phd students law cambridge

Faculty of Law

The 2012 launch of the MCL was the most recent major chapter in a long and distinguished history of legal education at Cambridge. Law has been studied and taught at the University of Cambridge since the thirteenth century, when the core subjects of legal study in all European universities were Civil law (the law of ancient Rome) and the Canon law of the Church. English law was added to the curriculum in 1800, with the foundation of the Downing Professorship of the Laws of England. Examinations in law for the BA degree began in 1858, and the Faculty has grown steadily since then in size and in the range of its interests. In 1922 the BA became the only degree in Law awarded to Cambridge undergraduates. At the same time, the LLB (Bachelor of Law) acquired the role of a Master's degree in all but name. In 1982, the LLM , in its present form, replaced the LLB. The MCL is thus the first entirely new degree in Law to be established by the University since the nineteenth century.

Numerous distinguished academics have been members of the Cambridge Law Faculty. These include F W Maitland, a prominent legal historian; Glanville Williams, a renowned criminal lawyer and author of Learning the Law ; William Wade, a noted administrative lawyer; and Robert Jennings, an eminent international lawyer. Currently, the Law Faculty includes specialists in numerous aspects of English law and its history, the laws of other countries (especially European), commercial law, European Union law, public and private international law, Roman law, legal philosophy and criminology.

MCL curriculum 2024-25

Dr Jan-Willem Koldehofe Awarded HSF bursary

MCL Student profiles

Travers Smith MCL Bursary

Study at Cambridge

About the university, research at cambridge.

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Professor Mateo Aboy
Dr Christina Angelopoulos
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Dr Jeff Skopek
In Memoriam: Bill Cornish
In Memoriam: Catherine Seville
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The Annual International Intellectual Property Lecture
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Private Law and Intellectual Property Conference July 2023
Research overview
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Projects overview
HERA Project: Of Authorship and Originality
Of Authorship and Originality Project
Copyright and news research project (2014-16) overview
Project introduction (2014)
Conference and workshop presentations
London workshop November 2015 overview
Introduction
Part 1: General context
Part 2: Copyright as a means of intervening
Part 3: Spain – a case example
Part 4: Freedom of speech
US research trip November 2015 overview
10/11/15 – CGCS, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
11/11/15 ISP, Yale University
12/11/15 Tow Centre, Columbia University
Amsterdam conference April 2016
Working papers
The Human Rights, Big Data and Technology (HRBDT) Project
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European Data Protection Laws and Freedom of Expression - Acknowledgements
Czech Republic
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UK Data Protection Reform
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Professor Lionel Bently
Dr Jennifer Cobbe
Professor David Erdos
Professor Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan
By Subject overview
Data Protection, Personality Rights and Confidentiality
General Intellectual Property
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European Case Law
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Community Design Regulation
Community Trade Mark Regulation
Copyright: Computer Programs
Copyright: Database Directive
Copyright: Information Society Directive
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Copyright: Term Directive
Data Protection Directive overview
Detailed index of article development
Designs Directive
E-Commerce Directive overview
Detailed index of article development (E-Commerce Directive)
IP Enforcement Directive
Trade Marks Directive
Personal Data and Privacy in Telecommunications Directive overview
Virtual Museum overview
BBC v Wireless League Magazine [1926] Ch. 433
Beloff v Pressdram [1973] FSR 33
Britain v Hanks, The Times, April 1902
Burroughs Wellcome v Thompson & Capper (Tabloid) [1904] 1 Ch. 736
Byrne v Statist [1914] 1 KB 622
Cala Homes v McAlpine [1995] FSR 818
Cramp & Sons Ltd v Frank Smythson Ltd [1944] AC 329
Creation Records v News Group Newspapers [1997] EMLR 444
Dean's Rag Book Co v Pomerantz [1930] RPC 485
Designers Guild v Russell Williams [2001] FSR 113
Eno v Dunn [1890] 7 RPC 311
Express Newspapers v Liverpool Daily Post [1985] 3 All ER 680
Ferrier v Robert Hale Ltd, The Times, Sept. 1955
Football League Ltd v Littlewoods Pools Ltd [1959] 1 Ch 637
Francis Day Hunter v Bron [1963] 1 Ch 587
Green v Broadcasting Corp. Of NZ [1989] 2 All ER 1056
Hanfstaengl v WH Smith & Sons: MacGillivray 1905-1910 pp. 8-9
Hensher v Restawile [1976] AC 64
Hyde Park Residence Ltd v Yelland [2000] RPC 604
Interlego v Tyco [1989] AC 217
Kennard v Lewis [1983] FSR 346
LB (Plastics) Ltd. v Swish [1979] R.P.C. 551
Ladbroke v William Hill [1964] 1 All ER 465
Lawrence & Bullen Ltd v Aflalo [1902] 1 Ch. 264; [1903] 1 Ch. 318; [1904] A.C 17
Leahy, Kelly and Leahy v Glover [1893] 10 RPC 141
Leslie v J Young & Sons, [1894] AC 335
Magnolia Metal v Tandem Smelting Syndicate [1900] 17 RPC 477
Marengo v Daily Sketch & Sunday Graphic Ltd. (1948) 65 RPC 242, 251
Meek v Ledrut, Unreported
Merchandising Corporation v Harpbond [1971] 2 All E.R. 657
Merchant Adventures Limited v M. Grew [1983] FSR 32
Native Guano Co Ltd v Sewage Manure Co [1899] 6 RPC
Noah v Shuba [1991] FSR 14
Pasterfield v Denham [1999] FSR 168
Pearce v Ove Arup Partnership [2001] EWHC Ch 481
Preston v Raphael Tuck [1926]
Radley v Spyrou Gowns [1975] FSR 455
Reddaway v Banham [1896] AC 199
Roberton v Lewis [1976] RPC 169
Snow v The Eaton Centre Ltd. (1982) 70 C.P.R. (2d) 105
Stevenson, Jordan & Harrison Ltd. v McDonald & Evans [1952] 69 RPC 10
Stovin-Bradford v Volpont Properties [1971] 3 All ER 570
Tidy v Trustees of the Natural History Museum [1996] 39 IPR 501
University of London Press v University Tutorial [1916] 2 Ch 601
Walter v Lane [1900] A.C. 539
A G Spalding and Brothers v A W Gamage (Ltd) and Benetfink and Co (1915) 32 RPC 273, (1915) LJ Ch 339
Primary Sources on Copyright History (1450-1900)
European Data Protection - National Laws
European Data Protection and Electronic Privacy - Transnational
Article 29 Working Party Archive 1997-2018
Seminars and events
Publications

Applying to do Postgraduate Research at Cambridge

To find out more about researching at Cambridge see the Faculty of Law website .

Current Researchers

Tim Cochrane Alexander Ferguson Ricki-Lee Gerbrandt Ann Kristin Glenster Laura Hannan Milhan Mohamed James Parish

Former Researchers

Oliver butler : information law in an era of public services commissioning: the implications for privacy, confidentiality and data protection, yin harn lee : copyright issues surrounding videogame modifications..

Yin Harn Lee completed her undergraduate education at the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, obtaining an LL.B. (Hons) (with Distinction). She was admitted to the Bar as an Advocate and Solicitor of the High Court of Malaya in the following year, and worked as a research assistant and a tutor at the University of Malaya before graduating from the University of Cambridge with an LL.M. Her thesis related to questions of copyright in video-games and the implications for user-generated "Mods". Yin Harn is now a lecturer at the University of Sheffield

Julia Powles : The Inventive Concept and the Structure of Patent Law.

Julia’s research focussed on the role of the ‘inventive concept’ in construing inventions and determining patent scope in the United Kingdom, with comparative reference to the European patent system. Her studies were supported by a Cambridge Poynton Australia Scholarship. Julia has first class honours degrees in law and science from the University of Western Australia and the Australian National University, as well as a Bachelor of Civil Law (master’s degree) from the University of Oxford. She has clerked in the Federal Court of Australia and the Commonwealth Administrative Appeals Tribunal and practised in the information technology and intellectual property department of Minter Ellison in Sydney, while also lecturing at the University of New South Wales. Before commencing her PhD, Julia worked in the Office of the Director General at the World Intellectual Property Organization, where her work covered all aspects of intellectual property. Julia is now a researcher at Cornell Tech.

Nigel Stone: An Empirical Analysis of the Fairness and Certainty of US and European Software Patentability

Sharon Le Gall : Reclaiming Collective Knowledge

Sharon's research explored the ways in which issues of intellectual property, cultural property, and cultural and national identity converge in the discourse surrounding the protection of traditional knowledge. The steel pan, which is a musical instrument invented in Trinidad circa 1930 (and declared the national instrument of Trinidad and Tobago), provided the focal point of the research, with references made to the developments regarding the protection of traditional knowledge associated with the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. The thesis also developed a theoretical framework for defining traditional knowledge and the collective knowledge associated with the invention and development of the steel pan. Any definition in relation to the steel pan must transcend its technical features and encompass its symbolism as a form of cultural and national identity. Features of a national regime of protection for the collective knowledge associated with the steel pan were also proposed as well as ways in which international protection may be achieved via WIPO's initiatives to develop international protection measures for traditional knowledge. Sharon now teaches at the University of the West Indies. Her PhD was converted into a book.

