research areas list

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Research approaches that address societal problems and create new frontiers in science and engineering.

Research Areas (Categories / Classification)

Research areas constitute a subject categorization scheme that is shared by all Web of Science product databases. As a result, you can identify, retrieve and analyze documents from multiple databases that pertain to the same subject.

Research areas are classified into five broad categories:

• Arts & Humanities
• Life Sciences & Biomedicine
• Physical Sciences
• Social Sciences

Results Page Option

From the Results page, you can refine the results of your search by selecting specific research area terms listed under the Research Areas option.

Analyze Results Option

From the Analyze Results page, you can group and rank records in a results set by selecting the Research Areas option. Use this feature to view a ranking by field, record count, and percentage of each research area within the results set.

All Research Areas

Our faculty work within and beyond the disciplines of engineering and foundational science. Our approach to teaching and research is, by design, highly interdisciplinary. We collaborate across academic areas, within the larger university, and with colleagues in academia, industry, government and public service organizations beyond Harvard.

Prospective Ph.D. students looking for a primary research advisor may consider the Assistant Professors, Associate Professors, and Professors listed on this page. Faculty members listed on this page as “Affiliates” have primary appointments in other departments at Harvard. These affiliated faculty members can serve on advisory committees, and can co-advise a Ph.D. student, but cannot serve as the primary research advisor.

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Our teams aspire to make discoveries that impact everyone, and core to our approach is sharing our research and tools to fuel progress in the field. Our researchers publish regularly in academic journals, release projects as open source, and apply research to Google products.

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Algorithms & optimization, computing paradigms, responsible human-centric technology, science & societal impact, ai/ml foundations.

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Research Areas

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The world is being transformed by data and data-driven analysis is rapidly becoming an integral part of science and society. Stanford Data Science is a collaborative effort across many departments in all seven schools. We strive to unite existing data science research initiatives and create interdisciplinary collaborations, connecting the data science and related methodologists with disciplines that are being transformed by data science and computation.

Our work supports research in a variety of fields where incredible advances are being made through the facilitation of meaningful collaborations between domain researchers, with deep expertise in societal and fundamental research challenges, and methods researchers that are developing next-generation computational tools and techniques, including:

Data Science for Wildland Fire Research

In recent years, wildfire has gone from an infrequent and distant news item to a centerstage isssue spanning many consecutive weeks for urban and suburban communities. Frequent wildfires are changing everyday lives for California in numerous ways -- from public safety power shutoffs to hazardous air quality -- that seemed inconceivable as recently as 2015. Moreover, elevated wildfire risk in the western United States (and similar climates globally) is here to stay into the foreseeable future. There is a plethora of problems that need solutions in the wildland fire arena; many of them are well suited to a data-driven approach.

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Astrophysicists and particle physicists at Stanford and at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory are deeply engaged in studying the Universe at both the largest and smallest scales, with state-of-the-art instrumentation at telescopes and accelerator facilities

Data Science for Economics

Many of the most pressing questions in empirical economics concern causal questions, such as the impact, both short and long run, of educational choices on labor market outcomes, and of economic policies on distributions of outcomes. This makes them conceptually quite different from the predictive type of questions that many of the recently developed methods in machine learning are primarily designed for.

Data Science for Education

Educational data spans K-12 school and district records, digital archives of instructional materials and gradebooks, as well as student responses on course surveys. Data science of actual classroom interaction is also of increasing interest and reality.

Data Science for Human Health

It is clear that data science will be a driving force in transitioning the world’s healthcare systems from reactive “sick-based” care to proactive, preventive care.

Data Science for Humanity

Our modern era is characterized by massive amounts of data documenting the behaviors of individuals, groups, organizations, cultures, and indeed entire societies. This wealth of data on modern humanity is accompanied by massive digitization of historical data, both textual and numeric, in the form of historic newspapers, literary and linguistic corpora, economic data, censuses, and other government data, gathered and preserved over centuries, and newly digitized, acquired, and provisioned by libraries, scholars, and commercial entities.

Data Science for Linguistics

The impact of data science on linguistics has been profound. All areas of the field depend on having a rich picture of the true range of variation, within dialects, across dialects, and among different languages. The subfield of corpus linguistics is arguably as old as the field itself and, with the advent of computers, gave rise to many core techniques in data science.

Data Science for Nature and Sustainability

Many key sustainability issues translate into decision and optimization problems and could greatly benefit from data-driven decision making tools. In fact, the impact of modern information technology has been highly uneven, mainly benefiting large firms in profitable sectors, with little or no benefit in terms of the environment. Our vision is that data-driven methods can — and should — play a key role in increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of the way we manage and allocate our natural resources.

Ethics and Data Science

With the emergence of new techniques of machine learning, and the possibility of using algorithms to perform tasks previously done by human beings, as well as to generate new knowledge, we again face a set of new ethical questions.

The Science of Data Science

The practice of data analysis has changed enormously. Data science needs to find new inferential paradigms that allow data exploration prior to the formulation of hypotheses.

Research Areas

Research activity in the Biology Department spans the full range of biological organization, from molecules to ecosystems. Main research fields are indicated here, as links to groups of faculty doing research in those areas.

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Frontiers | Science News

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Research Topics

Top 10 research topics from 2021.

Find the answers to your biggest research questions from 2021. With collective views of over 3.7 million, researchers explored topics spanning from nutritional immunology and political misinformation to sustainable agriculture and the human-dog bond .

Research Topics:

1. Infectious disease

• 1,643,000 views
• 29 articles

2. Nutritional immunology

• 768,000 views

3. Music therapy

• 268,000 views
• 44 articles

4. Political misinformation

• 219,000 views
• 11 articles

5. Plant science

• 198,000 views
• 15 articles

6. Sustainable agriculture

• 168,000 views
• 49 articles

7. Mental health

• 136,000 views
• 22 articles

8. Aging brains

• 134,000 views
• 18 articles

Benefits of human-dog interactions

• 229,000 views
• 13 articles

10. Mood disorders

• 102,000 views
• 12 articles

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January 17, 2022

Frontiers Communications

Post categories, sustainability, related subjects, research topics, related content.

Pride Month 2021: Research Topics on Visibility, Unity, and Equality

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EECS’ research covers a wide variety of topics in electrical engineering , computer science , and artificial intelligence and decision-making .

The future of our society is interwoven with the future of data-driven thinking—most prominently, artificial intelligence is set to reshape every aspect of our lives. Research in this area studies the interface between AI-driven systems and human actors, exploring both the impact of data-driven decision-making on human behavior and experience, and how AI technologies can be used to improve access to opportunities. This research combines a variety of areas including AI, machine learning, economics, social psychology, and law.

Our goal is to develop AI technologies that will change the landscape of healthcare. This includes early diagnostics, drug discovery, care personalization and management. Building on MIT’s pioneering history in artificial intelligence and life sciences, we are working on algorithms suitable for modeling biological and clinical data across a range of modalities including imaging, text and genomics.

Our research covers a wide range of topics of this fast-evolving field, advancing how machines learn, predict, and control, while also making them secure, robust and trustworthy. Research covers both the theory and applications of ML. This broad area studies ML theory (algorithms, optimization, …), statistical learning (inference, graphical models, causal analysis, …), deep learning, reinforcement learning, symbolic reasoning ML systems, as well as diverse hardware implementations of ML.

We develop the technology and systems that will transform the future of biology and healthcare. Specific areas include biomedical sensors and electronics, nano- and micro-technologies, imaging, and computational modeling of disease.

We develop the next generation of wired and wireless communications systems, from new physical principles (e.g., light, terahertz waves) to coding and information theory, and everything in between.

We bring some of the most powerful tools in computation to bear on design problems, including modeling, simulation, processing and fabrication.

We design the next generation of computer systems. Working at the intersection of hardware and software, our research studies how to best implement computation in the physical world. We design processors that are faster, more efficient, easier to program, and secure. Our research covers systems of all scales, from tiny Internet-of-Things devices with ultra-low-power consumption to high-performance servers and datacenters that power planet-scale online services. We design both general-purpose processors and accelerators that are specialized to particular application domains, like machine learning and storage. We also design Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools to facilitate the development of such systems.

