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The Impact of Technology on Education: Positive and Negative Effects

Technology has graced our learning institutions for centuries now. Right from the use of radios to incorporation of modern computers, our classrooms will never be the same. Assignments that took hours to grind have been reduced to minutes using edtech such as laptops, spreadsheets, online calculators, integrated apps, etc. Access to learning materials have also improved significantly as colleges embrace cloud storage. Not to mention that lecturers can now deliver lectures from anywhere in the world, reducing geographic limitations. 

While this should be good news to educators and learners, it comes with some drawbacks. In fact, stakeholders in the education sector have remained firmly embroiled in heated debates about the effects of technology on education . Whereas it’s hard to determine the side with more credible arguments, it’s undeniable that edtech has changed the way knowledge is imparted and acquired. And with such massive changes come both positives and negatives. In this short article, we’ll explore the impact of technology on education, covering both the positive and negative outcomes. Read on to learn more.

Impact of Technology on Education: The Digital Divide  

Edtech has done better than bad to our education system. In fact, some people firmly believe that the challenges we’re facing with it today are just bad teething problems. Yet, it’s undeniable that it has magnified the digital divide, exacerbating existing inequalities. This is a major problem in a world where the top one percent own more than 60 percent of the global population combined. So, only a select few fully benefit from edtech. Disparities are based on learners’ socioeconomic background, geographic location, and access to technology. This is worth noting, as it hinders some students’ academic progress and future opportunities. It’s a cruel reality, an impact of technology on education that many fear confronting.  

The Positive Effects of Technology on Education

Even if you’re against edtech, you must, at the very least, acknowledge the positive impact it has had on our education system. There’s just so much to talk about. However, we’ve listed the main advantages below:

Enhanced information access

Some of us started schooling when textbooks were the only access to information. Even so, they were quite rare and only children from privileged families had them. We spent weekends at neighboring estates, sharing a few copies to complete assignments. In fact, some students walked several kilometers to find copies of textbooks. In other cases, we had to stay back at school until quite late, copying the assignments. Colleges filled their libraries with old, irrelevant books, forcing students to fight for the few relevant ones. It was never easy. Then came technology. With just a few clicks, students can now explore a wide range of resources, such as online libraries, journals, educational websites, and multimedia content from any location on earth. All you need is an internet connection and an access device. How cooler can it get!

Improved collaboration 

Collaboration is critical to learning, which explains why most curricula have incorporated activities and exercises for it. Unfortunately, it has never been easy in traditional learning setups. The limited time in school and the many subjects to cover hindered teachers from instituting adequate collaborative activities. The pressure reduced most educators into syllabus covering machines. 

One of the positive effects of technology on education today is that it has changed things for the better. It has expanded the breadth and width of collaboration among stakeholders, i.e., students, teachers, guardians, and parents. They can instantly and seamlessly connect with each other via online platforms, video conferencing tools, and educational apps. You’re no longer alone when stuck with a difficult assignment because you easily reach your tutors, lecturers, and instructors to explain things out. If no one is available, you can collaborate with an expert team of essay writers at CustomWritings that professionally help students with academic writing issues online.

Personalized learning

Have you had the honor of watching the film Slumdog Millionaire 2008 ? If you haven’t, you’re certainly missing out. A masterpiece. A marvelous work of art and entertainment that highlights the struggles of many people who schooled a few decades ago. Forget about India’s high population and poor living standards, most students of the early 1980s confronted crowded and poorly ventilated classes. Teachers never delivered education to suit each student. Instead, they expected each learner to fit, a one system fits all approach. Thanks to edtech, things have gotten better. Adaptive learning software has allowed personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs. A slow learner can go at their own pace as they receive customized learning paths and immediate feedback.    

Improved learning experiences for all

Malik Jamal thrived in the crowded Mumbai classrooms, but others didn’t. Well, we were referring to the film Slumdog Millionaire, again! Many kids struggled. While the case may seem extreme for the US and other western nations, especially in this age, it shows just how our experiences in the classroom can differ. This is especially true for people with disabilities and mental illnesses. Edtech has improved not only their access to education but also learning experiences. Assistive technologies , such as screen readers, speech recognition software, and tactile interfaces, have enabled such students to participate fully in educational activities.

Improved classroom engagement

Can you imagine keeping young learners in a crowded classroom engaged for just one hour? It’s almost impossible, right? Now, that’s what some teachers confront every day! With few teaching aids, making students engaged is a complete nightmare. This is where technology comes in. Most teachers have stopped relying solely on traditional teaching methods and integrated edtech such as multimedia presentations, virtual reality simulations, video games, interactive puzzle games and quizzes to make learning more enjoyable. As a result, some studies have reported increased motivation and deeper understanding and retention of concepts. A win -win situation.

WorkBot AI chatbot can be a game-changer for higher education . Imagine having an intelligent assistant that can answer student queries 24/7, from course details to enrollment processes. It can streamline administrative tasks, freeing up professors to focus on teaching. Additionally, WorkBot can provide personalized learning experiences by adapting to individual student needs. This technology can potentially enhance student engagement and success while increasing efficiency within educational institutions.

The Negative Effects of Technology on Education

Now that we’ve discussed the pros, it’s time to explore the negative effects of technology on education. There’s always a downside to any tech. Below are a few ones derailing the education sector:

Distraction

The presence of tech devices such as laptops, smartphones, tablets, and computers in the classroom can derail some students. Not all learners are equal or the same. So, you’ll always find the ones hooked to social media and online games rather than classwork. They’d rather chat than write their essays.

Erosion of social skills

As we go increasingly online, we limit opportunities for face-to-face interaction. This is the case with edtech. Students are finding it easier and more comfortable chatting online than having face-to-face conversations, which undermines interpersonal skills development. If you can’t communicate well in person, you’re heading in the wrong direction.

Information overload

The internet has opened the door to a whole new world of information that’s hard to process and verify. Even fools can open websites, blogs, and social media pages where they share misinformation. These can be exceedingly difficult for students to discern, leading to confusion and potentially inaccurate learning.

Health implications

Well, too much of anything is dangerous. Having technology in class could lead students into dependency, using their gadgets in all other aspects of life. The consequences could be far-reaching. For instance, studies have linked excessive screen time and poor ergonomic practices to various health implications, including eye strain, musculoskeletal problems, and sedentary behavior.

Academic dishonesty

This is the elephant in the room right now. New technological inventions, especially AI, have had a significant negative impact on academic honesty. Most students no longer do their research. Instead, they rely on ChatGPT, Textero, and other language-based techs to write their papers. This has proven quite problematic for educators.

The Future is EdTech but with a Lease!

Technology has undoubtedly revolutionized our education system for the better. Our children have avoided some many troubles and we were confronted with very little benefits. Edtech is here and it’s going nowhere. We should embrace it and enjoy its benefits. At the same time, we should have measures to minimize, if not eliminate, its disadvantages. As it is said, where there is a will, there is a way. 

The content published on this website is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal, health or other professional advice.

• Academic Collaboration
• Digital Divide
• Negative Effects of Technology
• Online Learning
• Positive Effects of Technology
• Technology in Education

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10 Positive Impacts of Technology on Society You Should Know

Technology 12 Sep 2023 5418 0

In today's rapidly evolving world, technology plays a pivotal role in shaping our daily lives, transforming industries, and driving societal progress. The positive effects of technology on society are undeniable, impacting diverse areas such as healthcare, education, communication, and economic development. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the transformative power of technology, examining ten key ways it has improved our lives, backed by statistics, real-world examples, and ethical considerations.

1. Healthcare Revolution

Enhancing patient care with technology.

The integration of technology into healthcare has revolutionized patient care. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have streamlined medical data management, reducing errors and improving treatment outcomes. Telemedicine has made healthcare accessible, particularly in remote areas, ensuring timely consultations and reducing travel time. According to the World Health Organization, telehealth has improved healthcare access for over 70% of the global population.

AI and Diagnostics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has taken diagnostics to new heights. AI-powered systems can analyze medical images, detect anomalies, and predict diseases with remarkable accuracy. Case in point, Google's DeepMind used AI to predict the development of acute kidney injury up to 48 hours before it occurred, potentially saving lives.

2. Educational Transformation

Personalized learning.

Technology has reshaped education, enabling personalized learning experiences. Adaptive learning platforms use data analytics to tailor lessons to individual student needs, enhancing comprehension and engagement. A study by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation found that personalized learning improves student outcomes, with 60% of students demonstrating mastery of the subject.

Global Access to Education

Online education platforms have democratized education, making it accessible worldwide. Coursera, edX, and Khan Academy offer courses from top universities, reaching millions of learners globally. This has led to an increase in educational attainment, particularly in underserved regions.

3. Communication Revolution

Instantaneous global connectivity.

The advent of the internet and smartphones has transformed communication. Instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media have connected people worldwide, fostering global collaboration and understanding. Statista reports that there were 4.48 billion social media users in 2021, highlighting the widespread impact of digital communication.

Breaking Down Language Barriers

Translation technologies, such as Google Translate, have transcended language barriers, facilitating cross-cultural communication. This technology has not only improved global business relations but has also bridged the gap for international friendships and collaborations.

4. Economic Growth and Innovation

Startups and innovation.

Technology has paved the way for innovative startups to disrupt traditional industries. Companies like Airbnb, Uber, and SpaceX have reshaped the hospitality, transportation, and aerospace sectors, respectively. According to CB Insights, technology-driven startups received $156.2 billion in funding in 2021.

Boosting GDP

The tech industry contributes significantly to economic growth. A report by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) states that the digital economy contributed 6.9 trillion USD to the global GDP in 2019, demonstrating technology's role in driving prosperity.

5. Environmental Sustainability

Green technologies.

Technology has enabled the development of eco-friendly solutions, mitigating the environmental impact of human activities. Electric vehicles (EVs), solar panels, and smart grids have reduced carbon emissions. Tesla's electric vehicles, for example, have accelerated the adoption of sustainable transportation.

Data-Driven Conservation

Data analytics and remote sensing technologies aid in wildlife conservation. Researchers can track animal populations, monitor deforestation, and combat poaching using satellite data and machine learning algorithms.

6. Enhanced Accessibility

Assistive technologies.

Technology has significantly improved accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Screen readers, speech recognition software, and braille displays have empowered differently-abled individuals in education and the workplace. The World Health Organization estimates that over a billion people live with some form of disability, and technology plays a crucial role in enhancing their quality of life.

Smart Cities

Urban areas are becoming smarter and more accessible with technology-driven innovations. Smart traffic management systems, accessible public transportation, and smartphone apps for navigating cities have made urban life easier for everyone.

7. Research and Innovation Acceleration

Collaborative research.

Technology facilitates global collaboration among researchers. Shared databases, cloud-based tools, and virtual conferences have accelerated the pace of scientific discovery. The Human Genome Project, a prime example of international collaboration, was completed ahead of schedule due to advanced data-sharing technologies.

Drug Discovery

In pharmaceuticals, technology expedites drug discovery. High-throughput screening, molecular modeling, and AI-driven drug design have reduced the time and cost of developing new medications. The COVID-19 vaccine development, which occurred within a year, showcases the potential of technology in healthcare.

8. Improved Safety and Security

Crime prevention.

Technological advancements have bolstered security measures. AI-driven surveillance systems can detect suspicious activities and prevent crimes. The presence of security cameras in public places has acted as a deterrent, reducing criminal incidents.

Disaster Management

Technology aids in disaster management, from early warning systems to post-disaster relief efforts. Weather satellites, predictive modeling, and communication networks improve disaster preparedness and response. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction emphasizes the role of technology in reducing disaster-related casualties.

9. Quality of Life Enhancement

Smart home technologies.

Smart home devices have made daily life more convenient and efficient. Voice-activated assistants, automated thermostats, and security systems enhance home management. Research from Statista predicts that the global smart home market will reach $135 billion by 2030.