Chikosa Banda: Patents and Promotion of Biomedical Research into Diseases Prevalent in Developing Countries

Chikosa Banda's research for his PhD with the Centre was supported by a Wellcome Trust Studentship and was an examination of the efficacy of intellectual property rights as a policy mechanism to accelerate medical research on neglected diseases. Malawi (Chikosa’s country of origin) provided a case study for the research. He was jointly supervised by Professor Bently and Dr Liddell.Chikosa has a background that prepared him well for this research. He worked as an Assistant Lecturer in Law in the University of Malawi: Chancellor College, and was appointed to Malawi National Experts Working Group on Access and Benefit Sharing under the Southern African Development Community Biodiversity Support Programme. With Robert Lewis-Lettington, he wrote “A Survey of Policy and Practice on the Use of Access to Medicines –TRIPS Related Flexibilities in Malawi, DFID Health Systems Resource Centre”.The research funding essential to such a project was provided by the Wellcome Trust’s scheme for research on the Ethics of Biomedical Research in Developing Countries. This enabled Chikosa to be based both in Malawi and the UK, and to visit Switzerland and other countries central to the debates. During his time in Cambridge Chikosa was awarded the status of an Honorary Cambridge Commonwealth Trust Scholar.

Elena Cooper : The Relationship between Art and Law in the History of Photographic Copyright 1850-1911

Elena's research examined the history of artistic copyright law.

Patrick Masiyakurima : The Justifications for Protecting Unpublished Works by Copyright Law

Patrick’s thesis considered the topic of copyright in unpublished works from historical, legal and normative perspectives and it was provoked by criticisms of the strength of protection that is conferred on unpublished works. The thesis raised several key arguments.

The jurisdictional bases for restraining unauthorised first publication evolved from protecting the manuscript as a chattel to property rights in unpublished expressions and later to breach of confidence and breach of an implied contract not to publish.
Common law copyright protection was abrogated in 1911 owing to the 1908 Revision of the Berne Convention, dissatisfaction with domestic copyright laws and problems with imperial copyright.
The unpublished status of a work retains considerable significance in contemporary British copyright law especially in the areas of the exceptions to copyright infringement, the term of copyright protection, the extent of copyright protection and the remedies for copyright infringement.
Copyright in unpublished works is justified because it would be too costly to differentiate “published” from “unpublished works”. Distinguishing published from unpublished works is especially difficult given the numerous problems surrounding publication on the Internet. Therefore, in general, the protection available to “published” and “unpublished” works ought to be the same
The range of materials and interests that are encompassed by legal protection of unpublished works suggests that some unpublished works could be protected by the action for breach of confidence, the right to privacy, and the moral right of divulgation.

It was also argued that where appropriate, legal protection of unpublished works ought to be balanced with countervailing public interests including freedom of expression. The appropriate balance between copyright in unpublished works and the public interest can be achieved by interpreting the exceptions to copyright infringement purposively. It is hoped that aspects of the thesis will be published as a series of research articles or a monograph. Patrick’s research was very generously funded by the University of Cambridge through a Domestic Research Scholarship. Patrick is a lecturer in law at the University of Aberdeen.

Sun Thathong: Searching for Harmony in an Age of Fragmentation: A Critical Reappraisal of the Protection of Traditional Knowledge under International Law

Sun was an Cambridge Overseas Trust Scholar and a recipient of the Underwood Scholarship from Trinity Hall. His research explores the protection of traditional knowledge under international law, focusing on the interaction among four relevant international legal regimes, namely international intellectual property law, international environmental law, international cultural heritage law and international human rights law. It scrutinises the fragmentation of international law in this field, looking particularly at the diverse ways “traditional knowledge” is being conceptualised under different regimes and the effects this may have on the protection of traditional knowledge under international law as a whole. Sun holds an LL.B. from Durham University and an LL.M. (International Law) from the University of Cambridge. Before commencing his PhD, he worked as a Second Secretary at the Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand, where he was part of the legal team giving international legal advice to the Royal Thai Government on issues relating to crime prevention and criminal justice.

Petroula Vantsiouri : A Comparative Stand Towards the Intended and Unintended Consequences of Anticircumvention Regulation and Technological Protection Measures in the European Union and in the United States

Petroula's research interests lie in intellectual property law and information law. Her doctoral thesis takes a comparative stand towards the intended and unintended consequences of anticircumvention regulation in the European Union and in the United States, as they are applied in different sectors, namely broadcasting, software and other copyright works. She holds an LL.M. from Harvard Law School, a Postgraduate Specialization Diploma and a law degree from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Petroula has also worked as a practicing lawyer, a trainee for the Office of Harmonization in the Internal Market and as a research assistant. She is a licensed member of the New York State Bar Association (US) as well as of the Thessaloniki Bar Association (Greece).

Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law (CIPIL) The Faculty of Law 10 West Road Cambridge CB3 9DZ United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 1223 330047 Email: [email protected]

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University of cambridge: law.

Institution
Department
Web	https://www.cam.ac.uk
Study type	Research

Doctor of Philosophy - PhD

Full-time, 3 years starts oct 2024.

The PhD in Law may be awarded after three to four years of full-time study or five to seven years of part-time study (including a probationary period) of supervised independent research on the basis of a thesis not exceeding 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography, table of contents and any other preliminary matter. Students are appointed a principal supervisor by the Faculty's Degree Committee as well as an adviser as the second point of contact for academic advice. If the project is interdisciplinary, a second supervisor may be appointed. It is a requirement of the first year of study that students attend, in term-time only, the research training classes provided by the Faculty's Research Training and Development Programme. While individual arrangements may vary considerably, PhD students may normally expect to receive one-to-one supervision once a month during the early stages of their research. Meetings may be less frequent thereafter.

A PhD thesis must take due account of previously published work on the subject and must represent a significant contribution to learning, through, for example, the discovery of new knowledge, the connection of previously unrelated facts, the development of new theory or the revision of older views. A PhD research proposal of between 2,000 and 3,000 words in length should be submitted at the time of application for consideration and approval by the Faculty's Degree Committee. Candidates are initially registered for the Certificate of Postgraduate Study in Legal Studies and are required to attend the classes provided by the Faculty's Research Training and Development Programme, which aims to provide an introduction to advanced research techniques and methods in law and cognate disciplines.

Towards the end of May of their first year (or second year if registered part-time), candidates are required to submit three items for a progress review: a personal progress log, a 15,000-word thesis, and a short explanation of the proposed topic of the PhD. The work is formally assessed (normally by two teaching members of the Faculty) and students must attend an oral examination.

After this examination, the assessors' reports, along with a recommendation from the supervisor(s), are considered by the Faculty's Degree Committee whose members then decide whether the candidate be upgraded to doctoral status. The PhD registration date is normally backdated so as to include the period spent working on the Certificate.

Level	RQF Level 8
Location	Cambridge University The Old Schools Trinity Lane Cambridge CB2 1TN

Part-Time, 5 years starts Oct 2024

Full-time, 3 years started oct 2023, part-time, 5 years started oct 2023, full-time, 2 years starts oct 2024.

The MLitt in Law may be awarded after two years of supervised research (or a proportionally longer period if undertaken on a part-time basis) and following examination of a thesis not exceeding 60,000 words inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of appendices, bibliography, table of contents and any other preliminary matter. An MLitt thesis must take due account of previously published work on the subject and must represent a useful contribution to learning. Candidates for the MLitt are registered in the first instance for the Certificate of Postgraduate Study in Legal Studies which provides training in legal research.

It is a requirement of the Certificate that candidates attend the weekly classes (during term time only) provided by the Faculty's Research Training and Development Programme that offers instruction on research techniques and advice on matters such as getting work published and obtaining academic jobs. Candidates are required to submit, normally towards the end of May of their first year (or at a proportionally later date for part-time candidates), three items for a progress review: a personal progress log, a 15,000-word thesis, and a short explanation of the proposed topic of the MLitt. The work is formally assessed (normally by two teaching members of the Faculty) and candidates must attend an oral examination.

After this examination, the assessors' reports, along with a recommendation from the supervisor(s), are considered by the Faculty's Degree Committee whose members then decide whether to register the candidate for the MLitt Degree. The MLitt registration date is normally backdated so as to include the period of time working on the Certificate.

Level	RQF Level 7
Location	Cambridge University The Old Schools Trinity Lane Cambridge CB2 1TN

Part-Time, 3 years starts Oct 2024

Full-time, 2 years started oct 2023, part-time, 3 years started oct 2023.

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St Catharine's has a thriving graduate law community at both Master's and PhD level.

Graduate law students are a vital group in St Catharine’s community of lawyers. The College welcomes applications from students reading for the taught graduate law degrees – the LLM and the MCL – and students reading for graduate research degrees, especially the PhD. In a normal year the College has around four students reading for the LLM or the MCL, as well as one or two PhD students.

The graduate lawyers become members of the College’s Middle Combination Room (MCR) upon joining the College, and thus join the life of a lively intellectual and social group. The MCR at St Catharine’s holds a high reputation among students throughout Cambridge.

The graduate lawyers also become involved in a full range of law-related activities held in the College. Several of these are formed for both graduate and undergraduates. Activities are organised by the Law Fellows – through the College’s Law Enrichment Programme – and by the students through the St Catharine’s College Law Society. All of the College’s law students and Fellows gather at occasions held at special points in the year, including the annual dinner held by the Law Society. Speakers at recent annual dinners have included Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore (of the UK Supreme Court), Lord Millett (a former Law Lord) and Lord Justice Mummery (formerly of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales).