Educational technology combines both hardware and software to enact global change, making education accessible in unprecedented ways to new audiences. We develop the technology that makes better understanding possible.

Our research spans a wide range of materials that form the next generation of devices, and includes groundbreaking research on graphene & 2D materials, quantum computing, MEMS & NEMS, and new substrates for computation.

Our research focuses on solving challenges related to the transduction, transmission, and control of energy and energy systems. We develop new materials for energy storage, devices and power electronics for harvesting, generation and processing of energy, and control of large-scale energy systems.

The shared mission of Visual Computing is to connect images and computation, spanning topics such as image and video generation and analysis, photography, human perception, touch, applied geometry, and more.

The focus of our research in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is inventing new systems and technology that lie at the interface between people and computation, and understanding their design, implementation, and societal impact.

This broad research theme covered activities across all aspects of systems that process information, and the underlying science and mathematics, and includes communications, networking & information theory; numerical and computational simulation and prototyping; signal processing and inference; medical imaging; data science, statistics and inference.

Our field deals with the design and creation of sophisticated circuits and systems for applications ranging from computation to sensing.

Our research focuses on the creation of materials and devices at the nano scale to create novel systems across a wide variety of application areas.

Our research encompasses all aspects of speech and language processing—ranging from the design of fundamental machine learning methods to the design of advanced applications that can extract information from documents, translate between languages, and execute instructions in real-world environments.

Our work focuses on materials, devices, and systems for optical and photonic applications, with applications in communications and sensing, femtosecond optics, laser technologies, photonic bandgap fibers and devices, laser medicine and medical imaging, and millimeter-wave and terahertz devices.

Research in this area focuses on developing efficient and scalable algorithms for solving large scale optimization problems in engineering, data science and machine learning. Our work also studies optimal decision making in networked settings, including communication networks, energy systems and social networks. The multi-agent nature of many of these systems also has led to several research activities that rely on game-theoretic approaches.

We develop new approaches to programming, whether that takes the form of programming languages, tools, or methodologies to improve many aspects of applications and systems infrastructure.

Our work focuses on developing the next substrate of computing, communication and sensing. We work all the way from new materials to superconducting devices to quantum computers to theory.

Our research focuses on robotic hardware and algorithms, from sensing to control to perception to manipulation.

Our research is focused on making future computer systems more secure. We bring together a broad spectrum of cross-cutting techniques for security, from theoretical cryptography and programming-language ideas, to low-level hardware and operating-systems security, to overall system designs and empirical bug-finding. We apply these techniques to a wide range of application domains, such as blockchains, cloud systems, Internet privacy, machine learning, and IoT devices, reflecting the growing importance of security in many contexts.

Signal processing focuses on algorithms and hardware for analyzing, modifying and synthesizing signals and data, across a wide variety of application domains. As a technology it plays a key role in virtually every aspect of modern life including for example entertainment, communications, travel, health, defense and finance.

From distributed systems and databases to wireless, the research conducted by the systems and networking group aims to improve the performance, robustness, and ease of management of networks and computing systems.

Our theoretical research includes quantification of fundamental capabilities and limitations of feedback systems, inference and control over networks, and development of practical methods and algorithms for decision making under uncertainty.

Theory of Computation (TOC) studies the fundamental strengths and limits of computation, how these strengths and limits interact with computer science and mathematics, and how they manifest themselves in society, biology, and the physical world.

Selecting Research Area

Selecting a research area is the very first step in writing your dissertation. It is important for you to choose a research area that is interesting to you professionally, as well as, personally. Experienced researchers note that “a topic in which you are only vaguely interested at the start is likely to become a topic in which you have no interest and with which you will fail to produce your best work” [1] . Ideally, your research area should relate to your future career path and have a potential to contribute to the achievement of your career objectives.

The importance of selecting a relevant research area that is appropriate for dissertation is often underestimated by many students. This decision cannot be made in haste. Ideally, you should start considering different options at the beginning of the term. However, even when there are only few weeks left before the deadline and you have not chosen a particular topic yet, there is no need to panic.

There are few areas in business studies that can offer interesting topics due to their relevance to business and dynamic nature. The following is the list of research areas and topics that can prove to be insightful in terms of assisting you to choose your own dissertation topic.

Globalization can be a relevant topic for many business and economics dissertations. Forces of globalization are nowadays greater than ever before and dissertations can address the implications of these forces on various aspects of business.

Following are few examples of research areas in globalization:

• A study of implications of COVID-19 pandemic on economic globalization
• Impacts of globalization on marketing strategies of beverage manufacturing companies: a case study of The Coca-Cola Company
• Effects of labour migration within EU on the formation of multicultural teams in UK organizations
• A study into advantages and disadvantages of various entry strategies to Chinese market
• A critical analysis of the effects of globalization on US-based businesses

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is also one of the most popular topics at present and it is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. CSR refers to additional responsibilities of business organizations towards society apart from profit maximization. There is a high level of controversy involved in CSR. This is because businesses can be socially responsible only at the expense of their primary objective of profit maximization.

Perspective researches in the area of CSR may include the following:

• The impacts of CSR programs and initiatives on brand image: a case study of McDonald’s India
• A critical analysis of argument of mandatory CSR for private sector organizations in Australia
• A study into contradictions between CSR programs and initiatives and business practices: a case study of Philip Morris Philippines
• A critical analysis into the role of CSR as an effective marketing tool
• A study into the role of workplace ethics for improving brand image

Social Media and viral marketing relate to increasing numbers of various social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube etc. Increasing levels of popularity of social media among various age groups create tremendous potential for businesses in terms of attracting new customers.

The following can be listed as potential studies in the area of social media:

• A critical analysis of the use of social media as a marketing strategy: a case study of Burger King Malaysia
• An assessment of the role of Instagram as an effective platform for viral marketing campaigns
• A study into the sustainability of TikTok as a marketing tool in the future
• An investigation into the new ways of customer relationship management in mobile marketing environment: a case study of catering industry in South Africa
• A study into integration of Twitter social networking website within integrated marketing communication strategy: a case study of Microsoft Corporation

Culture and cultural differences in organizations offer many research opportunities as well. Increasing importance of culture is directly related to intensifying forces of globalization in a way that globalization forces are fuelling the formation of cross-cultural teams in organizations.

Perspective researches in the area of culture and cultural differences in organizations may include the following:

• The impact of cross-cultural differences on organizational communication: a case study of BP plc
• A study into skills and competencies needed to manage multicultural teams in Singapore
• The role of cross-cultural differences on perception of marketing communication messages in the global marketplace: a case study of Apple Inc.
• Effects of organizational culture on achieving its aims and objectives: a case study of Virgin Atlantic
• A critical analysis into the emergence of global culture and its implications in local automobile manufacturers in Germany

Leadership and leadership in organizations has been a popular topic among researchers for many decades by now. However, the importance of this topic may be greater now than ever before. This is because rapid technological developments, forces of globalization and a set of other factors have caused markets to become highly competitive. Accordingly, leadership is important in order to enhance competitive advantages of organizations in many ways.

The following studies can be conducted in the area of leadership:

• Born or bred: revisiting The Great Man theory of leadership in the 21 st century
• A study of effectiveness of servant leadership style in public sector organizations in Hong Kong
• Creativity as the main trait for modern leaders: a critical analysis
• A study into the importance of role models in contributing to long-term growth of private sector organizations: a case study of Tata Group, India
• A critical analysis of leadership skills and competencies for E-Commerce organizations

COVID-19 pandemic and its macro and micro-economic implications can also make for a good dissertation topic. Pandemic-related crisis has been like nothing the world has seen before and it is changing international business immensely and perhaps, irreversibly as well.