Health and Wellness Apps

Health and wellness apps empower individuals to take control of their well-being. From fitness tracking to mental health support, these apps promote a healthier lifestyle. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of telehealth and wellness apps, leading to better self-care.

10. Ethical Considerations and Challenges

Privacy concerns.

The collection and use of personal data raise concerns about privacy. The Cambridge Analytica scandal highlighted the need for robust data protection laws. Striking a balance between data-driven innovation and individual privacy remains a challenge.

Job Displacement

Automation and AI can displace certain jobs, causing employment concerns. However, they also create new job opportunities in technology-related fields. Reskilling and upskilling initiatives are essential to mitigate job displacement effects.

Summary and Conclusion

Technology's positive effects on society are vast and far-reaching, touching nearly every aspect of our lives. From healthcare advancements that save lives to educational innovations that empower learners, technology has reshaped our world for the better. As we continue to embrace technological progress, it is crucial to address the ethical considerations and challenges that arise. By harnessing the power of technology responsibly and inclusively, we can create a brighter and more equitable future for all.

In conclusion, the benefits of technology on society are undeniable, and as we move forward, let us be mindful of the responsibility that comes with this transformative power. As technology continues to evolve, we must ensure that its positive impacts continue to outweigh any potential drawbacks, thereby fostering a society that thrives in the digital age.

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How Has Technology Changed Education?

Technology has impacted almost every aspect of life today, and education is no exception. Or is it? In some ways, education seems much the same as it has been for many years. A 14th century illustration by Laurentius de Voltolina depicts a university lecture in medieval Italy. The scene is easily recognizable because of its parallels to the modern day. The teacher lectures from a podium at the front of the room while the students sit in rows and listen. Some of the students have books open in front of them and appear to be following along. A few look bored. Some are talking to their neighbors. One appears to be sleeping. Classrooms today do not look much different, though you might find modern students looking at their laptops, tablets, or smart phones instead of books (though probably open to Facebook). A cynic would say that technology has done nothing to change education.

However, in many ways, technology has profoundly changed education. For one, technology has greatly expanded access to education. In medieval times, books were rare and only an elite few had access to educational opportunities. Individuals had to travel to centers of learning to get an education. Today, massive amounts of information (books, audio, images, videos) are available at one’s fingertips through the Internet, and opportunities for formal learning are available online worldwide through the Khan Academy, MOOCs, podcasts, traditional online degree programs, and more. Access to learning opportunities today is unprecedented in scope thanks to technology.

Opportunities for communication and collaboration have also been expanded by technology. Traditionally, classrooms have been relatively isolated, and collaboration has been limited to other students in the same classroom or building. Today, technology enables forms of communication and collaboration undreamt of in the past. Students in a classroom in the rural U.S., for example, can learn about the Arctic by following the expedition of a team of scientists in the region, read scientists’ blog posting, view photos, e-mail questions to the scientists, and even talk live with the scientists via a videoconference. Students can share what they are learning with students in other classrooms in other states who are tracking the same expedition. Students can collaborate on group projects using technology-based tools such as wikis and Google docs. The walls of the classrooms are no longer a barrier as technology enables new ways of learning, communicating, and working collaboratively.

Technology has also begun to change the roles of teachers and learners. In the traditional classroom, such as what we see depicted in de Voltolina’s illustration, the teacher is the primary source of information, and the learners passively receive it. This model of the teacher as the “sage on the stage” has been in education for a long time, and it is still very much in evidence today. However, because of the access to information and educational opportunity that technology has enabled, in many classrooms today we see the teacher’s role shifting to the “guide on the side” as students take more responsibility for their own learning using technology to gather relevant information. Schools and universities across the country are beginning to redesign learning spaces to enable this new model of education, foster more interaction and small group work, and use technology as an enabler.

Technology is a powerful tool that can support and transform education in many ways, from making it easier for teachers to create instructional materials to enabling new ways for people to learn and work together. With the worldwide reach of the Internet and the ubiquity of smart devices that can connect to it, a new age of anytime anywhere education is dawning. It will be up to instructional designers and educational technologies to make the most of the opportunities provided by technology to change education so that effective and efficient education is available to everyone everywhere.

You can help shape the influence of technology in education with an Online Master of Science in Education in Learning Design and Technology from Purdue University Online. This accredited program offers studies in exciting new technologies that are shaping education and offers students the opportunity to take part in the future of innovation.

Learn more about the online MSEd in Learning Design and Technology at Purdue University today and help redefine the way in which individuals learn. Call (877) 497-5851 to speak with an admissions advisor or to request more information.

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Home / Blog

Children and Technology: Positive and Negative Effects

January 18, 2022 

Tables of Contents

Evolution of Children’s Use of Technology

Positive and negative effects of technology on children, technology and children statistics, technology and social interaction in children, ensuring safe and nurturing digital environments for children.

Imagine spending a year or more of your childhood almost entirely at home: no time in a classroom, no chance to join friends on the playground, and very few opportunities to enjoy favorite pastimes and experience new places, people, and activities.

The worldwide lockdowns that helped limit the spread of the coronavirus created a kind of twilight zone for children that put much of their environment off-limits and kept them separated from everyone but their immediate families. However, not all was lost. What vestiges of their pre-COVID life children were able to maintain were made possible by a range of technologies that kept them learning, interacting with friends, and entertained.

The growing presence of technology in children’s lives, from their first year through their teens, is a double-edged sword. While technologies are neutral, how they are applied and how children are exposed to them can be either positive or negative.

The impact of children and technology becomes increasingly difficult to gauge as the pace of technological innovation speeds up. This guide presents a snapshot of the many roles that technology products and services play in the lives of children. It balances the pluses and minuses of the effects of technology use by children on their development, social interactions, and prospects for the future.

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From the earliest electric model trains in the early 20th century through the first home video game systems and remote-controlled toys, children’s introduction to technology has been through their toys. What were marvels of technology three, two, or even one generation ago seem almost quaint by today’s standards. However, the progress from Pong to Oculus virtual reality games occurred in a relatively brief period of time.

Early Examples of Children and Technology

Children have been interacting with digital technology since the earliest days of the PC revolution . One of the first electronic educational toys was Texas Instruments’ Speak & Spell, which was released in the late 1970s. This relatively simple device was a precursor to the first PCs designed for children in the 1980s. It also presaged the growth of computer-assisted instruction hardware and software in the pre-World Wide Web era.

• The first Speak & Spell toys debuted in 1978 to teach children ages 7 and older how to pronounce and spell 200 commonly misspelled words. It relied on electronic speech synthesis and bubble memory (a precursor to RAM) and was the first such product to use solid-state circuitry to replace all moving parts.
• While Magnavox’s Odyssey was the first gaming console upon its release in 1972, the device was soon eclipsed by the home version of Atari’s Pong arcade video game, which began shipping in 1975. This was followed by the Atari 2600 game console in 1977 and similar devices from Nintendo, Mattel, and Coleco, among other vendors. Sega and Nintendo came to dominate the home video market through the 1980s, along with Commodore, Atari, and Sony’s PlayStation, which was released in 1994.

Evolution of Technology Designed to Educate and Entertain Children

The arrival of the World Wide Web in the mid-1990s changed that nature of tech toys and education hardware and software. Smart Toy Lab , an Intel and Mattel joint venture launched in 1998, developed the first web-connected interactive toys, or “smart toys.” Among the first toys the lab developed were the QX3 Microscope, which featured a built-in video camera that sent images to a PC via a USB link, and the Me2Cam, which let children play interactive games using gestures to move “objects” on the screen.

Some early internet-connected toys and educational devices were criticized for violating children’s privacy by collecting personal information without parental consent. For example, Hello Barbie was released in 2015 and featured a built-in microphone and voice recognition software, as well as a Wi-Fi connection. The doll’s call-and-response function was a precursor to Amazon’s Alexa/Echo and Apple’s Siri voice assistants. However, hackers soon figured out how to break into the toy’s system and access users’ private information.

Today many children — from toddlers to teenagers — regularly use tablets, smartphones, and virtual environments for entertainment and educational purposes. Pandemic-related restrictions have increased children’s reliance on these and other technologies to connect with the outside world. With increased use of these products comes heightened prospects of damage and abuse:

• A recent study published in Children and Youth Services Review identified problematic smartphone use (present in 16.4% of high school students surveyed), daytime sleepiness (20.2%), and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (6.9%) as spiking during pandemic lockdowns.
• A study published in the Italian Journal of Pediatrics found that 66.3% of the children and adolescents surveyed used their smartphone for more than four hours a day during the pandemic, compared with 16.3% who did so before the pandemic. In addition, 56% of the children and adolescents surveyed used their smartphone after midnight at least three times each week, compared with 30.4% before the pandemic.

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The shutdown of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic brought the damaging effect of the digital divide between rich and poor families into sharp focus. Pew Research Center data shows that the “homework gap” created by remote learning affected low-income families more than middle- and upper-income families. K-12 students who ever had to do schoolwork on a cellphone: lower income: 37%; middle income: 24%; upper income: 16%. K-12 students who ever lacked access to a home computer to complete schoolwork: lower income: 25%; middle income: 15%; upper income: 2%. K-12 students who ever relied on public Wi-Fi to complete schoolwork: lower income: 23%; middle income: 11%; upper income: 4%.

Children can benefit from technology by gaining new learning opportunities; it’s especially important for children who are physically or developmentally challenged. However, technology use has also been found to contribute to poor self-esteem and isolation in some children. As digital technologies become more ubiquitous, parents struggle to find the optimum amount of technology for their children’s lives.

Positive Effects of Technology on Children

All the “rules” about children’s access to computers and the internet were rewritten by the COVID-19 pandemic , according to parenting expert Anya Kamenetz. Technology provides children with easy access to information and boosts their creativity. Tech hardware and software helps children develop social skills and introduces them to various arts and sciences.

These are among the less obvious positive effects of technology on children:

• Technology allows children to connect with their family, friends, and others in ways that enrich their relationships, especially when using video chat and other real-time interactions.
• Parents and caregivers are learning to slow down and tone down the applications, games, and other content children use to avoid overloading their senses. This teaches children how to moderate their own use of technology.
• Rather than trying to eliminate all risk to children when using technology, the goal should be reducing the risk and adapting when problems arise, such as preventing children from accessing devices at specific times of the day.

Many parents hesitate to allow their preschool-age children to use technology products and services due to concerns about how it’ll impact their well-being and development. However, the children are surrounded by technology, much of which offers them significant benefits , as BSD Education explains:

• Technology helps children become independent learners more quickly. Once they learn how to access digital information sources safely, they’re able to explore the topics that interest them on their own.
• Children learn the importance of building communities and how to interact with people in social situations. When circumstances prevent children from establishing physical bonds with family members, friends, and others, they’re able to use technology to create “virtual bonds.”
• Early access to technology teaches the digital literacy skills that children will need for their future success in school and as adults.
• Many technology products promote hand-eye coordination in young children, while others focus on developing their language and problem-solving skills.

Negative Effects of Technology on Children

Children are especially susceptible to technology overuse. The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends limiting the use of technology to one hour per day of high-quality programming for children ages 2 to 5. For children ages 6 and up, it’s most important to set consistent limits on various types of media, such as gaming devices and smartphones.

APA suggests that parents focus on the content on children’s screens and how the children are interacting with it. A survey of research on the possible negative effects of technology on children establishes a connection between the level of a child’s use of technology and various developmental and behavior problems.