Each graduate lawyer who reads for a taught degree at St Catharine’s has a Director of Studies in the same way as undergraduates. The Director of Studies and each student meet with one another twice each term to discuss the student’s academic progress and needs. In pastoral matters, each graduate student also has access to the College’s Graduate Tutors.

In recent years, students who have read for graduate degrees in law at St Catharine’s have proceeded to practise at the bar and in firms of solicitors, as well as to work in prestigious academic positions and positions in the civil service and governments of various nations.

Although the College has limited funding specifically available for graduate law students, it is fortunate to hold funds to support the award of Jacobson Scholarships in public or private international law. The fund normally supports one studentship at a time. You can read a testimonial written by one former and one current St Catharine’s graduate lawyer below.

Testimonials

1. massimo lando .

When I decided to pursue graduate studies after my first law degree, I had no doubts about applying to Cambridge. The college system baffled me a bit in the beginning – I come from an institution where there are no colleges. I consider myself very fortunate to have become part of St Catharine’s College: it is a thriving community, with people studying across all field of academic knowledge. Also, the presence of both undergraduate and graduate students makes it a little bit more varied than graduate colleges – something I personally find interesting and refreshing. St Catharine’s supported my studies towards the LLM in 2013-2014, by electing me to the Jacobson Scholarship in International Law. After completing my LLM, I decided to pursue further research in Cambridge by commencing a PhD: I decided to apply to St Catharine’s, because I already knew the College – I liked it, and I also knew that there was a good scholarship tailored to my needs, specifically for the study of international law. I was awarded the Jacobson Scholarship a second time, and I have undertaken my research since October 2014. I would recommend that anyone with a research project in International Law apply to the Jacobson. St Catharine’s houses a blossoming law community, with around 25 to 30 law students in residence at any time. All of them are part of the College Law Society, which organises lectures and social events especially designed for law students. In addition to law students, there are many others who are part of the College community and study different subjects: I find this interaction between subjects very stimulating, as it allows students to think about something different from their day-to-day work. As graduates in St Catharine’s, you will be automatically part of the MCR (Middle Combination Room), whose committee is very active in organising social events, both within College, and together with other colleges. It may be a formal dinner, or a College disco, or a simple film night, but it will always make you feel part of a wider graduate community, which ends up becoming your substitute family while in Cambridge. I am very happy to be part of St Catharine’s, and I would not change College if I were given the chance. I would certainly recommend that anyone with good academic potential and with an eye to being part of a nice college community apply to St Catharine’s.

2. Emma Horner

Deciding whether to study for a postgraduate degree in law wasn’t a clear-cut decision for me. I had contemplated whether a Master’s course was necessary to succeed in practice, and the LLM at Cambridge was an obvious front-runner when deciding where to apply. I had hoped the LLM would help me develop what I had learnt during my undergraduate law degree, improve my legal skills and prepare me for legal practice, and it certainly did. The LLM is a course that allowed me to broaden my legal knowledge and understanding, in preparation for training as a barrister. The LLM gives students the choice: to specialise, or to study a diverse range of legal areas. I chose to specialise in commercial law, studying in-depth modules that have been incredibly useful as a pupil barrister in a commercial chancery set of chambers. The Fellows in St Catharine’s - Catz - are very aware that many of their students (both undergraduate and postgraduate) intend to practise after their studies, and they were able to provide helpful assistance, passing on their advice during the application process and prior to interviews. The College also has a legal practice scholarship available, the Gooderson Memorial Scholarship, which usefully contributed to fund part of the (expensive) training to become a barrister. Catz is a very welcoming College, with a lively graduate community. The MCR organises many varied events open to all graduate students, including wine and cheese nights, a Burns Night ceilidh and weekly movie nights. This makes it very easy to meet other graduate students, including those from different academic disciplines, and allowed me to get fully involved in College life. There are also many different sports clubs in the College and university to get involved with, and College sports allowed me to achieve a balance to my academic studies. I made amazing friends during my year at Catz through the MCR and sports clubs, and luckily a few of them are still studying in the College, so I can go back and visit.

Catz alumni in the Commons

PhD historian receives awards at home and away

College gardens celebrate alumni

Alumni Society Committee Meeting & Dinner

College Open Day

Members' Reunion (2000-2002)

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Law, BA (Hons)

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Law at Cambridge

Law at the University of Cambridge allows you to understand law in its historical and social contexts, and to examine its general principles and techniques.

This course is your first step towards becoming a qualified solicitor or barrister. As part of the course you will be able to specialise from second year and study other legal systems from outside the UK.

Law at Cambridge

This course allows you to explore the law beyond the fundamental subjects to consider its interdisciplinary relationship with philosophy, economics, ethics, criminology, social policy, and history.

In your first year you’ll study a range of topics such as Criminal Law and Constitutional Law.

You will then be able to specialise and explore your interests from your second and third year.

The Faculty and University Law Society organise numerous activities, including:

public lectures
careers events with leading barristers’ and solicitors’ firms
social events
mooting competitions (debates about hypothetical legal cases)

Teaching and facilities

You’ll be taught by experts in the field at the Faculty of Law.

The Faculty of Law facilities include the David Williams Building, which has:

lecture theatres
seminar rooms
a moot court, where you can take part in mock trials
the Squire Law Library, one of the finest academic law collections in the UK. The Library offers an extensive collection of printed and electronic resources and excellent computing facilities.

Along with all other students at Cambridge, you'll also have access to:

our impressive Cambridge University Library, one of the world’s oldest university libraries

Student exchange schemes

You may have the opportunity to spend a year studying abroad at one of our partner institutions in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, New Zealand, South Africa and Singapore. The year abroad takes place after you complete the first two years of the course.

You would then return to Cambridge to complete Part II of the course as a fourth year.

You may be given financial support for your Year Abroad, if needed, through a Turing Scheme grant. This is subject to funding being awarded to the University by the Department for Education. Funding is awarded on an annual basis. Eligibility may change depending on the level of funding awarded each year.

Find out more about the student exchange schemes

Course costs

When you go to university, you’ll need to consider two main costs – your tuition fees and your living costs (sometimes referred to as maintenance costs).

Your living costs will include costs related to your studies that are not covered by your tuition fees. There are some general study costs that will apply for all students – you can find details of these costs here .

There are no compulsory additional course costs for Law. If you choose to buy your own copies of course books, they usually cost around £15 each.

If you have any queries about resources/materials, please contact the Faculty.

Becoming a solicitor

If you want to qualify as a solicitor in England and Wales you will need to sit two Solicitors Qualifying Examinations (SQE1 & SQE2) after you complete this course. For more information visit the Solicitors Regulation Authority website.

Becoming a barrister

If you want to qualify as a barrister in England and Wales, your undergraduate degree will satisfy the academic component of training for this if you study the following papers throughout the course:

Criminal Law
Law of Tort
Constitutional Law
Contract Law
European Union Law

You can then study vocational courses that lead to professional accreditation. For more information about qualifying as a barrister visit the Bar Standards Board website.

Teaching is provided through lectures, seminars and small-group supervisions.

You will usually have 10 to 12 hours of lectures, and one supervision for each paper you’re studying, every 2 weeks.

Assessment is mostly through examinations which you take at the end of the year.

You will also have the option of taking a seminar course, which is assessed by a dissertation.

You won't usually be able to resit any of your exams.

Year 1 (Part IA)

You take 4 papers.

In previous years, papers have included:

Civil Law I

Year 2 (Part IB)

You choose 5 papers from a wide range of options, which may include:

Law of Contract
Administrative Law
Civil Law II
Comparative Law
Criminal Procedure and Criminal Evidence
Criminology
Sentencing and the Penal System
Family Law
Human Rights Law
International Law
Jurisprudence
Legal History

Year 3 (Part II)

You choose 5 papers. You can also take 2 half-papers as one of your 5 options.

Full paper options may include:

Aspects of Obligations
Commercial Law
Company Law
Conflict of Laws
Intellectual Property Law
Labour Law

Examples of half-papers that may be on offer include:

Historical Foundations of the British Constitution
Landlord and Tenant Law
Law of Succession
Personal Information Law
Topics in Legal and Political Philosophy
Topics in European Legal History
Animal Rights Law

You can also choose a seminar course, instead of one paper. Seminar courses vary each year but may include:

Select Issues in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
Family in Society
Law and Ethics of Medicine
Private Law
Public Law
Select Issues in International Law
Tax Law and Policy

For further information about this course and the papers you can take see the Faculty of Law website .

Changing course

It’s really important to think carefully about which course you want to study before you apply.

In rare cases, it may be possible to change course once you’ve joined the University. You will usually have to get agreement from your College and the relevant departments. It’s not guaranteed that your course change will be approved.

You might also have to:

take part in an interview
complete an admissions test
produce some written work
achieve a particular grade in your current studies
do some catch-up work
start your new course from the beginning

For more information visit the Faculty website .

You can also apply to change to:

Management Studies at the Judge Business School

You can't apply to this course until you're at Cambridge. You would usually apply when you have completed 1 year or more of your original Cambridge course.

You should contact your College’s Admissions Office if you’re thinking of changing your course. They will be able to give you advice and explain how changing courses works.

Minimum offer level

A*AA (all Colleges except Sidney Sussex College)
A*A*A (Sidney Sussex College)

IB: 41-42 points, with 776 at Higher Level Other qualifications : Check which other qualifications we accept .

Subject requirements

While we don't ask for any specific subjects to apply to Law, we would recommend certain subjects for a strong application:

English (language or literature)
Languages (ancient or modern)

You can find more information about the subjects our typical entrants have studied below.