The following are few examples for pandemic crisis-related topics:

• A study into potential implications of COVID-19 pandemic into foreign direct investment in China
• A critical assessment of effects of COVID-19 pandemic into sharing economy: a case study of AirBnb.
• The role of COVID-19 pandemic in causing shifts in working patterns: a critical analysis

Moreover, dissertations can be written in a wide range of additional areas such as customer services, supply-chain management, consumer behaviour, human resources management, catering and hospitality, strategic management etc. depending on your professional and personal interests.

[1] Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business Students” 6th edition, Pearson Education Limited.

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Research Areas

Although the graduate group is not divided into formal subareas, faculty in the Psychology Graduate Group have research interests that may be broadly classified into the following two areas:

Scientific Focus Areas

Disciplines, Diseases, and Approaches

As an organization, our investigators are grouped into Institutes and Centers, but scientists in different Institutes often find themselves sharing research interests, goals, and techniques. As such, we have developed some recognized scientific strengths over time. We invite you to learn about our major areas of scientific inquiry by visiting each of the topic areas listed below.

In This Section

Biomedical engineering and biophysics, cancer biology, cell biology, chemical biology, chromosome biology, clinical research, computational biology, developmental biology, epidemiology, genetics and genomics, health disparities, microbiology and infectious diseases, molecular biology and biochemistry, molecular pharmacology, neuroscience, rna biology, social and behavioral sciences, stem cell biology, structural biology, systems biology.

This page was last updated on Tuesday, January 11, 2022

Research Topics

Cutting-edge research into the workings of the human mind

Our faculty conducts scientific research on topics that span across all areas of psychology. Some themes of research concentration are listed below. Click the topics to see the list of department faculty associated with each theme.

Addictive Behaviors

Computational Approaches

Decision Science

Developmental Approaches

Interventions

Learning & Memory

Mathematical Cognition

Meaning & Mental Representation

Motivation & Emotion

Neuroimaging

Plasticity & Change

Psychopathology & Risk

Reasoning & Problem Solving

Self & Identity

Self-Regulation & Control

Social Cognition

Stereotyping & Stereotype Threat

Vision Science

Words & Categories

EPSRC list of research areas

An A-Z list of all Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) research areas.

EPSRC research areas (PDF)

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This document includes a short description of each research area and links to further information.

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Research Area Schemas

Research area schemas, alongside baselines, are important to place bibliometric data into context. A citation count of a paper in isolation is a relatively meaningless number. But by looking at it in the context of peer publications, one can understand the performance, see if it is above or below average and by how much. Through benchmarking, data becomes actionable knowledge.

It is necessary to understand performance within the context of research areas because publication rates and citation behavior can vary considerably from discipline to discipline, document type and over time. For example, mathematics papers are usually cited at a relatively low rate but the citation rate can persist over a long period of time. Whereas molecular biology papers are typically cited more frequently and the citations tail off after a few years as the research is superseded. By understanding the underlying trends and comparing the publications of interest to publications in the same research area, year and document type will have more meaningful results.

There are 17 research area schemas available in InCites, and five of which are exclusive to InCites:

• Web of Science
• Citation Topics
• Essential Science Indicators
• Institutional Profiles
• Sustainable Development Goals

12 of these schemas are based on mapping Clarivate data to external subject classification systems. These schemas are designed to enable the use of bibliometric indicators in the context of a regional research evaluation program, for example the Research Excellence Framework in the United Kingdom. Alternatively, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) subject classification schema is a valuable tool for looking at national level bibliometric indicators in the context of demographical and financial data provided by the OECD. Typically, schemas based on external subject classifications are developed in partnership with research evaluation bodies in that region. They may be based on journal classifications or the mapping of Web of Science categories. Please see the Appendix (Regional Subject schemas) for details of these schemas.

Which schema to use will depend on the objectives of the analysis. Typically if looking at small sets of publications, such as the output of a single department or individual author, it is advisable to use the higher precision of a narrow subject classification such as the Web of Science schema. This approach may be useful to overcome differences between things such as applied and theoretical research of the same topic.

However, if you wish to understand the overall subject mix of an organization or a country/region, using a broader schema may be more appropriate.

Research Area Schema Selection and Total Results

Each Research Area schema maps uniquely to the research areas and journals established with the Web of Science Core Collection. For that reason, document totals within the results table will not necessarily correspond to the same total displayed when Web of Science is selected. You can view how categories relate to those in Web of Science Core Collection by viewing the mappings included in each of the Research Area descriptions.

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Get Access To 1000+ Research Topic Ideas

If you’re trying to find a suitable research topic for your dissertation, thesis or research project, this is for you. Simply put, this mega list of research topic ideas will help stimulate your thinking and fast-track the topic ideation process.

The list provides 1000+ topic ideas across 25 research areas, including:

• Accounting & finance
• Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning
• Biotech and genetic engineering
• Blockchain and crypto
• Business, management and leadership
• Communication
• Cybersecurity
• Data science and analytics
• Education and training
• Engineering
• Environmental science and climate change
• Law and public policy
• Materials science
• Mental health
• Neuroscience
• Political science
• Psychology and sociology
• Public administration
• Public health and epidemiology
• Robotics and automation

Simply put, this is the largest single source of research topic inspiration you’ll find. Plus, you’ll get free access to our popular webinar , Research Topic Ideation 101, as well as our tried and trusted research proposal template . 

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What's the difference between 'research topic' and 'research area'?

I am writing an essay to apply for a summer research project and is supposed to write about 'general research topic that interests me' and 'area I would like to focus'. I'm kind of confused about these two terms. What's the difference?

For example, if I'm interested in computer science, where should I write it?

p.s. I have asked this question in English Language & Usage site but didn't get answer. So I suppose that these two words may only have difference in academic field?

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2 Answers 2

A research area is what a research topic is placed into, but is much broader than the scope of the topic. For example a research area can be human physiology, computer science (as you mentioned) or even relate to a specific field within these broader terms such as cardiac electrophysiology or machine learning respectively.

A research topic would be a specific question, hypothesis or problem you wish to investigate and answer which is under the scope of your research area. That is to say, my research area is in neuroscience/neurophysiology and my research topic is investigating the mechanisms of neuronal communication, as an example.

You would want to say topics that interest you which relate to a certain problem that you may be aware of, whereas in the research area you would want to outline your inclinations towards a particular field of academia.

While a topic is narrower than an area (for example, your area may be "solid state physics" and your topic "semiconductor tuning based on dopage"), it's probably true that for most people there is little difference between the two terms as far as colloquial usage is concerned.

In other words, don't obsess about the difference -- though, if you want, consider the "area" a broader term.

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Research Areas

The department's research spans all of the traditional areas of Chemistry and Biochemistry.  The five divisional areas are Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry

Major topics in analytical chemistry research include analytical spectroscopy, electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, and separation science.

Biochemistry

Biochemistry research in the department spans chemical biology, enzymology, molecular biology, molecular biophysics, and structural biology.

Chemistry Education

Chemistry education research includes equity- and justice-based research, identity research, and participatory action research.

Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic chemistry research includes bioinorganic chemistry, inorganic materials, physical inorganic chemistry, and synthetic inorganic chemistry.

Organic Chemistry

Research in organic chemistry includes chemical biology, organic materials, organic synthesis, and physical organic chemistry.

Physical Chemistry

Physical chemistry research topics encompass atmospheric and environmental chemistry, computational chemistry, molecular biophysics and structural biology, NMR spectroscopy, theoretical chemistry, ultrafast laser spectroscopy, and other experimental physical chemistry.

Faculty By Primary Research Interest  

Analytical spectroscopy & electrochemistry.

