example thesis on climate change

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Climate change is an urgent global issue, characterized by rising temperatures, melting glaciers, and extreme weather events. Writing a thesis on this topic requires a clear and concise statement that guides the reader through the significance, focus, and scope of your study. In this piece, we will explore various examples of good and bad thesis statements related to climate change to guide students in crafting compelling research proposals.

Good Examples

Focused Approach: “This thesis will analyze the impact of climate change on the intensity and frequency of hurricanes, using data from the last three decades.” Lack of Focus: “Climate change affects weather patterns.”

The good statement is specific, indicating a focus on hurricanes and providing a time frame. In contrast, the bad statement is too vague, covering a broad topic without any specific angle.

Clear Stance: “Implementing carbon taxes is an effective strategy for governments to incentivize companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.” Not So Clear: “Carbon taxes might be good for the environment.”

The good statement takes a clear position in favor of carbon taxes, while the bad statement is indecisive, not providing a clear standpoint.

Researchable and Measurable: “The thesis explores the correlation between the rise in global temperatures and the increase in the extinction rates of North American mammal species.” Dull: “Global warming is harmful to animals.”

The good statement is researchable and measurable, with clear variables and a focused geographic location, while the bad statement is generic and lacks specificity.

Bad Examples

Overly Broad: “Climate change is a global problem that needs to be addressed.”

This statement, while true, is overly broad and doesn’t propose a specific area of focus, making it inadequate for guiding a research study.

Lack of Clear Argument: “Climate change has some negative and positive effects.”

This statement doesn’t take a clear stance or highlight specific effects, making it weak and uninformative.

Unoriginal and Unengaging: “Climate change is real.”

While the statement is factual, it doesn’t present an original argument or engage the reader with a specific area of climate change research.

Crafting a compelling thesis statement on climate change is crucial for directing your research and presenting a clear, focused, and arguable position. A good thesis statement should be specific, take a clear stance, and be researchable and measurable. Avoid overly broad, unclear, unoriginal, or unengaging statements that do not provide clear direction or focus for your research. Utilizing the examples provided, students can navigate the intricate process of developing thesis statements that are not only academically rigorous but also intriguing and relevant to the pressing issue of climate change.

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337 Climate Change Research Topics & Examples

You will notice that there are many climate change research topics you can discuss. Our team has prepared this compilation of 185 ideas that you can use in your work.

📝 Key Points to Use to Write an Outstanding Climate Change Essay

🏆 best climate change title ideas & essay examples, 🥇 most interesting climate change topics to write about, 🎓 simple & easy research titles about climate change, 👍 good research topics about climate change, 🔍 interesting topics to write about climate change, ⭐ good essay topics on climate change, ❓ climate change essay questions.

A climate change essay is familiar to most students who learn biology, ecology, and politics. In order to write a great essay on climate change, you need to explore the topic in great detail and show your understanding of it.

This article will provide you with some key points that you could use in your paper to make it engaging and compelling.

First of all, explore the factors contributing to climate change. Most people know that climate change is associated with pollution, but it is essential to examine the bigger picture. Consider the following questions:

What is the mechanism by which climate change occurs?
How do the activities of large corporations contribute to climate change?
Why is the issue of deforestation essential to climate change?
How do people’s daily activities promote climate change?

Secondly, you can focus on solutions to the problems outlined above.

Climate change essay topics often provide recommendations on how individuals and corporations could reduce their environmental impact. These questions may help to guide you through this section:

How can large corporations decrease the influence of their operations on the environment?
Can you think of any examples of corporations who have successfully decreased their environmental footprint?
What steps can people take to reduce pollution and waste as part of their daily routine?
Do you believe that trends such as reforestation and renewable energy will help to stop climate change? Why or why not?
Can climate change be reversed at all, or is it an inescapable trend?

In connection with these topics, you could also discuss various government policies to address climate change. Over the past decades, many countries enacted laws to reduce environmental damage. There are plenty of ideas that you could address here:

What are some famous national policies for environmental protection?
Are laws and regulations effective in protecting the environment? Why or why not?
How do environmentally-friendly policies affect individuals and businesses?
Are there any climate change graphs that show the effectiveness of national policies for reducing environmental damage?
How could government policies on climate change be improved?

Despite the fact that there is definite proof of climate change, the concept is opposed by certain politicians, business persons, and even scientists.

You could address the opposition to climate change in your essay and consider the following:

Why do some people think that climate change is not real?
What is the ultimate proof of climate change?
Why is it beneficial for politicians and business persons to argue against climate change?
Do you think that climate change is a real issue? Why or why not?

The impact of ecological damage on people, animals, and plants is the focus of most essay titles on global warming and climate change. Indeed, describing climate change effects in detail could earn you some extra marks. Use scholarly resources to research these climate change essay questions:

How has climate change impacted wildlife already?
If climate change advances at the same pace, what will be the consequences for people?
Besides climate change, what are the impacts of water and air pollution? What does the recent United Nations’ report on climate change say about its effects?
In your opinion, could climate change lead to the end of life on Earth? Why or why not?

Covering at least some of the points discussed in this post will help you write an excellent climate change paper! Don’t forget to search our website for more useful materials, including a climate change essay outline, sample papers, and much more!