Applying as an affiliate student

If you're applying to the Law course as an affiliated student , you should have achieved (or be expected to achieve) a first class undergraduate degree (or international equivalent) or alternatively, a Distinction in an MPhil (Master's qualification) or its international equivalent.

What Law students have studied

Most Law students (who had studied A levels and started at Cambridge in 2018, 2019 and 2023) achieved at least A*A*A (67% of entrants).

Most had usually studied at least one of the subjects recommended above.

The rest had usually taken at least one of:

Mathematics
A science subject

Other common subjects included:

Classical Civilisation, Further Mathematics, Geography, Politics, Music, Philosophy, Religious Studies or Sociology.

The majority of students who studied IB achieved at least 43 points overall.

This information shows some of the common subjects our applicants have studied. Although these are common subject combinations, this doesn't mean they're favoured.

When you're choosing your post-16 subjects, it's most important to check whether any subjects are required for your course. You can also check our guidance on choosing your high school subjects for more information.

Admission test

All applicants for Law are required to take the National Admissions Test for Law (LNAT) at an authorised assessment centre. You must register in advance for this test.

See the LNAT page for further information.

Submitting written work

Applicants to some Colleges are required to submit written work prior to interview.

The following Colleges require two pieces of written work:

St Edmund's

Offers above the minimum requirement

The minimum offer level and subject requirements outline the minimum you'll usually need to achieve to get an offer from Cambridge.

In some cases, you'll get a higher or more challenging offer. Colleges set higher offer requirements for a range of reasons. If you'd like to find out more about why we do this, check the information about offers above the minimum requirement on the entry requirements page.

Some Colleges usually make offers above the minimum offer level. Find out more on our qualifications page .

All undergraduate admissions decisions are the responsibility of the Cambridge Colleges. Please contact the relevant College admissions office if you have any queries.

Discover your department or faculty

Visit the Faculty of Law - The Faculty Law website has more information about this course, facilities, people and research.

Explore our Colleges

Find out how Colleges work - A College is where you’ll live, eat and socialise. It’s also where you’ll have teaching in a small group, known as supervisions.
How to choose a Cambridge College that's right for you - If you think you know which course you’d like to study, it’s time to choose a College.

Visit us on an open day

Book an open day - Get a feel for the city and the university
Find an event - We offer a range of events where you can find out more about Cambridge, Colleges, and your course. Many of our events have hybrid options so you can join us virtually.

Find out how to apply

Find out how to apply and how our admissions processes work - Our admissions process is slightly different to other universities. We’ve put together a handy guide to tell you everything you need to know about applying to study at Cambridge.
Improve your application - Supercurricular activities are a great way to engage with your chosen subject outside of school or college.

Discover Uni data

Contextual information.

Discover Uni allows you to compare information about individual courses at different higher education institutions. This can be a useful method of considering your options and what course may suit you best.

However, please note that superficially similar courses often have very different structures and objectives, and that the teaching, support and learning environment that best suits you can only be determined by identifying your own interests, needs, expectations and goals, and comparing them with detailed institution- and course-specific information.

We recommend that you look thoroughly at the course and University information contained on these webpages and consider coming to visit us on an Open Day , rather than relying solely on statistical comparison.

You may find the following notes helpful when considering information presented by Discover Uni.

Discover Uni relies on superficially similar courses being coded in the same way. Whilst this works on one level, it may lead to some anomalies. For example, Music courses and Music Technology courses can have exactly the same code despite being very different programmes with quite distinct educational and career outcomes. Any course which combines several disciplines (as many courses at Cambridge do) tends to be compared nationally with courses in just one of those disciplines, and in such cases the Discover Uni comparison may not be an accurate or fair reflection of the reality of either. For example, you may find that when considering a degree which embraces a range of disciplines such as biology, physics, chemistry and geology (for instance, Natural Sciences at Cambridge), the comparison provided is with courses at other institutions that primarily focus on just one (or a smaller combination) of those subjects.You may therefore find that not all elements of the Cambridge degree are represented in the Discover Uni data.
Some contextual data linked from other surveys, such as the National Student Survey (NSS) or the Destination of Leavers in Higher Education (DLHE), may not be available or may be aggregated across several courses or several years due to small sample sizes. When using the data to inform your course choice, it is important to ensure you understand how it has been processed prior to its presentation. Discover Uni offers some explanatory information about how the contextual data is collated, and how it may be used, which you can view here: https://discoveruni.gov.uk/about-our-data/ .
Discover Uni draws on national data to provide average salaries and employment/continuation data. Whilst starting salaries can be a useful measure, they do not give any sense of career trajectory or take account of the voluntary/low paid work that many graduates undertake initially in order to gain valuable experience necessary/advantageous for later career progression. Discover Uni is currently piloting use of the Longitudinal Education Outcomes (LEO) data to demonstrate possible career progression; it is important to note that this is experimental and its use may be modified as it embeds.

The above list is not exhaustive and there may be other important factors that are relevant to the choices that you are making, but we hope that this will be a useful starting point to help you delve deeper than the face value of the Discover Uni data.

Key information

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Law: theses & dissertations.

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Criminology This link opens in a new window

Access to theses and dissertations from other institutions and from the University of Cambridge

This guide provides information on searching for theses of Cambridge PhDs and for theses of UK universities and universities abroad.

For information and guidance on depositing your thesis as a cambridge phd, visit the cambridge office of scholarly communication pages on theses here ., this guide gives essential information on how to obtain theses using the british library's ethos service. .

On the last weekend of October, the British Library became the victim of a major cyber-attack. Essential digital services including the BL catalogue, website and online learning resources went dark, with research services like the EThOS collection of more than 600,000 doctoral theses suddenly unavailable. The BL state that they anticipate restoring more services in the next few weeks, but disruption to certain services is now expected to persist for several months. For the latest news on the attack and information on the restoration of services, please follow the BL blog here: Knowledge Matters blog and access the LibGuide page here: British Library Outage Update - Electronic Legal Deposit - LibGuides at University of Cambridge Subject Libraries

A full list of resources for searching theses online is provided by the Cambridge A-Z, available here .

University of Cambridge theses

Finding a cambridge phd thesis online via the institutional repository.

The University's institutional repository, Apollo , holds full-text digital versions of over 11,000 Cambridge PhD theses and is a rapidly growing collection deposited by Cambridge Ph.D. graduates. Theses in Apollo can be browsed via this link . More information on how to access theses by University of Cambridge students can be found on the access to Cambridge theses webpage. The requirement for impending PhD graduates to deposit a digital version in order to graduate means the repository will be increasing at a rate of approximately 1,000 per year from this source. About 200 theses are added annually through requests to make theses Open Access or via requests to digitize a thesis in printed format.

Locating and obtaining a copy of a Cambridge PhD thesis (not yet available via the repository)

Theses can be searched in iDiscover . Guidance on searching for theses in iDiscover can be found here . Requests for consultation of printed theses, not available online, should be made at the Manuscripts Reading Room (Email: [email protected] Telephone: +44 (0)1223 333143). Further information on the University Library's theses, dissertations and prize essays collections can be consulted at this link .

Researchers can order a copy of an unpublished thesis which was deposited in print form either through the Library’s Digital Content Unit via the image request form , or, if the thesis has been digitised, it may be available in the Apollo repository. Copies of theses may be provided to researchers in accordance with the law and in a manner that is common across UK libraries. The law allows us to provide whole copies of unpublished theses to individuals as long as they sign a declaration saying that it is for non-commercial research or private study.

How to make your thesis available online through Cambridge's institutional repository

Are you a Cambridge alumni and wish to make your Ph.D. thesis available online? You can do this by depositing it in Apollo the University's institutional repository. Click here for further information on how to proceed. Current Ph.D students at the University of Cambridge can find further information about the requirements to deposit theses on the Office of Scholarly Communication theses webpages.

UK Theses and Dissertations

Electronic copies of Ph.D. theses submitted at over 100 UK universities are obtainable from EThOS , a service set up to provide access to all theses from participating institutions. It achieves this by harvesting e-theses from Institutional Repositories and by digitising print theses as they are ordered by researchers using the system. Over 250,000 theses are already available in this way. Please note that it does not supply theses submitted at the universities of Cambridge or Oxford although they are listed on EThOS.

Registration with EThOS is not required to search for a thesis but is necessary to download or order one unless it is stored in the university repository rather than the British Library (in which case a link to the repository will be displayed). Many theses are available without charge on an Open Access basis but in all other cases, if you are requesting a thesis that has not yet been digitised you will be asked to meet the cost. Once a thesis has been digitised it is available for free download thereafter.

When you order a thesis it will either be immediately available for download or writing to hard copy or it will need to be digitised. If you order a thesis for digitisation, the system will manage the process and you will be informed when the thesis is available for download/preparation to hard copy.

See the Search results section of the help page for full information on interpreting search results in EThOS.

EThOS is managed by the British Library and can be found at http://ethos.bl.uk . For more information see About EThOS .

World-wide (incl. UK) theses and dissertations

Electronic versions of non-UK theses may be available from the institution at which they were submitted, sometimes on an open access basis from the institutional repository. A good starting point for discovering freely available electronic theses and dissertations beyond the UK is the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) , which facilitates searching across institutions. Information can also usually be found on the library web pages of the relevant institution.

The DART Europe etheses portal lists several thousand full-text theses from a group of European universities.