• Zachary Schultz

Bioinorganic Chemistry

• Hannah Shafaat

Chemical Biology

• Dennis Bong
• Karin Musier-Forsyth
• Jennifer Ottesen
• Josie Nardo
• Dmitri Kudryashov

Experimental Physical Chemistry & Spectroscopy

• Heather Allen
• Robert Baker
• Philip Grandinetti
• Christopher Jaroniec
• Bern Kohler
• Barbara Wyslouzil
• Dongping Zhong

Inorganic Materials

• Joshua Goldberger
• Patrick Woodward

Inorganic Synthesis

• Shiyu Zhang
• Christine Thomas

Mass Spectrometry & Separation Science

• Abraham Badu-Tawiah
• Amanda Hummon
• Susan Olesik
• Vicki Wysocki

Molecular Biology

• Ross Dalbey
• Venkat Gopalan
• Jane Jackman

Molecular Biophysics & Structural Biology

• Vladislav Belyy
• Rafael Bruschweiler
• Mark Foster
• Thomas Magliery
• Kotaro Nakanishi
• Marcos Sotomayor
• Damien Wilburn
• Zhengrong (Justin) Wu

Organic Materials

• Psaras McGrier
• Jon Parquette
• Davita Watkins

Organic Synthesis

• Craig Forsyth
• David Nagib
• T.V. (Babu) RajanBabu
• Christo Sevov

Physical Inorganic Chemistry

• Claudia Turro

Physical Organic Chemistry

• Jovica Badjic
• Christopher Hadad

Theory & Computation

• John Herbert
• Steffen Lindert
• Sherwin Singer
• Alexander Sokolov

The DO schools on U.S. News’ best medical schools list for 2024

The lists of the best medical schools for research and primary care each include 11 do schools. also, the lists of the medical schools producing the most graduates practicing in primary care, rural areas and underserved areas included many osteopathic medical schools..

U.S. News and World Report recently released its 2024 lists of the best medical schools in the U.S. The lists of the best medical schools for research and primary care each included 10 DO schools. Also, the lists of the medical schools producing the most graduates practicing in primary care, rural areas and underserved areas included many osteopathic medical schools.

To create the lists of the best med schools for primary care and research, U.S. News surveyed 196 fully accredited medical schools and calculated scores based on their percentile performance among all rated schools. The primary care rankings discontinued the use of peer assessment and residency director assessments that previously equaled 25% of the ranking.

Rather than rank schools numerically as they did for previous best med schools lists, the best schools for primary care and research are placed in four tiers of performance. These changes came about after previous versions of the lists caused more than a dozen schools to withdraw from the rankings, according to Becker’s Hospital Review . Those schools said they were withdrawing because they felt the ranking measures—such as peer assessments and test scores—gave an unfair edge to well-resourced schools.

The osteopathic medical schools that received rankings on the various lists are noted below. You can see the full lists here .

Best medical schools for primary care

Tier 1, University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 1, Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

Tier 2, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine—CA

Tier 2, University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 2, William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 3, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 3, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Rowan University Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine

Best medical schools for research

Tier 4, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine—CA

Tier 4, University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine

Tier 4, Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

Tier 4, William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Medical schools with the most graduates in primary care

The top 10 schools with the most graduates practicing primary care are all DO schools, and 16 of the top 20 schools are DO schools.

#1 Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine

#2 Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#3 Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#4 William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#5 Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine—CA

#6 A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona

#7 Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

#8 A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine

#9 (tie) Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

#9 (tie) University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

#11 Campbell University-Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine

#12 (tie) Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#12 (tie) University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine

#14 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#18 (tie) Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine

#20 West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine

#21 Midwestern University/Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine

#24 Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

#26 Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#32 Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

#38 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

#42 (tie) Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#46 (tie) Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

#46 (tie) University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine

#48 (tie) Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine

#97 Rowan University Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine

#112 (tie) Midwestern University/Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

Medical schools with the most graduates practicing in underserved areas

#1 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#2 Campbell University-Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine

#6 Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#8 William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#11 Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#15 Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

#18 West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine

#24 Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#28 A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine

#36 Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#43 Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

#50 University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

#58 Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine

#68 Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine

#70 University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine

#71 Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine

#84 Midwestern University/Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

#85 Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#93 Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

#94 Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

#114 Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine—CA

#133 Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

#144 A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona

#148 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

#157 University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine

#159 Rowan University Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine

Medical schools with the most graduates practicing in rural areas

Six of the top 10 schools with the most graduates working in rural areas are DO schools.

#1 A.T. Still University Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine

#2 William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#3 University of Pikeville-Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine

#4 Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#8 Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#10 West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine

#13 Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine

#14 Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

#16 Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#19 Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#27 Campbell University-Jerry M. Wallace School of Osteopathic Medicine

#29 Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

#36 Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

#39 Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

#40 Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#43 A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona

#58 Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#68 (tie) Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#73 University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

#75 (tie) Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

#78 Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine—CA

#79 Midwestern University/Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine

#83 Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine

#109 Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine

#125 Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine

#138 Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

#161 (tie) University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine

Most diverse medical schools

#44 (tie) A.T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona

#44 (tie) Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine

#48 (tie) Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

#72 (tie) Nova Southeastern University Kiran C Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine

#81 (tie) Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#89 (tie) Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine

#97 (tie) Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine

#97 (tie) Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine

#97 (tie) Ohio University-Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine

#97 (tie) University of North Texas Health Science Center/Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine

#115 (tie) Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences College of Osteopathic Medicine

#122 (tie) Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

#122 (tie) West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine

#122 (tie) William Carey University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#130 (tie) Kansas City University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#130 (tie) Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#135 (tie) Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#142 (tie) Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine

#142 (tie) Western University of Health Sciences/College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific

#147 (tie) Des Moines University College of Osteopathic Medicine

#147 (tie) Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine-CA

Related reading:

What goes into designing a brand-new medical school

How to create a free OMM clinic at your COM

A life in medicine

In memoriam: july 2024, aoa installs teresa hubka, do, as 128th president, going for the gold, pathway to paris: dos prepare to support athletes in summer olympic/paralympic games, on the frontlines, new documents illuminate the civil war legacy of a.t. still, do, md, more in profession.

Embracing excellence: 128th AOA President Teresa A. Hubka, DO, calls for a new era of osteopathic medicine

Initiatives for the coming year will focus on advancing excellence in osteopathic distinction, physician leadership and solidarity.

90 years strong—Celebrating the NBOME’s role in professional self-regulation for our patients

When NBOME was founded in the 1930s, osteopathic medicine was a smaller subset of the medical community, considerably less than the 11% of all currently licensed physicians that DOs comprise in the U.S. today.

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I graduated from KCCOS in 1968 it is unbelievable how much the Osteopathic Profession has changed, we had 5 schools then, when I finished my internship in 1969 I was drafted in the army and went to Vietnam, I was stationed at the 27th surgical hospital , I think 72 DO’s served in Vietnam, I believed that was a turning point for our profession because the medical community saw how the DO’s preformed especially in a trauma situation.

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The Best Time to Sell in 2024: The Week of April 14-20

Home sellers who are hoping to sell this year and looking for the perfect time to list should start getting ready—because the best time to list a home in 2024 is approaching quickly. 

The week of April 14–20 is expected to have the ideal balance of housing market conditions that favor home sellers, more so than any other w eek in the year. A recent survey from Realtor.com ® found that the majority (53%) of home sellers took one month or less to get their home ready to list, so the time to start prepping is now. 

This selection comes from looking at seasonal trends from 2018–19 and 2021–23 data and calculating a Best Time to List score for each week of the year, based on a combination of housing metrics. Notably, mortgage rates are not included in the score as mortgage rate movement has more to do with the larger economic context, and not seasonal shifts.

The State of the Housing Market

We expect the 2024 housing market to behave according to typical seasonality, but offer slightly better conditions than 2023. Each week was scored based on favorability toward sellers—this included competition from other sellers (active listings and new listings), listing prices, market pace (days on the market), likelihood of price reductions, and homebuyer demand (views per property on Realtor.com). Percentile levels for each week were calculated along each metric and were then averaged together across metrics to determine a Best Time to List score. Rankings for each week were based on these Best Time to List scores.

2023 was a fairly glum year in housing, with prices remaining near record high levels while inventory levels suffered. Mortgage rates started the year in the mid-6% range and climbed to nearly 8% in October , continuing to weigh down the affordability of housing payments despite unremarkable price growth.

Home prices peaked at a median listing price of $445,000 nationally in June 2023 , falling short of the previous year’s all-time high. Though prices did not reach a new peak this year, they remained near year-ago levels, failing to offer much relief to buyers. Buyer demand remained stifled as home shoppers took a step back amid high prices, elevated mortgage rates, and low inventory. 