Climate Change – Problems and Solutions It is important to avoid cutting trees and reduce the utilization of energy to protect the environment. Many organizations have been developed to enhance innovation and technology in the innovation of eco-friendly machines.
Global Warming as Serious Threat to Humanity One of the most critical aspects of global warming is the inability of populations to predict, manage, and decrease natural disruptions due to their inconsistency and poor cooperation between available resources.
Causes and Effects of Climate Changes Climate change is the transformation in the distribution patterns of weather or changes in average weather conditions of a place or the whole world over long periods.
Is Climate Change a Real Threat? Climate change is a threat, but its impact is not as critical as wrong political decisions, poor social support, and unstable economics.
Climate Change: Human Impact on the Environment This paper is an in-depth exploration of the effects that human activities have had on the environment, and the way the same is captured in the movie, The Eleventh Hour.
Climate Change Causes and Predictions These changes are as a result of the changes in the factors which determine the amount of sunlight that gets to the earth surface.
The Role of Technology in Climate Change The latter is people’s addiction, obsession, and ingenuity when it comes to technology, which was the main cause of climate change and will be the primary solution to it as well.
Climate Change and Its Impacts on the UAE Currently, the rise in temperature in the Arctic is contributing to the melting of the ice sheets. The long-range weather forecast indicates that the majority of the coastal areas in the UAE are at the […]
Global Warming and Human Impact: Pros and Cons These points include the movement of gases in the atmosphere as a result of certain human activities, the increase of the temperature because of greenhouse gas emissions, and the rise of the oceans’ level that […]
Transportation Impact on Climate Change It is apparent that the number of motor vehicles in the world is increasing by the day, and this translates to an increase in the amount of pollutants produced by the transportation industry annually.
Climate Change and Extreme Weather Conditions The agreement across the board is that human activities such as emissions of the greenhouse gases have contributed to global warming.
Climate Change – Global Warming For instance, in the last one century, scientists have directly linked the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere with the increase in temperature of the earth.
Tourism and Climate Change Problem There are a number of factors that propelled the growth of tourism and these factors include the improvement of the standards of living in many developed nations, good work polices allowing more time for vacations […]
Research Driven Critique: Steven Maher and Climate Change The ravaging effects of Covid-19 must not distract the world from the impending ramifications of severe environmental and climatic events that shaped the lives of a significant portion of the population in the past year.
Climate Change, Development and Disaster Risk Reduction However, the increased cases of droughts, storms, and very high rainfalls in different places are indicative of the culmination of the effects of climate change, and major disasters are yet to follow in the future.
Climate Change’s Impact on Crop Production I will address the inefficiencies of water use in our food production systems, food waste, and the impact of temperature on crop yield.
Climate Change: Mitigation Strategies To address the latter views, the current essay will show that the temperature issue exists and poses a serious threat to the planet.
The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security Currently, the world is beginning to encounter the effects of the continuous warming of the Earth. Some of the heat must be reflected in space to ensure that there is a temperature balance in the […]
The Climate Change Articles Comparison In a broader sense, both articles address the concept of sustainability and the means of reinforcing its significance in the context of modern global society to prevent further deterioration of the environment from happening.
Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options The existence of various classes of world economies in the rural setting and the rise of the middle class economies has put more pressure on environmental services that are highly demanded and the use of […]
Climate Change Definition and Description The wind patterns, the temperature and the amount of rainfall are used to determine the changes in temperature. Usually, the atmosphere changes in a way that the energy of the sun absorbed by the atmosphere […]
Rainforests of Victoria: Potential Effects of Climate Change The results of the research by Brooke in the year 2005 was examined to establish the actual impacts of climate change on the East Gippsland forest, especially for the fern specie.
Saving the Forest and Climate Changes The greenhouse gases from such emissions play a key role in the depletion of the most essential ozone layer, thereby increasing the solar heating effect on the adjacent Earth’s surface as well as the rate […]
Climate Change Needs Human Behavior Change The thesis of this essay is that human behavior change, including in diet and food production, must be undertaken to minimize climate change, and resulting misery.
The Three Myths of Climate Change In the video, Linda Mortsch debunks three fundamental misconceptions people have regarding climate change and sets the record straight that the phenomenon is happening now, affects everyone, and is not easy to adapt.
Global Perspectives in the Climate Change Strategy It is required to provide an overview of those programs and schemes of actions that were used in the local, federal and global policies of the countries of the world to combat air pollution.
Global Warming and Effects Within 50 Years Global warming by few Scientists is often known as “climate change” the reason being is that according to the global warming is not the warming of earth it basically is the misbalance in climate.
Climate Change Impacts on Ocean Life The destruction of the ozone layer has led to the exposure of the earth to harmful radiation from the sun. The rising temperatures in the oceans hinder the upward flow of nutrients from the seabed […]
Climate Change as a Global Security Threat It is important to stress that agriculture problems can become real for the USA as well since numerous draughts and natural disasters negatively affect this branch of the US economy.
Anthropogenic Climate Change Since anthropogenic climate change occurs due to the cumulative effect of greenhouse gases, it is imperative that climatologists focus on both immediate and long term interventions to avert future crises of global warming that seem […]
Wildfires and Impact of Climate Change Climate change has played a significant role in raise the likelihood and size of wildfires around the world. Climate change causes more moisture to evaporate from the earth, drying up the soil and making vegetation […]
Climate Change Impact on Bangladesh Today, there are a lot of scientists from the fields of ecology and meteorology who are monitoring the changes of climate in various regions of the world.
The Key Drivers of Climate Change The use of fossil fuel in building cooling and heating, transportation, and in the manufacture of goods leads to an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere.
Climate Change and Role of Government He considers that the forest’s preservation is vital, as it is the wellspring of our human well-being. As such, the legislature can pass policies that would contribute to safeguarding our nation’s well-being, but they do […]
Climate Change: The Key Issues An analysis of world literature indicates the emergence in recent years of a number of scientific publications on the medical and environmental consequences of global climate change.
Technological and Policy Solutions to Prevent Climate Change Scientists and researchers across the globe are talking about the alarming rates of temperature increase, which threaten the integrity of the polar ice caps.
Technology Influence on Climate Change Undoubtedly, global warming is a portrayal of climate change in the modern world and hence the need for appropriate interventions to foster the sustainability of the environment.
Desert, Glaciers, and Climate Change When the wind blows in a relatively flat area with no vegetation, this wind moves loose and fine particles to erode a vast area of the landscape continuously in a process called deflation.
Climate Change: The Day After Tomorrow In the beginning of the film “The Day After Tomorrow”, the main character, Professor Jack Hall, is trying to warn the world of the drastic consequences of a changing climate being caused by the polluting […]
Climate Change’s Negative Impact on Biodiversity This essay’s primary objective is to trace and evaluate the impact of climate change on biological diversity through the lens of transformations in the marine and forest ecosystems and evaluation of the agricultural sector both […]
The Role of Science and Technology in International Relations Regarding Climate Change This paper examines the role of science and technology as it has been used to address the challenge of climate change, which is one of the major issues affecting the global societies today.
Climate Change and Its Effects on Tourism in Coastal Areas It is hereby recommended that governments have a huge role to play in mitigating the negative effects of climate change on coastal towns.
Ways to Reduce Global Warming The objectives of this report are to identify the causes of global warming, to highlight the expected effects of global warming and to identify ways of reducing global warming.
Global Climate Change and Environmental Conservation There may be a significantly lesser possibility that skeptics will acknowledge the facts and implications of climate change, which may result in a lower desire on their part to adopt adaptation. The climate of Minnesota […]
The Straw Man Fallacy in the Topic of Climate Change The straw man fallacy is a type of logical fallacy whereby one person misrepresents their opponent’s question or argument to make it easier to respond.
Health Issues on the Climate Change However, the mortality rate of air pollution in the United States is relatively low compared to the rest of the world.
Evidence of Climate Change The primary reason for the matter is the melting of ice sheets, which adds water to the ocean. The Republic of Maldives is already starting to feel the effects of global sea-level rise now.
Weather Abnormalities and Climate Change One of the crucial signs of climate change is the rise of the sea level. Thus, the problem of climate change is a threat to water security and needs resolution.
Pollution & Climate Change as Environmental Risks The purpose of this essay is to provide an analysis of the three articles, focusing on the environmental risks and the risk perceptions of the authors.
Energy Conservation for Solving Climate Change Problem The United States Environmental Protection Agency reports that of all the ways energy is used in America, about 39% is used to generate electricity.
Climate Change: Is Capitalism the Problem or the Solution? This means that capitalism, which is the ability to produce wealth lies in the solution and also the causes of the current global climatic governance.
The Negative Effects of Climate Change in Cities This is exemplified by the seasonal hurricanes in the USA and the surrounding regions, the hurricanes of which have destroyed houses and roads in the past.
Global Warming: Justing Gillis Discussing Studies on Climate Change Over the years, environmental scientists have been heavily involved in research regarding the changes in climate conditions and effects that these changes have on the environment.
Biology of Climate Change There is sufficient evidence that recent climate change is a result of human activities.”Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, […]
The Global Warming Problem and Solution Therefore, it is essential to make radical decisions, first of all, to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as oil, carbon, and natural gas. One of the ways of struggle is to protest in […]
Global Warming and Climate Change The author shows the tragedy of the situation with climate change by the example of birds that arrived too early from the South, as the buds begin to bloom, although it is still icy.
Climate Change and Threat to Animals In the coming years, the increase in the global temperatures will make many living populations less able to adapt to the emergent conditions or to migrate to other regions that are suitable for their survival.
Starbucks: Corporate Social Responsibility and Global Climate Change Then in the 90s and onwards to the 21st century, Starbucks coffee can be seen almost anywhere and in places where one least expects to see a Starbucks store.
Environmental Issue – Climate Change If the right measures are put in place, our environment will be regenerated and the continued alterations to the climate will eventually stop.
Business & Climate Change The purpose of this paper is to apply principles of problem solving skills such as the K-T technique, in analyzing how the challenge of climate change is addressed in the soft drinks industry which in […]
How Climate Change Impacts Ocean Temperature and Marine Life The ocean’s surface consumes the excess heat from the air, which leads to significant issues in all of the planet’s ecosystems.
Impact of Food Waste on Climate Change In conclusion, I believe that some of the measures that can be taken to prevent food waste are calculating the population and their needs.
Climate Change and Resource Sustainability in Balkan: How Quickly the Impact is Happening In addition, regarding the relief of the Balkans, their territory is dominated by a large number of mountains and hills, especially in the west, among which the northern boundary extends to the Julian Alps and […]
Climate Change: Renewable Energy Sources Climate change is the biggest threat to humanity, and deforestation and “oil dependency” only exacerbate the situation and rapidly kill people. Therefore it is important to invest in the development of renewable energy sources.
Climate Change and the Allegory of the Cave Plato’s allegory of the cave reflects well our current relationship with the environment and ways to find a better way to live in the world and live with it.
Climate Change, Economy, and Environment Central to the sociological approach to climate change is studying the relationship between the economy and the environment. Another critical area of sociologists ‘ attention is the relationship between inequality and the environment.
Terrorism, Corruption, and Climate Change as Threats Therefore, threats affecting countries around the globe include terrorism, corruption, and climate change that can be mitigated through integrated counter-terror mechanisms, severe punishment for dishonest practices, and creating awareness of safe practices.
Climate Change’s Impact on Hendra Virus Transmission to humans occurs once people are exposed to an infected horse’s body fluids, excretions, and tissues. Land clearing in giant fruit bats’ habitats has exacerbated food shortages due to climate change, which has led […]
Beef Production’s Impact on Climate Change This industry is detrimental to the state of the planet and, in the long term, can lead to irreversible consequences. It is important to monitor the possible consequences and reduce the consumption of beef.
Cities and Climate Change: Articles Summary The exponential population growth in the United States of America and the energy demands put the nation in a dilemma. Climate change challenges are experienced as a result of an increase in greenhouse gas emissions […]
The Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Human Populations The fact that the rise in temperatures caused by the greenhouse effect is a threat to humans development has focused global attention on the “emissions generated from the combustion” of fossil fuels.
How Aviation Impacts Climate Change A measurement of the earth’s radiation budget imbalance brought on by changes in the quantities of gases and aerosols or cloudiness is known as radiative forcing.
Food Waste Management: Impact on Sustainability and Climate Change How effective is composting food waste in enhancing sustainability and reducing the effects of climate change? The following key terms are used to identify and scrutinize references and study materials.”Food waste” and sustain* “Food waste” […]
Protecting the Environment Against Climate Change The destruction of the ozone layer, which helps in filtering the excessive ray of light and heat from the sun, expose people to some skin cancer and causes drought.
Climate Change and Immigration Issues Due to its extensive coverage of the aspects of climate migration, the article will be significant to the research process in acquiring a better understanding of the effects of climate change on different people from […]
Global Warming: Speculation and Biased Information For example, people or organizations that deny the extent or existence of global warming may finance the creation and dissemination of incorrect information.
Impacts of Climate Change on Ocean The development of phytoplankton is sensitive to the temperature of the ocean. Some marine life is leaving the ocean due to the rising water temperature.
Impact of Climate Change on the Mining Sector After studying the necessary information on the topic of sustainability and Sustainability reports, the organization was allocated one of the activities that it performs to maintain it.
Climate Change: Historical Background and Social Values The Presidential and Congress elections in the US were usually accompanied by the increased interest in the issue of climate change in the 2010s.
Communities and Climate Change Article by Kehoe In the article, he describes the stringent living conditions of the First Nations communities and estimates the dangers of climate change for these remote areas.
Discussion: Reverting Climate Change Undertaking some of these activities requires a lot of finances that have seen governments setting aside funds to help in the budgeting and planning of the institutions.
Was Climate Change Affecting Species? It was used because it helps establish the significance of the research topic and describes the specific effects of climate change on species.
Climate Change Attitudes and Counteractions The argument is constructed around the assumption that the deteriorating conditions of climate will soon become one of the main reasons why many people decide to migrate to other places.
How Climate Change Could Impact the Global Economy In “This is How Climate Change Could Affect the World Economy,” Natalie Marchand draws attention to the fact that over the next 30 years, global GDP will shrink by up to 18% if global temperatures […]
Effective Policy Sets to Curb Climate Change A low population and economic growth significantly reduce climate change while reducing deforestation and methane gas, further slowing climate change. The world should adopt this model and effectively increase renewable use to fight climate change.
Climate Change: Social-Ecological Systems Framework One of the ways to understand and assess the technogenic impact on various ecological systems is to apply the Social-Ecological Systems Framework.
The Climate Change Mitigation Issues Indeed, from the utilitarian perspective, the current state of affairs is beneficial only for the small percentage of the world population that mostly resides in developed countries.
The Dangers of Global Warming: Environmental and Economic Collapse Global warming is caused by the so-called ‘Greenhouse effect’, when gases in Earth’s atmosphere, such as water vapor or methane, let the Sun’s light enter the planet but keep some of its heat in.
Aviation, Climate Change, and Better Engine Designs: Reducing CO2 Emissions The presence of increasing levels of CO2 and other oxides led to the deterioration of the ozone layer. More clients and partners in the industry were becoming aware and willing to pursue the issue of […]
Climate Change as a Problem for Businesses and How to Manage It Additionally, some businesses are directly contributing to climate change due to a lack of measures that will minimise the emission of carbon.
Climate Change and Disease-Carrying Insects In order to prevent the spreading of the viruses through insects, the governments should implement policies against the emissions which contribute to the growth of the insects’ populations.
Aspects of Global Warming Global warming refers to the steadily increasing temperature of the Earth, while climate change is how global warming changes the weather and climate of the planet.
David Lammy on Climate Change and Racial Justice However, Lammy argues that people of color living in the global south and urban areas are the ones who are most affected by the climate emergency.
Moral Aspects of Climate Change Addresses However, these approaches are anthropocentric because they intend to alleviate the level of human destruction to the environment, but place human beings and their economic development at the center of all initiatives.
Feminism: A Road Map to Overcoming COVID-19 and Climate Change By exposing how individuals relate to one another as humans, institutions, and organizations, feminism aids in the identification of these frequent dimensions of suffering.
Global Warming: Moral and Political Challenge That is, if the politicians were to advocate the preservation of the environment, they would encourage businesses completely to adopt alternative methods and careful usage of resources.
Climate Change: Inconsistencies in Reporting An alternative route that may be taken is to engage in honest debates about the issue, which will reduce alarmism and defeatism.
Climate Change: The Chornobyl Nuclear Accident Also, I want to investigate the reasons behind the decision of the USSR government to conceal the truth and not let people save their lives.
“World on the Edge”: Managing the Causes of Climate Change Brown’s main idea is to show the possibility of an extremely unfortunate outcome in the future as a result of the development of local agricultural problems – China, Iran, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and others – […]
Gendering Climate Change: Geographical Insights In the given article, the author discusses the implications of climate change on gender and social relations and encourages scholars and activists to think critically and engage in debates on a global scale.
Climate Change and Its Consequences for Oklahoma This concept can be defined as a rise in the Earth’s temperature due to anthropogenic activity, resulting in alteration of usual weather in various parts of the planet.
Climate Change Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa This is why I believe it is necessary to conduct careful, thorough research on why climate change is a threat to our planet and how to stop it.
Climate Change: Global Warming Intensity Average temperatures on Earth are rising faster than at any time in the past 2,000 years, and the last five of them have been the hottest in the history of meteorological observations since 1850.
The Negative Results of Climate Change Climate change refers to the rise of the sea due to hot oceans expanding and the melting of ice sheets and glaciers.
Addressing Climate Change: The Collective Action Problem While all the nations agree that climate change is a source of substantial harm to the economy, the environment, and public health, not all countries have similar incentives for addressing the problem. Addressing the problem […]
Collective Climate Change Responsibility The fact is that individuals are not the most critical contributors to the climate crisis, and while ditching the plastic straw might feel good on a personal level, it will not solve the situation.
Climate Change and Challenges in Miami, Florida The issue of poor environment maintenance in Miami, Florida, has led to climate change, resulting in sea-level rise, an increase of flood levels, and droughts, and warmer temperatures in the area.
Climate Change as Systemic Risk of Globalization However, the integration became more complex and rapid over the years, making it systemic due to the higher number of internal connections.
Impact of Climate Change on Increased Wildfires Over the past decades, America has experienced the most severe fires in its history regarding the coverage of affected areas and the cost of damage.
Creating a Policy Briefing Book: Climate Change in China After that, a necessary step included the evaluation of the data gathered and the development of a summary that perfectly demonstrated the crucial points of this complication.
Natural Climate Solutions for Climate Change in China The social system and its response to climate change are directly related to the well-being, economic status, and quality of life of the population.
Climate Change and Limiting the Fuel-Powered Transportation When considering the options for limiting the extent of the usage of fuel-powered vehicles, one should pay attention to the use of personal vehicles and the propensity among most citizens to prefer diesel cars as […]
Climate Change Laboratory Report To determine the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causing global warming in the next ten decades, if the estimated rate of deforestation is maintained.
Climate Change: Causes, Impact on People and the Environment Climate change is the alteration of the normal climatic conditions in the earth, and it occurs over some time. In as much as there are arguments based around the subject, it is mainly caused by […]
Climate Change and Stabilization Wages The more the annual road activity indicates that more cars traversed throughout a fiscal year, the higher the size of the annual fuel consumption. The Carbon Capture and Storage technology can also reduce carbon emissions […]
UK Climate Change Act 2008 The aim of the UK is to balance the levels of greenhouse gases to circumvent the perilous issue of climate change, as well as make it probable for people to acclimatize to an inevitable climate […]
Sustainability, Climate Change Impact on Supply Chains & Circular Economy With recycling, reusing of materials, and collecting waste, industries help to fight ecological issues, which are the cause of climate change by saving nature’s integrity.
Climate Change Indicators and Media Interference There is no certainty in the bright future for the Earth in the long-term perspective considering the devastating aftereffects that the phenomenon might bring. The indicators are essential to evaluate the scale of the growing […]
Climate Change: Sustainability Development and Environmental Law The media significantly contributes to the creation of awareness, thus the importance of integrating the role of the news press with sustainability practices.
How Climate Change Affects Conflict and Peace The review looks at various works from different years on the environment, connections to conflict, and the impact of climate change.
Toyota Corporation: The Effects of Climate Change on the Word’s Automobile Sector Considering the broad nature of the sector, the study has taken into account the case of Toyota Motor Corporation which is one of the firms operating within the sector.
The Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture However, the move to introduce foreign species of grass such as Bermuda grass in the region while maintaining the native grass has been faced by challenges related to the fiscal importance of the production.
Health and Climate Change Climate change, which is a universal problem, is thought to have devastating effects on human and animal health. However, the precise health effects are not known.
The Issue of Climate Change The only confirmed facts are the impact of one’s culture and community on willingness to participate in environmental projects, and some people can refuse to join, thereby demonstrating their individuality.
Climate Change as a Battle of Generation Z These issues have attracted the attention of the generation who they have identified climate change as the most challenging problem the world is facing today.
Climate Change and Health in Nunavut, Canada Then, the authors tend to use strict and formal language while delivering their findings and ideas, which, again, is due to the scholarly character of the article. Thus, the article seems to have a good […]
Climate Change: Anticipating Drastic Consequences Modern scientists focus on the problem of the climate change because of expecting the dramatic consequences of the process in the future.
The Analysis of Process of Climate Change Dietz is the head of the Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity at the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.
The Way Climate Change Affects the Planet It can help analyze past events such as the Pleistocene ice ages, but the current climate change does not fit the criteria. It demonstrates how slower the change was when compared to the current climate […]
Polar Bear Decline: Climate Change From Pole to Pole In comparison to 2005 where five of the populations were stable, it shows that there was a decline in stability of polar bear population.
Preparing for the Impacts of Climate Change The three areas of interest that this report discusses are the impacts of climate change on social, economic and environmental fronts which are the key areas that have created a lot of debate and discussion […]
Strategy for Garnering Effective Action on Climate Change Mitigation The approach should be participatory in that every member of the community is aware of ways that leads to climate change in order to take the necessary precaution measures. Many member nations have failed to […]
Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria There will be a comparison of the intensity of the changes to the magnitude of the impacts on malaria endemicity proposed within the future scenarios of the climate.
Climate Change Economics: A Review of Greenstone and Oliver’s Analysis The article by Greenstone and Oliver indicates that the problem of global warming is one of the most perilous disasters whose effects are seen in low agricultural output, poor economic wellbeing of people, and high […]
Pygmy-Possum Burramys Parvus: The Effects of Climate Change The study will be guided by the following research question: In what ways will the predicted loss of snow cover due to climate change influence the density and habitat use of the mountain pygmy-possum populations […]
Climate Change and the Occurrence of Infectious Diseases This paper seeks to explore the nature of two vector-borne diseases, malaria, and dengue fever, in regards to the characteristics that would make them prone to effects of climate change, and to highlight some of […]
Links Between Methane, Plants, and Climate Change According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, it is the anthropogenic activities that has increased the load of greenhouse gases since the mid-20th century that has resulted in global warming. It is only the […]
United Nations Climate Change Conference In the Kyoto protocol, members agreed that nations needed to reduce the carbon emissions to levels that could not threaten the planet’s livelihoods.
The Involve of Black People in the Seeking of Climate Change Whereas some researchers use the magnitude of pollution release as opposed to closeness to a hazardous site to define exposure, others utilize the dispersion of pollutants model to comprehend the link between exposure and population.
Climate Change Dynamics: Are We Ready for the Future? One of the critical challenges of preparedness for future environmental changes is the uncertainty of how the climate system will change in several decades.
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Climate Change in Communication Moreover, environmental reporting is not accurate and useful since profits influence and political interference affect the attainment of truthful, objective, and fair facts that would promote efficiency in newsrooms on environmental reporting.
Global Pollution and Climate Change Both of these works address the topic of Global pollution, Global warming, and Climate change, which are relevant to the current situation in the world.
Climate Change Is a Scientific Fallacy Even in the worst-case scenario whereby the earth gives in and fails to support human activities, there can always be a way out.
Climate Change: Change Up Your Approach People are becoming aware of the relevance of things and different aspects of their life, which is a positive trend. However, the share of this kind of energy will be reduced dramatically which is favorable […]
Climate Change: The Broken Ozone Layer It explains the effects of climate change and the adaptation methods used. Vulnerability is basically the level of exposure and weakness of an aspect with regard to climate change.
Climate Change and Economic Growth The graph displays the levels of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the years before our time with the number 0 being the year 1950.
Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence The point of confluence in the cattle raids in East Africa and the planting of opium in the poor communities is the struggle to beat the effects of climatic changes.
Personal Insight: Climate Change To my mind, economic implications are one of the most concerning because the economy is one of the pillars of modern society.
A Shift From Climate Change Awareness Under New President Such statements raised concerns among American journalists and general population about the future of the organization as one of the main forces who advocated for the safe and healthy environment of Americans and the global […]
Human Influence on Climate Change Climate changes are dangerous because they influence all the living creatures in the world. Thus, it is hard to overestimate the threat for humankind the climate changes represent.
Environmental Studies: Climate Changes Ozone hole is related to forest loss in that the hole is caused by reaction of different chemicals that are found in the atmosphere and some of these gases, for example, the carbon dioxide gas […]
Global Warming: Negative Effects to the Environment The effect was the greening of the environment and its transformation into habitable zones for humans The second system has been a consequence of the first, storage.
Global Warming Problem Overview: Significantly Changing the Climate Patterns The government is not in a position to come up with specific costs that are attached to the extent of environmental pollution neither are the polluters aware about the costs that are attached to the […]
Global Change Biology in Terms of Global Warming A risk assessment method showed that the current population could persist for at least 2000 years at hatchling sex ratios of up to 75% male.
The Politics of Climate Change, Saving the Environment In the first article, the author expresses his concern with the problem of data utilization on climate change and negative consequences arising from this.
Maize Production and Climate Change in South Africa Maize farming covers 58% of the crop area in South Africa and 60% of this is in drier areas of the country.
Global Warming Issues Review and Environmental Sustainability Whether it is the melt down of Arctic ice, the damage of the Ozone layer, extra pollution in developing countries; all sums up to one thing in common and that is global warming.
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Global Warming: Ways to Help End Global Warming An innovative understanding of global warming has included it in the agenda of firms and governments. 5 trillion dollars are shouldering the responsibility of collecting and distributing information on the firms’ exposure to carbon emission-related […]
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Anthropogenic Climate Change
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Argumentative Essay Writing

Argumentative Essay About Climate Change

Make Your Case: A Guide to Writing an Argumentative Essay on Climate Change

Published on: Mar 2, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

What is an Argumentative Essay about Climate Change?