• Lack of attention, aggressive behaviors, obesity, physical inactivity, sleep problems
• Musculoskeletal problems related to a sedentary lifestyle
• Greater risk of lifetime obesity and cardiovascular disease
• Sleep disturbances and poor-quality sleep for children who overuse social media or keep mobile devices in their bedroom

These are among the negative effects of technology on children:

• Exposure to harmful online content and sexual exploitation: A study by Irish researchers found that children of all ages are able to bypass the age verification systems of social media apps, such as Snapchat, TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook. This can bring children into direct contact with potential predators and other dangers.
• Cyber bullying: The Cyberbullying Research Center reports that incidents of cyber bullying are most prevalent at ages 12 to 15. A recent survey by the center of 13- to 17-year-olds found that 23.7% of girls, 21.9% of boys, and 35.4% of transgender teens had experienced being bullied.
• Low self-esteem and increased anxiety: CNN reports that teens and adolescents are using image filters on Instagram to enhance their appearance even though the result looks nothing like them. “Self-esteem addiction” can make young people feel inadequate. As children spend more time on social media, they may become withdrawn or find themselves obsessively checking their social media feeds.

Resources on Ways Children Are Affected by Technology

• The Register, “Technology Does Widen the Education Divide. But Not Always in the Way You Expect” — One educator found that upon returning from online education during lockdown, children had turned away from technology, preferring real books and nontech activities because tech is no longer seen as “fun.”
• Edutopia, “Helping Parents Feel More Comfortable with Tech” — Advice for teachers about how to convince parents to support technology in the classroom.
• UNICEF, “Harnessing the Power of Technology and Digital Innovation for Children” — A report describing the initiatives and successes of the Digital UNICEF 2020 program, which is intended to extend the reach of UNICEF’s aid efforts.

When it comes to children’s access to technology, the digital divide between rich and poor persists. The increased reliance of children on technology for remote schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic adds a new and dangerous dimension to the problem, which some analysts refer to as the “ homework gap .”

• A survey by Common Sense Media found that 49% of 8- to 18-year-olds in the U.S. had attended classes fully or partially online since the start of the pandemic.
• Hispanic/Latinx students (48%) and Black students (39%) were much more likely than their white counterparts (20%) to attend school fully online.
• Similarly, students from low-income families (42%) were more likely to rely completely on online instruction than those from middle-income and high-income families (31% and 27%, respectively).
• While 92% of white students had a computer at home, only 87% of Hispanic/Latinx students and 78% of Black students did.
• Broadband access at home was available to 90% of students from families with high incomes, compared with 80% for middle-income families and 61% for lower-income families.
• In addition, 88% of white families had broadband access at home, while 76% of Black families and 68% of Hispanic/Latinx families had broadband access at home.

Common Sense Media estimates that closing the digital divide for K-12 public school students will cost between $6 billion and $11 billion in the first year, and between $4 billion and $8 billion annually in subsequent years. An additional $1 billion will be required to upgrade the remote access technologies that teachers use.

In 2020, TikTok surpassed YouTube to become the most frequently used app by teens and preteens in the U.S., according to MMGuardian. 1. TikTok: average daily usage, 105.1 minutes; % of children who use it, 32%. 2. YouTube: average daily usage, 102.6 minutes; % of children who use it, 69.7%. 3. Roblox: average daily usage, 90 minutes; % of children who use it, 24%. 4. Amino: average daily usage, 89.5 minutes; % of children who use it, 1.18%. 5. Avakin Life: average daily usage, 86.6 minutes; % of children who use it, 1.32%. 6. YouTube Kids: average daily usage, 85.8 minutes; % of children who use it, 6.9%. 7. Wattpad: average daily usage, 80.6 minutes; % of children who use it, 2.9%. 8. Netflix: average daily usage, 80.6 minutes; % of children who use it, 27.4%. 9. IMVU: average daily usage, 72.8 minutes; % of children who use it, 1.3%. 10. Hulu: average daily usage, 71 minutes; % of children who use it, 9.2%.

Statistics on Children’s Online Activities

The most common activity for children online is accessing software, audio, and video content (44% of children had done so between March 2020 and April 2021). The next most popular activities are using internet-based communications (22%); playing video games (14%); accessing online stores, banks, or payment systems (13%); and reading news media (4%).

A study by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children’s learning and development determined that children lost learning opportunities at home and in preschool programs. This resulted in “unusually high” rates of socio-emotional and mental health problems in children as reported by their parents.

• Twenty-two percent of 4- to 7-year-olds had high levels of conduct problems in the fall of 2020, compared with 11% who did so in a survey conducted before the pandemic.
• Higher levels of hyperactivity (15% vs. 10%), peer problems (17% vs. 9%), lack of prosocial behavior (20% vs. 8%), and total difficulties (15% vs. 8%) were also recorded among 4- to 7-year-olds during the pandemic.

How Children’s Screen Time Correlates to Their Mental and Physical Health

A primary concern among parents about their children’s use of technology is the amount of time children spend in front of a television, computer, smartphone, or another screen. Researchers have established a link between the amount of time adolescents spend in front of a screen , their level of moderate or vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and the amount of sleep they get.

• Screen time involves sedentary activities that detract from MVPA and delay bedtime and that interrupt sleep with digital notifications.
• The result is an increased risk of children becoming overweight or obese, as well as more sleepiness during the day and lower academic achievement.
• While most of the 13- and 14-year-olds in the study met the recommendations for total screen time (less than two hours per day) and MVPA (at least one hour per day), only half met the recommendation for sleep (8.5 hours per night). Meeting the recommendation for screen time and one of the other two factors led to better academic outcomes.

Some research into the connection between children’s screen time and their psychological well-being has been brought into question because of discrepancies between actual and reported use of digital media by children. A recent meta-analysis of research on the impact of screen time on children found either no significant impact or only a moderate impact. More indicative of potential psychological or developmental problems in children than overall screen time is the type of content that children view and interact with.

However, studies have established a link between excessive screen time and children’s levels of attention deficit symptoms; impaired emotional and social intelligence; social isolation; phantom vibration syndrome; and diagnosable mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, and technology addiction.

Finding the Right Amount of Time Online for Children

Many activities that benefit children can become dangerous if used too much. During the pandemic, the time that adolescents spent in front of a screen nearly doubled, according to a study published in JAMA Pediatrics . Adolescents were spending an average of 7.7 hours a day in front of a screen early in the pandemic, compared with 3.8 hours per day before the pandemic. Indications are that the elevated level of screen time will persist.

Determining the optimal amount of screen time for children has become challenging for parents because of the potential problems arising related to children’s vision, posture, and other physical development concerns. While the standard recommendation of experts remains that children under the age of 8 spend less than two hours per day in front of a screen, many factors must be considered when setting a limit for children:

• Allow more screen time for positive educational activities.
• Encourage children to take breaks from the screen that involve outdoor activities.
• Avoid using screens as “babysitters” that keep children occupied. Find other nonscreen activities, such as creative toys, coloring books, and storybooks.
• Don’t let children’s use of electronics cut into their sleep time.
• Make sure that children take short breaks from the screen every 20 minutes or so to protect their vision.
• Check the area of the screen activity to ensure that the lighting is neither too dark nor too bright.

Tech Companies’ Growing Impact on Children

After pressure from government regulators, Facebook shelved its plans to develop a version of Instagram called Instagram Kids that targeted children under the age of 13, as The New York Times reports. In 2019, YouTube paid $170 million to settle claims that it targeted children under the age of 13 in its advertising and collected personal information about them.

These are just two of the many examples of giant tech companies targeting children to meet their need for continuous growth. In the absence of federal privacy laws, companies such as Google (which owns YouTube), Facebook (now known as Meta), Amazon, and TikTok are left to self-regulate their privacy and other policies.

• The Verge reports that Facebook is exploring the use of playdates to spur children to use its Messenger Kids application.
• According to Reuters, attorneys general of several states are investigating Instagram for its attempts to attract young children in violation of consumer protection laws.
• YouTube is being sued in the U.K. over alleged violations of children’s privacy and data rights, according to Tech Monitor.
• A recent survey by Accountable Tech found that 74% of parents believe that Facebook cares more about profits than about keeping their children safe on the site.

Parents, educators, and regulators are also concerned about the safety of educational technology platforms that use machine learning and other artificial intelligence technologies to harvest massive amounts of data about children. Many fear that ubiquitous surveillance will lead to behavioral control and potentially a total loss of privacy for children. They’re calling for more accountability from such platforms, as well as legislation that guarantees children’s “right to future tense.”

Resources Providing Statistics on Children and Technology

• International Central Institute for Youth and Educational Television, International Data Youth and Media 2021 — Statistics on the types of technologies that children use in countries around the world, as well as daily use of media by children in various age groups.
• Family Online Safety Institute, “Healthy Screen Time: Mobile Technology’s Relationship with Children’s Exercise” — A study reporting a sharp decrease in the amount of time children spend playing outdoors and the growing reliance on applications that entail physical activity, such as Nintendo’s Wii console.

Half of children ages 10 to 12 and one-third ages 7 to 9 use social media, according to a recent Mott poll of parents with children ages 7 to 12. Parents identified the areas of children’s social media use that they struggle to control; for instance, one in six parents don’t use parental controls. Additionally, 39% of parents don’t have time to monitor their children’s social media use, 21% of parents can’t find information to set up monitoring, and 32% of children find ways to circumvent parental controls.

The lockdowns deprived young children of opportunities to develop social skills by interacting with other children. As a result, educators report that some children returning to school are struggling with classroom routine. However, the pandemic has disrupted the lives of many families of students and teachers.

• Some children are experiencing anxiety in the classroom that may relate to separation anxiety after spending a prolonged period with family.
• While most students readjust quickly to their school routine, those who’ve experienced trauma at home are most likely to struggle in school. This is especially true for children in kindergarten and first grade.
• Children are showing their resilience in adapting quickly to masking and social distancing requirements.

Research presented at a recent conference of the Society of Neuroscience indicates that isolation in adolescents can change the development of the brain systems related to fear, risk and reward, and social recognition. This may make it more difficult for them to distinguish friendly behavior from threatening behavior in their peers, for example.

A good way to break feelings of social isolation that developed as a result of the pandemic is to increase the amount of school time devoted to physical activities.

Child Development and Technology

Researchers are studying how the way young children play with technology compares with the way they play with real-world toys. They’ve found that all the types of play in the nondigital environment are present in the digital realm as well.

• Digital play develops a range of abilities in children, including subject knowledge and understanding; digital skills; and skills related to social, emotional, cognitive, and creative development.
• Because digital and physical play are intermixed in children’s lives, it’s more appropriate to look at play holistically.

Most research on children and technology relates to children ages 9 to 16, but interactions with technology may have a greater impact on the development of children ages 3 to 8. Digital education for young children increasingly takes the form of applications running on tablets and smartphones, language development applications, and physical coordination from manipulating game controls and videos that teach dancing and other activities.

Since the advent of Apple’s iPad in 2010, computer use by young children has skyrocketed , especially as teaching philosophies focus on play activities over traditional classes and formal teaching. Some schools now test each child’s digital skills and teach children digital competence, such as knowing when and why digital tools are used.

One approach to understanding the complexity of technology’s impact on children is the domestication theory that compares the introduction of digital tools into society to the process of taming a wild animal. The four phases of the domestication process render the tools nonthreatening and also make them useful, important, and meaningful.

• Appropriation is the reason for acquiring the digital tool.
• Objectification of the digital tool instills a personal meaning for the tool in the child using it.
• Incorporation describes how the digital tool becomes a part of the child’s life. It also explains appropriate and inappropriate uses of the tool.
• Conversion occurs when the digital tool has redefined the child’s worldview and relations with others.

Resources on the Impact of Technology on Children’s Development and Social Interactions

• Early Childhood Education Journal, “Investigating Young Children’s Interactions During Digital Play” — Research into children’s social behaviors within digital play environments found that adding a social dimension increased a child’s engagement in the activity.
• OECD iLibrary, “Children and Digital Technologies: Trends and Outcomes” — Topics include use of social robots to help treat children with chronic diseases and the impact of digital technologies on children’s physical health.