Though low housing demand set the tone for much of 2023, homes still spent significantly less time on the market than before the COVID-19 pandemic, and inventory remained well below pre-pandemic norms.

Many homeowners felt “locked in” by their current mortgage , hesitant to list their home for sale and trade a sub-4% mortgage for a 7%-plus mortgage, which kept new listing activity low for much of the year.

Builders slowed new construction activity slightly in 2023 amid low buyer demand and economic uncertainty . Both single- and multi-family housing starts fell relative to the previous few years, but both remained above pre-pandemic levels as builders aimed to fill some of the gap left by low existing-home inventory. Though starts waned, new-home completions climbed relative to the previous year, supplying much sought-after inventory for buyers and renters alike.

 Mortgage rates fell quickly toward the end of the year as the Fed signaled that rate cuts were likely for 2024 , and as a result, both buyer and seller activity ticked up slightly heading into the new year.

In February, new listing activity climbed 11.3% , resulting in 14.8% more for-sale inventory in the month than one year prior. Though selling activity has picked up, inventory remains nearly 40% below pre-pandemic levels, making it a good time to be a seller today . While some homebuyers are waiting for mortgage rates to fall further before entering the housing market, it’s still a good time for homeowners to sell as buyers continue to need more for-sale options.

Benefits of listing a home the week of April 14–20, 2024

At a national level, this week represents a balanced selection of market conditions that favor sellers. While it does not have the highest price or the lowest time on the market of the year, this week offers higher-than-average prices and lower-than-average time on the market while also offering a higher-than-average number of buyers—measured as viewers per listing.

While affordability will continue to be a challenge for buyers and sellers who are looking to buy, we expect lower mortgage rates and more new-construction inventory to offer some relief and inject some life back into the market. In more balanced housing market conditions, we expect the benefits of strategically listing during the most seasonally advantageous week to be greater.

Above-average prices:  Homes during this week have historically reached prices 1.1% higher than the average week throughout the year, and are typically 10.4% higher than the start of the year. This year is likely to look a lot like 2023 due to still-high housing costs. If 2024 follows the 2023 seasonal trend, the national median listing price could reach $7,400 above the average week, and $34,000 more than the start of the year. 

Above-average buyer demand: The number of buyers looking at a listing can determine how many offers a home gets and how quickly it sells. The more buyers looking at a home, the better for the seller, and in most years, buyers start earlier than sellers.

Historically, this week garnered 18.4% more views per listing than the typical week. However, in 2023, this week got 22.8% more views per listing than the average week throughout the year. If mortgage rates fall more significantly this spring, it is possible that demand will surge sooner. However, if mortgage rates don’t soften until later in the year, then buyers may hold off in hopes of lower rates.

According to the February Fannie Mae housing survey , a near-all-time survey-high 35% of respondents indicated that they expect mortgage rates to go down in the next 12 months. After climbing through February, mortgage rates eased in the latest data. Mortgage rate expectations could lead more buyers to hold off until mortgage rates fall further, which may mean a slower ramp-up in demand this spring.

Fast market pace: Thanks to above-average demand, homes sell more quickly during this week.

Historically, homes actively for sale during this week sold 17%, or roughly 9 days, faster than the average week. In the 2023 market, this week saw homes typically on the market for 46 days, 6 days faster than the year’s average and 7 days faster than was typical in 2019. The 2023 market moved more slowly than the previous few years due to affordability challenges, but the market pace picked up toward the end of the year and into 2024 as easing mortgage rates stoked buyer demand. If inventory levels remain relatively low, time on the market may pick up faster as buyers vie for fewer homes.

Lower competition from other sellers: A typical inventory trend would mean 13.7% fewer sellers on the market during this week compared with the average week throughout the year. With few exceptions, the number of sellers tends to increase from the beginning of the year until roughly November. Last year saw more significant inventory gains after the first four months as buyer demand cooled, but sellers responded by pulling back on listings once again by the end of the year. Active inventory was 7.9% higher at the start of 2024 versus 2023 with the highest beginning-of-year inventory since 2020 . However, inventory was still 39.7% lower than pre-pandemic levels. This gap means there continue to be opportunities for sellers who enter the market this spring.

Below-average price reductions: Price reductions tend to peak in the fall as sellers left on the market after the summer rush try to attract attention. Price reductions tend to be the lowest from late winter into spring as buyer activity ramps up.

During the Best Week, roughly 24.6% fewer homes have had a price reduction than the average week of the year, which translates to a 0.9 percentage point lower price-reduced share compared with the average week of the year. In 2023, this week saw roughly 8,000 fewer listings with price reductions than the average week of the year.

Market dynamics shift—baby steps toward affordability

The 2023 housing market continued the slowdown seen in the second half of 2022. Home sales fell to the lowest level in over a decade as buyers struggled with still-high home prices and elevated mortgage rates. Sellers largely kept to the sidelines, hesitant to trade their existing mortgage for one with a much higher interest rate.

Though buyer demand waned, low for-sale inventory meant that buyers had fewer choices and faced competition in many markets, especially more affordable locales . As mortgage rates improved at the very end of the year, buyer demand picked up, indicating that home shoppers are eagerly awaiting a more affordable housing market.

Based on a recent survey , 40% of prospective buyers would find a home purchase feasible if rates were below 6%, and 32% would feel the same if rates fell below 5%.

• Mortgage rates are expected to ease into the mid-6% range. Mortgage rates reached as high as 7.79% in 2023 before falling into the mid-to-high 6% range by the end of the year. We expect mortgage rates to remain in this range until incoming economic data suggests that inflation is slowing toward the 2% target level. To date, both employment and inflation have remained strong, which means that the Federal Open Market Committee is likely to hold off on any cuts to the federal funds rate until later in the year. Once rate cuts seem probable, mortgage rates are likely to ease.
• Prices tend to peak later, as does competition. Sellers should consider that peak prices later in the season also come with greater competition from other sellers for a similar-sized pool of buyers. Historically, by the end of June, while prices reached near-peak levels (+13.8%) compared with the start of the year, new sellers also surged, increasing to nearly 1.5 times higher than at the start of the year (+49.3%). More sellers mean more options for buyers and therefore more competition among sellers . Sellers can mitigate that risk by being an early entrant into the market, raising their already high odds of a successful close and likely negotiating favorable terms.
• Level of buyer and seller activity will be fairly dependent on mortgage rates. Many homeowners are hesitant to enter today’s housing market since their current mortgage rate is much lower than today’s prevailing rate. However, buyers are likely to return to the housing market eagerly upon mortgage rate improvements, which means sellers still stand to see favorable buyer attention on their home listing due to low inventory. While overall buyer demand may not be what it was in the past couple of years, many areas are still seeing competition for homes due to low inventory levels. 

What does this mean for sellers?

While we’ve identified april 14–20 as the best week to list for sellers, the housing market remains undersupplied, so a seller listing a well-priced, move-in ready home is likely to find success., because spring is generally the high season for real estate activity and buyers are more plentiful earlier rather than later in the year, listing earlier in the spring raises a seller’s odds of a successful sale. sellers will want to remember that it’s a process and get started well before their intended listing date. recent realtor.com survey data shows that sellers typically took between a couple of weeks to a couple of months to prepare and list their home for sale., what does this mean for homebuyers.

For buyers who have been facing still-high home prices and elevated mortgage rates, there is a key takeaway: The usual seasonal dynamics of the housing market, builder sentiment, and general economic shifts suggest that it’s going to get better.

Inventory improved in late 2023, though levels remain below pre-pandemic levels. So far in 2024, new single-family construction activity and homebuilder sentiment have remained steady, and home completions have remained strong, suggesting that new inventory is likely to provide buyers more options into the spring.

Historically, the number of views per listing has cooled in the late summer/early fall and tends to improve for buyers from that point forward. Additionally, by mid-August, the number of sellers with actively listed homes increased 29% over the beginning of the year, which means more options for buyers . Thus, buyers who can persist in their home searches are likely to catch a bit of a break in the sense that they can expect some more options to choose from in the weeks ahead. 

