3. A jump start
When you first start reading up on a new field, ask your fellow researcher what the most useful journals and conference proceedings are in your field, and ask for a list of important papers that you should read. This activity will give you a jump start.
4. Crack the jargons and terms
One of among the tough nuts to crack is to understand the paper published by others. The easiest way is to is by reading it many times. The more times you read the more will be revealed to you. Keep the Internet handy so that you can crack the jargons and terms, which you may find strange.
5. Write down your studies
Write down speculations, interesting problems, possible solutions, random ideas, references to look up, notes on papers you've read, outlines of papers to write, and interesting quotes. Read back through it periodically. Keeping a journal of your research activities and ideas is very useful.
7. Bits and pieces together
Now you can identify important open problems in your research field and also you will be very much aware of what you are doing and what you have to do. The more you go, you'll notice that the bits of random thoughts start to come together and form a pattern, which may be a bright enough for a good paper.
8. Simulation softwares easies
Please don't pick overly ambitious topics; instead identify a realistic size problem. Gather the Matlab files available in the Internet that is related to your topic and simulate it for the claimed results. Please don’t expect the Mfiles readily available for a solution published in a paper. But you can make it of your own by modifying and adding. Believe me, Matlab is a very easy tool! Once you are able to get the simulated outputs of your solution, you can carry on for making a paper out of it.
9. Essence of your work
The essence of your work can be diagnosed by analyzing below listed points. We can increase the maturity of the paper by improving these.
Significance: Why was this work done? Did you solve an important problem of current interest or is it an obscure or obsolete problem?
Originality/Novelty: Is your approach novel or is it tried-and-true? Did you need to develop new tools, either analytical or physical?
Completeness: Have you tested a wide range of scenarios, or is this just a simple proof-of-concept?
Correct: Is your solution technically sound or are there errors? [3]
Consider improving the same.
10. Anatomy of Paper
Generally a paper has seven sections and a maximum of four pages. They are
1. Abstract,
2. Introduction,
3. Existing techniques,
4. Your contribution,
5. Results and
6. Conclusion.
11. The procedure
As a part of your paper publication, you can start documenting the ‘existing techniques’ from the scrap journal you did during the studies. Here you have to extract what all are the techniques existing as a solution for the particular problem and the pros and cons of those.
Next, document the 'introduction' about what is the topic and what you are going to do. Better to keep it short. Follows your contribution and the simulated results.
1. Describe the problem
2. State your contributions
"Abstract" is one section you can work on in the last, as it has to cover the all the sections very briefly. Please note that Abstract makes the committee members to decide whether or not to read your paper. Generally four lines are sufficient for this.
1. State the problem
2. Say why it's an interesting problem
3. Say what your solution achieves
4. Say what follows from your solution
12. Section by section
The divide-and-conquer strategy works on a day-to-day level as well. Instead of writing an entire paper, focus on the goal of writing a section, or outline. Remember, every task you complete gets you closer to finishing your paper.
13. Get a pre-review
Now your paper is ready. You can ask your peers or professors to review your paper. Next is to find the right place to publish it. You can start of with national level conferences, which often gets conducted in many universities. Then once you gain a level of confidence, you can proceed to international conferences and journals.
14. Read the reviews carefully
This is really, really, really hard. Only a small proportion, 5 to 10 percent, are accepted the first time they are submitted, and usually they are only accepted subject to revision. In fact, anything aside from simply "reject," Neal-Barnett reminds, is a positive review. These include:
* Accept: "Which almost nobody gets," she says.
* Accept with revision: "Just make some minor changes."
* Revise and resubmit: "They're still interested in you!"
* Reject and resubmit: Though not as good as revise and resubmit, "they still want the paper!"[2]
Read every criticism as a positive suggestion for something you could explain more clearly
15. Don't panic
After reading the review the first time, put it aside. Come back to it later, reading the paper closely to decide whether the criticisms were valid and how you can address them. You will often find that reviewers make criticisms that are off-target because they misinterpreted some aspect of your paper. If so, don't let it get to you -- just rewrite that part of your paper more clearly so that the same misunderstanding won't happen again.
