English language learning
Document Example:
Proper Bibliographic Reference Format:
Rashed, D.H. (2008). A case study of international ESL learners’ perceptions of technology use in English language learning (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1456443)
In-Text Citations:
Citations are placed in the context of discussion using the author’s last name and date of publication.
(Rashed, 2008)
Alternatively, you can integrate the citation into the sentence by means of narrative.
Rashed (2008) examines ESL students’ perceptions of technology use in the classroom.
© 2020 American University of Sharjah . All Rights Reserved.
Privacy Policy
Return to AUS
This page has been archived and is no longer being updated regularly.
For a passing reference to a website in text, the URL is sufficient; no reference list entry is needed.
Gussie Fink-Nottle has set up a discussion forum for newt fanciers (http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com/).
However, when you are citing a particular document or piece of information from a website, include both a reference list entry and an in-text citation. The key to creating the reference list entry is to determine the type of content on the web page. Basically, provide the following four pieces of information:
Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
The in-text citation includes the author and date (Author, date), as with any other APA Style citation.
More information
Publication Manual (6th ed., section 6.32, pp. 189–192; Chapter 7, Examples 29, 30, 54, 55, and 76, pp. 198–215)
From the APA Style website:
How do you reference a web page that lists no author?
How do you cite website material that has no author, no year, and no page numbers?
From the APA Style Blog:
How to Cite Something You Found on a Website in APA Style
How to Cite Multiple Pages From the Same Website
When to Include Retrieval Dates for Online Sources
Back to top of page
In-text citations consist of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 6.01–6.21, pp. 169–179)
How do you cite two or more references within the same parentheses?
Writing In-Text Citations in APA Style
Happy Holiday Citing: Citation of Classical Works
The Proper Use of Et Al. in APA Style
Rising Citation Trick
Comparing MLA and APA: Citing Resources
How to Cite Part of a Work
The reference list entry for an e-book includes the author, date, title, and source ( URL or DOI ). For a chapter in an e-book, include the chapter title and page numbers (if available).
Whole e-book:
Author, A. (date). Title of book . Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
Author, A. (date). Title of book . doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx
Chapter in an e-book:
Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx–xx). doi:xxxxxxxxxx
The in-text citation includes the author and date, as with any other APA Style citation.
Publication Manual (6th ed., section 7.02, pp. 202–205)
How Do You Cite an E-Book (e.g., Kindle Book)?
Books and Book Chapters: What to Cite
(G. Fink-Nottle, personal communication, April 5, 2011)
Publication Manual (6th ed., section 1.11, pp. 16--17; section 6.20, p. 179; section 7.10, Examples 69 and 70, p. 214)
What Belongs in the Reference List?
APA Style for Citing Interviews
Can You Cite Personal Life Experience?
Although the Publication Manual (6th ed.) does not include specific Facebook citation formats, you can adapt the basic reference format to fit.
Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 193)
How to Cite Twitter and Facebook, Part I: General
How to Cite Twitter and Facebook, Part II: Reference List Entries and In-Text Citations
How to Cite Facebook: Fan Pages, Group Pages, and Profile Information
How to Cite Social Media in APA Style (Twitter, Facebook, and Google+)
Although the Publication Manual (6th ed.) does not include specific Twitter citation formats, you can adapt the basic reference format to fit.
Here’s the general format for creating a reference for a video found on YouTube and other video-posting websites:
Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx
Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx The in-text citations include the author name outside of brackets (whichever that may be) and the date.
How to Create a Reference for a YouTube Video
Timestamps for Audiovisual Materials in APA Style
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of an electronic document near the copyright notice and on the database landing page for the document. When DOIs are available, include them in the reference information. Place the DOI at the end of the reference, and don’t add a period at the end of it. Here’s an example:
Author, A. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, X , xxx–xxx. doi:xxxxxx
Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 6.31–6.32, pp. 187–192)
A DOI Primer
How to Find a DOI
A DOI and URL Flowchart
DOIs and URLs: Special Focus Next Week
In APA Style, include a reference list rather than a bibliography with your paper.
What’s the difference? A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author’s surname. A bibliography , however, may include resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one. Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject, rather than alphabetically.
If you have been given an assignment that asks for a bibliography, consult your instructor for more specifics about the required format.
Publication Manual (6th ed., sections 6.22–6.32, pp. 180–192)
What’s a Reference List For?
Order in the Reference List! Or the Case of the Maddening Initials
Punctuating the Reference List Entry
Asking the Right Question: How can the Reader Find the Source?
Thesis - from database.