The main focus will be on trying to prove that global warming is caused by human activities. Your goal should be to convince your readers that human activity is causing climate change.

To achieve this, you will need to use a variety of research methods to collect data on the topic. You need to make an argument as to why climate change needs to be taken more seriously.

Argumentative Essay Outline about Climate Change

An argumentative essay about climate change requires a student to take an opinionated stance on the subject.

The outline of your paper should include the following sections:

Argumentative Essay About Climate Change Introduction

The first step is to introduce the topic and provide an overview of the main points you will cover in the essay.

This should include a brief description of what climate change is. Furthermore, it should include current research on how humans are contributing to global warming.

An example is:

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Thesis Statement For Climate Change Argumentative Essay

The thesis statement should be a clear and concise description of your opinion on the topic. It should be established early in the essay and reiterated throughout.

For example, an argumentative essay about climate change could have a thesis statement such as:

âclimate change is caused by human activity and can be addressed through policy solutions that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner energy sourcesâ.

Climate Change Argumentative Essay Conclusion

The conclusion should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points of the essay.

It should also provide a call to action, encouraging readers to take steps toward addressing climate change.

For example,

Climate change is an urgent issue that must be addressed now if we are to avoid catastrophic consequences in the future. We must take action to reduce our emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources. It is up to us as citizens to demand policy solutions from our governments that will ensure a safe and sustainable future.

How To Write An Argumentative Essay On Climate Change

Writing an argumentative essay about climate change requires a student to take an opinionated stance on the subject.

Following are the steps to follow for writing an argumentative essay about climate change

Do Your Research

The first step is researching the topic and collecting evidence to back up your argument.

You should look at scientific research, articles, and data on climate change as well as current policy solutions.

Pick A Catchy Title

Once you have gathered your evidence, it is time to pick a title for your essay. It should be specific and concise.

Outline Your Essay

After selecting a title, create an outline of the main points you will include in the essay.

This should include an introduction, body paragraphs that provide evidence for your argument, and a conclusion.

Compose Your Essay

Finally, begin writing your essay. Start with an introduction that provides a brief overview of the main points you will cover and includes your thesis statement.

Then move on to the body paragraphs, providing evidence to back up your argument.

Finally, conclude the essay by restating your thesis statement and summarizing the main points.

Proofread and Revise

Once you have finished writing the essay, it is important to proofread and revise your work.

Check for any spelling or grammatical errors, and make sure the argument is clear and logical.

Finally, consider having someone else read over the essay for a fresh perspective.

By following these steps, you can create an effective argumentative essay on climate change. Good luck!

Examples Of Argumentative Essays About Climate Change

Climate Change is real and happening right now. It is one of the most urgent environmental issues that we face today.

Argumentative essays about this topic can help raise awareness that we need to protect our planet.

Below you will find some examples of argumentative essays on climate change written by CollegeEssay.orgâs expert essay writers.

Argumentative Essay About Climate Change And Global Warming

Persuasive Essay About Climate Change

Argumentative Essay About Climate Change In The Philippines

Argumentative Essay About Climate Change Caused By Humans

Geography Argumentative Essay About Climate Change

Check our extensive blog on argumentative essay examples to ace your next essay!

Good Argumentative Essay Topics About Climate Change

Choosing a great topic is essential to help your readers understand and engage with the issue.

Here are some suggestions:

Should governments fund projects that will reduce the effects of climate change?
Is it too late to stop global warming and climate change?
Are international treaties effective in reducing carbon dioxide emissions?
What are the economic implications of climate change?
Should renewable energy be mandated as a priority over traditional fossil fuels?
How can individuals help reduce their carbon footprint and fight climate change?
Are regulations on industry enough to reduce global warming and climate change?
Could geoengineering be used to mitigate climate change?
What are the social and political effects of global warming and climate change?
Should companies be held accountable for their contribution to climate change?

Check our comprehensive blog on argumentative essay topics to get more topic ideas!

We hope these topics and resources help you write a great argumentative essay about climate change.

Now that you know how to write an argumentative essay about climate change, itâs time to put your skills to the test.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is a good introduction to climate change.

An introduction to a climate change essay can include a short description of why the topic is important and/or relevant.

It can also provide an overview of what will be discussed in the body of the essay.

The introduction should conclude with a clear, focused thesis statement that outlines the main argument in your essay.

What is a good thesis statement for climate change?

A good thesis statement for a climate change essay should state the main point or argument you will make in your essay.

You could argue that “The science behind climate change is irrefutable and must be addressed by governments, businesses, and individuals.”

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Global Warming Thesis Statement Ideas

Rapidly declining Arctic sea ice offers one topic for a paper on global warming.

Economic Impact of Coastal Erosion

Global warming is a complex problem that often sparks policy debates. When writing about it, stick to the facts and make sure that your thesis statement -- the central assertion of your essay -- is supported by research. Some global warming topics have produced extensive research worldwide and can serve as topical guides in formulating your thesis statement.

Manmade Causes versus Natural Causes

The causes of global warming are complex, including natural and man-made emissions of carbon dioxide and methane. Use your thesis to highlight the difference between natural sources and man-made sources. For example, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have risen from 280 parts per million in the 18th century to 390 parts per million in 2010. Human activities release more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide each year, or 135 times as much as volcanoes. Focus your thesis on this discrepancy, how man-made carbon dioxide sources such as fossil fuel consumption, have eclipsed natural sources of the gas.

Rising Temperatures and Declining Sea Ice

Your thesis statement may focus on the relationship between rising surface temperatures and declining sea ice, specifically ice in the Arctic. For instance, since 1901, sea surface temperatures have risen at an average rate of 0.13 degrees Fahrenheit per decade, with the highest rates of change occurring in the past three decades alone, according to the EPA.

Your thesis may establish the inverse relationship between these rising surface temperatures and the shrinking ice coverage in the Arctic. Arctic sea ice extent in December 2014, for instance, was the ninth lowest in the satellite record. The rate of decline for December ice alone is 3.4 percent per decade, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center.

Effects of Melting Glaciers on Water Supply

Along with sea ice, many of the world’s glaciers are melting due to climate change. Since the 1960s, the U.S. Geological Survey has tracked the mass of two glaciers in Alaska and one in Washington state, all three of which have shrunk considerably in the past 40 years.

Research other mountain ranges and compare the glaciological data. Use your thesis to answer the question of what melting glaciers will mean for populations dependent on the ice flows for their fresh water supply. For example, much of Peru’s population depends on Andean glaciers not only for drinking water but for hydroelectricity.

Effects of Drought on Food Production

While global warming is projected to raise sea levels and flooding in coastal regions, it’s also been credited for changes in weather patterns and extreme drought, according to the EPA. In the arid American Southwest, for example, average annual temperatures have increased about 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the past century, leading to decreased snowpack, extreme drought, wildfires and fierce competition for remaining water supplies.

As drought still rages in this region, your thesis can explore the relationship between global warming and agriculture, specifically in California’s Central Valley, which provides produce for much of the country. It’s possible that hotter, longer growing seasons are beneficial to California crops, but that shrinking water supplies threaten the viability of commercial agriculture.

Ocean Acidification and Global Seafood Stocks

Increased carbon dioxide emissions don't just impact our air quality. These emissions also result in increased acidity of our planet's oceans. An immense range of shellfish and other molluscs, such as clams, oysters, crabs, lobsters and more, face immediate population decline due to ocean acidification weakening their calcium carbonate shells.

Your thesis can explore the mechanics of ocean acidification as well as the potential economic impact to the fisheries that rely upon these marine animals for survival. You can also explore the potential ecosystem impact for the predators that feed upon these animals.

Ice caps melting facts, efforts to protect the tundra, what drives the process of plate tectonics, effect of human activities on the environment, the top 10 topics for research papers, how to calculate a p-value, how to make a glacier, persuasive speech topics on water, brine vs. conductivity, how to do a bell curve on a ti, how to contact your representative about climate change, how to calculate exceedance probability, what is the meaning of sample size, the difference between an earthquake & a volcano, the history of volcanology, how bitcoin is polluting the planet, how to report a sample size, the effects of human intervention on the environment, the scientist henry hess invented what kind of devices.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Causes of Climate Change
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Climate Change Indicators in the United States
National Snow and Ice Data Center: Artic Sea Ice News and Analysis
U.S. Geological Survey: 3-Glacier Mass Balance Summary
National Geographic: Signs from Earth: The Big Thaw
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Climate Impacts in the Southwest
Alaska Public Media: Ocean Acidification

About the Author

Scott Neuffer is an award-winning journalist and writer who lives in Nevada. He holds a bachelor's degree in English and spent five years as an education and business reporter for Sierra Nevada Media Group. His first collection of short stories, "Scars of the New Order," was published in 2014.

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Open Access

The physical science basis of climate change empowering transformations, insights from the IPCC AR6 for a climate research agenda grounded in ethics

Roles Writing – original draft

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation Institut Pierre Simon Laplace / Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (UMR8212), CEA Saclay, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Valérie Masson-Delmotte

Published: August 5, 2024

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000451
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Citation: Masson-Delmotte V (2024) The physical science basis of climate change empowering transformations, insights from the IPCC AR6 for a climate research agenda grounded in ethics. PLOS Clim 3(8): e0000451. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000451

Editor: Jamie Males, PLOS Climate, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

Copyright: © 2024 Valérie Masson-Delmotte. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.

This manuscript builds upon a keynote presentation invited at the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Open Science Conference in October 2023 [ 1 ], at the start of the IPCC 7 th Assessment Cycle (AR7).

A fast changing climate and a fast shrinking remaining carbon budget calling for reactivity

As climate scientists, we operate in a changing context. At the start of the IPCC AR6, in 2015, there were major advances in international cooperation towards sustainability, leading to the implementation of several new frameworks, including the UN Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals, New Urban Agenda and the Paris Agreement [ 2 ].

Within the AR6 cycle, a strong emphasis was placed on the interplay between climate change, ecosystems and biodiversity with, for the first time, a joint workshop between IPCC and IPBES [ 3 ], and the implementation in 2022 of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity Kunming-Montréal Global Biodiversity Framework.

In 2023, the AR6 IPCC Synthesis Report [ 4 ] emphasized that the pace and scale of current climate action is not sufficient to limit the escalation of climate-related risks, with a rapidly narrowing window of opportunity to enable climate resilient development, and the key role of sharing knowledges to support transformative changes.

With a fast changing climate ( Fig 1 ), regular updates of the state of climate are critical to inform society–more frequently than IPCC reports, with AR7 outcomes expected by 2028. Such efforts have already been implemented for the global carbon budget [ 5 ] and the annual state of climate [ 6 ] and extreme events [ 7 , 8 ]. Grounded in updates in observational datasets and the same methodologies underpinning the AR6 WGI report [ 9 ], a new coordinated effort provides annual updates to key indicators of the state of global climate, showing changes in radiative forcing, Earth’s energy imbalance, and human-caused global warming occurring at an increasing pace [ 10 ]. Such annual updates to attributable global and regional warming now open the possibility of annual updates to observationally-constrained global and regional projections [ 11 , 12 ].

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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000451.g001

The remaining carbon budget from 2023 onwards compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5°C has been reduced by a factor of two compared to its IPCC 2021 estimate [ 9 ], shrinking to around 250 GtCO2—expected to be exhausted within around 6 years at the current rate of emissions [ 13 ], thus inexorably leading to exceed this 1.5°C level of warming within a decade. Understanding the increased rate of the Earth’s energy imbalance [ 14 ] also calls for updates in estimates of aerosol forcings, climate feedbacks [ 15 ], and carbon cycle consequences of ecosystem degradation [ 5 ].

Efforts are also needed to provide regular updates to committed changes from delayed responses of glaciers [ 16 ], ice sheets and the deep ocean, and unavoidable sea-level rise [ 17 ], and, when onsets can be unequivocally detected, implications of dynamical instabilities in specific Antarctic sectors [ 18 ].

Every further increment of global warming brings us further outside of the range of the state of climate of the past recent thousands of years. Systematic approaches to update IPCC assessments of ongoing and projected changes grounded in multiple lines of evidence, including insights from past climates, are also needed [ 19 ]. New evidence suggests that the current atmospheric CO 2 concentration is unprecedented in not just the last 3 but the last 14 million years [ 20 ]. Recently, new methods have allowed to combine paleoclimate evidence with advanced understanding of climate pattern effects, further narrowing the upper bound of equilibrium climate sensitivity [ 21 ].

A major expectation for climate science is making sense of observations, compared to earlier projections [ 22 ]. So far, such comparisons with various projections are available based on volunteer individual updates on several science-related blogs [ 23 – 25 ]. Regular updates are needed to understand whether recent observed changes are consistent with the current understanding and modelling of forcings, internal variability and feedbacks, or whether exceptional events do challenge current understanding [ 26 , 27 ]. By 2023 –the warmest year on instrumental records, observational datasets show that global surface temperature anomalies have increasingly frequently reached or exceeded 1.5°C above 1850–1900 at the monthly scale, and for the first time close to this level for an annual average [ 28 ]. The likelihood of such occurrences will increase with the level of global warming, and is expected to occur every second year by the early 2030s, when such a level of global warming is expected to be reached and exceeded. With natural variability modulating human-driven trends, climate science communication can be challenging–navigating between perceptions of slowdowns and surges [ 23 ]. Shared tools are needed to place recent observations within the spread of earlier IPCC constrained projections, and to use attribution outcomes to constrain future global and regional projections [ 29 , 30 ].

A recent example highlighting the urgent need for such analyses is the sharp decrease in Antarctic sea-ice extent, plausibly a regime shift [ 31 ] related to the Southern Ocean heat uptake [ 32 ], and with major implications for confidence in future sea-ice projections [ 33 ] and risks of irreversible loss of related ecosystems and unique biodiversity [ 34 ].

Attribution studies and climate justice

With human-caused climate change exacerbating extreme events, leading to widespread impacts, in every region, we also need regular updates regarding observed regional changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme events, and event attribution outcomes. The “hexagon” figures in recent IPCC reports [ 4 , 9 ] highlighted knowledge gaps due to limited data availability and lack of studies in regions of high vulnerability—a matter of climate justice and support to the loss and damage mechanism [ 35 , 36 ]. Knowledge gaps also arise from the length of instrumental records, which could be complemented by paleoclimate evidence, and mismatches between simulations and observations, for instance with European hot extremes increasing twice faster than simulated during recent decades [ 37 ].

Since the IPCC 2021 assessment, rapid attribution studies performed within the World Weather Attribution project expand the knowledge basis for high-impact extreme heat, extreme droughts worsened by increased evaporation in a warmer climate, fire weather and extreme rainfall events across multiple regions. However, a framework to bring together studies using different lines of evidence and different attribution methodologies is missing to allow for regular robust updates and their expansion to ocean, cryosphere, compound and cascading extremes [ 38 ].