It's frustrating to have a paper rejected because of a misunderstanding, but at least it's something you can fix. On the other hand, criticisms of the content of the paper may require more substantial revisions -- rethinking your ideas, running more tests, or redoing an analysis.
16. Rejected? Be Positive
| ] ] ] ] | | |
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Advice and guidance on preparing and writing an effective research paper.
Publishing the results of your research is a critical part of your academic career. By following the advice and guidance here, you’ll be able to produce a paper that’s a great fit for your chosen journal.
Before you start writing up your research, it’s important to have a good idea of which journal you want your paper to be published in.
When writing your paper you should keep the journal you are targeting in mind, to make sure the style, structure and audience are all a good fit.
This helps the editor to see how your work matches with the aims and scope of the journal , and make it more likely to be accepted for publication. Make sure you’ve read the aims and scope for your target journal before you start writing, it will tell you what types of article are accepted.
You’ll find lots more advice on finding the right journal for your research in our section on choosing a journal .
You need to understand what the editor of your target journal will be looking for. By understanding the expectations of both the journal and the publisher, you can write your paper to meet those standards from the start.
Familiarizing yourself with your chosen journal’s instructions for authors (IFAs) is a key part of writing your paper and preparing to submit.
The IFAs tell you exactly what the journal’s editorial board expects to see, including details of specific processes to follow to make sure there are no problems should your article be accepted
It’s important to familiarize yourself with the journal’s own policies, but in addition, you should also review the Taylor & Francis Editorial Policies that apply across our whole portfolio of journals.
Editorial Policies clearly lay out the standards of reporting expected by the journal/publisher, as well as covering everything from ethics standards to use of third-party material.
The best way to determine how to structure your article is to study your target journal. The right manuscript structure can boost your chances of publishing success.
To save time and for peace of mind, you may want to consider using manuscript formatting experts while you focus on your research.
Look through the journal’s instructions for authors, but also take the time to read a selection of articles already published there to see how they are structured. This will help you to understand what the editor may be looking for.
You could also make use of an article template. Check the instructions for authors for your chosen journal to see if they accept templated articles, then download the article template and instructions .
Sometimes there are specific templates available to use, for example the Article Template and Software Tool Article Template for LaTeX users submitting to F1000Research via Overleaf.
Every article is unique, and the structure and the sections you need to include depends on the type of article you’re writing and the subject of study.
Here’s a helpful step by step guide to take you through the standard sections that many researchers need to include when writing a manuscript, in the order in which you would normally write them.
Prepare tables and figures (if required) When creating tables and figures for your article, check the journal’s instructions for authors, which may specify artwork formatting guidelines such as layouts and use of color.
Write up the literature review (if required) Literature reviews aren’t always needed, but often form an important part of Humanities and Social Sciences manuscripts. Typically, a literature review should discuss what’s already known about the topic of the article, identify gaps in current knowledge and present your approach to addressing those gaps.
Write the method The method section gives the reader all the details of how you conducted your research. Check the instructions for authors for your target journal to see whether there are any specific requirements on how it should be presented. It’s also a good idea to review previously published papers in the journal or sample reports on the journal website.
Write up your results In the results section, you’re answering the question ‘what have you found?’. You should state your findings, but don’t interpret the results or discuss their implications in this section.
Write the discussion and conclusions Your discussion and conclusion are where you interpret your results. Discuss your conclusions in order of most to least important, and end by stating your main conclusions again.
Write the introduction Your introduction should provide the background information needed to understand your study, and the reasons why you conducted your experiments. At the end of your introduction you should include a clear statement of your aims and a brief sentence or two on how you conducted your study. Although your introduction comes first in your article, you’ll have a clearer idea of how to write it once you’ve written the rest of your paper.