The University Library subscribes to the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (PQDT) database which from August 31 2023 is accessed on the Web of Science platform. To search this index select it from the Web of Science "Search in" drop-down list of databases (available on the Documents tab on WoS home page)

PQDT includes 2.4 million dissertation and theses citations, representing 700 leading academic institutions worldwide from 1861 to the present day. The database offers full text for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and strong retrospective full text coverage for older graduate works. Each dissertation published since July 1980 includes a 350-word abstract written by the author. Master's theses published since 1988 include 150-word abstracts.

IMPORTANT NOTE: The University Library only subscribes to the abstracting & indexing version of the ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database and NOT the full text version. A fee is payable for ordering a dissertation from this source. To obtain the full text of a dissertation as a downloadable PDF you can submit your request via the University Library Inter-Library Loans department (see contact details below). NB this service is only available to full and current members of the University of Cambridge.

Alternatively you can pay yourself for the dissertation PDF on the PQDT platform. Link from Web of Science record display of any thesis to PQDT by clicking on "View Details on ProQuest". On the "Preview" page you will see an option "Order a copy" top right. This will allow you to order your own copy from ProQuest directly.

Dissertations and theses submitted at non-UK universities may also be requested on Inter-Library Loan through the Inter-Library Loans department (01223 333039 or 333080, [email protected] )

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Last Updated: Aug 1, 2024 2:07 PM
URL: https://libguides.cam.ac.uk/law

Studying at Cambridge

Cambridge University is organised on a collegiate basis, with 31 Colleges . The Colleges provide accommodation, access to dining and sporting facilities and various forms of student support.

All LLM students have a Director of Studies in their College who is able to provide general academic support. Most Colleges also have a graduate tutor who can provide pastoral support.

By contrast, lectures, seminars and small group teaching for the Cambridge LLM programme are provided exclusively by the Faculty of Law.

LLM students are encouraged to participate fully in the rich academic and social life of their College. Most Colleges have their own law societies and other alumni networks complementing those offered by the Faculty and the University.

Further information about the Colleges is available on either the University of Cambridge Postgraduate Admissions Office (PAO) website or on the individual College websites or via the University's website. Whichever College you join – and they are all different – experience tells us it will add something memorable to your year in Cambridge.

More detail on how Colleges and students are matched is also available on the PAO website.

At Faculty level, overall responsibility for the LLM students lies with the LLM Director, Dr Richard Williams.

Teaching: lectures, seminars and small group teaching

Each LLM subject is run as either a lecture course or a seminar course. A lecture course ordinarily has two hours of lectures a week. Students are expected to supplement this formal contact by extensive private reading and informal group discussion. Teaching is interactive, so some pre-reading before lectures is essential in order to take full advantage of the learning experience and the possibilities for engagement with the lecturer. Seminar courses are different, and described below – the term is used in a particular sense on the Cambridge LLM programme; it does not simply mean a small lecture group.

With lecture courses, special provision is typically made for additional small group teaching. These small group teaching sessions are provided because we know how much students benefit from lively interaction with their peers. These groups are large enough to allow for different standpoints to be represented and expressed, and small enough to give all students the opportunity to participate in the debate and develop their own ideas.

In these small groups, students are expected to analyse complex legal materials, critically examine legal questions, apply their legal knowledge to 'problem' situations and consider underlying policy issues. Students are strongly encouraged to express and defend their own opinions. They can then benefit from informal discussion and feedback from both their lecturers and peers.

Students are also encouraged to submit written work. These might take the form of reflective essays or timed exam-practice essays. Students benefit from direct and individual feedback on their work, and can then hone their writing skills.

Seminar courses and other opportunities for individual research

For those who would like to undertake more independent research, the Cambridge LLM programme offers two options. In the area of Public Law it is possible to follow a seminar course where the mode of instruction consists largely in students presenting their own research. This research is then further developed independently and written up as a full seminar paper for the course assessment.

Alternatively, in a good number of subjects it is possible to write a dissertation in lieu of the written exam. Although the dissertation option is widely available, students may elect to do this in one subject (only) of their four chosen courses. This election is popular with students who enjoy the excitement of independent research, and is supported by some limited one-to-one attention from a member of staff acting as dissertation advisor.

The success of these independent research projects is reflected in the fact that, each year, a significant number of the students who have opted to write an LLM dissertation move on to doctoral research in Cambridge or elsewhere.

Other opportunities

The Faculty’s Student Law Society offers an extensive mooting programme in which LLM students are welcome to participate.

Cambridge International Law Journal

LLM students can gain valuable experience in writing and editing as members of the Editorial Board of the Cambridge International Law Journal .

Students can also get involved with the Cambridge Pro Bono Project.

Contacts with the profession

The Cambridge Law Faculty enjoys very good relations with all branches of the legal profession. Usually, during the course of the academic year, practitioners often come to give seminars and Law firms and barristers’ chambers regularly visit Cambridge for the purposes of recruitment. The Careers Service is very active in its support of Law students at Cambridge and usually organises a number of law careers fairs. In addition, the University’s Law Society usually offers opportunities to meet members of the profession.

HLS-Cambridge: Eligibility and Application Information

Eligibility.

Up to six Harvard 2Ls are selected annually to spend their 3L year reading for the LL.M. degree in Cambridge, United Kingdom. The admissions process begins with an application through HLS in January of the candidate’s 2L year and ends with a decision by Cambridge in early spring for matriculation at Cambridge the following fall.

HLS students who are already enrolled in joint degree programs, either with other Harvard schools or other American universities, are not eligible to apply for the Cambridge program. Students who transfer to HLS after completing their first year at another law school are also not eligible for the Cambridge program.

Students who would like to discuss the possibility of obtaining disability accommodations for the Cambridge LL.M. should contact Lakshmi Clark, Director of Student Affairs, at [email protected] or (617) 496-2437 prior to applying.

Applications

As a first step in the application process, students should submit the following materials by Friday, January 5, 2024 to International Legal Studies, by e-mail to [email protected] :

A statement of interest for review by the HLS Study Abroad Committee. The statement of interest should be five pages in length and should elaborate on the applicant’s educational and professional objectives and identify a proposed course of study at Cambridge, including specific classes.
Cambridge college preferences. Please indicate a first and second choice of Cambridge colleges and explain the reasons for the selections. Each student admitted to the Cambridge LL.M. program will be assigned to a college and must also indicate these first two college preferences on the Cambridge application form. It is not possible to amend these preferences after the application form is submitted, so students should think carefully about their choice of colleges. For further information, please see “Cambridge Colleges,” below.
An official copy of your current HLS transcript. The transcript should include your most recent reported grades as of the application deadline. Students can order official transcripts online by going to the Office of the Registrar’s Transcripts Requests page and selecting “Placing a Transcript Order Online.” Official transcripts may be in electronic or paper form but must be sent directly from the Office of the Registrar, or, if delivered by the student, arrive in the original signed and sealed envelope. (Please note that requests for HLS transcripts may take 3-5 days to process, so applicants should plan accordingly.)
Letters from two academic references. Although applicants may provide letters of reference from faculty members at schools other than HLS, it is desirable to provide at least one recommendation from an HLS professor. Students should bear in mind that letters of recommendation that explain how an applicant performed in their academic studies in comparison to their peers are of particular value to the Committee. The University of Cambridge puts considerable weight on academic performance. The University of Cambridge provides the following instructions for faculty recommenders: “Please comment on the applicant’s academic fitness and general suitability to undertake the proposed course of research or study, in relation to the qualification sought. Also include any other information which you think is relevant to the application. If the applicant’s native language is not English, please comment on the applicant’s level of fluency and proficiency, particularly in the context of their academic work, if known.” Letters should be sent directly by the recommenders to International Legal Studies, by e-mail to [email protected] . If they are submitted by the student, rather than the faculty member, they should be provided in signed and sealed envelopes.

Applicants will be notified by February 1 if they are being nominated for the Cambridge LL.M. program. After that, each nominated student will receive instructions and an individualized application link from the Cambridge Graduate Admissions Office. Students will then have seven days to complete the on-line application and upload the supporting materials.

When completing the on-line application, students will provide their recommenders’ names and e-mail addresses. The system will generate an invitation for recommenders to submit materials via the reference portal. (It is expected that the content of these reference letters will be the same as that of the letters reviewed by the HLS Study Abroad Committee.)

Admissions decisions are ultimately made by the University of Cambridge.

Application Timeline

J anuary 5, 2024 Application materials are due to International Legal Studies.

Mid-January Each applicant meets individually with a member of the HLS study abroad team to discuss how the year at Cambridge could fit into their academic and career goals.

February 1 Students will be notified whether they have been selected as nominees for the Cambridge LL.M. program. Nominees will then receive an individualized application link and will have seven days to complete the Cambridge on-line application and upload the supporting materials.

Mid-March Students are notified of admissions decisions by the University of Cambridge.

April 15 Students who are admitted to Cambridge must make a firm commitment to the program.

Cambridge Colleges

Colleges form the basis for much of the academic and social life at Cambridge. In choosing a College, HLS students may wish to consider the composition of the student body, including whether it has undergraduate as well as graduate students; its location (including where graduate students are housed in relation to the faculty of law); its facilities and activities (library, dining, sports, social events), the “personality” of the College and its degree of formality; its alumni network; and the availability of funding for doctoral-level study, among other factors.

