pacino, who had, of course, also starred in The Godfather , which Wojtowicz had watched the day of the robbery.

The warden initially objected to his prisoner viewing the film until Wojtowicz threatened to “start the biggest prison riot you ever saw.” He was eventually permitted to view the movie in the company of just a single guard.

Although he described it as a “very moving experience,” he actually sent a letter to the culture editor of The New York Times protesting that the film “did not show the whole truth, and the little it did show was constantly twisted and distorted.”

His biggest problem was that the film “hint[ed] very dramatically that I made some kind of a deal to betray my partner, Sal…This is not true and there is no human being low enough in this world who would let the F.B.I. kill his partner in order for him to survive.”

Wojtowicz also had issues with the casting of his wife, stating that the film made Carmen “look horrible and inferred that I left her and winded up in the arms of a Gay man because of her. This is completely untrue, and I feel sorry for the actress for having to play such a horrible role.”

X (Formerly Twitter) John Wotjowicz and Liz Eden on their wedding day.

But Wojtowicz’s issues with the film aside, it was a hit with both critics and audiences, making back its budget more than 20 times over and receiving six Academy Award nominations (winning one for its screenplay).

After the film came and went, and Wojtowicz got his release from prison, he moved back in with his mother in New York (Eden had left him for someone else before dying of AIDS-related pneumonia in 1987).

John Wojtowicz spent the rest of his days in New York. At one point, he even applied to work as a guard at a Chase Bank, reportedly claiming, “I’m the guy from Dog Day Afternoon, and if I’m guarding your bank, nobody’s going to rob the Dog’s bank.” They declined. He spent some of his final years on welfare before dying of cancer in 2006.

After this look at John Wojtowicz, discover the true story of New York gangster Henry Hill and the real-life Goodfellas . Then, read up on 1930s rock star bank robber John Dillinger .

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Gender-affirmation care

Development, advances in gender-affirming care.

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gender-affirming surgery

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• Table Of Contents

gender-affirming surgery , medical procedure in which the physical sex characteristics of an individual are modified. Gender-affirming surgery typically is undertaken when an individual chooses to align their physical appearance with their gender identity , enabling the individual to achieve a greater sense of self and helping to reduce psychological distress that may be associated with gender dysphoria .

An individual’s physical sex may not match their gender identity when the person is intersex , having been born outside the binary of male and female and thus having ambiguous genitalia, or when the person identifies as transgender . Parents of an intersex child may elect to have surgical procedures carried out in order to have the child’s anatomy conform to binary notions of gender . A person’s ascribed legal sex may not match their gender identity as they mature. However, this situation raises serious concerns regarding the appropriateness of performing unnecessary medical procedures on the bodies of minors. Intersexuality is a normal biological variation and is not considered a medical condition. Therefore, medical interventions such as surgery and hormone therapy are typically unnecessary for intersex children.

Transgender individuals may seek gender-affirming surgery to align their physical body with their perception of their gender identity. Gender identity refers to an individual’s perception of their own gender, which may or may not correspond to their designated gender at birth. Gender identity encompasses the identification as male, female, both, neither, or somewhere else on the spectrum of gender. It is distinct from biological sex, which is determined by the sex chromosomes and anatomy of an individual. While the gender identity of most individuals corresponds to their ascribed biological sex, the gender identity of some individuals differs from their ascribed sex at birth, which can result in gender dysphoria and thereby lead the individual to seek gender-affirming surgery.

Individuals assigned male at birth may undergo one or more procedures to feminize their anatomy, including facial feminization surgery, penectomy (removal of the penis ), orchidectomy (removal of the testicles ), vaginoplasty (construction of a vagina ), and a tracheal shave (reduction of the Adam’s apple). Individuals who are assigned female at birth and who desire surgical intervention to masculinize their anatomy may seek breast reduction surgery, hysterectomy (removal of the uterus ), oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries ), and phalloplasty (construction of a penis).

Gender-affirming surgeries were performed during the 1920s and ’30s, primarily in Europe. These procedures were experimental and not extensively accepted by the medical community . At the time, it was widely believed that gender identity was immutable and that surgery could not alter it. However, Magnus Hirschfeld , a German sexologist and vocal advocate for sexual and gender diversity , assisted with the care of several transgender individuals.

Dora Richter was the first transgender individual to undergo complete male-to-female genital surgery under Hirschfeld’s supervision. Richter was one of several transgender individuals under Hirschfeld’s care at the Berlin Institute for Sexual Research. In 1922 Richter underwent an orchidectomy and, in 1931, a penectomy and vaginoplasty.