Write the abstract and create a compelling title Your abstract is the shop window of your article – this is where customers (researchers) can sample your wares and decide whether to read and cite your content or look elsewhere. Follow our advice on writing the title and abstract for your article using keywords to set up your work to be easily discovered online.
Don’t worry if you’re not a native English speaker. Here’s how to break language barriers and publish in international journals .
If you are using third-party material in your article, It is important to make sure that you are clear on the guidance you need to follow, as most journals need you to have written permission.
If you need to refer to a data set in your article, you’ll need to make sure that you cite the data appropriately. Read more in our how-to guide on citing data .
There are also specific guidelines to follow when including mathematical scripts and special characters .
Please make sure you read through the Taylor & Francis Editorial Policies which include important information about why and how you should cite sources in your article. These requirements apply to all journals published by Taylor & Francis Group.
Have you considered writing a Plain Language Summary ? They can greatly help to communicate the significance of scientific research evidence to a broad audience.
Do you want your scientific paper to be shared with a non-scientific audience, such as policy makers? If so, the recently launched Key Policy Highlights scheme can support you with this.
For more tips and useful advice, we’ve put together a handy guide and video on what to consider when writing your journal article . You can also check out our guide to know what makes a good research paper .
A review article, also called a literature review, should give an overview of current thinking on the theme rather than presenting new results. Read our specific advice on writing a review article for more guidance.
There may be specific resources available to help you structure and write the article – for example, F1000Research offer detailed instructions for authors for some of their article types, like Data Notes and Registered Report Stage 1 Study Protocols . It’s always worth exploring the journal or platform homepage to see if there are dedicated guides and resources to help you prepare your manuscript.
Everything in one guide.
Our manuscript layout guide will help you to format your manuscript to get it ready to submit to a Taylor & Francis journal.
Many journals also allow the use of templates to help you format your article. You can find out if this applies to your chosen journal by checking the instructions for authors.
Then you should visit our formatting and templates page to find the downloadable template files and their instructions .
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Once you have the first complete draft of your paper, make sure it is in the best possible shape before submitting, by editing your manuscript properly. You need to know how to improve your research paper by taking a critical look at your manuscript.
This guide to preparing your article for submission will also show you how to write and refine your paper in confidence. When you’re confident in the final draft of your manuscript, it’s important to check it back against the Taylor & Francis Editorial Policies, and the individual processes and policies of your target journal found in the IFAs.
Guidance may vary by journal, so we’ve listed below a few key areas that you need to pay attention to:
Defining authorship : co-authors, corresponding authors, and affiliations.
The ethical issues you should be aware of as an author.
Declaring competing interests . Also known as a ‘conflict of interest’, full disclosure of any competing interests is required when you submit your paper to a journal.
If your research includes a medical/clinical study you will need written patient consent from your participants. All authors are required to follow the ICMJE requirements on privacy and informed consent from patients and study participants.
If you need more help to get your paper ready to submit, find out how Taylor & Francis Editing Services can help you improve your manuscript . These tailored services make the process of preparing and submitting a manuscript even easier to offer you a smooth journey to publication.
Once you have written your paper and are ready to submit, read our guidance on making your submission to help you through the process.
Have you considered any optional enhancements for your paper?
Plain Language Summaries communicate the significance of scientific research evidence to a broad audience in jargon-free and clear language. Improve public engagement with a Plain Language Summary.
A graphical abstract is a useful tool that provides a concise, visual summary of the main conclusions of your article. It can be a great additional way to communicate your findings.
A video abstract lets you introduce readers to your article in your own words, telling others why they should read your research. They are an increasingly popular way of getting others to engage with published research.