Best Time to List—50 Largest Metro Areas

Methodology

Listing metrics (e.g., list prices) from 2018–19 and 2021–23 were measured on a weekly basis, with each week compared against a benchmark from the first full week of the year. Due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 was an uncharacteristic year and has therefore been excluded from the analysis. Averaging across the years yielded the “typical” seasonal trend for each metric. Percentile levels for each week were calculated along each metric (prices, listings, days on the market, etc.) and then averaged together across metrics to determine a Best Time to List score for each week. Rankings for each week were based on these Best Time to List scores.

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• United States

United States Housing Market

The average United States home value is $363,438 , up 3.8% over the past year and goes to pending in around 14 days .

What is the Zillow Home Values Index?

Zillow Home Value Index (ZHVI), built from the ground up by measuring monthly changes in property level Zestimates, captures both the level and home values across a wide variety of geographies and housing types.

United States Key Takeaways

Typical Home Values: $363,438

1-year Value Change: +3.8%

(Data through June 30, 2024)

United States Housing Market Overview

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Government of Canada announces milestones for new science facilities in National Capital Area

From: Public Services and Procurement Canada

News release

Through the Laboratories Canada strategy, the Government of Canada is providing federal scientists and researchers with world-class, sustainable and collaborative facilities to support the transformative changes facing science today and into the future.

July 26, 2024 - Ottawa, Ontario - Public Services and Procurement Canada

Innovative and sustainable facilities will support a strong future for federal science 

Through the  Laboratories Canada  strategy, the Government of Canada is providing federal scientists and researchers with world-class, sustainable and collaborative facilities to support the transformative changes facing science today and into the future.

Today, the Honourable Jenna Sudds, Minister of Families, Children and Social Development, on behalf of the Honourable Jean-Yves Duclos, Minister of Public Services and Procurement, announced the next milestones for 2 new laboratory facilities in the National Capital Area (NCA).

A site has been selected and contracts have been awarded for the $1-billion TerraCanada National Capital Area (TerraCanada NCA ) project, and a preliminary schematic design has been completed for the $500-million Transportation Safety and Technology Science (TSTS) project. Both facilities will be located on the main campus of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) on Montréal Road in Ottawa, Ontario.

The TerraCanada NCA facility will support scientific advancements for sustainable land and resource development, as well as a low-carbon economy. The TSTS facility will assess and reduce transportation safety risks for Canadians. Both projects will provide scientists with leading-edge, multi-purpose, sustainable and collaborative facilities to complement existing government science laboratories and capabilities. 

Following an open and competitive Request for Proposals, the contract for architectural and engineering services to design the TerraCanada NCA facility has been awarded to AECOM Canada Architects Ltd., AECOM Canada Ltd. and AECOM Technical Services Inc., in a joint venture, for a value of $59.5 million. The base contract for construction management services for the TerraCanada NCA facility has been awarded to EBC Inc., for a value of $78.8 million.

This significant investment in the local economy will see design work beginning in 2024, with site preparation and construction starting in 2026. At peak construction, up to 400 workers will be on-site each day. This project will include benefits for Indigenous businesses through an Indigenous Participation Plan. The facility will house approximately 450 employees and scientists from Natural Resources Canada and the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission.

The TSTS project will relocate the laboratory and head office of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), and the facility will house over 260 employees and scientists from the TSB and NRC . The architectural and engineering services contract for this project was awarded to A49 and B&H, in a joint venture, in 2022, with a preliminary schematic design completed. A Request for Proposals for the construction management services contract is expected to be published on CanadaBuys later in 2024.

“By building these 2 new facilities on the National Research Council of Canada’s main campus, we are providing our scientists and researchers with unparalleled opportunities for collaboration and transformation. Canadians can be confident that they will have the tools they need to meet the needs of Canadian society now and into the future.” The Honourable Jean-Yves Duclos  Minister of Public Services and Procurement

"These new facilities are a testament to Canada's dedication to scientific excellence and innovation. By investing in state-of-the-art infrastructure, we are not only enhancing our research capabilities but also driving economic growth and positioning Canada as a global leader in science and technology. This commitment ensures our scientists have the resources they need to make groundbreaking discoveries and address the challenges of tomorrow."  The Honourable Jenna Sudds   Minister of Families, Children and Social Development

“Ensuring our scientists have the right tools and spaces is key to Canada's leadership in clean energy research. Through the Laboratories Canada strategy, we're bringing together government and academic researchers, boosting collaboration and making Canada’s research scene more competitive. Facilities like the future TerraCanada space in the National Capital Region showcase this federal government’s commitment to sustainable development projects that support Canada’s transition to a low-carbon economy.” The Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson Minister of Energy and Natural Resources 

“Canada’s science and research sector is addressing some of the world’s greatest challenges, while driving innovation, growth and productivity. As part of the Laboratories Canada strategy, this site selection of two new facilities is helping to ensure Canada’s researchers continue to have access to modern tools and laboratories that will cement Canada’s position as a world leader for future generations.” The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne  Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development 

“The commitment to open two new laboratories in Ottawa reaffirms Canada’s position as a leader in science and innovation while growing the local economy. These modern facilities will support collaboration and research excellence, and help attract and retain global talent to our region.” The Honourable Mona Fortier Member of Parliament for Ottawa–Vanier 

“As the transportation sector continues to modernize and evolve, it is important that the Transportation Safety Board of Canada has access to a world-class facility to conduct the engineering and testing work that supports its investigations. This new facility, which will also include our head office, will allow us to support critical work tied to our investigations and to collaborate with the National Research Council of Canada, with the goal of advancing transportation safety in Canada.” Kathy Fox Chair of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada

Quick facts

About Laboratories Canada

• Laboratories Canada is a long-term strategy that delivers on the vision to strengthen federal science in Canada. The strategy includes the development of science hubs across the country. These hubs will bring together science-based departments and agencies to advance research in science priority areas in modern, sustainable and accessible laboratories and collaborative spaces enabled by modern digital information technology.
• Budget 2018 launched this strategy with an initial investment of $2.8 billion, and Budget 2024 invested a further $900 million, making the total investment to date $3.7 billion, all to support federal scientists in the important work that they do for Canada.

About the TerraCanada Science and Innovation hub

• The TerraCanada Science and Innovation hub will energize collaboration by establishing a multi-partner network with facilities in the NCA and other regions across the country, including the recently opened laboratories in Mississauga and Hamilton, Ontario.
• This network will be anchored by modern infrastructure that will attract and retain global talent and promote opportunities for diverse researchers and students, building the next generation of federal science leadership to advance and develop Canada’s natural resources.

About the Transportation Safety and Technology Science hub

• The Transportation Safety and Technology Science hub will strengthen collaboration and resource-sharing between complementary federal science departments and agencies and academia to advance transportation safety technology and science in the aviation, marine, pipeline and railway sectors.
• The final design is expected to be completed in 2025, with construction beginning then.

Associated links

• Laboratories Canada
• Long Term Vision and Plan: Laboratories Canada
• Government of Canada continues to invest in laboratories to support science and research in Canada

Marie-France Proulx Director of Communications Office of the Honourable Jean-Yves Duclos [email protected]

Media Relations Public Services and Procurement Canada 819-420-5501 [email protected]

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What we know about unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S.

The unauthorized immigrant population in the United States grew to 11.0 million in 2022, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on the 2022 American Community Survey, the most recent year available. The increase from 10.5 million in 2021 reversed a long-term downward trend from 2007 to 2019. This is the first sustained increase in the unauthorized immigrant population since the period from 2005 to 2007.

However, the number of unauthorized immigrants living in the U.S. in 2022 was still below the peak of 12.2 million in 2007.

Pew Research Center conducted this research to understand changes in the unauthorized immigrant population in the United States. The Center has published estimates of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population for more than two decades. The estimates presented in this research for 2022 are the Center’s latest.