In 1930 and 1931 Lili Elbe also underwent several gender-affirming surgeries. These procedures included an orchidectomy, an ovarian transplant, and a penectomy. Elbe underwent a fourth surgery in June 1931, which consisted of an experimental uterine transplant and vaginoplasty. Elbe’s body rejected the transplanted uterus, and she died of postoperative complications in 1931.

During the 1950s and ’60s, significant advancements were made in the field of gender-affirming surgery, including the establishment of several major medical centres and the refinement of surgical techniques. Christian Hamburger, a Danish endocrinologist, performed a gender-affirming surgery in 1952 on Christine Jorgensen , a transgender individual, who underwent hormone replacement therapy and surgery to remove her testicles and create a vagina. Jorgensen became a public figure advocating for transgender rights and promoting awareness about gender-affirming surgery after their case received significant media attention.

Other medical centres in Europe and the United States began conducting gender-affirming surgeries around the same time, including the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic, founded in 1966. The founder of the clinic, psychiatrist John Money, believed that gender was a social construct and that gender-affirming surgery could be an effective treatment for individuals with gender dysphoria. Money’s theories had a significant impact on the field of gender-affirming surgery and helped to change the attitudes of the medical community regarding the procedure.

During the 1960s, new surgical techniques were developed, including advances in vaginoplasty and phalloplasty. In the 1950s Belgian surgeon Georges Burou devised a technique involving the use of skin grafts from the patient’s thigh to create a vaginal canal lining. For penises, he attached the phallus to a blood supply using tissue . This technique improved tissue perfusion and decreased the risk of complications such as tissue necrosis . These procedures marked a turning point in the development of gender-affirming care because they demonstrated the potential for successful genital reconstruction in transgender patients.

Gender-Affirming Surgery (Top Surgery)

Gender-affirming surgery is a collection of surgical procedures for adults ages 18 and older diagnosed with gender dysphoria. The operations are often referred to as “top surgery" and "bottom surgery.” Duke Health offers several top surgery options to transgender, gender-diverse, nonbinary, and gender-nonconforming adults who want their appearance to align with their internal identity. If, after a consultation with our doctors, you decide to pursue top surgery, we work toward a positive outcome that improves your physical, emotional, and psychological well-being.

What You Should Know About Gender-Affirming Surgery

Choosing to pursue gender-affirming surgery is an individual, personal decision. You’ll want to consider how it will change your quality of life and how it will help you achieve your goals.

Gender Dysphoria One important step is understanding how much you are affected by gender dysphoria, a diagnosis that the American Psychiatric Association defines as a conflict between your physical or assigned gender and the gender with which you identify. 

Candidates for Top Surgery To be a candidate for top surgery, you must:

• Be 18 or older
• Be in good health without illness or a condition that can increase your risk of surgical complications
• Have a BMI under 35
• Provide a clearance letter from your mental health or primary care provider stating you have gender dysphoria and you have been living in your assigned gender for at least 12 months

Top Surgery Costs Some private insurance plans will cover transgender surgery when it is used to address a diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Check with your insurance plan to determine your coverage.

Understanding Which Top Surgery Is Right for You There are several approaches to transgender surgery. We will review these with you during your initial consultation and make a recommendation based on your physical exam and medical history.

You May Have Scars Your surgeon will use the natural contours of your breasts to minimize scarring as much as possible. In some cases, depending on your breast size and weight, a small bunching of tissue may result in scars known as “dog ears” following mastectomy. These can be corrected later with revision surgery.

Understand the Risks Top surgery carries the same risks as other standard surgeries. These include the risk of bleeding and infection and risks associated with general anesthesia. Your doctor will discuss these risks with you if surgery is recommended.

Initial Consultation and Tests

Consultation and Exam Your first step will be an in-person consultation. Our providers spend time meeting with you, evaluating your anatomy, answering your questions, and determining if this surgery will help you achieve your goals.

Your surgeon will review your family history, general health status, lifestyle habits such as smoking, previous operations, any medications you may be taking, and conditions that can put you at risk for surgery.

Measurements, Photographs, Tests Your breasts will be measured and assessed for size and shape, and photographs may be taken for your medical record. Before treatment is recommended, you will also undergo one or more of the following tests.

• Blood tests may be necessary to evaluate your hormone levels. Pre-surgical testing also requires several blood tests to assess your liver and kidney function and to determine if you have a previously undetected infection, blood disorder, or anemia.
• A mammogram may be performed to look for any underlying breast abnormalities. Additional imaging, including ultrasound and MRI, may also be requested.