Insights topic: Get published
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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus has caused the death of millions of domestic birds and thousands of wild birds in the U.S. since January, 2022 1–4 Throughout this outbreak, spillovers to mammals have been frequently documented 5–12 . We report spillover of HPAI H5N1 virus in dairy cattle herds across several states in the U.S. The affected cows displayed clinical signs encompassing decreased feed intake, altered fecal consistency, respiratory distress, and decreased milk production with abnormal milk. Infectious virus and viral RNA were consistently detected in milk from affected cows. Viral distribution in tissues via immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed a distinct tropism of the virus for the epithelial cells lining the alveoli of the mammary gland in cows. Whole viral genome sequences recovered from dairy cows, birds, domestic cats, and a raccoon from affected farms indicated multidirectional interspecies transmissions. Epidemiologic and genomic data revealed efficient cow-to-cow transmission after apparently healthy cows from an affected farm were transported to a premise in a different state. These results demonstrate the transmission of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus at a non-traditional interface underscoring the ability of the virus to cross species barriers.
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Author information.
These authors contributed equally: Leonardo C. Caserta, Elisha A. Frye, Salman L. Butt
Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Leonardo C. Caserta, Elisha A. Frye, Salman L. Butt, Melissa Laverack, Mohammed Nooruzzaman, Lina M. Covaleda, Brittany Cronk, Gavin Hitchener, John S. Beeby, Manigandan Lejeune, François Elvinger & Diego G. Diel
Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Canyon, TX, USA
Alexis C. Thompson & Katie Kleinhenz
Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
Erin E. Edwards, Gabriel Gomez, Mathias Martins, Ellen Ruth Alexander Morris, Terry Hensley, Amy K. Swinford & Kiril M. Dimitrov
Ohio Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
Melanie Prarat Koscielny & Ashley Johnson
Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
Darrell R. Kapczynski & David L. Suarez
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Correspondence to Kiril M. Dimitrov or Diego G. Diel .
Supplementary discussion.
This file contains Supplementary discussion that complements the discussion section of the main text, and Supplementary References.
Supplementary table 1.
RT-PCR data in CSV format showing testing results for Influenza A Matrix and H5-specific RT-PCR on all samples tested in the present study.
RT-PCR data in CSV format showing testing results for Influenza A Matrix and H5-specific RT-PCR on serial samples collected on days 3, 16 and 31 post-clinical diagnosis (pcd).
Mutational analysis in CVS format showing all amino acid mutations identified in PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NA, M (M1 and M2), NS (NS1 and NS2) gene segments of the highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus sequences obtained in the present study. Predicted phenotype changes as reported through FluServer (GISAID) are also included.
List of sequences including GISAID accession numbers in CVS format used in the phylogenomic and mutational analyses conducted in the present study.
List of highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus sequences obtained in the present study including GISAID accession numbers in CVS format and sample metadata (H5 clade classification, genotype, collection date, state, host, sample type and premise).
Mutational analysis in CVS format showing amino acid mutations that accumulated over time and identified in PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NA, NP and NS1 genome segments of highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus and their frequency among the available H5N1 sequences derived from cattle.
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Caserta, L.C., Frye, E.A., Butt, S.L. et al. Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4
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Published : 25 July 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07849-4
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Learn how to find, prepare, submit, revise, track and share your research paper with Elsevier journals. This web page provides tools, resources and tips for each stage of the publication process.
3. Submit your article according to the journal's submission guidelines. Go to the "author's guide" (or similar) on the journal's website to review its submission requirements. Once you are satisfied that your paper meets all of the guidelines, submit the paper through the appropriate channels.
Learn how to conduct, write, and submit a research paper online to a suitable journal or conference. Find out how to choose a journal, prepare your submission, and revise your paper based on feedback.
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Step 1: Choosing a journal. Choosing which journal to publish your research paper in is one of the most significant decisions you have to make as a researcher. Where you decide to submit your work can make a big difference to the reach and impact your research has. It's important to take your time to consider your options carefully and ...
Step 2: Finding the Right Journal. Understanding how to publish a research paper involves selecting the appropriate journal for your work. This step is critical for successful publication, and you should take several factors into account when deciding which journal to apply for: Conduct thorough research to identify journals that specialise in ...