Technological advances happen so quickly that parents and educators don’t have much opportunity to consider how children’s growth and well-being may be improved or impaired by the types of technologies they interact with and the ways in which those interactions occur. However, technology continues to play a more important part of the lives of most children when they’re in school, at home, and at play. The judicious application of technology will enhance a child’s education and other aspects of life.

Infographic Sources

Associated Press, “TikTok Is Now the Most-Used App by Teens and Pre-teens in the U.S.”

Mott Poll Report, “Sharing too Soon? Children and Social Media Apps”

Pew Research Center, “The Internet and the Pandemic”

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How Technology Can Be Part of a Happy Life

Zoom Fatigue. Distraction. Burnout. For many of us, digital overwhelm is all around. The pressures of remote work are all too familiar.

When we think about how to solve these problems, conversations inevitably turn to disengaging from technology: limiting screen time, deleting apps, taking breaks from social media. But what if we approached these issues in a different way, thinking about how to create well-being while using technology? 

Over the past two years, the Digital Wellness Institute (which I cofounded) has partnered with a team of international researchers to study digital wellness . Digital wellness reflects the increasing need for more balance in how digital technologies are integrated into every aspect of human life. When you are digitally well, you can:

• Find focus and flow in work
• Live in harmony with both your physical and digital environments
• Connect in meaningful ways with others
• Enjoy strong relationships online and offline
• Build healthy physical and digital practices
• Embrace mindfulness and self-care through intentional technology use
• Understand how to manage your digital data and privacy
• Contribute to a positive digital community in your networks

When we think about technology this way, we can come up with more creative and realistic ways to pursue happiness in a digital world that go beyond decreasing how much time we spend online.

Assessing your digital wellness

How do you know if you are digitally flourishing? 

Assessing your digital wellness is not just a matter of adding up screen time; rather, it’s a holistic assessment that takes into consideration numerous factors. These include feelings of angst around constant connectivity, digital overwhelm, and computer-induced aches and pains, as well as positive emotions and experiences we might have around technology, like savoring pleasant experiences, connecting with others, and a sense of self-efficacy.

Finding this healthy balance for living with technology involves:

• Reflecting upon how, when, where, and how often we use our digital technologies.
• Examining what we pay attention to and the quality of that attention when we do.
• Aligning how we use our digital technologies with our values and motivations.

Our research at the Digital Wellness Institute has aimed to identify the components of digital wellness and figure out how to measure it. Building on Margaret Swarbrick’s research on the  eight dimensions of wellness , our team created a picture of what it would look like to flourish in the digital era across dimensions of life, including productivity, the environment, communication, relationships, mental health, physical health, the quantified self, and digital citizenship. We then partnered with 18 leading experts around the globe (including Harvard instructor Heidi Hana, New York Times bestselling author Nir Eyal , and adolescent medicine specialist Doctor Bobo) to survey research and develop actionable recommendations for each domain. 

This framework can help you identify potential areas of weakness and pathways to improving your wellness over time. For instance, perhaps you have been working long hours to complete a big project at work. Your productivity might be thriving, but your relationships or mental health might be lagging. By identifying this need, you can recalibrate in real time by leaning into more self-care or social support.

To identify your own target areas for growth, you can take our free Digital Flourishing survey .

How to boost your digital wellness

Once you have identified areas in which you want to improve, it’s time to make some changes to create a more positive digital culture in your life. Here are a few strategies to help you digitally flourish.

Productivity. Digital productivity requires us to minimize distractions, enhance our focus, and find work-life balance. If you’re working on a task and you stop to look at your phone, for example, it takes just two seconds to read a text message—but it makes you twice as likely to make an error on what you’re doing. Worse yet, it takes you an average of 11 minutes to get back into flow with your previous task. Minimize distractions by turning off any notifications on your phone from non-humans (for example, sports, stocks, news alerts, game prompts).

Environment. Having organized, comfortable spaces—both physical and digital—is important to our mental and physical health. Chaos in your home or work environment invites distraction into your life. To proactively set yourself up for success, establish some digital boundaries that work for you and clearly communicate them to family members and work contacts (for example, no work communication after a certain time in the day or week, specific locations where you will not engage in work-related tasks). Consider posting a list of your digital boundaries somewhere visible, both for others and for personal accountability.

Communication. Technology multiples our possibilities for social interaction but also brings with it new challenges. Have you ever been phubbed (phone-snubbed) by someone who interrupted an important conversation with you to check an incoming text? If so, brainstorm a nice way to signal how you feel about being phubbed. Humor is a wonderful way to disarm others but still get your point across. You could casually joke, “Did you just phub me?! You know, phone-snub me?” However, be prepared that, if you are going to hold others accountable, you might be held accountable, too!

Relationships. Social media can be the source of much angst and social comparison, particularly when relationships are shallow or flippant. Rather than focusing on the quantity of relationships, hone in on the quality of your connections online. Unfollow unnecessary people or groups who are not adding meaning to your life.

Mental health. Whether a certain technology enhances or detracts from our life is often dependent on how we use it . The temptation to endlessly scroll on social media or on news sites can be high, particularly when your brainpower is low (like late at night when you are already tired). Take a few minutes first thing in the morning to write down your intentions for the day. Consider including an intention for how long you want to be online, and use your screen-time settings to hold yourself to your limits.



Physical health. Connected device usage has increased 46% since the start of COVID, and, as a result, back aches and neck pain have risen by 50%. Pay attention to your posture when you are sitting at your desk and make sure that your screen is at a height level with your eyes to avoid squinting and hunching.

Quantified self. The “quantified self” is a method of seeking to understand yourself through technology, using sensors like wearables (think smart watches) or data trackers (like apps) to optimize health. While this concept sounds new, health providers have been tracking metrics like blood pressure, heart rate, and calories for decades; the quantified self movement simply empowers individuals to track and make sense of their own data. To try out this approach, pick one behavior to track (like step count) and focus on optimizing that one metric. Set a goal for yourself and celebrate when you achieve it!

Digital citizenship. Having a healthy online civic life means building competency in civil discourse, culturally sensitive communication, online etiquette, and information processing. A person with a high digital citizenship orientation knows about data privacy and its implications for the individual and society, is aware of how their online communication can affect others, has tools at hand to evaluate information obtained from the internet as truthful or biased, and understands how to communicate to different audiences in a way that is sensitive to diversity and inclusion. One of the best ways to gain awareness of your digital footprint in the world is to do a Google “selfie” to see what information about yourself is publicly available. Remove any online information that you no longer wish to share (check whitepages.com to see what might be listed publicly).

Digital Wellness Institute

Want to delve deeper? This 10-week certification program is designed to equip leaders and practitioners with research-based tools and strategies to foster digital flourishing.

These suggestions are just a starting place for boosting wellness in the digital era; to learn more strategies, consider enrolling in a program or course online. The ones that I’ve been involved in include the Digital Wellness 101 course co-created by PowerEd and Athabasca University and the Digital Wellness Institute’s 10-week certification program designed for coaches, learning officers, and educators.

While we know that technology will continue to be an integral and ever-present part of our everyday lives, we do have some control over how we use it to digitally flourish, rather than flail in the midst of distraction. By cultivating our own digital wellness, we can leverage technology for its best and highest purposes and begin to shape the future with the choices that we make today.

About the Author

Amy Blankson

Amy Blankson explores the modern challenges of finding balance in the digital era. A graduate of Harvard and Yale School of Management, Blankson is the cofounder of the Digital Wellness Institute and the bestselling author of The Future of Happiness: 5 Modern Strategies for Balancing Productivity and Well-Being in the Digital Era .

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The Positive and Negative Impact of Technology on Society

Table of contents, introduction, positive impacts of technology on society, negative impacts of technology on society, striking a balance, works cited, enhanced communication, medical advancements, accessibility of information, economic growth and job creation, privacy concerns, mental health issues, environmental degradation, social disconnection, job displacement due to automation.

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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/positive-negative-effects-technology-society-muhammad-ikram-blogger

March 12, 2023 / Reading Time: ~ 9 minutes

The Positives and Negatives of Technology Usage in my Life and Today’s Society

Introduction.

Technology plays a crucial role in today’s society. Wherever you go, there is a dependent use of technology at home, in the public, etc. Technology has had both positive and negative impacts on my life. One common positive side of the use of technology is that it makes our lives easier such as transportation, kitchen technology, getting work done, or communication. In my life, transportation technology helps me get from one place to another such as going to the store or taking a city bus to get to college. Kitchen technology helps me and my parents make food for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Getting stuff done using my laptop, such as school work or any sort of technology since in today’s world, most of the things we do are mostly online. Or just communicating with family, friends, and family from afar like my relatives in Vietnam. There are also some negative sides to the use of technology. One common negative side is that we rely on it too much. When it comes to my use of technology, I depend on it a lot. Whether it’s for stress relief or getting out of a conversation, I rely on technology such as my phone and laptop. After looking at some positive and negative effects of technology usage on my life, I realize that nonmedia technology such as a car or stove is where most of the positive side of technology usage comes from because it assists us in making our life easier. Whereas for media technology, there are some benefits to it like getting work done, communicating with relatives from afar, or getting your local news to keep up with the world. But from my perspective, media technology is fifty-fifty when it comes to the positives and negatives. The negatives of media technology use came mostly from 24/7 media consumption and social media. In the article, Is Society Moving In The Right Direction With Technology Rapidly Taking Over The World? The writer Loubier talks about the positives and negatives of technology such as technology has made our life easier, but people are more vulnerable to becoming addicted to the digital world. And if we were to use technology right, such as not overusing it and not depending on it for every situation, we can do no wrong with technology (Loubier, 2021). In this essay, I will talk about the positive and negative effects of technology use in my digital life, from when COVID-19 started, to how it is today.

COVID-19 Lockdown

When the pandemic lockdown started, I’m pretty sure the only thing people would hear from the media every day is the increase in COVID cases. As a way to cope during the pandemic, there has been a rise in technology usage from “consuming news media, watching television, using social media to connect with others, utilizing lifestyle apps to shop for groceries and other consumer goods, and engaging in home workouts” (Garfin, para. 1, 2020). My usage of technology increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was when I was beginning the second semester of 10th grade. Our school was closed for the rest of the year, and we were given the option if we want to do extra classwork online to improve our grades or leave our grades how they are. The school district even took into consideration that there would be a lot of students who have personal at-home issues or struggling with technology, and there would not be any grade deduction. My grades were decent where I had a couple of B’s and a few A’s and I felt like I didn’t need to do any extra classwork. Looking back now, I should have taken advantage of that opportunity to improve my grades that were not an A since our grades could only just improve and not be deducted. During the lockdown break is when I significantly used my laptop and phone mainly for entertainment purposes and to be honest during the break I didn’t focus on anything about education. For the whole break, I was more focused on watching YouTube videos, movies, tv shows, and anime on my laptop, playing video games, and chatting with friends and family on my phone. It’s gotten so bad to the point where before the lockdown, my old laptop battery was normal and was not damaged. After constant use of my old laptop, the laptop cannot function without having the charger charging it 24/7. Figure 1, shows my old MacBook Air battery life and condition. With technology use, it’s the same with my parents and sisters where my dad would spend most of his day watching a tv show, my mom would spend most of her day on YouTube and my sisters would spend most of their day on their phone and laptop. Everything about our technology usage during the lockdown break has a negative effect on us because we became too dependent on it.

Figure 1. This is a screenshot from my MacBook Air showing the static battery life and condition.