Recommending Treatment Based on these findings, your surgeon will recommend an approach to surgery. She will discuss the expected outcome, potential risks and complications, and your post-operation recovery. Alternatively, your surgeon may recommend that you lose weight, quit smoking, or discontinue medication before surgery to ensure you experience the best possible outcome.

If You Take Hormone Therapy Some gender-affirming hormone therapy , such as testosterone, can be continued if you pursue transgender surgery. Others, such as anti-estrogen therapy, may be stopped. Your surgeon will explain what you need to do to prepare for surgery.

Top Surgeries

Chest reconstruction - mastectomy, breast reduction.

We use different approaches to remove breast tissue and contour breasts to appear more masculine. The right approach depends on your anatomy and the size of your breasts. Techniques for medium to large breasts include nipple-sparing, double incision, buttonhole, and inverted-T incision. Keyhole and peri-areolar techniques may be used for smaller breasts or for those with good skin elasticity. Your surgeon will discuss your options with you after your physical exam and consultation.

Breast Augmentation

There are also many different approaches to breast augmentation, including the use of implants and fat grafting. We can also combine breast augmentation with body contouring, liposuction, and neurotoxin injections such as Botox injections and dermal fillers.

The Procedure Length

On average, top surgery takes about two to three hours and is performed under general anesthesia in an outpatient ambulatory surgery center. In some case, an overnight stay may be required. Sometimes a second procedure is needed to further tighten skin and achieve optimal cosmetic results.

Your chest will be wrapped in bandages, and a compression chest vest or surgical bra will be worn after the procedure. Drains will be required after mastectomy but not after breast augmentation. Initial recovery takes about one week. It may take three to six months for all swelling to subside and scars to fade.

Duke University Hospital is proud of our team and the exceptional care they provide. They are why we are once again recognized as the best hospital in North Carolina, and nationally ranked in 11 adult and 10 pediatric specialties by U.S. News & World Report for 2024–2025.

Why Choose Duke

You'll Work With a Plastic Surgeon Experienced in Gender Affirmation Surgery Our plastic surgeon has worked with many individuals seeking gender confirmation surgery. She is fellowship trained in body contouring, which means she has completed additional training in procedures that improve the body shape. Our surgeon is also a member of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), a nonprofit organization working to standardize and improve transgender care.

Duke Health Is Committed to the LGBTQ+ Community Duke Health values diversity and has taken many steps to show its commitment to eliminating discrimination, promoting equality, and standing beside our lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) community. Duke University Hospital, Duke Regional Hospital, and Duke Raleigh Hospital are recognized as LGBTQ+ Healthcare Equality Leaders by the Human Rights Campaign Foundation for perfect scores across areas of patient-centered care, support services, and inclusive health insurance policies for LGBTQ+ patients.

Related Care

• Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

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The Protojournalist

The 'sex change' operation for cats.

Linton Weeks

Like a circus parade, the cutting-edge pet stories just keep coming.

Plastic surgery for dogs. Designer kitties — poodle cats and jungle hybrids . Medicinal marijuana for ailing pets.

Can gender reassignment for pets be far behind? Actually, some veterinarians, like Christie Cornelius of Houston, do talk about "sex change" operations for cats.

The surgery, says Cornelius, of Last Wishes , is not a true "sex reassignment" because "it is not performed for the purpose of changing a cat's sex."

Ann Staub, a former vet and now keeper of the Pawsitively Pets blog, explains: The procedure — conducted on a male cat suffering from persistent urinary problems — is technically called a "perineal urethrostomy," but in her office and in other veterinary clinics, it's often referred to as a "sex change."

Because, Staub says, "it's easier to say and remember. Sometimes we have to humor ourselves at work, too."

Without getting too graphic, the operation involves removal of a tom's cathood, a shortening of the urethra and the creation of a new opening that is similar to a female cat's. "I don't know for sure," Staub says, "but this doesn't seem to have any effect on a cat's personality, as most of them are already neutered anyways."

Do owners ever decide to change their pets' gender for other reasons? Staub says she "can't imagine a veterinarian actually doing a 'sex change' surgery to an animal for cosmetic purposes, but I'm sure there's someone out there who's willing to make a buck."

After all, she adds, she has heard about people "using Botox on wrinkly dogs like Shar-Peis for medical reasons. I don't have any experience with that personally, though."