Facing the massive production of peer-review publications in climate science

With a growing production of climate knowledge worldwide, the number of peer-review papers with the keyword “climate change” published every year has doubled within the time span of the IPCC AR6, from around 30,000 per year in 2015 to more than 60,000 per year in 2022 [ 39 ], with around 2/3 arising from ocean and atmosphere sciences. While peer review is a key filter for scientific quality, any manuscript currently can currently be published in ever-increasing predatory journals or non-reviewed archive services, independently of its quality. Such challenges are strengthened by recent surges in AI-based tools and new challenges for science integrity [ 40 , 41 ]. This is overwhelming, and calls our community to sharpen ethics of publications, avoid predatory journals, strengthen open science, open data and open code practices—including transparency related to reviewers, reviews, and accessibility of publications, and explore new publishing models and state of knowledge assessment practices. In this context, regionally coordinated activities are needed to digest and distillate new evidence, including grey literature from climate services, so as to consolidate a robust regionally-relevant evidence basis. Topical review groups are needed to help make sense of new or conflicting evidence and support the maturation of climate science, placing new lines of evidence within a common picture of the current state of knowledge.

This is also a major communication challenge, exacerbated by press releases and sensationalist news headlines exaggerating the alarming or reassuring findings of any single study, which is confusing for the general public and policy makers. This confusing communication towards the general public has been spectacular in 2023 and 2024 on issues associated with deep uncertainty, such as new studies focused on potential instability of sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet [ 42 , 43 ], or conditions for abrupt changes of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation [ 44 – 46 ].

Building on the experience of early career scientists group reviews of AR6 IPCC reports [ 47 ], more initiatives are needed to train young scientists from around the world to update the assessment of the state of knowledge on topics that they themselves find exciting, so that a new generation of scientists will be better prepared to sharpen the next IPCC reports, and communicate the updated state of knowledge to the general public.

A changing context at the start of the IPCC AR7—A critical decade

The world in which we operate, as climate scientists, is changing fast ( Fig 2 ). With technological innovation, energy efficiency, and reduced rates of global deforestation, current policies have avoided 4 to 8 billion tons CO 2 -eq emissions globally, and made very high future warming pathways less plausible [ 4 ]. An optimistic estimate of COP28 outcomes, if all pledges were to be kept, implies global greenhouse gas emissions to decrease from around 10% by 2030, far less than in pathways allowing to limit global warming well below 2°C or close to 1.5°C [ 48 ].

Panel from the IPCC AR6 Synthesis Report [ 4 ]. Observed (1900–2020) and projected (2021–2100) changes in global surface temperature (relative to 1850–1900), which are linked to changes in climate conditions and impacts, illustrate how the climate has already changed and will change along the lifespan of three representative generations born in 1950, 1980 and 2020 (including generations of climate scientists). Future projections (2021–2100) of changes in global surface temperature are shown for very low (SSP1-1.9), low (SSP1-2.6), intermediate (SSP2-4.5), high (SSP3-7.0) and very high (SSP5-8.5) GHG emissions scenarios. Very high emission scenarios are considered less plausible due to current policies (closest to SSP2-4.5) and low carbon technological advances [ 4 ]. Changes in annual global surface temperatures are presented as ‘climate stripes’, with future projections showing the human-caused long-term trends and continuing modulation by natural variability (represented here using observed levels of past natural variability).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000451.g002

Inadequate progress towards sustainable development goals, growing food insecurity, and backlashes to climate and environmental policies are widespread. The slow pace of climate action, societal tensions, the escalation of climate change impacts and losses and damages fuel increasing climate anxiety–also affecting the mental health of climate scientists. COVID19 pandemic lockdowns added stress to observing systems which remain challenging to maintain. New obstacles to scientific collaborations, for instance in the Arctic, have emerged following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. Inflation, growing inequalities, nationalism and populism, declining social coherency fuel political polarization, with populist parties embedding the defamation of scientific expertise, denial of both climate science and the urgency of transformative action within their core values. With social networks, the spread of disinformation and the weight given to opinions above evidence erodes the overall trust in science.

How to best operate, as a scientific community, in that fast changing context? This calls for careful attention to the equity and plausibility of scenarios underpinning future climate projections [ 49 ], with due attention to biogeophysical constraints from a warming world–for instance, hard limits for sustainable use of groundwater [ 50 ] and forest biomass [ 51 ] at regional scales. Reactivity is important in order to develop timely new robust knowledge exploring the climate change and climate action implications of e.g. lockdowns from a pandemic, stratospheric water vapor injection from a volcanic eruption, regulations for shipping fuel sulfur content, or armed conflicts. IPCC could learn from the more flexible IPBES processes allowing to convey timely interdisciplinary workshops and provide relevant peer-review workshop reports [ 3 , 52 ].

Effective climate action also requires actionable knowledge, including methods to assess the effects of mitigation and adaptation measures, guidance to avoid maladaptation and malmitigation, knowledge to support sustainable use of ocean, land, water, and sustainable cities–including how to maximize climate and air quality benefits. Climate information needs to be specifically coproduced with those most vulnerable, in climate change hotpots [ 53 ].

The framework of climatic impact-drivers developed in the IPCC AR6 WGI report was not sufficiently informed by ecosystem and biodiversity stewardship needs [ 54 ] calling for robust assessments of methodologies to develop relevant climate information (e.g. climate velocity) at required scales.

The multiple regional consequences of global sea-level rise are emerging, including chronic high-tide flooding [ 55 ], extreme sea level events, salinization and coastal erosion–with needs for attribution and confidence in projections of at the scale of settlements. New ethical questions arise from research needs from planned relocation.

Climate research for a 1.5°C warmer world

Human-driven trends resulting from future emissions are expected to lead to 20-year average global warming overshooting a level of 1.5°C within around a decade [ 4 ]. Informing risk management and adaptation strategies calls for advancing the knowledge basis on the full possible severity of direct consequences, including the low-likelihood, high-risk plausible extreme events and unprecedented combinations of events, accounting for the worse possible combinations of human-caused trends and internal climate variability [ 56 ] and long-term outcomes [ 57 ]. Better understanding what would be the possible irreversible consequences of various intensities and durations of overshoot are critical to inform global responses, including for committed glacier loss, potential tipping points, sea-level rise, ecosystem degradation and biodiversity losses [ 58 ].

Theoretically, returning from a temporary overshoot is conditional on sharp emission reductions, reaching net zero CO 2 emissions with limited cumulative CO 2 emissions, followed by the ability to sustain various magnitudes of net negative CO 2 emissions. Knowledge advances are needed to narrow uncertainties from the response of carbon cycle feedbacks, including biological processes resulting from ecosystem disturbances and degradations, which could also be triggered by natural variability within a 1.5°C warmer world. While theoretical studies using simplified emulators rely on large-scale carbon dioxide removal to return to 1.5°C after a temporary overshoot, the plausibility of such pathways lacks a robust evidence basis [ 59 ] on feasibility, costs, permanency and risks, accounting for their demands for low-carbon energy, water, biomass and land–in particular when massive amounts of low-carbon energy production are primarily needed to phase-out fossil fuels.

Following COP28, the new resources allocated to loss and damage remain small (around 0.7 billion $) compared to the needs estimated to reach 100 to 400 billion $ per year by 2023. This mismatch highlights the rejection of loss and damage liability by the largest historical and current emitters of greenhouse gases. The framing of solar radiation modification research cannot be restricted to the uncertainties regarding potential interventions and the modelled response of the climate system. Such approaches call for embedding the myriad of ethical questions grounded in its purpose, including the implications of altering the global environment rather than modifying our practices to preserve it, and risk of multi-century legacies of deployment [ 60 ]. Ethical questions also arise from the embedded power relations, the values and interests of billionaire philanthropies who chose to fund specifically these research activities [ 61 ], at the expense of other climate research directions, and the possible conflicts of interests which encompass space agencies and climate scientists themselves. Consideration of solar radiation modification also needs to explore governance challenges [ 62 , 63 ], including mechanisms of liability for attributable unintended outcomes.

Projecting climate sciences towards mid-century: Different possible worlds

Today’s PhD students will be my age by 2050, when the 10 th IPCC assessment cycle would be due. The expectations from climate research would be very different in different 2050 worlds [ 64 ]. At the pace of current policies, intermediate or high emissions pathways would lead to exceed a level of 2°C of global warming by 2050 –uncharted territory for the past millions of years. In a fragmented, uncoordinated world, climate scientists would be monitoring novel climate conditions, and learn from Earth system responses to increasing emissions, loss of ecosystems and nature’s contributions to people, cascading impacts, eroding food, water, habitat security, public health, leading to more poverty traps. What would be the science-society relationships with growing public unrest and political destabilization from climate disruptions? Facing complex crises, governments and funding agencies would search for rapidly conceived mitigation plans, without long-term planning, testing, and careful attention to the multiple dimensions of sustainability, with the risk of increased pressures on ecosystems, water and food security–and with fewer ecosystem-based and water-related adaptation response options available.

If different choices are made in the coming decades, the world by 2050 could be on track towards carbon neutrality, and climate science assessments could be monitoring the emergence of climate stabilization–learning from the success story of ozone assessment reports. Advances in climate sciences would support the management of intermittent renewable energy production and energy storage, inform transformative, proactive adaptation measures, support to poor and disadvantaged communities struggling with the growing burden of climate impacts. Transdisciplinary research practices would expand to understand the implications of species movements and novel ecosystems, and inform ecosystem stewardship and durable land and ocean carbon storage. Regular revisions of sea level projections following the detection of onset of ice sheet instability processes would be strongly embedded in deliberations and choices related to sea level rise and coastal management, including planned relocations. By 2050, in such a world successfully embedding climate action, climate research activities, encompassing monitoring networks, remote sensing, field studies, laboratory analyses and modelling activities would be carbon neutral. This also calls for leadership of climate scientists on reducing now our own carbon footprint at the pace and scale consistent with our own knowledge.

Multiple expectations for the climate research community

WCRP plays a key role to tackle knowledge gaps, including convection and clouds, ocean and atmospheric dynamics, climate variability, Earth system feedbacks and thresholds in a warming world.

The vulnerability of land carbon to climate change and its role for mitigation call for improvements in inventories and processes involving soil organic matter, plant hydraulics and mortality, competition dynamics and disturbance processes–with stronger integration of biological and ecological sciences within climate sciences. Similarly, advances in land surface processes, including plant physiological changes, as well as groundwater recharge and land use and water management changes, are needed to improve future projections of aridity and drought.

Advances in fundamental climate research are the backbone to strengthen the knowledge basis required to address the myriad of expectations from climate sciences: knowledge relevant for mitigation, including air quality, pressure on land and litigation, and knowledge relevant for loss and damage, risk management, humanitarian responses, ecosystem and biodiversity stewardship, sectoral and regional adaptation and climate services.

New pathways have to be designed to offer career paths to scientists who are funded first because of urgent societal needs so that they also have opportunities to contribute to curiosity-driven, frontier research. Developing actionable knowledge, with salience, legitimacy and credibility, calls for in an in-depth understanding of the diverse values, perspectives, power relations and inequalities. Ethics, equity, climate justice and intra-species justice provide strong frameworks to advance the fitness and usefulness of climate information in under-studied regions, and explore the unintended consequences and potential harms emerging from misuses of climate information.

Multiple expectations encompass advancing tools and methods to provide more accurate information on complex and cascading risk which will be the hardest to manage and undermine sustainability aspirations in the near-term, as well as long-term outcomes, over multiple centuries beyond 2100, with due attention to post-forcing recovery and irreversibility, including habitats, ecosystems and biodiversity, and tipping points. Efforts are required towards the maturation of the framework of analysis of e.g. ice sheet instabilities, irreversible retreat, and their implications for pace and magnitude of sea-level rise over decades to centuries. Such a collective framework allowing to make sense of scientific advances and sometimes conflicting evidence arising from different methods is needed to better communicate the evolving state of knowledge with society [ 57 ].

Which roles for climate scientists

In a fragmented world, where growing South-North tensions challenge multilateralism, science diplomacy requires strong science-policy institutions and scientific advisory bodies at all governance scales. Institutional approaches play a key role to advance climate knowledge for effective and well-informed decision-making processes.

This also calls for climate scientists to better understand the diverse values and motivations [ 65 ], learning from social sciences and humanities [ 66 ], understanding powerful economic, political interests, and power relations [ 61 ], and to implement structured dialogues with the private sector so that corporate responsible approaches are grounded in the best available science [ 67 ]. While corporate responsibility approaches are currently focused on greenhouse gas emissions and transition risks, new knowledge is also required to advance corporate adaptation and resilience strategies, including their supply chains. For instance, the AR6 assessment remained limited for the implications of shifting agroclimate zones for important fiber and tree crops.

Making science meaningful for all is a challenge for effective climate science communication and knowledge co-production processes. Conversational artificial intelligence tools provide new opportunities make the outcomes of scientific assessments more broadly accessible, in plain language and in multiple languages, with the potential for more interactive engagement approaches [ 68 ]. IPCC could run an expert meeting on artificial intelligence tools and IPCC assessments, with multiple possible applications to support authors of assessment reports, ranging from systematic literature surveys to translations across multiple languages. Empowerment arises from knowledge, calling for democratization of climate science, with growing experiences from eg. citizen assembly approaches, and the involvement of climate scientists within deliberation processes. Science institutions need to encompass ethics of engagement within academic freedom and responsibility [ 69 ], together with resources and support for engaged climate scientists, and valuing their public engagement within their career paths.

While climate literacy is not sufficient to trigger climate action—as illustrated by recurrent discourses of climate delay within the scientific community [ 70 ], it is necessary. Trustworthy updated pedagogic classroom resources which can be used by teachers are needed for initial and continued education at all education levels [ 71 ]. Climate scientists also have a role to play to overcome current gaps related to the strengthening, monitoring and evaluation of climate literacy.

Evolution of climate science practices within societal transformations

Our changing context also calls for transformation of climate research, strengthening its ethics of research and practice, open science approaches, inclusivity and openness to multiple perspectives and novel ideas. Early and mid-career scientists at the WCRP 2023 Open Science Conference were asking for their voices to be better heard, and be better supported, in terms of professional well-being and mental health.

In a world where climate scientists can still be censored in their public expression, curiosity-driven research, academic freedom, and freedom of communication and engagement needs to be strongly supported.

Finally, climate research needs leadership to reduce the carbon and environmental footprints of research activities, building on shared tools, methodologies [ 72 ], collective deliberation processes to make the smartest use of travel [ 73 ], field and lab work, and computing resources [ 74 , 75 ], changing collective academic norms, and strengthening recognition for environmental engagement from funding agencies and for scientific careers.

These are key ingredients for stimulating, meaningful, attractive, rewarding climate research—critical to motivate brilliant minds to advance knowledge.

Acknowledgments

I thank the World Climate Research Programme for inviting me to give this keynote presentation at the Kigali Open Science Conference in October 2023, in Rwanda. I thank members of the IPCC WGI AR6 Bureau and its Technical Support Unit, in particular Anna Pirani and Sarah Connors, for multiple stimulating exchanges regarding climate science and science-society interplays. Special thanks to Catherine Michaut from the International Support Unit of Institut Pierre Simon Laplace for writing the transcript of my keynote lecture, forming the basis of this article. I also thank Yangyang Xu and two other anonymous reviewers for their constructive review comments.

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How well do nature-based solutions to climate change address gender equity.

Stephanie Efua Yamoah , University of Denver Follow

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M.A. in Geography

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College of Natural Science and Mathematics, Geography and the Environment

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Hanson Nyantakyi-Frimpong

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Erika Trigoso Rubio

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Singumbe Muyeba

Gender equity, Intersectional feminist political ecology, Nature-based solutions, Tokenism

As the climate crisis continues to deepen, there have been calls for adaptation and mitigation approaches that rely on nature-based solutions. These solutions are approaches that offer the potential to reduce and remove greenhouse gas emissions. Examples include forest restoration, coastal wetland conservation, and no-till agriculture, among other practices. In this thesis, I employ an intersectional feminist political ecology perspective to critically examine the integration of gender equity within such nature-based solutions. I make two interrelated arguments using a qualitative methodology and an intensive case study of three projects in Ghana. First, I argue that women’s participation in nature-based solutions is frequently constrained by structural inequities, entrenched gender norms, and limited access to resources. Second, I contend that meaningful participation and tokenism are critical issues that occur in the design, implementation, and adaptive governance of nature-based solutions. While organizations promoting nature-based solutions purport to take gender equity seriously, the approaches adopted are often tokenistic. Also, projects rarely move beyond the simple inclusion of women and men, and there is often no serious attempt to address intersectional dimensions of inequality along the axes of class, age, and marital status. Ultimately, I show how nature-based solutions to climate change can be implemented with gender-transformative approaches that benefit both people and nature. By uncovering structural inequities and tokenistic approaches hindering women’s participation, this thesis underscores the underutilization of women, the largest segment of the population, in efforts to combat climate change.