Online School

About 6 or 7 months later, 11th grade was about to begin and that is when every school in the school district that I go to switch to online school. Before school resumed, every student was given a laptop and headphones for the online class and all the class communication was through Microsoft Teams meetings. During the first day of my online class, I did pretty well, like paying attention and not getting distracted by my phone and that goes on for a couple of months. A couple of months later in the online class environment, the majority of the time, a lot of the students, including me, were not very engaged in the conversation with the teachers. The only times the students are engaged is if we have to be engaged like getting called on to answer a question, doing a presentation, or going into breakout groups. Other than that, this made the whole meeting feel very awkward. I remember during one of the online classes, my teacher was discussing what to do on the assignment and then asking a question, the entire meeting was quiet. I was staring at my screen very awkwardly and avoided the conversation by going on my phone. Of course, I could have unmuted my microphone and answered the question, but I don’t like to unmute because for some reason I’m not comfortable with doing it, and it’s the same for many students. Most of the things around this time are mostly negative. As stated in the article Adolescent brain and the natural allure of digital media, the author Giedd says “The argument is that we did not evolve to be staring at a screen for most of our waking hours. We evolved to be interacting with each other face to face, using our senses of smell and touch and taste, not just sight and sound.” (Giedd, para. 4, 2022).

In my experience during the online class, I see it as a positive and a negative. In the previous paragraph, I talk about how the first couple of months I paid attention to class. Yeah, it kind of went downhill from there. When I said it goes downhill from there, I mean in managing my time…which I’m garbage at. Most of the time, the meetings were a bunch of lectures where the teachers would put what they instructed on a separate document that I could just catch up on later. I also easily get distracted on my phone during lecture meetings. It’s the same with some of my friends who would be distracted by playing video games or texting during class meetings. When the meeting was finished and the teachers had given us time to do our assignments, my friends and I would text each other looking clueless about what we were supposed to do for the assignment. However, at the end of the year, I was more surprised that I got better grades than when I was in 9th and 10th grade. I got straight six A’s and one B+.

Here’s where the positive side of technology comes in. During the lockdown, when it comes to doing homework and assignments, I was really motivated. In fact, I am more motivated than when I was in 9th and 10th grade. I think the reason for this motivation is because unlike the previous years where we had to do stuff on paper and pencil, the assignments that we were doing online to me it’s easier. It’s easier online because I could just submit my assignments through this app the district uses called Schoology using the laptop from home instead of having to bring out a whole supply in doing the assignment manually at home, then the next day going to school and submitting it. Another positive is that I worked out more during the pandemic. One of my classes online is a health and fitness class. It’s not like I have not exercised before the pandemic, it’s just that I was more consistent and exercised way more. Since it’s a health and fitness class, of course, either in school or online, I’m going to have to exercise either way, but during online P.E. class, I got more freedom to focus on which exercise I want to work on such as cardio. And so how does technology help me improve physically? I just watch videos on how to do a certain workout properly, just using my body to exercise without having to rely on gym equipment.

Back to in-person school

​​In 12th grade, we returned to in-person school and most of the students during online classes, right off the bat my classmates described online classes as a shitshow because of how unmotivated they were online. My classmate said they would spend their time doing something else such as going on YouTube, scrolling through TikTok, chatting with their friends in the middle of the online class, or playing video games. Most of the distraction is from social media. According to A Study on Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media on Society , it goes through the positives and negatives of social media. Some of the negatives the author Akram and Kumar mentioned are that it reduces learning, time wastage, low grades, loss of motivation, affects health, etc (Akram et al, p.6, 2017). To me, I was quite motivated and in some areas, I could be unmotivated. I’m motivated when it comes to doing the assignments, and working on myself. But when it comes to class meetings, I’m mostly unmotivated. The same students that don’t engage in conversation during online classes are more engaged in in-person classes, including me, where we are more productive in person. But it only happens over time, whereas in the beginning, it was still awkward where we were quiet.

My technology usage in college

Now I’m in college and with my technology usage, I would say there are more positives than negatives. In this paragraph, I would be focusing more on my routine unlike the previous paragraphs because there isn’t really a story to tell now that I’m in college. In the morning I would walk to my bus stop, and the first technology that I use is my AirPods, and connecting them to my phone to listen to music. I would then use the city bus to head to college, and taking a city bus is a positive because I can get from place to place since I do not have a car. When listening to music while sitting on the city bus going to college, it feels like I’m in my own zone where I feel relaxed. However, there are some negatives when riding public transport. It takes me an hour to get to college from home, and now and then the bus would be overcrowded which I do not like. When I’m at college, during class I would use my laptop and phone to do classwork. Then to go home, I would repeat what I did when I’m heading out, but instead of just listening to music, I would play games such as FIFA Mobile , or watch a YouTube video. To me, it’s also a positive because these kinds of entertainment make the bus ride feel quicker. Figure 2 shows a screenshot of my daily average use of my iPhone. 

Figure 2. This is a screenshot from my iPhone showing my daily average screen time.

I mainly use my phone outside of the home to communicate with my family and friends, now and then watch YouTube, listen to music on the bus, and play games on it such as FIFA . When I head home, the first thing I smell every time is my parents’ cooking, which also uses kitchen technology such as a stove. This is a positive because, without these technologies, cooking would have been a lot harder and a lot of work. When I’m finished with dinner, I would head to my room and use my laptop and check if I had any assignments to do. If not, I would just watch a movie or a tv show. Figure 3 shows a screenshot of my daily screen time on my MacBook Pro. 

Figure 3. This is a screenshot from my MacBook Pro showing my daily screen time use.

I mainly use it to do schoolwork, watch YouTube videos, movies, tv shows, anime, etc. I use my laptop throughout the day, but I mostly use my laptop during the night which is negative because I’m not giving my eyes any breaks. And pretty much I would repeat my routine the next day.

Overall, technology has brought many positives such as making our life easier, transportation, faster way to cook, getting work done, and having close communication. Technology has also brought many negatives such as we become too dependent on it, easily a distraction, becoming addicted to it, affecting our physical and mental health, and losing social skills. Looking at my digital life through the usage of technology, what I could get is there are both positive and negative effects and I would say they are balanced. The positive is, most of the technology that I use makes my life easier, me commuting from home to college, cooking food, and communicating with family, friends, and family in Vietnam. And negative being I depend on it too much, it’s very distracting, sometimes a waste of time, and lacks real-life communication. Technology has affected my life and many others in both a beneficial way and a detrimental way. To keep in check with our health and livelihood and continue to gain the benefits of technology, we must not rely on technology to solve all of our problems, and sometimes we have to rely on ourselves instead because too much of anything is bad for us.

Akram, W., & Kumar, R. (2017). A Study on Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media on Society. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering, 5(10), 351–354. https://doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v5i10.351354 Garfin, D. R. (2020). Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health, 36(4), 555–559. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2975 Giedd, J. N. (2020). Adolescent brain and the natural allure of digital media. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/jgiedd Loubier, A. (2021, June 1). Is Society Moving In The Right Direction With Technology Rapidly Taking Over The World? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrealoubier/2021/06/01/is-society-moving-in-the-right-direction-with-technology-rapidly-taking-over-the-world/?sh=f09b5407c099 .

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Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Students

Technology has become an integral part of modern education, with students using it for everything from research to communication.

While technology can have many positive effects on students, such as enhancing learning and fostering problem-solving skills, it can also have negative impacts such as decreasing social skills and increasing laziness.

In this article, we will explore both the positive and negative effects of technology on students, drawing on research and expert opinions to provide a comprehensive overview of this important topic.

Positive Impacts of Technology on Students

Technology has had a significant impact on education, and it has brought about both positive and negative effects. However, the positive impacts of technology on students are numerous.

Technology has enhanced the learning process of students by making it more engaging and interactive.

It has also helped students to retain more information. One of the key benefits of technology in education is that it brings students together through discussion and collaboration tools, who might never have considered working together before.

Additionally, technology helps children become independent learners more quickly, and they learn the importance of building skills that will help them succeed in their future careers.

Let’s discuss some major positive impacts of technology on students.

1. It helps students to develop their minds

Technology has positive impacts on students by helping them to develop their minds. According to a study conducted by Baytak, Tarman, & Ayas , most students believe that integrating technology into classroom curriculum improves their learning.

Technology can also enhance critical thinking skills depending on the type of technology used. Additionally, technology can create a more engaged environment and encourage active participation in the classroom.

The most significant positive effect of technology on students is that it widely helps and enhances the learning process of students.

Furthermore, technology can diagnose students’ initial learning levels and assign them to appropriate learning materials, which helps in personalized learning.

2. Students can access huge information

One of the positive impacts of technology on students is that it provides them with easy access to a vast amount of information. With search engines and e-books, students can find information quickly and accurately.

This has partially replaced traditional textbooks. Moreover, technology has made it possible for students to get one-on-one help through educational videos and massive open online courses (MOOCs) anytime and anywhere.

Technology also increases interactivity and class engagement, leading to better overall comprehension.

As a result, students are more engaged and often retain more information. Technology in education provides accelerated learning opportunities and fun ways to practice what they learn.

3. Broadens the minds of students

Technology has a positive impact on students by broadening their minds. It enhances learning and comprehension, increases interactivity and class engagement, and causes students to be more engaged, leading to better retention of information.

Technology is essential to a 21st-century education as it brings value to the classroom environment.

Digital technology also allows learners to identify relevant social networks within and surrounding the virtual world that can serve as a resource for their learning.

4. No geographical or political boundaries

The positive impacts of technology on students are not limited by geographical or political boundaries.

Technology can enhance learning experiences and provide access to educational resources regardless of location.

For example, the active use of technology by early learners with adults can positively impact them. A global study found that education technology is associated with higher student outcomes in the United States than in other regions.

While opinions on the impact of technology on politics vary across countries, people generally believe that technology has a positive impact on society.

The internet and information technology have also been shown to have a positive effect on students’ studies.

Overall, technology has the potential to benefit students worldwide and improve their educational outcomes.

5. Facilitates and enhances learning

Technology has a positive impact on student learning by facilitating and enhancing the learning process. Increased interactivity, engagement, and collaboration are some of the ways technology has improved education.

Technology also helps students retain more information and creates a more engaging learning environment.

The use of technology in education has practical benefits such as better time management and combined learning methodologies.

Overall, technology widely helps and enhances the learning process of students.

Negative Impacts of Technology on Students

Technology has become an integral part of modern education, but it also has negative impacts on students.

While technology can provide many benefits, such as easy access to information and improved communication, it can also lead to distractions and negative psychological effects.

Let’s explore the negative impacts of technology on students in more detail.

1. It makes students lazy and kills their creativity

The negative impacts of technology on students include making them lazy and killing their creativity. Students who are always using technology, such as smartphones or computers, may become too reliant on it and not develop unique ideas.

Research has shown that technology can also deteriorate students’ reading and writing skills. While some schools have banned certain technologies or attempted to teach responsible use, others argue that limiting internet access can impair student creativity.

Therefore, it is important for students to balance their use of technology with other activities that promote creativity and critical thinking.

2. Technology Disconnects Students from Real-World Learning

Technology can have negative impacts on students, including disconnecting them from real-world learning.

Research has shown that technology can deteriorate students’ reading and writing skills, which are essential for real-world communication.

Additionally, technology use can cause social and behavioral problems in children because it minimizes the amount of time kids spend interacting with others.

While technology can be beneficial in the classroom, it is important to ensure that students are not overly reliant on it and that they continue to develop essential skills for real-world learning and communication.

3. Misinformation that misguides students

Misinformation can be a negative impact of technology on students. Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information that can misguide students and affect their learning.

With the abundance of information available online, it can be difficult for students to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate information.

This can lead to confusion, and misunderstandings, and ultimately affect their academic performance.

Additionally, digital technology has made education a commodity, and students view it as a means to an end rather than an opportunity for personal growth and development.

Therefore, it is important for educators to teach students how to evaluate sources critically and identify misinformation in order to avoid its negative impacts on their learning.

4. Affect the Physical and Mental Health of the Students

Technology can have negative impacts on the physical and mental health of students. Excessive use of technology can lead to eyestrain, difficulty focusing on important tasks, and other physical issues.