All of the Colleges on this list particularly welcome applications from HLS students to the LL.M. program and have agreed to consider each application made. Each College has its own policy on the number of places that it makes available for LL.M. students in any one year. A typical College will accept between three to six LL.M. students (across all applications received) but some will accept fewer students and some considerably more. In general, the graduate colleges tend to have higher numbers of LL.M. students (in some cases accepting 20 or more LL.M. students). College admissions offices will usually answer queries about the typical size of an LL.M. cohort, and the Link Coordinator at Cambridge, Jens Scherpe ( [email protected] ), is always happy to answer questions that HLS students may have.

Applicants can learn about how the College system works and admittance restrictions on the Cambridge website. It can also be useful to speak with HLS students who have studied at Cambridge or to contact the officers of the Cambridge Graduate Union for an “unofficial” perspective on the various Colleges. Upon request, the International Legal Studies office can provide HLS students with contact information of past participants in the HLS-Cambridge Joint Degree Program as well as their tips about things to consider when choosing a College.

HLS students will need to designate their preferred Colleges as part of their application to Cambridge and may not change these preferences later.

It is also possible for HLS students to express preferences for other Cambridge Colleges but the likelihood of acceptance cannot be predicted. Competition for places in some Cambridge Colleges is particularly intense, due to either the small number of places available or the large number of applicants who ranked that College as a first choice. If an HLS applicant is not accepted by either of the two preferred Colleges indicated on their application form, they will be assigned to another college as designated by Cambridge.

A few Colleges have restrictions and some do not have housing for married couples.

Christ’s College
Churchill College
Corpus Christi College
Downing College
Girton College
Homerton College
Hughes Hall
Jesus College
St Catharine’s College
St Edmund’s College
Wolfson College

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Studying in halls, University of Cambridge

PhD in Law (Cambridge, 2022)

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Eligibility and Class Profile for First-Year Students

As you consider your future university, it is important to understand both the competitiveness of your application based on the profiles of previously admitted students, as well as the academic and cultural environment you will be joining. You want to find a good fit, where you will excel both academically and personally. Explore the Middle 50% and other profile data below to determine if Penn State could be the right fit for you.

Class of 2025 Profile: Middle 50% Ranges

The ranges in the chart below represent the middle 50 percent of students offered admission to their first-choice campus for summer/fall 2024—they are not cutoffs or averages. These ranges are for estimating purposes only and in no way represents a promise or guarantee of admission.

Placing in the upper end of both ranges increases the likelihood of being offered your first choice of campus and/or major. Placing in the lower end may require you to be more flexible in making your campus (and perhaps major) choices.

Application and Enrollment Information

To help you further evaluate your options as a potential Penn State student, review the application and enrollment details below.

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Former Assistant Dean and Two Other Former Employees of Essex County Graduate School Admit Million-Dollar Embezzlement

NEWARK, N.J. – A former assistant dean and two other former employees of an Essex County graduate school pleaded guilty to defrauding their former employer of more than $1.3 million, U.S. Attorney Philip R. Sellinger announced.

Teresina DeAlmeida, 59, of Warren, New Jersey and Rose Martins, 44, of East Hanover, New Jersey, pleaded guilty today to wire fraud conspiracy, before U.S. District Judge Julien Xavier Neals in Newark federal court. Silvia Cardoso, 61, of Warren, pleaded guilty to the same charge on July 25, 2024, before Judge Neals.

“Through an elaborate, years-long embezzlement scheme, these defendants violated their obligation to the students and exploited their role at this institution of higher learning to line their own pockets. Through forgery, fraudulent invoices, unauthorized transactions and phony shell companies, they stole money intended to benefit the school and its student body and abused their positions. These arrests are yet another example of this office’s commitment to holding accountable those who commit financial fraud.” U.S. Attorney Philip R. Sellinger

“As employees of a higher learning institution, the defendants in this investigation had an obligation to act in the best interest of the students they served, but instead they prioritized enriching themselves,” Jenifer L. Piovesan, Special Agent in Charge, IRS Criminal Investigation, Newark Field Office, said. “IRS Criminal Investigation is dedicated to investigating individuals who commit financial crimes and fostering confidence in the legal system.”

“The genesis of most fraud schemes happens when people have access to money, they believe they are entitled to, and no one will notice it’s gone,” FBI Special Agent in Charge James E. Dennehy said. “However, these three subjects fell into the same trap other criminals do - the money wasn’t theirs, and the Essex County graduate school went in search of the missing $1.3 million. FBI Newark and our law enforcement partners who worked on this investigation excel at following the paper trail and evidence left behind by almost every fraudster.”

“Today’s action shows that these individuals knowingly and willfully abused their positions for personal gain and will now be held accountable for their criminal actions,” Andrew Balceniuk, Acting Special Agent in Charge of the U.S. Department of Education Office of Inspector General Eastern Regional Office, said. “The OIG will continue to work with our law enforcement partners to aggressively pursue those who misappropriate Federal education funds for their own selfish purposes.”

According to documents filed in this case and statements made in court:

Between 2009 and July 2022, DeAlmeida, Martins, and Cardoso conspired to fraudulently misappropriate more than $1.3 million from their former employer, a graduate school of a university in Essex County, New Jersey. DeAlmeida was an assistant dean responsible for financial functions, and Martins served as her assistant. Cardoso, DeAlmeida’s sister, was also employed by the graduate school in a support staff role.

The defendants used a variety of methods to defraud the university:

Beginning in 2009, DeAlmeida directed a graduate school vendor to pay Martins and Cardoso as though they worked for the vendor, even though they did not perform any services. DeAlmeida and Martins then caused the vendor to submit false invoices to the graduate school over the course of approximately four years in order to reimburse the vendor for the amounts fraudulently paid to Martins and Cardoso.
From 2010 through 2022, DeAlmeida and Martins directed graduate school vendors to order hundreds of thousands of dollars of gift cards and prepaid debit cards the conspirators used for their personal benefit, and then to submit fraudulent invoices to the school purporting to be for goods and services that were never provided. The conspirators also misused DeAlmeida’s school-issued credit card to purchase hundreds of thousands of dollars of gift cards and prepaid debit cards from the school’s bookstore. DeAlmeida routinely fraudulently approved these charges and Martins forged the signatures of other employees on internal approvals.
In 2015, Martins opened a shell entity called CMS Content Management Specialist LLC. Although CMS never rendered any services to the graduate school, Martins submitted, and DeAlmeida approved, fraudulent invoices totaling more than $208,000.
The conspirators also used DeAlmeida’s school-issued credit card to make tens of thousands of dollars in unauthorized personal purchases. DeAlmeida and Martins used the card to make over $70,000 in purchases at an online retailer shipped directly to their homes, including woman’s shoes, smart watches, and bed linens. DeAlmeida and Martins fraudulently altered certain receipts before submitting them to the school for payment.

The wire fraud conspiracy charge carries a maximum potential penalty of up to 20 years in prison and a fine equal to the greater of $250,000 or twice the gain or loss resulting from the offense, whichever is greatest. Sentencing for Cardoso is scheduled for Nov. 26, 2024; for DeAlmeida, Dec. 2, 2024; and for Martins, Dec. 3, 2024.

U.S. Attorney Sellinger credited special agents of IRS-Criminal Investigation, under the direction of Special Agent in Charge Jenifer L. Piovesan in Newark; special agents of the FBI, under the direction of Special Agent in Charge James E. Dennehy in Newark; and special agents of the Department of Education Office of Inspector General, under the direction of Acting Special Agent in Charge Andrew Balceniuk, with the investigation.

The government is represented by Assistant U.S. Attorney Carolyn Silane of the Economic Crimes Unit in Newark.

Graduate Programmes Admissions List 2024/25

The Academic Registrar, Makerere University has released the admission list to Graduate Programmes (Postgraduate Diplomas, Masters and Doctoral Degree Programmes) for the 2024/2025 Academic Year.

The list is here below:

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Advert: Mature Age Entry Scheme – Private Sponsorship 2024/2025

Students sit for an exam in the pre-COVID era, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda.

The Academic Registrar, Makerere University invites applications for the Undergraduate Programmes under the Mature Age Entry Scheme only for Private Sponsorship for 2024/2025 Academic Year. Non-Refundable Application fee of Shs. 50,000/= for Ugandans OR $75 Equivalent for Internationals, plus bank charge should be paid in any of the banks used by Uganda Revenye Authority after generating a Payment Reference Number (PRN).

Apply using the Institution’s Applications Portal URL: https: //apply.mak.ac.ug
Application is for candidates who passed the Mature Age Entry Examinations of December 17, 2022 and February 24, 2024 only.
Any candidate who passed the examinations in mentioned above and was not admitted on Government/ Private sponsorship for December 17, 2022 sitting, and for Government sponsorship for February 24, 2024 sitting, is eligible to apply for admission on Private Sponsorship for 2024 /2025 Academic Year.

The closing date for applying will be Friday 26th July, 2024.

Further details can be accessed by following this link.

Prof. Mukadasi Buyinza ACADEMIC REGISTRAR

Prof. Buyinza Mukadasi, The Academic Registrar, Makerere University, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Admission to Bachelor of Education Degree (EXTERNAL) 2024/25

The representative of Makerere University Vice Chancellor, also Dean SFEGS, Dr Revocatus Twinomuhangi handing over signed MoU to the Vice President of NUIST. Makerere University-Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST) MoU Signing to formalize collaboration in teaching and learning, research and publication, technology transfer, and resource mobilization, 12th July 2024, School of Forestry, Environmental, and Geographical Sciences (SFEGS) Board Room, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (CAES), Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Mak, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Sign Collaboration Agreement

Dr. Harald on a courtesy visit to the VC. Makerere University partnership with the Centre for Sustainable Finance at SOAS University of London and the World Resources Institute (WRI) to launch the Resilience and Adaptation Mainstreaming Program (RAMP) training Ministry of Finance, Planning, and Economic Development (MoFPED) officials to navigate the complex landscape of climate finance, Courtesy call on the Vice Chancellor, Professor Barnabas Nawangwe, Frank Kalimuzo Central Teaching Facility, Kampala Uganda, East Africa.