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Published: 07 August 2024

Climate change debates

Nature Climate Change volume 14 , page 769 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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From a scientific standpoint, the causes of current ongoing climate change are well established. But in the context of rapid change, and real-world consequences, there is still room — and need — for scientific discussion in climate change fields.

Science, while ultimately grounded on the concept of knowledge, has always been a rich and often controversial stage for debate. While many scientific debates have been effectively ‘solved’ by further acquisition of knowledge (for example, heliocentrism versus geocentrism), others remain ripe for discussion. Examples include big questions about the origins of life on Earth, the potential for life outside this planet, or the ultimate impacts of artificial intelligence.

In the climate change field, the big questions have historically been those related to the recognition and acceptance of anthropogenic climate change. While the intensity of climate change debates has been partly fuelled by personal and political desires, the field remains wide open for debate even within more purely scientific realms due to its strong focus on future events. Past debates have now evolved into discussions on the details of what will happen when (and where), as well as weighing up the potential and pitfalls of different modes of action or inaction.

For example, in this issue of Nature Climate Change , we feature several pieces related to the complicated debate of how to best prioritize the conservation of species and their ecosystem functions in the context of rapid change, including discussion on the role of active human intervention. Among these, three independently written pieces on the conservation of corals highlight different, and sometimes opposing, priorities for future action.

In a Comment , Timothy McClanahan stresses that a focus on broad narratives of global coral loss, rather than acknowledging heterogeneities, caveats and uncertainty, will hinder management and muddy public communication. In their Comment , Robert Streit and colleagues argue for a minimal intervention approach in managing corals, questioning whether a human desire to ‘act heroically’ might hinder decision-making and be counterproductive. By contrast, Michael Webster and Daniel Schindler suggest in another Comment that ecological replacement — whereby corals lost to global change are replaced with species providing similar ecosystem functions — should be considered, urging that the potential risks of such actions are weighed against the risks of not intervening.

In a separate research Article , Silvio Schueler and colleagues focus on just one part of this ‘risk of inaction’ in a forest context, to demonstrate that while assisted migration (moving species and populations in response to climate change) can maintain or improve carbon stocks, failing to do so could result in large future carbon sink losses. Discussions related to active manipulation and movement of species have been historically more open when plants rather than animals (even relatively sessile animals, such as coral) are involved, particularly in artificial contexts such as crop or forestry plantations. Nonetheless, the wider debate remains in its infancy. In highlighting the potential, Schueler and colleagues call for more research to quantify the trade-offs between the opportunities and risks of implementation.

The topics here represent just a fraction of the ongoing debates in climate change circles. Recent examples range from questions related to the feasibility of large-scale carbon dioxide removal deployment ( Nat. Clim. Change 14 , 549; 2024 ), different opinions on geoengineering research and implementation , or altering the chemistry of the atmosphere to degrade methane ( Q. Li et al. Nat. Commun. 14 , 4045; 2023 ). Beyond that, many climate change debates have a common theme at their core — that regardless of the findings, any future possibilities should not be considered as an alternative for active mitigation.

Many of these are likely to be debated for some time to come as both science and time progress. We look forward to these debates, and hope that active discussion can help push science forward.

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School Education /

Essay on Climate Change: Check Samples in 100, 250 Words

Updated on
Sep 21, 2023

Writing an essay on climate change is crucial to raise awareness and advocate for action. The world is facing environmental challenges, so in a situation like this such essay topics can serve as s platform to discuss the causes, effects, and solutions to this pressing issue. They offer an opportunity to engage readers in understanding the urgency of mitigating climate change for the sake of our planet’s future.

Must Read: Essay On Environment

Table of Contents

1 What Is Climate Change?
2 What are the Causes of Climate Change?
3 What are the effects of Climate Change?
4 How to fight climate change?
5 Essay On Climate Change in 100 Words
6 Climate Change Sample Essay 250 Words

What Is Climate Change?

Climate change is the significant variation of average weather conditions becoming, for example, warmer, wetter, or drier—over several decades or longer. It may be natural or anthropogenic. However, in recent times, it’s been in the top headlines due to escalations caused by human interference.

What are the Causes of Climate Change?

Obama at the First Session of COP21 rightly quoted “We are the first generation to feel the impact of climate change, and the last generation that can do something about it.”.Identifying the causes of climate change is the first step to take in our fight against climate change. Below stated are some of the causes of climate change:

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Mainly from burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas) for energy and transportation.
Deforestation: The cutting down of trees reduces the planet’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.
Industrial Processes: Certain manufacturing activities release potent greenhouse gases.
Agriculture: Livestock and rice cultivation emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas.

What are the effects of Climate Change?

Climate change poses a huge risk to almost all life forms on Earth. The effects of climate change are listed below:

Global Warming: Increased temperatures due to trapped heat from greenhouse gases.
Melting Ice and Rising Sea Levels: Ice caps and glaciers melt, causing oceans to rise.
Extreme Weather Events: More frequent and severe hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires.
Ocean Acidification: Oceans absorb excess CO2, leading to more acidic waters harming marine life.
Disrupted Ecosystems: Shifting climate patterns disrupt habitats and threaten biodiversity.
Food and Water Scarcity: Altered weather affects crop yields and strains water resources.
Human Health Risks: Heat-related illnesses and the spread of diseases.
Economic Impact: Damage to infrastructure and increased disaster-related costs.
Migration and Conflict: Climate-induced displacement and resource competition.

How to fight climate change?

‘Climate change is a terrible problem, and it absolutely needs to be solved. It deserves to be a huge priority,’ says Bill Gates. The below points highlight key actions to combat climate change effectively.

Energy Efficiency: Improve energy efficiency in all sectors.
Protect Forests: Stop deforestation and promote reforestation.
Sustainable Agriculture: Adopt eco-friendly farming practices.
Advocacy: Raise awareness and advocate for climate-friendly policies.
Innovation: Invest in green technologies and research.
Government Policies: Enforce climate-friendly regulations and targets.
Corporate Responsibility: Encourage sustainable business practices.
Individual Action: Reduce personal carbon footprint and inspire others.

Essay On Climate Change in 100 Words

Climate change refers to long-term alterations in Earth’s climate patterns, primarily driven by human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, leading to global warming. The consequences of climate change are widespread and devastating. Rising temperatures cause polar ice caps to melt, contributing to sea level rise and threatening coastal communities. Extreme weather events, like hurricanes and wildfires, become more frequent and severe, endangering lives and livelihoods. Additionally, shifts in weather patterns can disrupt agriculture, leading to food shortages. To combat climate change, global cooperation, renewable energy adoption, and sustainable practices are crucial for a more sustainable future.

Must Read: Essay On Global Warming

Climate Change Sample Essay 250 Words

Climate change represents a pressing global challenge that demands immediate attention and concerted efforts. Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This results in a greenhouse effect, trapping heat and leading to a rise in global temperatures, commonly referred to as global warming.

The consequences of climate change are far-reaching and profound. Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities, displacing millions and endangering vital infrastructure. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires, have become more frequent and severe, causing devastating economic and human losses. Disrupted ecosystems affect biodiversity and the availability of vital resources, from clean water to agricultural yields.

Moreover, climate change has serious implications for food and water security. Changing weather patterns disrupt traditional farming practices and strain freshwater resources, potentially leading to conflicts over access to essential commodities.

Addressing climate change necessitates a multifaceted approach. First, countries must reduce their greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to renewable energy sources, increased energy efficiency, and reforestation efforts. International cooperation is crucial to set emission reduction targets and hold nations accountable for meeting them.

In conclusion, climate change is a global crisis with profound and immediate consequences. Urgent action is needed to mitigate its impacts and secure a sustainable future for our planet. By reducing emissions and implementing adaptation strategies, we can protect vulnerable communities, preserve ecosystems, and ensure a livable planet for future generations. The time to act is now.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in Earth’s climate patterns, primarily driven by human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

Five key causes of climate change include excessive greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, notably burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

We hope this blog gave you an idea about how to write and present an essay on climate change that puts forth your opinions. The skill of writing an essay comes in handy when appearing for standardized language tests. Thinking of taking one soon? Leverage Edu provides the best online test prep for the same via Leverage Live . Register today to know more!

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Our Future Is Now - A Climate Change Essay by Francesca Minicozzi, '21

Francesca Minicozzi (class of 2021) is a Writing/Biology major who plans to study medicine after graduation. She wrote this essay on climate change for WR 355/Travel Writing, which she took while studying abroad in Newcastle in spring 2020. Although the coronavirus pandemic curtailed Francesca’s time abroad, her months in Newcastle prompted her to learn more about climate change. Terre Ryan Associate Professor, Writing Department

Our Future Is Now

By Francesca Minicozzi, '21 Writing and Biology Major

“If you don’t mind me asking, how is the United States preparing for climate change?” my flat mate, Zac, asked me back in March, when we were both still in Newcastle. He and I were accustomed to asking each other about the differences between our home countries; he came from Cambridge, while I originated in Long Island, New York. This was one of our numerous conversations about issues that impact our generation, which we usually discussed while cooking dinner in our communal kitchen. In the moment of our conversation, I did not have as strong an answer for him as I would have liked. Instead, I informed him of the few changes I had witnessed within my home state of New York.

Zac’s response was consistent with his normal, diplomatic self. “I have been following the BBC news in terms of the climate crisis for the past few years. The U.K. has been working hard to transition to renewable energy sources. Similar to the United States, here in the United Kingdom we have converted over to solar panels too. My home does not have solar panels, but a lot of our neighbors have switched to solar energy in the past few years.”

“Our two countries are similar, yet so different,” I thought. Our conversation continued as we prepared our meals, with topics ranging from climate change to the upcoming presidential election to Britain’s exit from the European Union. However, I could not shake the fact that I knew so little about a topic so crucial to my generation.

After I abruptly returned home from the United Kingdom because of the global pandemic, my conversation with my flat mate lingered in my mind. Before the coronavirus surpassed climate change headlines, I had seen the number of internet postings regarding protests to protect the planet dramatically increase. Yet the idea of our planet becoming barren and unlivable in a not-so-distant future had previously upset me to the point where a part of me refused to deal with it. After I returned from studying abroad, I decided to educate myself on the climate crisis.

My quest for climate change knowledge required a thorough understanding of the difference between “climate change” and “global warming.” Climate change is defined as “a pattern of change affecting global or regional climate,” based on “average temperature and rainfall measurements” as well as the frequency of extreme weather events. 1 These varied temperature and weather events link back to both natural incidents and human activity. 2 Likewise, the term global warming was coined “to describe climate change caused by humans.” 3 Not only that, but global warming is most recently attributed to an increase in “global average temperature,” mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions produced by humans. 4

I next questioned why the term “climate change” seemed to take over the term “global warming” in the United States. According to Frank Luntz, a leading Republican consultant, the term “global warming” functions as a rather intimidating phrase. During George W. Bush’s first presidential term, Luntz argued in favor of using the less daunting phrase “climate change” in an attempt to overcome the environmental battle amongst Democrats and Republicans. 5 Since President Bush’s term, Luntz remains just one political consultant out of many politicians who has recognized the need to address climate change. In an article from 2019, Luntz proclaimed that political parties aside, the climate crisis affects everyone. Luntz argued that politicians should steer clear of trying to communicate “the complicated science of climate change,” and instead engage voters by explaining how climate change personally impacts citizens with natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and forest fires. 6 He even suggested that a shift away from words like “sustainability” would gear Americans towards what they really want: a “cleaner, safer, healthier” environment. 7

The idea of a cleaner and heathier environment remains easier said than done. The Paris Climate Agreement, introduced in 2015, began the United Nations’ “effort to combat global climate change.” 8 This agreement marked a global initiative to “limit global temperature increase in this century to 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels,” while simultaneously “pursuing means to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees.” 9 Every country on earth has joined together in this agreement for the common purpose of saving our planet. 10 So, what could go wrong here? As much as this sounds like a compelling step in the right direction for climate change, President Donald Trump thought otherwise. In June 2017, President Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement with his proclamation of climate change as a “’hoax’ perpetrated by China.” 11 President Trump continued to question the scientific facts behind climate change, remaining an advocate for the expansion of domestic fossil fuel production. 12 He reversed environmental policies implemented by former President Barack Obama to reduce fossil fuel use. 13

Trump’s actions against the Paris Agreement, however, fail to represent the beliefs of Americans as a whole. The majority of American citizens feel passionate about the fight against climate change. To demonstrate their support, some have gone as far as creating initiatives including America’s Pledge and We Are Still In. 14 Although the United States officially exited the Paris Agreement on November 4, 2020, this withdrawal may not survive permanently. 15 According to experts, our new president “could rejoin in as short as a month’s time.” 16 This offers a glimmer of hope.

The Paris Agreement declares that the United States will reduce greenhouse gas emission levels by 26 to 28 percent by the year 2025. 17 As a leader in greenhouse gas emissions, the United States needs to accept the climate crisis for the serious challenge that it presents and work together with other nations. The concept of working coherently with all nations remains rather tricky; however, I remain optimistic. I think we can learn from how other countries have adapted to the increased heating of our planet. During my recent study abroad experience in the United Kingdom, I was struck by Great Britain’s commitment to combating climate change.

Since the United Kingdom joined the Paris Agreement, the country targets a “net-zero” greenhouse gas emission for 2050. 18 This substantial alteration would mark an 80% reduction of greenhouse gases from 1990, if “clear, stable, and well-designed policies are implemented without interruption.” 19 In order to stay on top of reducing emissions, the United Kingdom tracks electricity and car emissions, “size of onshore and offshore wind farms,” amount of homes and “walls insulated, and boilers upgraded,” as well as the development of government policies, including grants for electric vehicles. 20 A strong grip on this data allows the United Kingdom to target necessary modifications that keep the country on track for 2050. In my brief semester in Newcastle, I took note of these significant changes. The city of Newcastle is small enough that many students and faculty are able to walk or bike to campus and nearby essential shops. However, when driving is unavoidable, the majority of the vehicles used are electric, and many British citizens place a strong emphasis on carpooling to further reduce emissions. The United Kingdom’s determination to severely reduce greenhouse emissions is ambitious and particularly admirable, especially as the United States struggles to shy away from its dependence on fossil fuels.

So how can we, as Americans, stand together to combat global climate change? Here are five adjustments Americans can make to their homes and daily routines that can dramatically make a difference:

Stay cautious of food waste. Studies demonstrate that “Americans throw away up to 40 percent of the food they buy.” 21 By being more mindful of the foods we purchase, opting for leftovers, composting wastes, and donating surplus food to those in need, we can make an individual difference that impacts the greater good. 22
Insulate your home. Insulation functions as a “cost-effective and accessible” method to combat climate change. 23 Homes with modern insulation reduce energy required to heat them, leading to a reduction of emissions and an overall savings; in comparison, older homes can “lose up to 35 percent of heat through their walls.” 24
Switch to LED Lighting. LED stands for “light-emitting diodes,” which use “90 percent less energy than incandescent bulbs and half as much as compact fluorescents.” 25 LED lights create light without producing heat, and therefore do not waste energy. Additionally, these lights have a longer duration than other bulbs, which means they offer a continuing savings. 26
Choose transportation wisely. Choose to walk or bike whenever the option presents itself. If walking or biking is not an option, use an electric or hybrid vehicle which emits less harmful gases. Furthermore, reduce the number of car trips taken, and carpool with others when applicable.
Finally, make your voice heard. The future of our planet remains in our hands, so we might as well use our voices to our advantage. Social media serves as a great platform for this. Moreover, using social media to share helpful hints to combat climate change within your community or to promote an upcoming protest proves beneficial in the long run. If we collectively put our voices to good use, together we can advocate for change.