It can also affect mental health by causing anxiety, depression, addiction, and behavioral problems.

The increased presence of technology in students’ lives has made it important to understand how it affects their mental health.

Educators also face challenges due to the negative impacts of technology on student learning and physical health.

Therefore, it is essential to monitor and limit the use of technology among students to prevent these negative effects.

5. A significant source of distraction

The use of laptops, cell phones, and other digital devices in the classroom can negatively impact students’ concentration and ability to learn.

Students who are exposed to a large amount of screen time may also experience adverse health effects.

While technology can have benefits in education, such as providing access to information and facilitating communication, it is important for educators to be aware of its potential negative impacts on student learning and well-being.

Conclusion on the Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Students

In conclusion, technology has both positive and negative impacts on students. The positive effects include enhancing the learning process, increasing engagement, and improving retention of information.

However, there are also negative effects such as over-reliance on technology leading to less time spent on actual learning. It is important for educators and parents to find a balance between utilizing technology to enhance education while also being mindful of its potential drawbacks.

Ultimately, the key is to use technology in a way that maximizes its benefits while minimizing its negative impacts.

Relevant Resources:

• Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Youth
• Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Human Life
• Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Culture
• Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Communication
• Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Child Development

Ahmad Ali (Author)

Ahmad Ali has been a technology enthusiast and writer for the past 5 years having vast knowledge of technology.

Rehmat Ullah (Content Reviewer)

Rehmat Ullah is a software engineer and CEO of Softhat IT Solutions. He is an expert technologist, entrepreneur, and educationist.

9 thoughts on “Positive and Negative Impacts of Technology on Students”

Nice One for the info and update

It’s so helpful to all . Please provide to us such kind of important things to acquire knowledge .

Thank you for the appreciation and comment, we continuously write on such topics and post daily. Keep visiting and reading.

Please give me some question about it?

Please explain, what type of question you need?

below are some of the questions related to the topic:

Positive Impacts:

1. How has technology improved your access to academic information? 2. In what ways has technology enhanced student communication and collaboration? 3. Can you give examples of how technology has made learning more engaging for you? 4. How has technology helped you develop skills relevant to your education and future career? 5. Have you noticed improvements in time management and productivity due to technology?

Negative Impacts:

1. How does technology act as a distraction in your academic life, and how do you manage it? 2. Have you experienced negative effects on your mental health from excessive screen time or social media? 3. In what ways has technology contributed to issues like plagiarism or cheating in your academic environment? 4. Do you feel technology has affected face-to-face communication skills among students? 5. Have you faced challenges with the accessibility or affordability of technology in education?

Overall Impact:

1. How do you balance the positive and negative aspects of technology in your academic routine? 2. Can you foresee future changes in educational technology impacting students positively or negatively? 3. Should the education system adapt to incorporate more or less technology, in your opinion? 4. How can educators and students work together to maximize positive impacts while minimizing negatives? 5. What advice would you give to peers on using technology responsibly for academic success?

It was so helpful. Cz, I have to tell some sentence about impacts of technology on students in my classroom. Today, I will tell some sentence like this. It’s not copy paste. I will just take some ideas. Thank you. 😊

The most important part of English learning is the sagacity of free hand writing. Students should develop their aptitude in free hand writing to be a best writer🙂🖊️🖋️

It is very helpful for me.

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• Stories From Experts About the Impact of Digital Life
• 3. Fifty-fifty anecdotes: How digital life has been both positive and negative

Table of Contents

• 1. The positives of digital life
• 2. The negatives of digital life
• About this canvassing of experts
• Acknowledgments

A number of these experts wrote about both sides of the story, taking the time to point out some of the ways in which digital life is a blessing and a curse. A selection of these mixed-response anecdotes follows.

James M. Hinton , an author, commented, “Having grown up in the pre-internet era, my childhood was spent in a substantial monoculture. There was a single shared set of values and beliefs that everyone was expected to conform to. As someone who did not fit into that set of shared expectations (and only grew further apart from them as I aged) this created a substantial sense of isolation and even oppression. The advent of internet technologies – and particularly the ability to communicate instantly, inexpensively, across the planet – has given me access to like-minded individuals who have eased that sense of isolation. This makes it sound as though my answer should have been that these technologies have created, and will continue to create, a substantial improvement for my well-being. However, the very technologies that have created these opportunities have exposed me to even more of the general hostility of the surrounding culture to those like myself. Rather than a small, local community isolating me, now there is sense that a substantial portion of the world, establishment and orthodox belief systems are actively opposed to my positions. Perhaps, to take things to a bit of an extreme, I could compare it to being sent to the Warsaw Ghetto. I am, at last, surrounded by a large number of people like myself, but with an impending sense of dread at what is waiting just beyond the fence to eventually come down and wipe us out.”

Technology improves the lives of people who can avoid being dominated by it and forced into debilitating addictions to it. Frank Kaufmann

Frank Kaufmann , a scholar, educator, innovator and activist based in North America, commented, “Technology improves the lives of people who can avoid being dominated by it and forced into debilitating addictions to it. Technology allows me to grow and benefit from loving relationships among friends and family who can now be close despite geographical distance. Tragically it prevents the addicted from growing and benefiting from the most exquisite types of encounter, namely being in the physical and personal presence of another.”

Eric Royer , a professor based in North America, said, “Digital technology has fundamentally reshaped higher education, to the point where lectures are being replaced with online courses and information is readily available at the click of fingertip. This means that knowledge is no longer the domain of the ‘Ivory Tower’; however, I hold concerns over the effect of the internet on actual learning and a love for education itself. As a consequence of digital technology, education has become a commodity, and students view it as a means to an end.”

Sasha Costanza-Chock , associate professor of civic media at MIT, said, “On the one hand, digital technology has been used by progressive social movements to rapidly organize an enormous mobilization wave after the election of Trump. We’ve seen digital media used as a key tool to turn out hundreds of thousands of people with very short notice to protest the Muslim ban, attacks on LGBTQ rights, immigrant rights, the Women’s March, #MeToo, continued #BlackLivesMatter mobilizations, and more. At the same time, digital media are also used to surveil social movement actors in increasingly sophisticated ways; to propagate well-funded disinformation campaigns; and they are also used by far right movements.”

Barry Chudakov , founder and principal of Sertain Research and Streamfuzion Corp., wrote, “As a researcher with colleagues in the communications sphere, I hear a recurring conversation about the new world realities of ‘Me, Inc.,’ made possible by ubiquitous digital technology. The good news is that concept-generation, creativity, programming, publishing or musical performance is no longer in the hands of indifferent gatekeepers – the greybeard editors of various industries who decided which voice and talent was worthy. But this coin has another side.

“Digital technology has, in many areas, hollowed out apprenticeship and expertise. Anyone with a tool (a digital camera or smartphone, editing software, some programming chops) can now be an expert and build an app or a reputation. Older communicators may marvel that newer digital tech tools enable fresh ideas, ingenious approaches and direct versus staged or canned presentations. On the other hand, in the ‘Here Comes Everybody’ world of digital tool mayhem, just having the tool is readily equated with expertise. Many people see in this the breakdown of ‘guild wisdom’ – learning a craft that took years of mentorship and trial and error, which results in reduced standards of excellence and quality. Often there simply are no standards. When there are no real experts, everyone can present her/himself as an expert.

“The impact on workers’ well-being is profound: from relying on buzz words to explain approaches that are highly conceptual but lack experience, to relying on data summations that cannot be clearly articulated as beneficial to outcomes but provide a cloud of information that appears to be relevant – I see a high degree of insecurity and a struggle for clarity and standards. Whether you call yourself a designer, a programmer, a social media expert, a storyteller, a data analyst, a market research professional – you can now go through any door that is near you to get a job or build a career. But the mentors, for many, are gone. You will come up with brilliant insights that were ho-hum years ago; you will propose fuzzy solutions that appear to you clearly superior but are hollow as a dead tree; you will eventually consider your career and brand far more important and worth spending time on than your client’s job – following the dictum that ‘Me, Inc.’ means Me First.

“My friends’ lives in regard to well-being feel permanently insecure. The framework of progression, succession and apprenticeship is gone. ‘Me, Inc.’ rules. It’s me and my software and my digital technology. But, of course, a new apprenticeship will likely appear and then gatekeepers and filter governors will once again be part of the scene, albeit in different form – probably algorithms. This is because newer digital tools enable cooperation and increased socialization, even if it happens through screens, platforms and crowds.”

[the beaten trail]

Seth Finkelstein , consulting programmer at Finkelstein Consulting, wrote, “When the Net was younger, many users of it were easily able to have *substantive* open forums where anyone could join. I very much enjoyed being able to have discussions with people who were at a status level far greater than I could have communicated with beforehand. On the other hand, that meant people at a correspondingly higher status level could be personally offended by what I wrote. In retrospect, for me, the trade-off was not worth it. This is now writ large in social media today. There’s much more of a potential for becoming internet-famous, which can be a blessing or a curse. But it’s possible that there are many more and powerful curses around than blessings.”

Christian Huitema , a technology developer/administrator based in North America, appreciates the internet but commented that being disconnected is still occasionally quite important, “We now have a new checklist item before going out to dinner: We make sure that none of us is carrying a phone.”

Our greatest strength can also be our greatest weakness, and our human relationship with technology is a classic testament to that. Andie Diemer

Andie Diemer , journalist and activist user, wrote, “I use technology in almost every aspect of my life, as everyone I know does. It helps me make quicker, more-informed decisions and it can connect me to anything or anyone at any given moment. However I’ve also noticed the compulsions that come along with having technology so engrained in my life; the dopamine hit when you see you are receiving likes, the soothing feeling that can come from looking at photos of baby animals. Technology can make us feel anything whenever we want – all we need to do is hit search. As much as it’s great to plug in and be connected and feel limitless, there is no real total opposite of that in our society anymore. There is no way to totally shut it off or opt out. Most jobs require you to be computer-literate or to have a cellphone that can be on your person at all times. Our greatest strength can also be our greatest weakness, and our human relationship with technology is a classic testament to that.”

Colin Tredoux , a professor of psychology at the University of Cape Town, commented, “The advantages of digital technology are clear, but there are also disadvantages. One memorable advantage was being able to track and keep in contact with my two young children, ages 12 and 7, when they were lost on a train in Germany. I was able to get them to approach passersby, and get them onto a train that would get them to a designated location even though I was in Cape Town at the time. However, I can also tell stories about how much the ubiquity of digital technology has made everybody feel unsafe – the slightest disappearance of children or friends or adults from instant communication makes everybody highly anxious, almost always for no good reason (last year my daughter, now 20, went offline in Paris, and we spent six hours fretting, worrying, etc.). In other words, we need to weigh up the cost of worrying versus the benefit of making safe. My sense is that the former occurs with 100-times-greater frequency than the latter, so then the important question is what weight to put to the two.”

Simeon Yates , professor of digital culture at the University of Liverpool, wrote, “Digital life can be dominated by email and time-management tools. Even using these well leads to a significant increase in workload. This is not matched by changes in organisational structure and management practice to address this workload. This has long-term health impacts. But digital life is also good. Nearly everything we do for enjoyment has been helped by tools and apps: Going climbing (using an app for route guidebook), reading (endless access to books), music (endless access to music), film (endless access to film and TV), keeping in touch with friends and family, organising time together. All of these are much easier.”

Daniel Schultz , senior creative technologist at the Internet Archive, commented, “This morning I rolled out of bed to see a note from a constituent on Twitter, an email from a public school think tank about the extreme need for more effective communication with parents, I logged onto Slack to catch up on notes from my coworkers and friends, and received a FaceTime from my daughter downstairs as a reminder that it was time to eat breakfast with her. The end of this story actually captures both the benefits and risks of technology. I was immediately drawn into my phone after waking up – I got information, some of it adding to my pile of tasks and increasing my stress, some of it enabling human connection, but it was also at the expense of spending my first moments with my family. My life would not exist in its current form without digital technology. I work from home, and as a result I am able to see my family any time of the day. My professional collaborations are coordinated and executed online. A large portion of my civic engagement and advocacy is done through the creation or use of technology to share a message or make a point.”