Elements of the reference | Author - last name, initial(s). (Year). [Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis, Institution]. Archive name. http://www.xxxxxx | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-text reference | (Axford, 2007) Axford (2007) found that .... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reference list | Axford, J.C. (2007). [Doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland]. UQ eSpace. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EndNote reference type | Thesis Add Archive Name to Name of Database field. |
Elements of the reference | Author - last name, initials. (Year). (Publication No. - if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Database Name. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-text reference | (Leigh, 2010) Leigh (2010) reported that .... | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reference list | Leigh, J. (2010). (Publication No. 305210119) [Doctoral dissertation, Indiana State University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
EndNote reference type | Thesis Add Publication Number to Document Number field. |
General guidance on dissertations and theses is available from the Cornell University Graduate School Thesis & Dissertation web page . For more detailed guidance, see Guide on Writing Your Thesis/Dissertation .
Note that in the Bibliography (or References or Works Cited) section of the Required Sections, Guidelines, and Suggestions page , the following advice is offered.
Required? Yes.
Published on November 3, 2020 by Jack Caulfield .
APA Style has specific guidelines for formatting tables and figures and referring to them in the text.
A table concisely presents information (usually numbers) in rows and columns. A figure is any other image or illustration you include in your text – anything from a bar chart to a photograph.
You can create tables and figures yourself or adapt them from other sources. In both cases the format is the same, but if they come from another source you must acknowledge this and include the source in your reference list .
Tables in apa style, figures in apa style, where to place tables and figures, referring to tables and figures in the text.
To correctly format an APA table, follow these rules:
Tables are numbered in the order they are referred to in your text. The title should clearly and straightforwardly describe the table’s content. Omit articles to keep it concise.
The table number appears on its own line, in plain text, followed by the table title on the following line, in italics and title case. For example:
Tables will vary in size and structure depending on the data you’re presenting, but APA gives some general guidelines for their design.
Do not use vertical lines, and use only as many horizontal lines as are necessary for clarity. The example in the image above uses only four lines: Those at the top and bottom, and those separating the main data from the column heads and the totals.
Create your tables using the tools built into your word processor. In Word, you can use the “ Insert table ” tool.
For column and row headings, use concise and clear labels. Be consistent in the way you present numbers – for example, display the same number of decimal places for each item.
Below your table, if necessary, include notes to explain the table. These are not your analysis of the data presented; save that for the main text.
Notes come in three varieties: general, specific, and probability notes.
General notes come first. They are preceded by the word ‘ Note ’ in italics, followed by a period. They include any explanations that apply to the table as a whole and acknowledgements if the table was adapted from another source, and they end with definitions of any abbreviations used:
Note that where tables are adapted from other sources, these sources should also appear on the reference page .
Specific notes are those that refer to specific points in the table. Superscript letters (a, b, c …) appear at the relevant points in the table and at the start of each note to indicate what they refer to. They are used when it’s necessary to comment on a specific data point or term in the table:
Probability notes give p values for the data in the table. They correspond to asterisks (and/or other symbols) in the table:
Each type of note appears in a new paragraph, but multiple notes of the same kind all appear in one paragraph.
Only include the notes that are needed to understand your data. It may be that your table is clear in itself, and has no notes, or only probability notes; be as concise as possible.
Any images used within your text are called figures. Figures include data visualization graphics – graphs, diagrams, flow-charts, etc. – as well as things like photographs and artworks.
To correctly format an APA figure, follow these rules:
The figure itself appears first. If it’s an infographic, it will usually include labels for the different elements of the graphic, and may also include a legend explaining the meaning of any symbols, colors and shading that cannot be directly labelled. For example, the “Boys” and “Girls” text in the above example is a legend. All of this should be integrated into the image itself.
Keep the design of figures as simple as possible. Use colors only where necessary, not just to make the image look more appealing. For labels and legends, use the same font and font size as in your main text.
For other figures, such as photographs, you won’t need a legend; the figure consists simply of the image itself, reproduced at an appropriate size and resolution.
Below the figure, place the figure number and caption:
Figures are numbered in the order they are referred to in the text. The figure number appears in italics.
The caption appears immediately after the number (no line break), and is written in plain text, with sentence case capitalization. The caption should give the title of the image or, if there is no title, a short description.
The caption also provides any additional notes, such as legend information that could not be included in the figure itself, and acknowledgements if the figure was adapted from another source.
You have two options for the placement of tables and figures in APA Style:
If you place them throughout the text, note that each table or figure should only appear once. If you refer to the same table or figure more than once, don’t reproduce it each time – just place it after the paragraph in which it’s first discussed.
Leave a line break after the table or figure to clearly distinguish the main text from the caption or notes, and place the table or figure on a new page if necessary to avoid splitting it across multiple pages.
If you place all your tables and figures at the end, you should have one table or figure on each page. Begin with all your tables, then place all your figures afterwards.