Center estimates of the unauthorized immigrant population use a “residual method.” It is similar to methods used by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics and nongovernmental organizations, including the Center for Migration Studies and the Migration Policy Institute . Those organizations’ estimates are generally consistent with ours. Our estimates also align with official U.S. data sources, including birth records, school enrollment figures and tax data, as well as Mexican censuses and surveys.

Our residual method includes these steps:

• Estimate the total number of immigrants living in the country in a particular year using data from U.S. censuses and government surveys such as the American Community Survey and the Current Population Survey.
• Estimate the number of immigrants living in the U.S. legally using official counts of immigrant and refugee admissions together with other demographic data (for example, death and out-migration rates).
• Subtract our estimate of lawful immigrants from our estimate of the total immigrant population. This provides an initial estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population.

Our final estimate of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population, as well as estimates for lawful immigrants, includes an upward adjustment. We do this because censuses and surveys tend to miss some people . Undercounts for immigrants, especially unauthorized immigrants, tend to be higher than for other groups. (Our 1990 estimate comes from work by Robert Warren and John Robert Warren .)

The term “unauthorized immigrant” reflects many academic researchers’ and policy analysts’ standard and customary usage. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s Office of Immigration Statistics also generally uses it. The term means the same thing as “undocumented immigrants,” “illegal immigrants” and “illegal aliens.”

For more details on how we produced our estimates, read the Methodology section of our November 2018 report on unauthorized immigrants.

The unauthorized immigrant population includes any immigrants not in the following groups:

• Immigrants admitted for lawful residence (i.e., green card admissions)
• People admitted formally as refugees
• People granted asylum
• Former unauthorized immigrants granted legal residence under the 1985 Immigration Reform and Control Act
• Immigrants admitted in categories 1-4 who have become naturalized U.S. citizens
• Individuals admitted as lawful temporary residents under specific visa categories, such as those for foreign students, guest workers and intracompany transfers.

Read the Methodology section of our November 2018 report on unauthorized immigrants for more details.

Pew Research Center’s estimate of unauthorized immigrants as of July 2022 includes more than 3 million immigrants who have temporary protection from deportation and permission to be in the United States. Some also have permission to work in the country. These immigrants account for almost 30% of our national estimate of 11.0 million unauthorized immigrants for 2022.

Although these immigrants have permission to be in the country, they could be subject to deportation if government policy changes. Other organizations and the federal government also include these immigrants in their estimates of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population.

Unauthorized immigrants can receive temporary permission to be in the U.S. through the following:

Asylum applicants

Individuals who have applied for asylum and are awaiting a ruling are not legal residents but cannot be deported. There are two types of asylum claims, defensive and affirmative .

Defensive asylum applications are generally filed by individuals facing deportation or removal from the U.S. These are processed by the Department of Justice’s Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR). As of July 2022, there were about 915,000 individuals with applications pending.

Affirmative asylum claims are made by people who are not in the process of being deported or removed. These claims are handled by the Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). In mid-2022, about 720,000 individuals were awaiting decisions on more than 500,000 applications for affirmative asylum.

Temporary Protected Status (TPS)

As of July 2022, there were about 650,000 unauthorized immigrants with Temporary Protected Status . This status provides protection from removal or deportation to individuals who cannot safely return to their country because of civil unrest, violence or natural disaster.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) offers protection from deportation to individuals who were brought to the U.S. as children before 2007. In July 2022, there were about 595,000 active DACA beneficiaries , largely immigrants from Mexico.

Applicants for other visas

Many immigrants in the U.S. apply for visas to gain lawful immigrant status. In some cases, individuals awaiting decisions on these applications can remain in the country.

T and U visas are for victims of trafficking and certain criminal activities, including domestic violence, sexual assault, hate crimes and involuntary servitude. In mid-2022, the backlog for these visas reached 300,000. The individuals in this backlog are considered part of the unauthorized immigrant population.

These new estimates do not reflect events since mid-2022. The U.S. unauthorized immigrant population has likely grown over the past two years, based on several alternative data sources. For example, encounters with migrants at U.S. borders reached record levels throughout 2022-23 , and the number of applicants waiting for decisions on asylum claims increased by about 1 million by the end of 2023.

In addition, through December 2023, about 500,000 new immigrants were paroled into the country through two federal programs – the Cuban, Haitian, Nicaraguan and Venezuelan ( CHNV ) program and Uniting for Ukraine ( U4U ). Groups like these have traditionally been considered part of the unauthorized immigrant population, but almost none of them appear in the 2022 estimates.

While these new arrivals probably increased the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population, it remains to be seen how much. New arrivals can’t simply be added to the existing estimate because some unauthorized immigrants leave the country every year, some die and some gain lawful status. (For details, read “What has happened with unauthorized migration since July 2022?”)

The Pew Research Center estimates presented here use the 2022 American Community Survey (ACS). The 2022 ACS provides data for July 1, 2022. We cannot make estimates for 2023 or later until new ACS data is released.

About 1.5 million immigrants have received protection from deportation since 2022, according to a Pew Research Center review of federal immigration data. However, it is not appropriate to derive a new estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population by adding these 1.5 million immigrants to the estimate of 11.0 unauthorized immigrants in 2022. This would be inaccurate because the unauthorized immigrant population changes for many reasons, including outmigration from the U.S., deaths and transitions to lawful immigration statuses.

In addition, this approach would double-count some immigrants because an individual can be included in multiple immigration programs. The exact number of people who are double-counted is unknown.

Here are the main groups of unauthorized immigrants with protection from deportation and how the numbers have changed in the past two years:

Asylum applicants. Immigrants who have applied for asylum but whose cases have not been resolved are included in our estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population because they have not been admitted as permanent residents. The number with pending cases has grown substantially since July 2022. Most immigrants in these backlogs are in the United States.

The backlog of affirmative asylum cases (i.e., cases adjudicated by the Department of Homeland Security’s U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services) increased from about 500,000 as of June 30, 2022, to more than 1.1 million at the end of 2023. Since each case can include more than one person, we estimate that these additional cases added 870,000 immigrants to the backlog at the end of 2023. Most of these people are new arrivals to the U.S.

During this period, the backlog for defensive asylum (i.e., cases adjudicated by the Department of Justice Executive Office for Immigration Review ) grew by about 120,000 people, from about 900,000 to 1 million people.

CHNV parolees. A new program allows people living in Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua and Venezuela to apply to enter the U.S. as parolees . Since these migrants are not admitted for permanent U.S. residence, they would be included in our estimate of the unauthorized immigrant population under current definitions.

The program began full operation in January 2023. By the end of 2023, about 320,000 new immigrants had entered the country under CHNV parole.

Uniting for Ukraine (U4U) . Created in April 2022, this program allows Ukrainian citizens and their families to live in the U.S. on a temporary basis under certain conditions. More than 170,000 Ukrainians had been admitted on a two-year parole as of December 2023.

Because these immigrants do not have permanent residence, they would be considered unauthorized immigrants based on current definitions. Virtually all U4U parolees came to the U.S. after July 2022 and are not part of the 2022 unauthorized immigrant population estimate.

Victims of human trafficking and other crimes. T and U visas are available for victims of certain crimes who assist law enforcement in pursuing the criminals. The backlogs for these visas increased by about 50,000 people since July 2022 .

Temporary Protected Status (TPS) . TPS allows migrants to live and work in the U.S.and avoid deportation because their home countries are unsafe due to war, natural disasters or other crises. Some people with TPS have been in the U.S. for more than 20 years.

The population of immigrants eligible for or receiving TPS recently increased to about 1.2 million. Most of these people were already in the country as of July 2022, so they do not contribute to growth in the unauthorized immigrant population. Further, many newer additions to the TPS population are counted in other groups.

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). DACA allows unauthorized immigrants who were brought to the U.S. before their 16th birthday and who were in the U.S. on June 15, 2012, to live and work in the country. Initially, about 700,000 individuals received benefits under DACA.

Since then, the number of DACA recipients has dropped steadily as some have acquired permanent status and others have left the country or otherwise not renewed their status. At the end of 2023, about 530,000 people had DACA status. These individuals are in our unauthorized immigrant population estimates for 2022.