Leora Lawton , lecturer in demography and sociology and executive director of the Berkeley Population Center at the University of California, Berkeley, wrote, “In positive ways I have close friends that I met online through email lists, colleagues that I communicate with and the ease of doing business or personal matters no matter where I am in the world. I love being able to check things in Google on my iPhone as the thought occurs. I like apps on my phone. I get to listen (or watch) baseball and other sports anywhere. However, I dislike the continuing demise of radio and print newspapers. Online sources are a different experience. They have their pluses, but there’s a reason why people still like vinyl over CDs. I feel the same way about radio. I take 25 hours off each week from the digital world – sometimes more – for religious reasons. Without the religious imperative I’m not sure I would do it, but I’m so glad I do. It’s such a relief! My co-religionists all agree. Even the teens often agree (not always of course, but they are teens).”

Daniel Berleant , author of “The Human Race to the Future,” commented, “We all remember the days when any group was subject to interruptions as someone’s cellphone rang. Text messaging and email have made communication even easier, while alleviating the interruption factor imposed by a ringing phone. At the same time, it has presented a disadvantage: people often will not answer a phone call, especially young people. This has produced an adjustment problem in my own experience, whereby I would sometimes like to call a family member on the phone, but cannot get through because they prefer a text message that does not interrupt them. I, and others, need to adjust expectations and tactics to the realities of modern cellphone-based communication.”

Charles Ess , professor, department of media and communication at the University of Oslo, said, “An obvious example is the use of digital technologies to communicate with family and friends around the globe. On the one hand, all of this makes it wonderfully easy and convenient to stay in touch – including during critical life moments such as the birth of a new grandson, a sibling’s loss of a job, a serious illness or death, et cetera. At the same time – as someone who grew up writing letters, e.g., the ones I wrote to my parents while working and then traveling through Germany and Europe in 1971 – I’m acutely aware of what is NOT communicated through digital channels (researcher Sherry Turkle addresses this more eloquently). First of all, such a letter demanded extended attention and focus – and, as research over the past 10 years or so has confirmed, the process of handwriting slows one down so as to open up silences and spaces for reflection that we elide quickly over if only using a keyboard. There is also the materiality of the letter. To not only see the words – but to hold in one’s hand a piece of paper that existed with me and then with those close to me at a specific time and place decades ago – is utterly distinctive. I receive hundreds of emails a day and write 10 to 20 or more. My professional and personal life turn on them, along with many other digital and communication technologies, of course. But I strongly doubt that my children will be interested in or find much value in trawling through even just the emails sent to them after I am gone. While they have their own affordances – first of all, speed and convenience – they also suffer from a kind of immateriality and, usually, brevity. By contrast, I suspect they’ll find my physical letters to be far more valuable and precious. I don’t think this is just nostalgia. Rather, it resonates with the so-called ‘death online’ research, which – alongside evidence for the many benefits of grieving and mourning via social media, memorial sites, etc. – also documents how for some number of people, precisely young people, there is the discovery that grief requires embodied co-presence. This is ramified by the unpleasant sides of online grief, e.g., postings from ‘friends’ who ignore you the next day, etc. Again, there is some indication of not necessarily rejecting ‘the digital’ entirely in favor of ‘the analogue’ (with all the caveats those terms require) – but rather of attempting to find a better balance.”

Nathalie Coupet , an internet advocate based in North America, said, “My first thought in the morning, having just awaken, is: ‘Do I have any emails?’ The internet has taken over my life and made me a 24-hour-a-day-connected pod to its mother ship. Without my smartphone, I dare not venture in the Big World out there. What if someone was trying to contact me? Ironically, I still remember the day when, sitting comfortably in a tram in Zurich, I had vowed to never carry a cellphone with me. To jealously safeguard my independence. To daydream in peace and be deliciously idle. Not to be so engaged all the time in a stressful awareness of place and time, people and events. To be left alone. It has now become a goal.”

Craig J. Mathias , principal for the Farpoint Group, wrote, “I’ve benefitted from email, other messing services including voice and video communications, access to a wide array of information via the Web, and access to many services I use regularly, like banking and health care. All of these are good, but I do worry about security and privacy, which still receive far too little attention. Stronger penalties are required for those who compromise these vital requirements.”

Kathleen Hayes , a technology specialist based in North America, commented, “For the good, my 91-year-old mom checks emails and uses her tablet when she travels so she can stay connected. She uses the caller ID on her home phone to ward off robo calls. For the not-so-good, on her new car some of the controls were difficult for her to figure out. What used to be a knob is now a screen with a vague description of what it may or may not do.”

A professor at a major U.S. state university said, “I am able to share information with my family who live in other states more easily. We are able to see photos and share news to groups that would have taken longer in the past. I do often wonder if we really want photos of our children online, however. I feel concern about safety and well-being of children.”

Theodora Sutton , a Ph.D. candidate at the Oxford Internet Institute, wrote, “… Digital technology is interwoven into my daily life as it is with everyone I know. The first thing I do when I wake up is usually check my iPhone for messages and news or scroll through Twitter on my laptop to help wake myself up. I find it to be an extremely useful and relaxing way to see what’s happening in the world without necessarily engaging. I also often use resources online when I’m struggling to fall asleep, as there is a rich library of calming content and most of it is free. A problem that I have with my digital technology is the way that boundaries are blurred. For example, context collapse on social networking sites, which make posting content a minefield, and can cause unnecessary anxiety. Another way that similar boundaries are blurred is in the activities I use the laptop for – both working and relaxing can be provided by the same ‘portal’ of my laptop screen, which I find unhelpful, as when I’m working there is always a distraction available, and when I’m relaxing it’s always possible to quickly check my work email, both things which can hinder the task at hand.”

Richard Padilla , a retired system administrator, said, “Tech has changed the development of the lives of everyone. A need to refine its processes for better growth is now the requirement.”

Michele Walfred , a North American communications specialist, said, “I have witnessed family members unable to join conversations, sit at a table and not bring their phones with them, etc. Social media platforms have provided everyone with a forum to express views, but, as a whole, conversations are more polarized, tribal and hostile. With Facebook for instance, there has been a huge uptick in fake news, altered images, dangerous health claims and cures, and the proliferation of anti-science information. This is very distressing and disturbing. People are too willing to share without doing their due diligence and fact-checking first. People now get their news from sources that are only aligned with their belief systems or ‘tribe’ and freely shut out any information that they don’t like or agree with. On a positive note, if one is interested in diverse opinions and views, the ability to make informed opinion and decisions is at one’s fingertips. I learn something new on the internet every day. GPS, maps, navigation have transformed my personal transportation. It has changed the way I shop, source local materials, find out what is going on in my own community, or – when I travel – immediately connect me to inside information about a new town or city. I used to bring along a Rand McNally map. Now I use Google Maps and, while I miss looking at maps, the technology now is so accurate and convenient. I am an avid photographer, and the multitude of editing apps is astounding. I have 40 installed on my iPad and they have transformed my artistic efforts. My grandson lives three and a half hours away in a very large city – not a pleasant drive for me, so being able to FaceTime him is a development I treasure.”

Timothy Leffel , a research scientist at the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) at the University of Chicago, one of the largest independent social research organizations in the U.S., said, “I probably spend more waking hours looking at a screen than not. And this seems to be the new normal, which is a bit jarring. If you’d told me 10 years ago that this is what everyday life would be like today, I’m not sure what I’d think. I’m not sure what I think today, even. I have superficial knowledge of any topic at my fingertips, which is incredible. But with that knowledge comes a highly addictive and hidden reward system that probably leads me to overestimate the positive impact of computers on my life.”

Bouziane Zaid , an associate professor at Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco, wrote, “Changes in quality of life, whether positive or negative, cannot be reduced to our uses of technology. It is a human tendency to idealize a past that probably was never as good as we think it was. Well-being is improved and lessened due to hyperconnectivity.”

Kathleen Harper , an editor for HollywoodLife.com, said, “GPS has changed my life – for the better. It sounds dramatic, but I honestly don’t know what I would do without it. I am what they call ‘directionally challenged,’ and I’d forever be lost without my handy-dandy smartphone (and my backup portable charger of course). Living in New York City can be intimidating, and it’s quite easy to get lost. Without step-by-step GPS and my subway app, I definitely wouldn’t be able to explore the city, attend events, and try new things as much as I do. Playing devil’s advocate though, maybe without it, I’d be forced to actually learn and/or memorize the city, which would in turn expand that part of my brain and make me a more well-rounded person.”

Mark Richmond , an internet pioneer and systems engineer for the U.S. government, wrote, “Twenty years ago my daughter met a man 8,000 miles away. Yes, it was via internet. They married and she has lived there ever since. Despite the distance we are able to stay in regular contact, including routine video chatting. My other children and grandchildren use social media either very little, or sometimes way too much. It helps to keep up with what everyone is doing, the joys and pains in their lives, but it also exacerbates things, especially for the younger ones. Every minor disagreement seems to be a major production, lived out on a stage. I am hopeful that as they learn, they will also learn moderation.”

I love meeting many new people from across the world through digital mediums. But I have noticed culturally a decrease in actual face-to-face human interaction or even a voice phone call with emotion and true connection, accuracy and depth. John Senall

John Senall , founder of Mobile First Media Group, said, “Digital technology has offered additional career opportunities and advancement to me. However, the type of career opportunities for me and countless others usually involve sitting at a computer screen, working more hours and being stuck to a smartphone. All have made communication more seamless and constant, but have, in part, played a role in decreasing my health quality. I love meeting many new people from across the world through digital mediums. But I have noticed culturally a decrease in actual face-to-face human interaction or even a voice phone call with emotion and true connection, accuracy and depth. I ponder what it all may mean for my young children and their friends and classmates, down the road when there will be deeper technology and more communication changes. The benefits of a hyperconnected life are amazing and rewarding. Yet, I think many of us yearn, at least occasionally, for a simpler, less digital time.”

William J. Ward , president of DR4WARD, said, “After spending a lot of time on digital I found my physical and mental health declining. I now spend much less time on digital and much greater time doing physical activity like yoga to counteract the damage to the body that spending too much screen time inevitably causes. I also invest more time in face-to-face and social activities and finding a balance where digital is helpful but does not distract from relationships.”

Cliff Zukin , a professor and survey researcher at Rutgers University, commented, “The only way I can reach my children is by texting; this is disjointed asynchronous communication, not conversation. However, I can walk out of the house not knowing how to get where I’m going or needing a map, which I love.”

Christopher Wilkinson , internet pioneer, wrote, “I do not agree with the epithet ‘hyperconnected.’ We are far from it. Life-changing events: 1) Word processor spell/grammar checkers in several languages. 2) Sending SMS by Skype (disgracefully discontinued by Microsoft). 3) Negative: Demise of the handwritten letter.”

A selection of anonymous responses

An internet activist from Europe said, “Great for keeping in touch across oceans, but across the city people’s tendencies to substitute text for voice is not always good. It is great to be able to look things up instantly, but this may lead to shallow understanding of answers.”

An internet pioneer and social and digital marketing consultant commented, “On one hand, I can be in close communication with my 12-year-old daughter and not have to wonder where she is as she goes about her day, and can remind her to bring things home from school. I can also be in contact with friends through social media, which helps as I live in a city where I don’t have many social outlets. On the other hand, I’ve found that too much time spent online, particularly on Facebook, can make me feel depressed. Either I catch myself comparing my life to the posts that others make, or I get overwhelmed by the toxic political atmosphere currently playing out.”