As many of us are stuck at home due to the COVID-19 pandemic, these suggestions are slightly easier to put into place. With numerous “stay-at-home” orders in effect, Americans have the opportunity to make significant achievements for climate change. Personally, I have taken more precautions towards the amount of food consumed within my household during this pandemic. I have been more aware of food waste, opting for leftovers when too much food remains. Additionally, I have realized how powerful my voice is as a young college student. Now is the opportunity for Americans to share how they feel about climate change. During this unprecedented time, our voice is needed now more than ever in order to make a difference.

However, on a much larger scale, the coronavirus outbreak has shed light on reducing global energy consumption. Reductions in travel, both on the roads and in the air, have triggered a drop in emission rates. In fact, the International Energy Agency predicts a 6 percent decrease in energy consumption around the globe for this year alone. 27 This drop is “equivalent to losing the entire energy demand of India.” 28 Complete lockdowns have lowered the global demand for electricity and slashed CO2 emissions. However, in New York City, the shutdown has only decreased carbon dioxide emissions by 10 percent. 29 This proves that a shift in personal behavior is simply not enough to “fix the carbon emission problem.” 30 Climate policies aimed to reduce fossil fuel production and promote clean technology will be crucial steppingstones to ameliorating climate change effects. Our current reduction of greenhouse gas emissions serves as “the sort of reduction we need every year until net-zero emissions are reached around 2050.” 31 From the start of the coronavirus pandemic, politicians came together for the common good of protecting humanity; this demonstrates that when necessary, global leaders are capable of putting humankind above the economy. 32

After researching statistics comparing the coronavirus to climate change, I thought back to the moment the virus reached pandemic status. I knew that a greater reason underlay all of this global turmoil. Our globe is in dire need of help, and the coronavirus reminds the world of what it means to work together. This pandemic marks a turning point in global efforts to slow down climate change. The methods we enact towards not only stopping the spread of the virus, but slowing down climate change, will ultimately depict how humanity will arise once this pandemic is suppressed. The future of our home planet lies in how we treat it right now.

“Climate Change: What Do All the Terms Mean?,” BBC News (BBC, May 1, 2019), https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48057733 )
Ibid.
Kate Yoder, “Frank Luntz, the GOP's Message Master, Calls for Climate Action,” Grist (Grist, July 26, 2019), https://grist.org/article/the-gops-most-famous-messaging-strategist-calls-for-climate-action
Melissa Denchak, “Paris Climate Agreement: Everything You Need to Know,” NRDC, April 29, 2020, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/paris-climate-agreement-everything-you-need-know)
“Donald J. Trump's Foreign Policy Positions,” Council on Foreign Relations (Council on Foreign Relations), accessed May 7, 2020, https://www.cfr.org/election2020/candidate-tracker/donald-j.-trump?gclid=CjwKCAjw4871BRAjEiwAbxXi21cneTRft_doA5if60euC6QCL7sr-Jwwv76IkgWaUTuyJNx9EzZzRBoCdjsQAvD_BwE#climate and energy )
David Doniger, “Paris Climate Agreement Explained: Does Congress Need to Sign Off?,” NRDC, December 15, 2016, https://www.nrdc.org/experts/david-doniger/paris-climate-agreement-explained-does-congress-need-sign )
“How the UK Is Progressing,” Committee on Climate Change, March 9, 2020, https://www.theccc.org.uk/what-is-climate-change/reducing-carbon-emissions/how-the-uk-is-progressing/)
Ibid.
“Top 10 Ways You Can Fight Climate Change,” Green America, accessed May 7, 2020, https://www.greenamerica.org/your-green-life/10-ways-you-can-fight-climate-change )
Matt McGrath, “Climate Change and Coronavirus: Five Charts about the Biggest Carbon Crash,” BBC News (BBC, May 5, 2020), https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/science-environment-52485712 )

Home — Essay Samples — Environment — Environment Problems — Climate Change

Essays on Climate Change

Climate change: essay topics for college students.

Welcome to our resource page designed for college students seeking inspiration for their climate change essays. The choice of topic is a crucial first step in the writing process, reflecting your personal interests and creativity. This page aims to guide you through selecting a compelling essay topic that not only captivates your interest but also challenges you to think critically and analytically.

Depending on your assignment requirements or personal preference, essays can be categorized into several types. Below, you will find a variety of climate change essay topics categorized by essay type. Each topic is accompanied by an introductory paragraph example, highlighting a clear thesis statement, and a conclusion paragraph example that summarizes the essay's main points and reiterates the thesis.

Argumentative Essays

Topic: The Effectiveness of International Agreements in Combating Climate Change
Thesis Statement: International agreements, though crucial, are not sufficiently effective in combating climate change without enforceable commitments.

Conclusion Example: In summarizing, international agreements provide a framework for climate action but lack the enforcement necessary for real change. To combat climate change effectively, these agreements must be accompanied by binding commitments that ensure countries adhere to their promises, underscoring the need for a more robust global enforcement mechanism.

Compare and Contrast Essays

Topic: Renewable Energy Sources vs. Fossil Fuels: A Comparative Analysis
Thesis Statement: Renewable energy sources, despite higher initial costs, are more environmentally sustainable and cost-effective in the long run compared to fossil fuels.

Conclusion Example: Through this comparative analysis, it is clear that renewable energy sources offer a more sustainable and cost-effective solution to powering our world than fossil fuels. Embracing renewables not only mitigates the impact of climate change but also secures a sustainable energy future.

Descriptive Essays

Topic: The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs
Thesis Statement: Climate change poses a severe threat to coral reefs, leading to bleaching events, habitat loss, and a decline in marine biodiversity.

Conclusion Example: The devastation of coral reefs is a stark reminder of the broader impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. Protecting these vital habitats requires immediate action to mitigate the effects of climate change and preserve marine biodiversity for future generations.

Persuasive Essays

Topic: The Role of Individual Actions in Mitigating Climate Change
Thesis Statement: Individual actions, when collectively embraced, can drive significant environmental change and are essential in the fight against climate change.

Conclusion Example: In conclusion, the cumulative effect of individual actions can make a substantial difference in addressing climate change. By adopting more sustainable lifestyles, individuals can contribute to a larger movement towards environmental stewardship and climate action.

Narrative Essays

Topic: A Personal Journey Towards Sustainable Living
Thesis Statement: Through personal commitment to sustainable living, individuals can contribute meaningfully to mitigating climate change while discovering the intrinsic rewards of a simpler, more purposeful lifestyle.

Conclusion Example: This journey towards sustainable living has not only contributed to climate action but has also offered a deeper appreciation for the importance of individual choices. As more people embark on similar journeys, the collective impact on our planet can be transformative.

We encourage you to select a topic that resonates with your personal interests and academic goals. Dive deep into your chosen subject, employ critical thinking, and let your creativity flow as you explore different perspectives and solutions to climate change. Remember, the best essays are not only informative but also engaging and thought-provoking.

Writing on these topics will not only enhance your understanding of climate change and its implications but also develop your skills in research, critical thinking, persuasive writing, and narrative storytelling. Each essay type offers a unique opportunity to explore different facets of the climate crisis, encouraging you to engage with the material in a meaningful way.

Hooks for Climate Change Essay

Climate change is not just an environmental issue; it is a pressing global crisis that affects every aspect of our lives. From melting polar ice caps to rising sea levels, the signs of climate change are everywhere, and they are impossible to ignore.

Imagine a world where natural disasters are a daily occurrence. This is not a dystopian future; it is the reality we face if we do not address climate change now.
Have you ever wondered why the summers seem hotter and the winters milder? The answer lies in the alarming acceleration of climate change.
Picture your favorite coastal city submerged under water. This scenario is closer than you think due to the rapid rise in sea levels.
What if I told you that climate change could lead to the extinction of over one million species by 2050? The clock is ticking for our planet's biodiversity.
Every time you turn on a light or drive your car, you contribute to a global problem. Understanding the personal impact of climate change is the first step towards meaningful action.

Climate Change Outline Essay Examples

Example 1: causes and effects of climate change, introduction.

Introduce the topic of climate change, its significance, and provide a thesis statement outlining the main points.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Deforestation

Industrial Activities

Urbanization

Rising Sea Levels

Extreme Weather Events

Loss of Biodiversity

Impact on Human Health

Renewable Energy Sources

Afforestation and Reforestation

Policy and Legislation

Public Awareness and Education

Summarize the main points, restate the significance of addressing climate change, and provide a call to action for individuals and policymakers.

Example 2: The Impact of Climate Change on Global Ecosystems

Introduce the importance of ecosystems and how they are threatened by climate change. Provide a thesis statement outlining the main areas of focus.

Coral Bleaching

Ocean Acidification

Disruption of Marine Food Chains

Forest Degradation

Changes in Wildlife Migration Patterns

Alteration of Plant Growth Cycles

Glacial Melt and Reduced Snowpack

Changes in Water Quality

Disruption of Aquatic Species Habitats

Summarize the impacts of climate change on different ecosystems, emphasize the interconnectedness of these systems, and highlight the need for comprehensive conservation efforts.

Example 3: The Role of Policy in Combating Climate Change

Introduce the role of policy in addressing climate change, and provide a thesis statement highlighting the importance of governmental and international efforts.

Renewable Energy Incentives

Carbon Pricing

Regulations on Emissions

Paris Agreement

Kyoto Protocol

UN Climate Change Conferences (COP)

Economic and Political Barriers

Technological Innovations

Public and Private Sector Collaboration

Summarize the role of policy in combating climate change, discuss the need for robust and enforceable policies, and call for increased global cooperation and commitment.

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Mother Nature and Climate Change: We Must Take Action

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Climate change refers to long-term changes in the Earth's climate, including rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns, and more severe natural disasters.

The historical context of climate change spans centuries. The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century marked increased fossil fuel use, releasing significant greenhouse gases. By the late 19th century, scientists like Svante Arrhenius linked carbon dioxide to Earth's temperature. Climate change gained attention in the mid-20th century, with the 1958 Keeling Curve showing rising CO2 levels. Key events include the 1988 establishment of the IPCC, the 1992 UNFCCC, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement.

Greenhouse gas emissions: The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, releases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere, trapping heat and contributing to global warming.
Industrial activities: Industrial processes, including manufacturing, construction, and chemical production, release CO2 and other greenhouse gases through energy consumption and the use of certain chemicals.
Agricultural practices: Livestock farming produces methane through enteric fermentation and manure management, while the use of synthetic fertilizers releases nitrous oxide.
Land use changes: Converting land for agriculture, urban development, or other purposes alters natural ecosystems and contributes to the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
Waste management: Improper handling and decomposition of organic waste in landfills produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
Rising temperatures: Global warming leads to increased average temperatures worldwide, resulting in heatwaves, melting glaciers and polar ice, and rising sea levels.
Extreme weather events: Climate change intensifies extreme weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, and wildfires, leading to devastating impacts on ecosystems, communities, and infrastructure.
Disruption of ecosystems: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns disrupt ecosystems, affecting biodiversity, migration patterns, and the survival of plant and animal species.
Health impacts: Climate change contributes to the spread of diseases, heat-related illnesses, and respiratory problems due to increased air pollution and the expansion of disease vectors.
Water scarcity: Changing climate patterns can alter rainfall patterns, causing water scarcity in certain regions, affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and ecosystems that depend on water sources.

Transitioning to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower, along with improving energy efficiency in industries and buildings, can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Promoting electric vehicles, public transportation, and biking infrastructure further cuts emissions. Forest conservation and reforestation help absorb carbon dioxide, while sustainable agriculture practices reduce emissions and improve soil health. Embracing a circular economy reduces waste, and strong climate policies alongside public awareness drive collective action against climate change.

The levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere are currently higher than any recorded in the past 800,000 years. According to data from ice core samples, pre-industrial CO2 levels averaged around 280 parts per million (ppm), while current levels have exceeded 410 ppm.
The Earth's average temperature has increased by about 1 degree Celsius since the late 19th century.
The Arctic region is warming at a faster pace than any other part of the planet.
Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, are major contributors to climate change.
Climate change is also affecting wildlife, with many species facing extinction due to habitat loss.

Climate change is a critical issue that affects all aspects of our lives, from the environment to the economy. It poses a threat to biodiversity, food security, and human health. Addressing climate change requires global cooperation and immediate action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate its impacts. By raising awareness and taking steps to combat climate change, we can protect the planet for future generations.

1. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. Retrieved from https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ 2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. (n.d.). Climate change: How do we know? Retrieved from https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/ 3. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. (2015). Paris Agreement. Retrieved from https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement 4. World Health Organization. (2018). Climate change and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/climate-change-and-health 5. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Climate change indicators: Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/greenhouse-gases 6. United Nations Environment Programme. (2020). Emissions gap report 2020. Retrieved from https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 7. Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern Review. Cambridge University Press. 8. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2019). Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Retrieved from https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/2020-02/ipbes_global_assessment_report_summary_for_policymakers_en.pdf 9. World Meteorological Organization. (2021). State of the global climate 2020. Retrieved from https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10739 10. Cook, J., Oreskes, N., Doran, P. T., Anderegg, W. R., Verheggen, B., Maibach, E. W., ... & Nuccitelli, D. (2016). Consensus on consensus: A synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming. Environmental Research Letters, 11(4), 048002. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002

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Steps To Follow While Writing An Essay On Climate Change

Table of Contents

Climate change is the most essential issue of our generation; we are the first to witness its early signs and the last who have a chance of stopping them from happening.

Living in a bubble of denial can only get us this far; the planet which is our home is already a scene for melting glaciers, raising floods, extinction of species… the list goes on and on. Spreading awareness on matters of climate change through any means available, including as seemingly trivial form as writing a school essay, cannot be underestimated.

Follow the guidelines suggested in the paragraphs below to learn how to create a perfect essay that will get you an appraisal of your teacher.

Essay on climate changes: how to write?

If you really want to make your teacher gasp while they are reading your work, there are three vital things to pay attention to .

First of all, read the topic carefully and understand it’s specific, i.e., what is expected from you.

For instance, if it is the role of individuals in helping prevent climate change, you should not focus so much on the global problems, but speak about how small changes all of us can introduce in our routines will eventually have a positive environmental effect.

Secondly, determine your personal take on the problem . Search for materials on your subject using keywords, and pile up the evidence that supports your point of view.

Finally, write a conclusion. Make sure that the conclusion you make reflects the viewpoints you have been expressing all throughout your essay.

Below you will find a more detailed breakdown of tasks you will have to accomplish to complete writing an essay on climate changes that is worthy of a top mark.

Check if it is an argumentative essay on climate change or more of a speculative one? Arrange your writing accordingly.

Craft the outline and don’t go off-topic.
Search for keywords .
Make a plan .
Avoid the most common mistakes from the start.
Write an introduction thinking about what you will write later.
Develop your ideas according to the outline .
Make a conclusion which is consistent with what you’ve written in the main paragraphs.
Proofread the draft , correct mistakes and print out the hard copy. All set!

One of the most focal of your writing will be factual evidence. When writing on climate change, resort to providing data shared by international organizations like IPCC , WWF , or World Bank .