Building Resilience: Makerere Leads Climate Finance Training for Finance Officials

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Master of Law (LLM)

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Course closed:

Law is no longer accepting new applications.

The Cambridge LLM (Master of Law) is a nine-month taught master's degree commencing at the beginning of October each year and finishing by the end of the following June. The LLM, as a master's degree, is intended for those who wish to pursue further legal studies after completing their first degree in law, including those who are considering an academic career or intending to practise law.

LLM students take four courses of their choice from the list of available LLM course offerings. In recent years, the number of LLM courses on offer has tended to be in the region of 30. The advanced nature of the LLM programme is reflected in the fact that it is organised and taught separately from the undergraduate law degree at Cambridge. All of the LLM courses are specifically tailored for the LLM programme.

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, each course had been most commonly assessed by means of a three-hour written examination at the end of the LLM year, although students could elect to write a full dissertation in lieu of the written examination for one course (only), subject to prior formal approval of their dissertation topic. In 2020 assessment shifted to open-book, online examinations with a time and a word limit – and this basic approach has been applied for 2022-23 (where a 5h time limit and a 6000-word limit has been applied for each course). In the context of the University-wide re-evaluation of the assessment process, the examination options on the LLM are currently being reconsidered.

Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of the LLM programme, students can be expected to have greatly enhanced knowledge of their chosen subject areas, an increased ability to apply sophisticated and rigorous analytical techniques to primary and secondary legal materials, and a better facility in advancing robust evaluations of doctrinal, theoretical and policy arguments in the fields of their studies and more generally.

A number of students wish to pursue further advanced legal studies after completing the LLM. Cambridge offers various research degrees. Students wishing to continue their studies at Cambridge by undertaking a research degree in law should apply for their chosen course through the University's Postgraduate Admissions Office by the relevant deadline.

The Postgraduate Research page on the Faculty of Law website contains information about the options available.

The Postgraduate Virtual Open Day usually takes place at the end of October. It’s a great opportunity to ask questions to admissions staff and academics, explore the Colleges virtually, and to find out more about courses, the application process and funding opportunities. Visit the Postgraduate Open Day page for more details.

See further the Postgraduate Admissions Events pages for other events relating to Postgraduate study, including study fairs, visits and international events.

Key Information

9 months full-time, study mode : taught, master of law, faculty of law, course - related enquiries, application - related enquiries, course on department website, dates and deadlines:, michaelmas 2024 (closed).

Some courses can close early. See the Deadlines page for guidance on when to apply.

Funding Deadlines

These deadlines apply to applications for courses starting in Michaelmas 2024, Lent 2025 and Easter 2025.

Similar Courses

Corporate Law MCL
International Law PGDip
Legal Studies PGDip

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Current students

Information for current students is provided for Tripos , LLM , MCL and PhD students on the University VLE Moodle.

If you have any problems or queries about Moodle please contact the Faculty's Moodle Coordinator Daniel Bates ( [email protected] ), or for more general issues, the following people:

Tripos: Your College Director of Studies
LLM/MCL: Administrator - Suzanne Wade ( [email protected] )
PhD: Administrator - Alison Hirst ( [email protected] )

Prospective students

Reading a degree at the University of Cambridge Faculty of Law offers an intellectually challenging and rewarding experience, undertaken in a uniquely inspiring environment and rigorously taught and guided by some of the world's leading experts.

If you are interested in learning more about the various courses available, and how to apply to study at the Faculty, please refer to the information below:

The BA Tripos undergraduate degree

The undergraduate BA Tripos Law Degree website

Although most undergraduates who read Law do so with the intention of practising, the course also provides an excellent broad education for those who do not.

Full details concerning the undergraduate BA Law Degree for those considering applying are available on the BA Tripos website .

The BA Tripos website includes information about the courses available, teaching, the Colleges , open days, the Exploring Law Conference , the Sutton Trust Summer School in Law amongst many other sources of information for applicants.

Once you have learned about the BA Tripos Law Degree at Cambridge, you can find out more about the course and admission requirements (including the LNAT ) from the Cambridge Admissions Office website .

The Cambridge Master of Law (LLM) degree

The LLM course, with its rich historical traditions, attracts students of the highest calibre, from both common law and civil law jurisdictions. It is intended for those wishing to pursue further legal studies after completing their first degree in law, including those who are considering an academic career or intending to practise law and those taking a career break seeking to broaden their intellectual horizons.

The minimum entry requirement for the LLM is normally a First Class degree in law from a UK University, or the equivalent from an overseas institution.

Full details concerning the LLM for those considering applying are available on the LLM website .

In addition the University Graduate Studies Prospectus is available from the University website.

The Cambridge Masters Degree in Corporate Law (MCL) degree

The Masters Degree in Corporate Law MCL website

The website has been designed to provide full information to those who might be interested in joining the MCL and to those preparing an application. The website accordingly is oriented around three basic themes: 1) Why the MCL? 2) The MCL in Detail 3) Joining the MCL .

For those interested in finding out more about the MCL, the entire website merits investigation. Themes likely to be of interest to those first acquainting themselves with the programme are likely to be:

The MCL and career development
Comparing the MCL and the LLM
Meeting the MCL academic team
Curriculum overview
Application criteria
Application timeline

The website will be updated regularly to take into account fresh developments, so those interested in the MCL should check out the website periodically to find out about breaking news.

Postgraduate Research (MLitt / PhD) degree

The University offers two research degrees in Law: the MLitt or the PhD. Candidates are registered, in the first instance, for the Certificate of Postgraduate Study in Legal Studies and, at the end of the first year, are required to submit three items for a progress review: the personal progress log, a 15,000 word dissertation, and a short explanation of the proposed topic of PhD or MLitt research. The first-year progress review is undertaken by two assessors, normally the supervisor and another member of the Faculty of Law. An oral examination is held and, if candidates successfully complete the requirements of the Certificate and the first year progress review, they are retrospectively registered for either the MLitt or the PhD.

Candidates registered for the MLitt are required to submit, after two years of research, a dissertation not exceeding 60,000 words inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of appendices and bibliography. Candidates registered for the PhD are required to submit, after three years of research, a dissertation not exceeding 80,000 words exclusive of footnotes, appendices and bibliography but subject to an overall word limit of 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography. The candidate is required to attend an oral examination. It is also possible to undertake the PhD and the MLitt on a part-time basis. For further information, please refer to the Course Directory on the Postgraduate Admissions Office website.

PhD under Special Regulations

Equal in status to the PhD taken by the conventional route, except that the eligible candidate submits a collection of published works that together make up a single coherent thesis. The works are assessed by two examiners in the same way as for the conventional PhD.

Details on the eligibility criteria and the application process can be found on the Cambridge Students website .

LLD (Higher Doctorate)

The level of attainment for a Higher Doctorate is substantially higher than that required for the PhD degree, reflecting sustained academic achievement at the highest level. For this reason, a successful candidate should normally have a record of scholarly endeavour covering a decade or more ("sustained"), and which in the aggregate is world‐leading in terms of originality, significance and rigour ("at the highest level").

The University offers two one-year research courses which lead to either the Diploma in Legal Studies or the Diploma in International Law, depending on the nature of the topic of research. Each candidate is assigned a supervisor by the Faculty’s Degree Committee and is required to keep at least three terms of residence before submitting for examination a dissertation not exceeding 30,000 words in length inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of appendices and bibliography. There is no coursework or taught element, although students may attend lectures as recommended by their supervisor. The year of research leading to a Diploma may, in appropriate circumstances, be counted towards the requirements of a research degree. It is also possible to undertake the Diploma in Legal Studies or the Diploma in International Law on a part-time basis over two years.

The LLD may be awarded to established scholars who have given 'proof of distinction by some original contribution to the advancement of the science or study of law', almost invariably in the form of published works and who meet the eligibility criteria for the degree.

MPhil in Criminology

Further information about the MPhil in Criminology may be obtained from the Institute of Criminology website .

English Law and Legal Methods Summer Programme

Drawing on over 70 years of experience, the programme offers participants an unrivalled introduction to English common law Dr Roderick Munday, Programme Director, English Law and Legal Methods Summer Programme

In 1948, the University of Cambridge inaugurated the English Legal Methods Summer School. Re-named for 2017, the English Law and Legal Methods Summer Programme still attracts participants from across the globe. The course presents the central aspects of English law as a working system, primarily for lawyers and law students from countries whose legal systems are not based on English common law, although applications from others can be considered. Much of the emphasis is placed on the general structure of the law and legal methods, although detailed study of substantive law is not neglected.

The academic programme includes: two seminar subjects, three plenary lectures per day and general-interest evening talks.

For more information please see the Institute of Continuing Education website .

The Faculty of Law The David Williams Building 10 West Road Cambridge CB3 9DZ United Kingdom

Telephone: +44 1223 330033 Email: [email protected]

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Undergraduate Program

The Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree is designed for industry professionals with years of work experience who wish to complete their degrees part time, both on campus and online, without disruption to their employment. Our typical student is over 30, has previously completed one or two years of college, and works full time.