Avoid making redundant statements about your tables and figures in your text. When you write about data from tables and figures, it should be to highlight or analyze a particular data point or trend, not simply to restate what is already clearly shown in the table or figure:
Additionally, even if you have embedded your tables and figures in your text, refer to them by their numbers, not by their position relative to the text or by description:
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2020, November 03). Tables & Figures in APA Style (6th Edition) | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 18, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/6th-edition/archived-tables-and-figures/
Scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add "Unpublished" to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets. APA format. Author last name, Initials. (Year).
Dissertation or thesis available from a database service: Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (year of publication). Title of dissertation or thesis (Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Retrieved from Name of database. (Accession or Order No.) For an unpublished dissertation or thesis: Author Surname, First Initial. Second ...
A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive. If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of the ...
Types of APA Papers. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page.
Citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database. If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It's similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences: Structure: Author's last name, F. M. (Year published).
For study purposes and for your APA reference you need to know the level of the work. At Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where ...
APA Style citations consist of two parts: In-text citation: A brief citation in parentheses when you mention a source, citing the author's last name and the year of publication, e.g. (Smith, 2019). It identifies the full source in the reference list. Reference list entry: Full publication details listed on the reference page, which appears at ...
How to Cite a Published Dissertation or Thesis in APA. To cite a published dissertation in APA 7th edition, you need to include: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of doctoral dissertation or master's thesis (Publication number, if available) [Doctoral dissertation or master's thesis, Institution]. Publisher.
Cite this Scribbr article. If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the "Cite this Scribbr article" button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. Driessen, K. (2020, December 16). Dissertation Citations in APA (6th Edition) | Format & Example. Scribbr.
APA Style Workshop. This workshop provides an overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find help with different APA resources. It provides an annotated list of links to all of our APA materials and an APA overview. It is an excellent place to start to learn about APA format.
DOIs can be found in database records and the reference lists of published works). Books with a URL or a DOI can be referenced like this: Author/editor (Surname, Initials) (Year of publication) Title of book (in italics) (Edition) (if not the 1st edition) DOI or Retrieved from URL.
Year of publication: Give the year in brackets followed by a full stop. Title of the Master's thesis: Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. Publication number: Give the identification number of the thesis, if available. Name of the degree awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.
Document Example: Proper Bibliographic Reference Format: Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line. Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles. Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master's thesis in parentheses after the title. Sabbagh, S. A. (2009).
Thesis/Dissertation - APA Reference List Capitalization. The document title is in sentence case - Only the first word and proper nouns in the title are capitalized. Always capitalize the first word, the first word after a colon or a dash. The title of the thesis or dissertation is in title case - Each word in the name is capitalized, except for articles (a, an, the), prepositions ...
Author is Ru-Jye Chuang Reference citation style is Chuang, R.-J. Source: APA Publication Manual, 6th Edition, 6,27, p 184. If an author's first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a period after each initial. Do not put a space after the period of the first initial and the - preceding the second initial.
Narrative citation: Harris (2014) When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description " [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or " [Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation or master's thesis in parentheses after the title. If the paper was retrieved through a library database, give the accession or order number at the end of the reference. This can be located within the first pages of the thesis text. Rashed, D.H. (2008).
Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr. The most important APA format guidelines in the 6th edition are: Use 12 pt Times New Roman. Set 1 inch page margins. Apply double line spacing. Insert a running head on every page. Indent every new paragraph ½ inch.
Here's the general format for creating a reference for a video found on YouTube and other video-posting websites: If both the real name of the person who posted the video and the screen name are known: Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file].
APA 7th referencing style. This is a guide to using the APA7 referencing style from the American Psychological Association. It is based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. ... EndNote reference type: Thesis. Add Archive Name to Name of Database field. Thesis - from database. Elements of the reference: Author ...
Include a comma between "et al." and the publication date (e.g. Taylor et al., 2018). There should be no punctuation between "et al." and the author's name preceding it. The period ending the sentence always comes after the citation (even when quoting). Never use an ampersand symbol ("&") in the running text.
General guidance on dissertations and theses is available from the Cornell University Graduate School Thesis & Dissertation web page.For more detailed guidance, see Guide on Writing Your Thesis/Dissertation.. Note that in the Bibliography (or References or Works Cited) section of the Required Sections, Guidelines, and Suggestions page, the following advice is offered.
This article reflects the APA 6th edition guidelines. Click here for APA 7th edition guidelines. The APA reference page is a separate page at the end of your paper where all sources you cited in the main text are listed. The references are sorted alphabetically, double spaced, and formatted using a hanging indent of ½ inch.
Option 1: Place tables and figures throughout your text, close to the parts of the text that refer to them. Option 2: Place them all together at the end of your text (after the reference list) to avoid breaking up the text. If you place them throughout the text, note that each table or figure should only appear once.