It is undeniable that among the main causes of climate change, unfortunately, there are oil and fossil fuels that are the basis of the whole economy and still invaluable sources of energy.

Although everyone knows that oil resources are polluting and that it would be much more useful and environmentally sustainable to rely on renewable energies such as wind and solar energies and electricity, the power of the world seem not to notice or pretend not to see for don’t go against your own interests.

The time has come to react and raise awareness of the use of renewable energy sources.

In addition to the causes already mentioned, we must consider the increase in the carbon dioxide air that traps heat in our atmosphere, thus increasing the temperatures with the consequent of the Arctic glaciers melting.

WWF reported that in 2016, the recorded data was quite worrying with a constant increase in temperatures and a 40% decrease in Arctic marine glaciers.

Topics for essay on global warming and climate change

If you do not have any specific topic to write on, consider yourself lucky. You can pick one that you are passionate about – and in fact, this is what you should do! If we think back to the very definition of essay, it is nothing more than a few paragraphs of expressing one’s personal attitude and viewpoints on a certain subject. Surely, you need to pick a subject that you are opinionated about to deliver a readable piece of writing!

Another point to consider is quaintness and topicality factors. You don’t want to end up writing on a subject that the rest of your class will, and in all honesty, that has zero novelty to it.

Even if it is something as trivial as the greenhouse effect, add an unexpected perspective to it: the greenhouse effect from the standpoint of the feline population of Montenegro. Sounds lunatic, but you get the drift.

Do not worry, below you will find the list of legitimately coverable topics to choose from:

The last generation able to fight the global crisis.
Climate change: top 10 unexpected causes.
Climate changes. Things anyone can do.
Climate changes concern everyone. Is it true?
The Mauna Loa volcano: climate change is here.
Water pollution and coastal cities: what needs to be done?
Is there global warming if it’s still cold?
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
Celebrity activists and climate changes.
Individual responsibility for the environment.
How the loss of biodiversity is the biggest loss for humanity.
Ways to fight global warming at home.
Sustainable living as a way of fighting climate change.
Climate change fighting countries to look up to.
Industrial responsibility and climate change.
What future will be like if we fail to make an environmental stand?
Discovering water on Mars: a new planet to live on?
Climate change effects on poor countries.
Nuclear power laws and climate change.
Is it true that climate change is caused by man?

Mistakes to avoid when writing an essay on climate change

When composing your essay, you must avoid the following (quite common!) mistakes:

Clichés – no one wants to read universal truths presented as relevant discoveries.
Repeating an idea already expressed – don’t waste your readers’ time .
Making an accumulation of ideas that are not connected and that do not follow one another; structure your ideas logically .
Being contradictive (check consistency).
Using bad or tired collocations .
Using lackluster adjectives like “good”/”bad”. Instead, think of more eye-catching synonyms.

Structure your essay in a logical way : introduce your thesis, develop your ideas in at least 2 parts that contain several paragraphs, and draw a conclusion.

Bottom line

Writing an essay on global warming and climate change is essentially reflecting on the inevitable consequence of the irresponsible behavior of people inhabiting the planet. Outside of big-scale thinking, there is something each of us can do, and by shaping minds the right way, essential change can be done daily.

Each of us can act to protect the environment, reducing the use of plastic, recycling, buying food with as little packaging as possible, or turning off water and light when not in use. Every little help, even a short essay on climate change can help make a difference.

Can’t wait to save the planet? Do it, while we write your essay. Easy order, complete confidentiality, timely delivery. Click the button to learn more!

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Climate Change: Evidence and Causes: Update 2020 (2020)

Chapter: conclusion, c onclusion.

This document explains that there are well-understood physical mechanisms by which changes in the amounts of greenhouse gases cause climate changes. It discusses the evidence that the concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have increased and are still increasing rapidly, that climate change is occurring, and that most of the recent change is almost certainly due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activities. Further climate change is inevitable; if emissions of greenhouse gases continue unabated, future changes will substantially exceed those that have occurred so far. There remains a range of estimates of the magnitude and regional expression of future change, but increases in the extremes of climate that can adversely affect natural ecosystems and human activities and infrastructure are expected.

Citizens and governments can choose among several options (or a mixture of those options) in response to this information: they can change their pattern of energy production and usage in order to limit emissions of greenhouse gases and hence the magnitude of climate changes; they can wait for changes to occur and accept the losses, damage, and suffering that arise; they can adapt to actual and expected changes as much as possible; or they can seek as yet unproven “geoengineering” solutions to counteract some of the climate changes that would otherwise occur. Each of these options has risks, attractions and costs, and what is actually done may be a mixture of these different options. Different nations and communities will vary in their vulnerability and their capacity to adapt. There is an important debate to be had about choices among these options, to decide what is best for each group or nation, and most importantly for the global population as a whole. The options have to be discussed at a global scale because in many cases those communities that are most vulnerable control few of the emissions, either past or future. Our description of the science of climate change, with both its facts and its uncertainties, is offered as a basis to inform that policy debate.

A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The following individuals served as the primary writing team for the 2014 and 2020 editions of this document:

Eric Wolff FRS, (UK lead), University of Cambridge
Inez Fung (NAS, US lead), University of California, Berkeley
Brian Hoskins FRS, Grantham Institute for Climate Change
John F.B. Mitchell FRS, UK Met Office
Tim Palmer FRS, University of Oxford
Benjamin Santer (NAS), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
John Shepherd FRS, University of Southampton
Keith Shine FRS, University of Reading.
Susan Solomon (NAS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Kevin Trenberth, National Center for Atmospheric Research
John Walsh, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Don Wuebbles, University of Illinois

Staff support for the 2020 revision was provided by Richard Walker, Amanda Purcell, Nancy Huddleston, and Michael Hudson. We offer special thanks to Rebecca Lindsey and NOAA Climate.gov for providing data and figure updates.

The following individuals served as reviewers of the 2014 document in accordance with procedures approved by the Royal Society and the National Academy of Sciences:

Richard Alley (NAS), Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University
Alec Broers FRS, Former President of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Harry Elderfield FRS, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge
Joanna Haigh FRS, Professor of Atmospheric Physics, Imperial College London
Isaac Held (NAS), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory
John Kutzbach (NAS), Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin
Jerry Meehl, Senior Scientist, National Center for Atmospheric Research
John Pendry FRS, Imperial College London
John Pyle FRS, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge
Gavin Schmidt, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Emily Shuckburgh, British Antarctic Survey
Gabrielle Walker, Journalist
Andrew Watson FRS, University of East Anglia

The Support for the 2014 Edition was provided by NAS Endowment Funds. We offer sincere thanks to the Ralph J. and Carol M. Cicerone Endowment for NAS Missions for supporting the production of this 2020 Edition.

F OR FURTHER READING

For more detailed discussion of the topics addressed in this document (including references to the underlying original research), see:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2019: Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [ https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc ]
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM), 2019: Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda [ https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25259 ]
Royal Society, 2018: Greenhouse gas removal [ https://raeng.org.uk/greenhousegasremoval ]
U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), 2018: Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume II: Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States [ https://nca2018.globalchange.gov ]
IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C [ https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15 ]
USGCRP, 2017: Fourth National Climate Assessment Volume I: Climate Science Special Reports [ https://science2017.globalchange.gov ]
NASEM, 2016: Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change [ https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21852 ]
IPCC, 2013: Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Working Group 1. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis [ https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1 ]
NRC, 2013: Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change: Anticipating Surprises [ https://www.nap.edu/catalog/18373 ]
NRC, 2011: Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts Over Decades to Millennia [ https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12877 ]
Royal Society 2010: Climate Change: A Summary of the Science [ https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/publications/2010/climate-change-summary-science ]
NRC, 2010: America’s Climate Choices: Advancing the Science of Climate Change [ https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12782 ]

Much of the original data underlying the scientific findings discussed here are available at:

https://data.ucar.edu/
https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu
https://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu
https://ess-dive.lbl.gov/
https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/
https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu
http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/

was established to advise the United States on scientific and technical issues when President Lincoln signed a Congressional charter in 1863. The National Research Council, the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering, has issued numerous reports on the causes of and potential responses to climate change. Climate change resources from the National Research Council are available at .

is a self-governing Fellowship of many of the world’s most distinguished scientists. Its members are drawn from all areas of science, engineering, and medicine. It is the national academy of science in the UK. The Society’s fundamental purpose, reflected in its founding Charters of the 1660s, is to recognise, promote, and support excellence in science, and to encourage the development and use of science for the benefit of humanity. More information on the Society’s climate change work is available at

Climate change is one of the defining issues of our time. It is now more certain than ever, based on many lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth's climate. The Royal Society and the US National Academy of Sciences, with their similar missions to promote the use of science to benefit society and to inform critical policy debates, produced the original Climate Change: Evidence and Causes in 2014. It was written and reviewed by a UK-US team of leading climate scientists. This new edition, prepared by the same author team, has been updated with the most recent climate data and scientific analyses, all of which reinforce our understanding of human-caused climate change.

Scientific information is a vital component for society to make informed decisions about how to reduce the magnitude of climate change and how to adapt to its impacts. This booklet serves as a key reference document for decision makers, policy makers, educators, and others seeking authoritative answers about the current state of climate-change science.

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Climate change threatens public health, raising the spread of food-borne diseases

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If you liked this story, share it with other people.

A new study finds that climate change is affecting the distribution and spread of food-borne diseases.
An increase in the number and severity of heatwaves, droughts, and heavy precipitation events are all expected to lead to a rise in food-borne diseases, hitting Africa and Asia particularly hard.
Investing in research and innovation can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of climate change-pathogen interactions and novel solutions for mitigating effects.
For example, the Cameroon National Climate Observatory, ONACC, already provides national sectors, such as agriculture, livestock, and health with forecast climate information translated into local languages to facilitate monitoring in the context of global warming.

Climate change threatens public health by affecting the distribution and spread of food-borne pathogens, according to a recent study by food scientists from Benha University in Egypt published in Nature . Food-borne pathogens are microorganisms that can cause illness when consumed via food or water sources.

The authors found that changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, shifting consumer behavior, and altered distributions of food-borne pathogens increase exposure risk for humans and animals.

“This study aims to highlight the connections between climate change and public health, raise awareness, promote discussion on effective mitigation strategies, advocate for increased investment in research and the development of local expertise, and promote partnerships between African researchers and international organizations to share knowledge and resources,” Dr. Ahmed Alhussaini Hamad, one of the study’s authors, told Mongabay in an interview by email.

The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 10 people fall ill every year because of eating contaminated food. Contaminated food has been identified as the cause of 600 million food-borne diseases and 420,000 deaths annually, according to the study. Africa alone contributes to 91 million cases of illness and 137,000 deaths annually—over a quarter of all deaths. Among these diseases, diarrheal diseases account for 70 % of the overall burden. The impact of climate change on diarrheal diseases is expected to be more significant in Asia and Africa, Hamad and colleagues state.

An elderly lady receives food supplies from the Red Cross in the drought-affected district Mabalane, Mozambique. Image by Aurélie Marrier d'Unienville / IFRC via Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)

Climate change is also projected to contribute to a surge in the incidence of food-borne illnesses globally, according to the study. For example, an increase in the number and severity of heatwaves, droughts, and heavy precipitation events are all expected to lead to a rise in food-borne pathogens.

This news is especially worrisome for Africa. Low-income countries in Africa are often disproportionately affected by climate change due to their geographic locations, reliance on agriculture, and limited resources for adaptation and mitigation, according to Hamad.

For African countries, Hamad says, “rising numbers of food-borne illnesses can strain already overburdened health systems. And, food contamination can lead to significant financial losses in the agricultural sector.”

The Cameroon example

According to Hamad, five food-borne diseases—Salmonellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Listeriosis, cholera and Aflatoxin Poisoning have a link with climate change. For example, he says that variations in the water temperature and quality affect the vibrio cholerae-bacteria that causes cholera.

In Africa, Cameroon has been grappling with cholera in recent years. A study in Infectious Disease Monitoring indicates that “the absence of water channels in some cities of Cameroon and the presence of garbage everywhere have favored the multiplication of V. cholerae in the environment over time that triggered a new outbreak in 2018.” In July 2018, when the Cameroon government declared a cholera outbreak, 470 cases and 34 deaths were registered. Cameroon has reported 20,649 cases and 484 deaths cumulatively from January 1, 2022, to March 7, 2024.

Dr. Rene Ramses Meyong, a climatologist at the National Climate Change Observatory in Cameroon, told Mongabay that the link between climate change and food-borne diseases is hinged on the mechanisms by which climate affects the reproduction and propagation dynamics of pathogens whether bacteria, viruses, parasites, natural toxins, etc. The epidemiological profile of any disease can be modulated by the dynamics of climate parameters in the short, medium, or long term.

“The work of the observatory has revealed that, since at least 1950, climate disruption has been reflected at the local level by an increase in average temperatures across the five agro-ecological zones, instability in the start and end dates of the seasons, high spatial and temporal variability in rainfall, and an upsurge in extreme weather situations (floods, droughts, etc.). Assuming that the disturbances impact food production, processing, and storage techniques, it is reasonable to assume that a portion of the elevated risk of food-borne illness transmission throughout the nation’s five agroecological zones can be attributed to climate change,” the climatologist says.

The study on climate changes and foodborne pathogens suggests that changes in food production and trade can introduce new sources of contamination. Meyong says it’s realistic to assume climate change is raising the risk of food-borne illnesses in Cameroon given its impact across the country. The climatologist has also linked potential sources of contamination in Cameroon to the overuse of chemicals.

“To meet the growing demand on the consumer market, many actors are forced to use significantly more chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers, etc.) during the manufacturing process, contributing to the rise in anti-microbial resistance,” says Meyong, adding that “chemical exposure can also raise the danger of severe poisoning or the spread of chronic diseases like cancer.”

The climatologist expressed concern about the storage conditions of foodstuffs displayed in some Cameroon markets. “Poor display conditions for foodstuffs, coupled with unfavorable weather conditions, exacerbate the risk of contamination by food-borne bacteria like Vibrio cholerae.”

The study published in Nature in June 2024 recommends monitoring the impact of climate change on food-borne pathogens to develop strategies to mitigate its effects on human health and understand the science behind the link between climate change and food-borne diseases.

Meyong states that the climate observatory already provides national sectors, such as agriculture, livestock, and health with forecast climate information (climatological services) translated into local languages to facilitate monitoring in the context of global warming.

Mitigation strategies

By adopting climate-smart agriculture methods— such as integrating agronomic practices, and conservation agriculture, among others — the study by Egyptian scientists suggests farmers can reduce the impact of climate change on their crops and minimize the likelihood of foodborne pathogen contamination.

Mothers and children wait in Changanine community (Chibuto District), Mozambique to collect their seeds from the Red Cross. The community has been hit very hard by the current drought, many have lost their crops and locals have to walk up to five kilometres to dig for water. Image by Aurélie Marrier d'Unienville / IFRC via Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0).

In addition, mitigation strategies are improving food safety protocols and regulations, enhancing surveillance programs, and investing in research to understand the relationship between climate change and foodborne illness could help mitigate the health impact.

The study further suggests investing in research and innovation that can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of climate change-pathogen interactions and novel solutions for mitigating these effects. This includes developing new technologies and tools for detecting, tracking, and managing food-borne pathogens in a changing environment.

“Little is known to date about the link between the dynamics of climate change, in the context of global warming,… and the incidence of food-borne diseases in Central Africa in general and in Cameroon in particular,” says Meyong. “This is still an area to be explored to provide decision-makers with evidence-based data.”

The study shows that understanding the complex interactions among food systems, pathogen populations, and climate variables is essential for formulating appropriate policies and readiness for public health emergencies, among other challenges.

“Safe food is crucial for maintaining food security and public health. And, empowering countries to develop targeted strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on food safety is crucial,” says Hamad.