In addition to these groups with protection from deportation, there are other indicators of overall growth:

Encounters at U.S. borders. U.S. immigration authorities encounter a large and growing number of migrants at the border. While many migrants are detained and denied entry into the U.S., some are allowed to remain in the U.S. temporarily. Most who are allowed to stay are included in other groups and do not represent additional unauthorized immigrants.

Immigrants in the Current Population Survey (CPS) . This government survey provides data on the total U.S. population as well as immigrants, both from the monthly CPS and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) every March. CPS data on the immigrant population shows substantial growth since 2022, beyond what can be accounted for by lawful immigration.

Here are key findings about how the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population changed recently:

• The number of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico dropped to 4.0 million in 2022 from a peak of 6.9 million in 2007. Mexico has long been , and remains, the most common country of birth for unauthorized immigrants.
• From 2019 to 2022, the unauthorized immigrant population from nearly every region of the world grew. The Caribbean, South America, Asia, Europe and sub-Saharan Africa all saw increases.
• The unauthorized immigrant population grew in six states from 2019 to 2022 – Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and Texas. Only California saw a decrease.
• About 8.3 million U.S. workers in 2022 were unauthorized immigrants, an increase from 7.4 million in 2019. The 2022 number is essentially the same as previous highs in 2008 and 2011.

Composition of the U.S. immigrant population

Immigrants made up 14.3% of the nation’s population in 2022. That share was slightly higher than in the previous five years but below the record high of 14.8% in 1890.

As of 2022, unauthorized immigrants represented 3.3% of the total U.S. population and 23% of the foreign-born population. These shares were lower than the peak values in 2007 but slightly higher than in 2019.

Meanwhile, the lawful immigrant population grew steadily from 24.1 million in 2000 to 36.9 million in 2022. The growth was driven by a rapid increase in the number of naturalized citizens, from 10.7 million to 23.4 million. The number of lawful permanent residents dropped slightly, from 11.9 million to 11.5 million. As a result, in 2022, 49% of all immigrants in the country were naturalized U.S. citizens.

Who lives with unauthorized immigrants?

Unauthorized immigrants live in 6.3 million households that include more than 22 million people. These households represent 4.8% of the 130 million U.S. households.

Here are some facts about these households in 2022:

• In 86% of these households, either the householder or their spouse is an unauthorized immigrant.
• Almost 70% of these households are considered “mixed status,” meaning that they also contain lawful immigrants or U.S.-born residents.
• In only about 5% of these households, the unauthorized immigrants are not related to the householder or spouse. In these cases, they are probably employees or roommates.

Of the 22 million people in households with an unauthorized immigrant, 11 million are U.S. born or lawful immigrants. They include:

• 1.3 million U.S.-born adults who are children of unauthorized immigrants. (We cannot estimate the total number of U.S.-born adult children of unauthorized immigrants because available data sources only identify those who still live with their unauthorized immigrant parents.)
• 1.4 million other U.S.-born adults and 3.0 million lawful immigrant adults.

About 4.4 million U.S.-born children under 18 live with an unauthorized immigrant parent. They account for about 84% of all minor children living with their unauthorized immigrant parent. Altogether, about 850,000 children under 18 are unauthorized immigrants in 2022.

The share of households that include an unauthorized immigrant varies across states. In Maine, Mississippi, Montana and West Virginia, fewer than 1% of households include an unauthorized immigrant. Nevada (9%) has the highest share, followed by California, New Jersey and Texas (8% each).

What countries do unauthorized immigrants come from?

The origin countries for unauthorized immigrants have changed since the population peaked in 2007. Here are some highlights of those changes:

The 4.0 million unauthorized immigrants from Mexico living in the U.S. in 2022 was the lowest number since the 1990s. And in 2022, Mexico accounted for 37% of the nation’s unauthorized immigrants, by far the smallest share on record .

The decrease in unauthorized immigrants from Mexico reflects several factors:

• A broader decline in migration from Mexico to the U.S.;
• Some Mexican immigrants returning to Mexico; and
• Expanded opportunities for lawful immigration from Mexico and other countries, especially for temporary agricultural workers.

The rest of the world

The total number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. from countries other than Mexico grew rapidly between 2019 and 2022, from 5.8 million to 6.9 million.

The number of unauthorized immigrants from almost every world region increased. The largest increases were from the Caribbean (300,000) and Europe and Canada (275,000). One exception was Central America, which had led in growth until 2019 but saw no change after that.

After Mexico, the countries with the largest unauthorized immigrant populations in the U.S. in 2022 were:

• El Salvador (750,000)
• India (725,000)
• Guatemala (675,000)
• Honduras (525,000)

The Northern Triangle

Three Central American countries – El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala – together represented 1.9 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2022, or about 18% of the total. The unauthorized immigrant population from the Northern Triangle grew by about 50% between 2007 and 2019 but did not increase significantly after that.

Other origin countries

In 2022, Venezuela was the country of birth for 270,000 U.S. unauthorized immigrants. This population had seen particularly fast growth, from 55,000 in 2007 to 130,000 in 2017. It is poised to grow significantly in the future as new methods of entry to the U.S. are now available to Venezuelans.

Other countries with large numbers of unauthorized immigrants have also seen increases in recent years. Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, India, and countries making up the former Soviet Union all experienced growth from 2019 to 2022.

However, other countries with significant unauthorized immigrant populations showed no change, notably China, the Dominican Republic and the Philippines.

Detailed table:   Unauthorized immigrant population by region and selected country of birth (and margins of error), 1990-2022  (Excel)

Which states do unauthorized immigrants call home?

Most U.S. states’ unauthorized immigrant populations stayed steady from 2019 to 2022. However, six states showed significant growth:

• Florida (+400,000)
• Texas (+85,000)
• New York (+70,000)
• New Jersey (+55,000)
• Massachusetts (+50,000)
• Maryland (+40,000)

California (-120,000) is the only state whose unauthorized immigrant population decreased.

States with the most unauthorized immigrants

The six states with the largest unauthorized immigrant populations in 2022 were:

• California (1.8 million)
• Texas (1.6 million)
• Florida (1.2 million)
• New York (650,000)
• New Jersey (475,000)
• Illinois (400,000)

These states have consistently had the most unauthorized immigrants since at least 1980. However, in 2007, California had 1.2 million more unauthorized immigrants than Texas. Today, with the declining number in California, it has only about 150,000 more. The unauthorized immigrant population has also become considerably less geographically concentrated over time. In 2022, the top six states were home to 56% of the nation’s unauthorized immigrants, down from 80% in 1990.

Detailed table:   Unauthorized immigrant population for states (and margins of error), 1990-2022  (Excel)

Detailed table:   Unauthorized immigrants and characteristics for states, 2022  (Excel)

Unauthorized immigrants in the labor force

The number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. workforce grew from 7.4 million in 2019 to 8.3 million in 2022. The 2022 number equals previous highs in 2008 and 2011.

Unauthorized immigrants represent about 4.8% of the U.S. workforce in 2022. This was below the peak of 5.4% in 2007.

Since 2003, unauthorized immigrants have made up 4.4% to 5.4% of all U.S. workers, a relatively narrow range.

The share of the U.S. workforce made up by unauthorized immigrants is higher than their 3.3% share of the total U.S. population. That’s because the unauthorized immigrant population includes relatively few children or elderly adults, groups that tend not to be in the labor force.

Detailed table:   Unauthorized immigrants in the labor force for states, 2022  (Excel)

The share of unauthorized immigrants in the workforce varied across states in 2022. Nevada (9%), Texas (8%), Florida (8%), New Jersey (7%), California (7%) and Maryland (7%) had the highest shares, while fewer than 1% of workers in Maine, Montana, Vermont and West Virginia were unauthorized immigrants.

Note: This is an update of a post originally published Nov. 16, 2023.

• Immigrant Populations
• Immigration Issues
• Unauthorized Immigration

Jeffrey S. Passel is a senior demographer at Pew Research Center .

Jens Manuel Krogstad is a senior writer and editor at Pew Research Center .

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