A. Yes, instead of giving the volume and page number, you can give the paper's DOI at the end of the citation. For example, Nature papers should be cited in the form; Author (s) Nature advance ...
Open access is a publishing model in which the author pays a fee to publish; the reader is able to access the article for free. Some journals are entirely open access, while others are "hybrid"—providing both a subscription as well as an open access publishing option. Open science, on the other hand, is a movement towards increased ...
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The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig. 1. Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper.
The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig. 1. Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper.
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Here's a list of steps to keep in mind before publishing a research paper : Step 1: Identifying the Right Journal. Step 2: Preparing Step 3: Your Manuscript. Step 3: Conducting a Thorough Review. Step 4: Writing a Compelling Cover Letter. Step 5: Navigating the Peer Review Process. Step 6: Handling Rejections.
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Publishing your article open access has a number of benefits: Free to access and download; Reaches a wider global audience; 1.6x more citations; 6x more downloads; 4.9 average Altmetric attention (vs 2.1 subscription) It's free to publish your article in a subscription journal, but there are fees for publishing open access articles.
Abstract. Communicating research findings is an essential step in the research process. Often, peer-reviewed journals are the forum for such communication, yet many researchers are never taught how to write a publishable scientific paper. In this article, we explain the basic structure of a scientific paper and describe the information that ...
Select ' Submit your article ' on the homepage of the journal you would like to publish in. This option may not always be available as some journals do not accept submissions. Sign in to Editorial Manager, or register if you are a first-time user. Follow the steps to submit your article. After submitting your article, use the reference number ...
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3. Microsoft Academia | Research Papers Websites. Microsoft Academic was a public, free online search engine for research papers and literature created by Microsoft Research. It highlighted authors, organizations, keywords, and periodicals. The search engine identified nearly 260 million items, nearly 88 million of which were journal articles.
These brief, peer-reviewed articles complement full research papers and are an easy way to receive proper credit and recognition for the work you have done. Research elements are research outputs that have come about as a result of following the research cycle - this includes things like data, methods and protocols, software, hardware and more.
Once you are done with the above mentioned steps, then you are eligible for writing a paper. 2. Read existing Papers. Read everything that might be relevant gives you different perspective of the focus topic. But be selective too, for not getting to much deviated from you topic of interest.
Special Topics are regularly published in NSR issues. Best Paper Awards. NSR recognizes the best papers published in the previous years through the Best Paper Awards. These are selected by the Editorial Board for their significant contributions to research measured based on achievement and potential impact. Read and publish
When writing your paper you should keep the journal you are targeting in mind, to make sure the style, structure and audience are all a good fit. This helps the editor to see how your work matches with the aims and scope of the journal, and make it more likely to be accepted for publication. Make sure you've read the aims and scope for your ...
Abstract. As any field evolves, so do journals' expectations from authors. As Artificial Intelligence (AI) usage in Higher Professions Education (HPE) has evolved, Medical Teacher's expectations have changed, and previously-accepted paper types are now routinely rejected.This commentary gives some guidance for authors currently submitting AI in HPE papers to Medical Teacher.
The SC will use the 3P (Processes, Prediction and Projection) framework to showcase the latest and most compelling research on advancing understanding and prediction of climate and weather extremes. The SC will be focusing on climate and weather extremes occurring in land areas manifesting as extreme precipitation, extreme snowfall, intense ...
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b virus has caused the death of millions of domestic birds and thousands of wild birds in the U.S. since January, 20221-4 Throughout ...
The anodes are paper-like networks of aggregated Si nanowires produced by a slurry-free method without carbon/binders. Despite the lack of any conductor, the Si anodes provide >2.5 Ah/g capacity at a high mass loading of 1.7 mg/cm2(~5 mAh/cm2), demonstrating sufficient electric and ionic conductivities.
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