Banner image: Mothers and children wait in Changanine community (Chibuto District), Mozambique to collect their seeds from the Red Cross. The community has been hit very hard by the current drought, many have lost their crops and locals have to walk up to five kilometres to dig for water. Image by Aurélie Marrier d’Unienville / IFRC via Flickr ( CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 ).

FEEDBACK: Use this form to send a message to the author of this post. If you want to post a public comment, you can do that at the bottom of the page.

Awad, A. D., Masoud, A. H., Hamad, A. (2024). Climate changes and food-borne pathogens: the impact on human health and mitigation strategy. Climatic Change , 177:92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-024-03748-9 .

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Climate Explained: Introductory Essays About Climate Change Topics

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Climate Explained, a part of Yale Climate Connections, is an essay collection that addresses an array of climate change questions and topics, including why it’s cold outside if global warming is real, how we know that humans are responsible for global warming, and the relationship between climate change and national security.

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Oropouche virus 101: A guide to a little-known virus that's raising concern this year

Fatma Tanis

Maria Isabel Barros Guinle

Light micrograph of the head of a phantom midge larva (Chaoborus sp. ). Note the jaw-like appendages for capturing prey and the gas vesicles (tracheal sacs) used for buoyancy. Also known as the ghost midge or glassworm, the aquatic larval form of this midge is transparent. It preys on waterfleas and other small animals. Magnification: x21 when printed 10 centimetres wide.

A magnification of the head of a midge larva. Midges — biting flies — and mosquitoes are spreading the Oropouche virus in Latin America, which is reporting higher numbers in 2024. Frank Fox/Science Photo Library//Science Source hide caption

The medical journal The Lancet calls it a “mysterious” and “emerging” threat.

PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, has issued an epidemiological alert urging for increased prevention, surveillance and diagnosis.

The subject of these alerts is the Oropouche virus, named after a village in Trinidad where it was first identified in 1955. Like malaria, dengue and Zika, it’s spread by insect bites – mosquitoes as well as midges, biting flies. The symptoms are typical of many viruses and usually last a week: fever, rash, muscle aches, headache.

Here’s what we know about the virus (pronounced o-ro- push ) – and why The Lancet uses those two concerning adjectives.

How do humans catch Oropouche?

Oropouche is harbored in birds, monkeys, rodents and sloths – in fact it’s sometimes called “sloth fever.” It’s an arbovirus like dengue, Zika and Chikungunya – the term refers to any disease caused by insect bites. If a mosquito or a midge – a tiny biting fly – bites an infected critter and then goes for a blood meal from a human, the virus can take root and cause illness.

Where is it “emerging”?

Case counts used to be fairly low and confined to the Amazon Basin – the area around the river, with reports of Oropouche in Brazil, Panama and Peru. But in 2024, case counts, while still dwarfed by viruses like dengue, are definitely up. In Brazil, the number of Oropouche cases has jumped from 832 in 2023 to 7,284 so far in 2024.

And for the first time, there have been reports of Oropouche cases in Bolivia (with 356 cases) and Cuba (with 74 confirmed cases so far). In addition, travelers infected with the virus have been identified in Germany, Italy and Spain, although they are thought to have contracted the virus in Cuba. No local transmission in Europe has occurred.

Why is it popping up in new places?

Climate change seems to be a key culprit, as heavier rainy seasons have led to more mosquitoes and midges. In addition, record rates of felling trees in the Amazon forest have displaced the usual animal targets of mosquitoes and midges, so they’re hungry for humans.

“If there are no monkeys, for example, [the midges] will find another animal to bite,” says Dr. Felipe Gomes Naveca , a public health researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) who works with emergent and re-emerging viruses.

And what makes it mysterious?

Simply put: There’s a lot that researchers don’t know.

There had been no reports of deaths from Oropouche in the last 69 years. But in 2024, two deaths of healthy young women have been confirmed in Brazil with a third death under investigation.

What’s more, there are 8 suspected cases of vertical (mother to fetus) transmissions . Four of the infected babies were born with congenital defects; the other four died.

“Although the disease has historically been described as mild, the geographic spread in transmission and the detection of more severe cases underscore the need for increased surveillance and characterization of possible more severe manifestations,” read PAHO’s statement on August 2.

More severe cases can cause encephalitis and meningitis — inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membrane that can cause it to swell.

How worried should we be?

NPR posed that question to Dr. Tulio de Oliveira , the director for the Center of Epidemic Response and Innovation at Stellenbosch University. He was in Brazil last week talking to public health officials and epidemiologists about Oropouche.

“ The Brazilian public health officials and scientists are, in my humble opinion, the best ones in the world to deal with an arbovirus outbreak,” de Oliveira said. “I didn't see any panic. I saw the opposite. I saw a lot of action happen on the ground to try to understand and try to control these outbreaks so it doesn’t become widespread.”

But other countries that aren’t as used to dealing with a virus like Oropouche may have more difficulty curbing infections. Tulio de Oliveria says there is a potential for this virus to spread around the world.

The death of the two women in Brazil also gives pause to public health researcher Dr. Naveca. He adds that there may be other cases of more severe symptoms from Oropouche that were perhaps attributed to dengue fever.

And how do you know which virus you have? PCR tests for Oropouche are now widely available throughout Brazil, although that wasn’t the case earlier in the year. Naveca's additional concern: There is no vaccine for this virus, and creating one might be challenging because — like the flu — this virus is made up of several parts that can shift. If they do shift, it’s harder to target the virus with a shot.

Dr. de Oliveria, who led the team that first detected the omicron variant of COVID-19 in South Africa, said one big question is the interaction between Oropouche and other viral infections, such as dengue and Zika.

“The answer is that we do not know,” he says, “but what we do know is that many of these pathogens cause the worst clinical outcomes when they come in succession.”

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Peatlands and climate change

Peatlands are a type of wetland which are critical for preventing and mitigating the effects of climate change , preserving biodiversity , minimising flood risk , and ensuring safe drinking water .
Peatlands are the largest natural terrestrial carbon store. They store more carbon than all other vegetation types in the world combined.
Damaged peatlands are a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for almost 5% of global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Peatland restoration can reduce emissions significantly.
Countries should include peatland conservation and restoration in their commitments to international agreements , including the Paris Agreement on climate change.

What is the issue?

Peatlands are a type of wetland which occur in almost every country and are known to cover at least 3% of global land surface . The term ‘peatland’ refers to the peat soil and the wetland habitats growing on the surface.

In peatlands, year-round water-logged conditions slow plant decomposition to such an extent that dead plants accumulate to form peat. This stores the carbon the plants absorbed from the atmosphere within peat soils, providing a net-cooling effect and helping to mitigate the climate crisis .

Peatland landscapes are varied: from temperate blanket mires with open, treeless vegetation such as the Flow Country of Scotland to swamp forests in Southeast Asia. New areas are still being discovered. The world’s largest tropical peatland was identified beneath the forests of the Congo Basin in 2017.

Degradation and overexploitation of peatland landscapes release huge quantities of greenhouse gasses .

This results mainly from a lack of awareness of the benefits of peatlands and includes actions such as: drainage , conversion for agriculture , burning , and mining for fuel. In some regions, up to 80% of peatlands have been damaged.

Why is it important?

Peatlands are significant to global efforts to combat climate change and achieve other Sustainable Development Goals. Their protection and restoration are vital in the transition to a zero-carbon society.

Emissions from drained peatlands are estimated at 1.9 gigatonnes of CO 2e annually. This is equivalent to 5% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions , a disproportionate amount considering damaged peatlands cover just 0.3% of landmass. Fires in Indonesian peat swamp forests in 2015, for example, emitted nearly 16 million tonnes of CO 2 a day; which is more than the entire economy of the United States.

Worldwide, the remaining area of near natural peatland (over 3 million km 2 ) sequesters 0.37 gigatonnes of CO 2 a year . Peat soils contain more than 600 gigatonnes of carbon which represents up to 44% of all soil carbon , and exceeds the carbon stored in all other vegetation types including the world’s forests.

In their natural, wet state, peatlands provide indispensable Nature-based Solutions for adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change, including regulating water flows, minimising the risk of flooding and drought, and preventing seawater intrusion. Wet peatlands lower ambient temperatures in surrounding areas, providing refuge from extreme heat, and are less likely to burn during wildfires. This helps to preserve air quality .

Draining peatlands reduces the quality of drinking water as water becomes polluted with organic carbon and pollutants historically absorbed within peat.

In many parts of the world, peatlands supply food, fibre and other local products that sustain economies . They also preserve important ecological and archaeological information such as pollen records and human artefacts.

Damage to peatlands causes biodiversity loss . For example, the decline of the Bornean orang-utan population by 60% within 60 years is largely attributed to the loss of peat swamp habitat. The species is now listed as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™.

What can be done?

Urgent action worldwide to protect, sustainably manage, and restore peatlands is essential .

This involves stopping degrading activities such as agricultural conversion and drainage, and restoring the waterlogged conditions required for peat formation. Data shows that this is the only land-based option to indefinitely sequester carbon , is cost-effective , and that any emissions from restoration are more than offset in the long-term.

Clear and ambitious targets for the rewetting and restoration of peatlands must be set (such as those in the UK and Association of Southeast Asian Nations country strategies), and peatland protection included in national adaptation plans to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement .

The definition of peatlands varies between countries, and often excludes areas of value to industry. Given the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent biodiversity loss, definitions of peatlands should prioritise conservation, restoration and sustainable management .

Public and private finance must be mobilised to secure peatlands and provide green jobs . Possible instruments include: emissions trading schemes and carbon markets; investment in restoration through payment for ecosystem services (such as clean water and flood protection); environmental bonds; government-backed carbon price guarantees.

The international community , including the UN Environment Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization and Ramsar Convention, have already committed to several goals, resolutions and strategic actions .

These include: assessing the distribution and state of peatlands globally; measuring and reporting emissions from peatlands; protecting and restoring peatlands with targeted investments ; stimulating market-based mechanisms to support peatlands; engaging and supporting local communities to manage peatlands sustainably and overcome associated costs; sharing expertise and experience on peatland conservation, restoration and improved management. These efforts must continue.

IUCN recommends ( WCC 2016 Res 043 ) that peatlands be included alongside forests in all relevant intergovernmental agreements relating to climate change, geodiversity and biodiversity.

IUCN Members also call for a moratorium on peat exploitation until legislation is strengthened to ensure peatlands are managed sustainably.

Emissions from damaged peatlands and carbon savings from peatland restoration are eligible for national accounting under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Governments can therefore include peatland restoration and re-wetting in national climate action plans.

More Information

IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management Peatland Specialist Group: www.iucn.org/commissions/commission-ecosystem-management/our-work/cems-specialist-groups/peatland-ecosystems
IUCN UK National Committee Peatland Programme: www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org
Global Peatlands Initiative: www.globalpeatlands.org
Global Peatland Restoration: Demonstrating Success (IUCN, 2014): portals.iucn.org/library/node/47763

West Africa is characterized by rapid population growth, endemic poverty and poor governance and…

The use of artificial light at night has expanded and intensified over past decades, and recent…

How to cite ChatGPT

Use discount code STYLEBLOG15 for 15% off APA Style print products with free shipping in the United States.

We, the APA Style team, are not robots. We can all pass a CAPTCHA test , and we know our roles in a Turing test . And, like so many nonrobot human beings this year, we’ve spent a fair amount of time reading, learning, and thinking about issues related to large language models, artificial intelligence (AI), AI-generated text, and specifically ChatGPT . We’ve also been gathering opinions and feedback about the use and citation of ChatGPT. Thank you to everyone who has contributed and shared ideas, opinions, research, and feedback.

In this post, I discuss situations where students and researchers use ChatGPT to create text and to facilitate their research, not to write the full text of their paper or manuscript. We know instructors have differing opinions about how or even whether students should use ChatGPT, and we’ll be continuing to collect feedback about instructor and student questions. As always, defer to instructor guidelines when writing student papers. For more about guidelines and policies about student and author use of ChatGPT, see the last section of this post.

Quoting or reproducing the text created by ChatGPT in your paper

If you’ve used ChatGPT or other AI tools in your research, describe how you used the tool in your Method section or in a comparable section of your paper. For literature reviews or other types of essays or response or reaction papers, you might describe how you used the tool in your introduction. In your text, provide the prompt you used and then any portion of the relevant text that was generated in response.

Unfortunately, the results of a ChatGPT “chat” are not retrievable by other readers, and although nonretrievable data or quotations in APA Style papers are usually cited as personal communications , with ChatGPT-generated text there is no person communicating. Quoting ChatGPT’s text from a chat session is therefore more like sharing an algorithm’s output; thus, credit the author of the algorithm with a reference list entry and the corresponding in-text citation.

When prompted with “Is the left brain right brain divide real or a metaphor?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that although the two brain hemispheres are somewhat specialized, “the notation that people can be characterized as ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained’ is considered to be an oversimplification and a popular myth” (OpenAI, 2023).

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat

You may also put the full text of long responses from ChatGPT in an appendix of your paper or in online supplemental materials, so readers have access to the exact text that was generated. It is particularly important to document the exact text created because ChatGPT will generate a unique response in each chat session, even if given the same prompt. If you create appendices or supplemental materials, remember that each should be called out at least once in the body of your APA Style paper.

When given a follow-up prompt of “What is a more accurate representation?” the ChatGPT-generated text indicated that “different brain regions work together to support various cognitive processes” and “the functional specialization of different regions can change in response to experience and environmental factors” (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript).

Creating a reference to ChatGPT or other AI models and software

The in-text citations and references above are adapted from the reference template for software in Section 10.10 of the Publication Manual (American Psychological Association, 2020, Chapter 10). Although here we focus on ChatGPT, because these guidelines are based on the software template, they can be adapted to note the use of other large language models (e.g., Bard), algorithms, and similar software.

The reference and in-text citations for ChatGPT are formatted as follows:

Parenthetical citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
Narrative citation: OpenAI (2023)

Let’s break that reference down and look at the four elements (author, date, title, and source):

Author: The author of the model is OpenAI.

Date: The date is the year of the version you used. Following the template in Section 10.10, you need to include only the year, not the exact date. The version number provides the specific date information a reader might need.

Title: The name of the model is “ChatGPT,” so that serves as the title and is italicized in your reference, as shown in the template. Although OpenAI labels unique iterations (i.e., ChatGPT-3, ChatGPT-4), they are using “ChatGPT” as the general name of the model, with updates identified with version numbers.

The version number is included after the title in parentheses. The format for the version number in ChatGPT references includes the date because that is how OpenAI is labeling the versions. Different large language models or software might use different version numbering; use the version number in the format the author or publisher provides, which may be a numbering system (e.g., Version 2.0) or other methods.

Bracketed text is used in references for additional descriptions when they are needed to help a reader understand what’s being cited. References for a number of common sources, such as journal articles and books, do not include bracketed descriptions, but things outside of the typical peer-reviewed system often do. In the case of a reference for ChatGPT, provide the descriptor “Large language model” in square brackets. OpenAI describes ChatGPT-4 as a “large multimodal model,” so that description may be provided instead if you are using ChatGPT-4. Later versions and software or models from other companies may need different descriptions, based on how the publishers describe the model. The goal of the bracketed text is to briefly describe the kind of model to your reader.

Source: When the publisher name and the author name are the same, do not repeat the publisher name in the source element of the reference, and move directly to the URL. This is the case for ChatGPT. The URL for ChatGPT is https://chat.openai.com/chat . For other models or products for which you may create a reference, use the URL that links as directly as possible to the source (i.e., the page where you can access the model, not the publisher’s homepage).

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This post outlines how to create references for large language model AI tools like ChatGPT and how to present AI-generated text in a paper.

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