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The PhD programme
Further information on postgraduate admission to research courses in the Faculty of Law is available from [email protected] or +44 (0)1223 330039. Finance overview Funding How to apply The PhD is awarded after three to four years of full-time research (or five to seven years of part-time study) on the basis of a dissertation of 80,000 ...
Postgraduate research
The Faculty of Law has a large cohort of over 100 postgraduate students undertaking advanced legal research, mostly on the three-year PhD programme. Our academic standards mean that entrance to the programme is highly competitive, and our research student community is composed of some of the most highly qualified lawyers from all over the world ...
Research Students
Law as code and power: towards an information theory of law. [email protected]. Ms Ana Leticia Blasi Magini. [email protected]. Ms Rebecca Brown. Global Crises, Domestic Solutions: National Implementation of Global Health Law as Collective Action. [email protected]. Mr James Browning. [email protected].
PhD in Law
PhD in Law. Law is no longer accepting new applications. The PhD in Law may be awarded after three to four years of full-time study or five to seven years of part-time study (including a probationary period) of supervised independent research on the basis of a thesis not exceeding 100,000 words exclusive of bibliography, table of contents and ...
Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
The Faculty of Law, Cambridge is the law school of the University of Cambridge.. The study of law at the University of Cambridge began in the thirteenth century. The faculty sits the oldest law professorship in the English-speaking world, the Regius Professorship of Civil Law, which was founded by Henry VIII in 1540 with a stipend of £40 per year for which the holder is still chosen by The Crown.
Faculty of Law
The Law Faculty student body comprises about 700 undergraduate and 250 graduate students. Cambridge Law Faculty graduates are prominent in academic life, in the judiciary, and in both branches of the legal profession (solicitors and barristers). Judicial alumni include former and current members of the International Court of Justice, former ...
Doctoral Research
Sun holds an LL.B. from Durham University and an LL.M. (International Law) from the University of Cambridge. Before commencing his PhD, he worked as a Second Secretary at the Department of Treaties and Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Thailand, where he was part of the legal team giving international legal advice to the Royal Thai ...
Faculty of Law
The Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Studies may be awarded by the Degree Committee for the Faculty of Law to a candidate who, after one year of independent research in Cambridge on an approved topic within the field of law, submits for examination a thesis not exceeding 30,000 words inclusive of footnotes but exclusive of appendices and ...
Doctor of Philosophy
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the University's principal research degree for graduate students and is available in all faculties and departments. A Cambridge PhD is intellectually demanding and you will need to have a high level of attainment and motivation to pursue this programme of advanced study and research.
Welcome to the Cambridge LLM website
The Cambridge Law Faculty offers a world-renowned, internationally-respected LLM (Master of Law) programme. The nine-month taught course offers highly-qualified and intellectually-outstanding students the opportunity to pursue their legal studies at an advanced level in a challenging and supportive environment. The programme has rich historical ...
Law
Study Law at University of Cambridge. Explore course details and what's involved. From start dates, entry requirements, university information and more. ... The PhD in Law may be awarded after three to four years of full-time study or five to seven years of part-time study (including a probationary period) of supervised independent research on ...
Law
The MCR at St Catharine's holds a high reputation among students throughout Cambridge. The graduate lawyers also become involved in a full range of law-related activities held in the College. Several of these are formed for both graduate and undergraduates. Activities are organised by the Law Fellows - through the College's Law Enrichment ...
Law, BA (Hons)
What Law students have studied. Most Law students (who had studied A levels and started at Cambridge in 2018, 2019 and 2023) achieved at least A*A*A (67% of entrants). Most had usually studied at least one of the subjects recommended above. The rest had usually taken at least one of: Economics; Law; Mathematics; Psychology; A science subject
How to apply
Postgraduate research Finance overview Funding How to apply. If you are interested in the PhD in Law, or another postgraduate research course in Law, you will find it helpful to first research the course information which is published in the Course Directory on the University's central Graduate Admissions website. Once you have checked course requirements, together with course and funding ...
Law: Theses & Dissertations
Finding a Cambridge PhD thesis online via the institutional repository. The University's institutional repository, Apollo, holds full-text digital versions of over 11,000 Cambridge PhD theses and is a rapidly growing collection deposited by Cambridge Ph.D. graduates.Theses in Apollo can be browsed via this link.More information on how to access theses by University of Cambridge students can be ...
Studying at Cambridge
All LLM students have a Director of Studies in their College who is able to provide general academic support. Most Colleges also have a graduate tutor who can provide pastoral support. By contrast, lectures, seminars and small group teaching for the Cambridge LLM programme are provided exclusively by the Faculty of Law.
Harvard Law School and University of Cambridge J.D./LL.M. Joint Degree
The Harvard Law School and University of Cambridge J.D./LL.M. Joint Degree Program enables Harvard J.D. candidates to earn a Cambridge LL.M. and a Harvard J.D. in a total of 3.5 years.. Students selected for the program spend their 3L year in Cambridge and are eligible to receive the Cambridge LL.M. at the end of the year upon successfully completing all LL.M. degree requirements.
HLS-Cambridge: Eligibility and Application Information
Applications. As a first step in the application process, students should submit the following materials by Friday, January 5, 2024 to International Legal Studies, by e-mail to [email protected]: A statement of interest for review by the HLS Study Abroad Committee. The statement of interest should be five pages in length and should elaborate ...
PhD in Law (Cambridge, 2022)
University of Cambridge MPhil Students; Cambridge postgraduate application: Decision pending - application is under review; Cambridge MPhil Criminology and Criminological Research 2024 Applicants; MPhil Engineering Sustainability, MPhil Energy Tech Cambridge University; today received email regarding 2025 pre-registration admissions tests for ...
Eligibility and Class Profile for First-Year Students
Class of 2025 Profile: Middle 50% Ranges. The ranges in the chart below represent the middle 50 percent of students offered admission to their first-choice campus for summer/fall 2024—they are not cutoffs or averages.
Where Did J.D. Vance Go to College?
The Ohio senator and Republican nominee for vice president graduated from The Ohio State University before earning a law degree from Yale Law School. By Margaret Attridge Margaret Attridge Reporter ... Vance was also critical of then-presidential candidate Trump, a graduate of elite college prep schools and the University of Pennsylvania.
District of New Jersey
Between 2009 and July 2022, DeAlmeida, Martins, and Cardoso conspired to fraudulently misappropriate more than $1.3 million from their former employer, a graduate school of a university in Essex County, New Jersey. DeAlmeida was an assistant dean responsible for financial functions, and Martins served as her assistant.
Faculty of Law
Doctorate in Law. Cambridge Faculty of Law offers the opportunity to undertake a cutting-edge research degree in a lively, diverse and well-established scholarly community at one of the world's leading research institutions.
Graduate Programmes Admissions List 2024/25
The Academic Registrar, Professor Buyinza Mukadasi has been appointed Acting Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) of Makerere University, for a period of six (6) months effective 11 th July 2024 to 10 th January 2025 or until a substantive First Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs) is appointed whichever comes earlier.. He is a Professor of Forestry Resource Economics and served as ...
UWC Faculty of Law Academics and PhD Students ...
UWC Faculty of Law Academics and PhD Students Shine at International Interdisciplinary Conference on AI and Law Between July 3-5, 2024, several academics and PhD students from the University of the Western Cape (UWC) made notable contributions at the International Interdisciplinary Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law.Hosted by the Faculty of Law at the University of Cape Town, the ...
Master of Law (LLM)
Close panel. The Cambridge LLM (Master of Law) is a nine-month taught master's degree commencing at the beginning of October each year and finishing by the end of the following June. The LLM, as a master's degree, is intended for those who wish to pursue further legal studies after completing their first degree in law, including those who are ...
23 Racially and Ethnically Diverse Law Schools
The average percentage of minority students enrolled in law schools nationally was nearly 33% in fall 2022, per ABA data on 196 U.S. News-ranked law schools. (See the full methodology for the ...
Courses
In addition the University Graduate Studies Prospectus is available from the University website. Read more. The Cambridge Masters Degree in Corporate Law (MCL) degree. The MCL is a full-time nine month programme that provides students with the opportunity to study aspects of corporate law in depth from a theoretical and practical perspective.
How to Survive and Thrive Your First Year of Law School
College is collegial; it's right there in the name. Students have plenty of time to socialize, explore and acclimate. Many college students spend their first year just learning the ropes. In law ...
Legal Studies
Harvard University is devoted to excellence in teaching, learning, and research, and to developing leaders in many disciplines who make a difference globally. ... Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Harvard Graduate School of Design ... Harvard Law School Library Harvard Map Collection Harvard University Archives

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Julia Powles : The Inventive Concept and the Structure of Patent Law.

Sharon Le Gall : Reclaiming Collective Knowledge

Chikosa Banda: Patents and Promotion of Biomedical Research into Diseases Prevalent in Developing Countries

Elena Cooper : The Relationship between Art and Law in the History of Photographic Copyright 1850-1911

Patrick Masiyakurima : The Justifications for Protecting Unpublished Works by Copyright Law

Sun Thathong: Searching for Harmony in an Age of Fragmentation: A Critical Reappraisal of the Protection of Traditional Knowledge under International Law

Petroula Vantsiouri : A Comparative Stand Towards the Intended and Unintended Consequences of Anticircumvention Regulation and Technological Protection Measures in the European Union and in the United States

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