A senior lecturer in media studies wrote, “There are both positive and negative consequences from being always-on. Being always-on means that I can be in constant contact with my family who live on the other side of the world, but it also means that I receive work emails all throughout the day.”

A senior lecturer based in Southeast Asia said, “Time wasted on social media is negatively affecting well-being; positively, social media helps to bring people close, so that it helps to make a lively environment with intimate people. In education, it has been a good platform as well as a resource.”

A chief of staff for a nonprofit organization wrote, “FOMO (fear of missing out) is a problem, but digital life is also useful for communicating with loved ones far away.”

A retired professor and research scientist said, “Good impacts of digital life: Immediate and extensive answers and how-to advice; quick, easy access to books and movies. Bad impacts: Reduced conversations with wife, especially at mealtime – just Google it.”

A vice president at a major entertainment company in the United States commented, “Clearly, collective action (good or bad) happens with much more ease and speed. I marvel at the ease of organizing things that result in greater connectivity with my family – from renting a house in a far-away place for vacation to helping my children.”

A research scientist said, “On the one hand, I can communicate with friends who decades ago I would not be able to stay in touch with. On the other hand, we have a white supremacist in the White House.”

A professor of English wrote, “What has been positive is the ability to follow along with positive facets of others’ lives – birthdays, anniversaries, etc. This has been positive. Yet, again, a birthday card, a phone call, a conversation would be more meaningful.”

A futurist based in North America wrote, “Generally, very positive is the access to information. It is easier to do research, find out about current events, etc. Among the negatives are kids immersed in digital devices; staring at a screen as an acceptable activity.”

A professor from North America said, “I’ve cut off from lots of digital media. I realized it was consuming lots of my time. It didn’t make me feel good – what I was seeing and reading made me mostly angry and depressed. It was feeding negativity. I am happier without it. However, a friend who has a child with a chronic medical condition has monitoring so that medical personnel are notified when parameters are exceeded so interventions can occur rapidly. The child gets fast feedback, too, so they can change behavior or take action in a way that would not have been possible five years ago.”

An entrepreneur based in North America wrote, “I feel like technology has made our life better (instant access to information) and worse (instant access to entertainment).”

A professor based in Europe wrote, “When I replaced my mobile I gave the used, but still quite powerful one to my granddaughter aged 10. She made nice pictures with it, which I appreciated. But she also got obsessed with certain internet games, leading to conflicts.”

An assistant professor of political science at an Ivy League university wrote, “As a parent this is easy. My kids (ages 4 and 7) are steeped in technology. They have iPads in their classrooms (which help with engaging them and I think are a net good), but they also want to be on iPads at home (which may not be as good). They think every screen is a touch screen. Even at 4 years old, my son’s first instinct when he doesn’t know something bit of information is to Google it or ask Siri. My kids love to read books on Kindle (and much prefer it to paper books) so even the educational activity of reading is now deeply intertwined with technology. In some ways that is good, on Kindle they can highlight the words they don’t know as they read and – something that has proven very important for my 7-year-old – they cannot see how thick the book is, so they tend to read more without lamenting about length. At the same time, they have little interest in libraries and miss out on books that are not available via Kindle. They can FaceTime family who live far away, but sometimes they see that as a substitute for actual visits. In short, there is good and bad but there is little doubt that technology structures our daily life in profound ways.”

An executive director of a tech innovation firm said, “Looking at my kids; they’re connected and informed. And they spend too much time online.”

A director of technology based in North America wrote, “In a positive way it has allowed me to keep in touch more easily with friends that live far away. In a negative sense it has provided a distraction to what is happening in the moment.”

A professor based in Europe wrote, “My working days are longer! I wake up and check email and I am habituated like one of Pavlov’s dogs to check my email regularly throughout the day and into the evening. Even though my boss has banned us from sending work emails after 6 p.m., I still check my email. As a result, I never truly feel disconnected from work – even during vacations.”

A professor from North America said, “For me (in my 50s) digital life has been positive – a way to keep up with old friends. However, for my teens, it can create sadness and feelings of being/having less than peers.”

An associate professor at a U.S. university said, “My ability to stay connected to family and friends brings me great joy. And I’m able to connect to other academics when I am not on campus, which is more often than not. However my husband feels that I am too connected! In this regard it may be hurting our relationship. At times using technology can border on addiction. For me that is.”

A North American researcher wrote, “Technology has changed my life because I now work for a company in a different state. My contributions are made at my home, via telecommuting. This is both good and bad – on the good side, I’m able to help take care of my disabled son and to help my wife through a battle with cancer. But, on the down side – there’s no opportunity for the water cooler discussions that can speed up development work. There’s no opportunity for facetime with managers and VPs to get that all-important rapport with senior management. In other words, there are no opportunities to exercise and grow the ‘soft skills’ necessary to progress in the organization.”

An anonymous respondent wrote, “It has made work communication easier but often less thoughtful since constant connectivity fuels the expectation of an immediate response. It also has diminished the opportunities to disconnect from work for a proper break, but it does give me flexibility to not be tied to my office.”

A college student said, “I am not too proud to admit that I also suffer from the FOMO (fear of missing out) that comes from living a hyperconnected lifestyle. I hold lengthy Snapchat streaks with friends to bond with them, I check my social media accounts for approximately three to four hours daily. Daily I catch myself peering at my phone the moment I awake to learn about the events I may have missed while I slept. While my Snap streaks do provide a satisfying, quick dopamine hit each time I respond, overall, I cannot say that living a hyperconnected lifestyle has enhanced my life in any way. But I would also argue that it has not hurt my mental well-being either. While I am willing to admit I struggle in certain areas to balance my digital distractions with the important things in life; overall, I don’t think that it has had a negative effect on my life. I do think that some people are negatively impacted, but most will work to find a balance after some trial and error as new tools for digital life continue to appear and we adjust.”

A clinical assistant professor at a major U.S. university wrote, “I am old enough to see the effects that cellphones have had on family dinners. In a positive light, some arguments are resolved more quickly – Wikipedia can often provide resolution to many debatable points and repair faulty recollection, leading to much more productive conversations. More negatively, the interruptions caused by text messaging and email often divide the attention of those dining together and can sometimes diminish the quality of time spent together.”

In the negative, the ‘always-on’ capabilities are big triggers for my anxiety around perfectionism and performance. In the positive, when working with my therapist on ways to bring myself more forward in relationships, social media was a key tool. A teen library specialist

A teen library specialist wrote, “I have had both positive and negative impacts in my personal mental health courtesy of hyperconnection of digital connectivity. In the negative, the ‘always-on’ capabilities are big triggers for my anxiety around perfectionism and performance. In the positive, when working with my therapist on ways to bring myself more forward in relationships, social media was a key tool. She described Facebook (at the time that was the dominant tool) as disastrous for her work with narcissists but a dream for working with folks like me. I have grown more comfortable with expressing myself and I feel more visible in this format than in others within my communities. And I don’t mean that I have more friends online than I have in the real world. I mean my ‘real-world’ relationships are richer because I share with the people in my workplace or family or church via social media in a way I never before did and still rarely do face to face.”

An anonymous respondent commented, “We are able to keep in touch with family all around the globe. On the other hand, our family wouldn’t have been so spread out in the first place without the internet.”

An academic leader based in Australia wrote, “Digital technology has provided unthinkable access to information. Systems for doing business have enabled us to perform tasks and obtain and share information like never before. At the same time, digital transformation has meant each individual spends a lot more time navigating systems and doing work that previously would have been performed by other experts.”

[The good:]

There is so much pressure to publish research even when it’s greatly flawed… Moreover, in many ways our techniques and standards of rigor have improved over time, so I don’t want to sound completely hopeless about scientific progress in my field. A research scientist based in North America

A research scientist based in North America commented, “I’m 26, so the internet changed pretty much everything, right? It grew up with me, more or less. In fifth grade, I remember writing a research report about the gray whale. We had to go through all these crazy steps – finding books, writing down facts on notecards, putting them in those little clicky boxes that held notecards. Now, when was the last time you saw one of those? We were allowed to have internet sources, I think, but there were all these requirements about what constituted an appropriate source, as well as strict limits on how many internet sources could be used. The assumption was that somehow, finding information on the internet did not constitute real research, and this was our teacher’s way of preparing us for the research we would be doing in the future. Fast forward to now, where I’m finishing up my Ph.D., and I do research practically every day. Do you know how often I have to seek out resources that I can’t find online? It’s never. Literally never. My dissertation uses about two, neither of which I sought out – just some books my advisor just unceremoniously handed me one day. Admittedly, my academic field is quite young comparatively, and there may be fields with more emphasis on works that cannot be found online, but still, this is mostly a good thing for my well-being, as well as for the productivity of my field. However, there are also more insidious consequences of the increased volume and availability of research. The most prominent consequence I observe is that there is simply more research than we as a field are able to deal with. There is so much research that is redundant or contradictory, and our field doesn’t currently have the structure in place to reconcile it all. Hundreds of papers are published every day, and most of these will never be read, let alone cited (and that’s assuming people are actually reading what they cite – ha!). There is so much pressure to publish research even when it’s greatly flawed, as well as to frame every finding with a theoretical impact it cannot actually have. Instead of a gradual forward trajectory, we’re sitting on an unmanageable mound of contradictions. This research machine I live in is so unimaginably wasteful, with such deeply entrenched and utterly misguided incentives that I do not know how we will ever overcome it. This is not to suggest that this is entirely the fault of digital technology, although it certainly has enabled this trend. Moreover, in many ways our techniques and standards of rigor have improved over time, so I don’t want to sound completely hopeless about scientific progress in my field. I think to an outside observer my field is flourishing, and we have much to offer the world. However, if we do not find ways to restructure and rethink what progress looks like, we will be crushed by our own weight.”

A solutions consultant based in North America wrote, “Hyperconnection via text messaging has helped in a world where physical proximity and time constraints make it more difficult to connect. For me, a quick text, letting my husband know that I’m thinking about him or giving him a heads-up on something important – is amazingly positive, and helpful. And it does so without detracting from my day. Same when I communicate with my son, who spends 50% of his time at his father’s house, and 50% with me. It helps us stay in touch and positively connected. But we also do not overuse it – perhaps we are not as ‘hyperconnected’ as other users of technology, although, my mother, who is 80, says that the text messaging is ‘just too much!’ She believes that is hyperconnectivity.”

[Advanced Research Projects Agency Network]

An anonymous respondent wrote, “Twitter is the greatest time-sink ever but a great source of interesting news and entertainment. However, I waste too much time on it when I could be reading the newspaper or a book.”

A post-doctoral fellow at Stanford University commented, “My family and I use our smartphones to send photos, video chat and send text messages on a daily basis, allowing us to stay in contact more frequently we did back when letter writing and telephone calls were our ways to stay in touch. On the negative side, I look at headlines way too much as a form of stimulus any time I have a second to spare – even when I’m with my children. I’d say I’m less present, less able to focus on reading long form text, than I was before my smartphone came into my life.”

A series of scenarios tied to potential future concerns of digital life

Peter and Trudy Johnson-Lenz, owner-operators of Pathfinding Smarter Futures and participants in this canvassing, submitted in response to the request for anecdotes the following series of scenarios they wrote in 2005 in order to spark discussions of potential issues.

Auto Angel I: Your commute co-pilot

You’re yawning as you slowly merge into the through lane on the long ride home. Your comfy biofueled hybrid-electric car is programmed to keep you alert and relaxed. The new ATM (autonomous traffic management system) keeps everything flowing smoothly without slow-downs or jam-ups, but you still have miles to go before you sleep. The music seems to keep pace with the flow of traffic, and you slip into a kind of driving flow state. The ATM is intelligent, but not smart enough to have autonomous lanes to do the driving for humans, nor do most people want that. Crack! The burst of sound and light, and the gentle spray on your face, with the aroma of peppermint, eucalyptus, and rosemary, brings you back to full alertness. Damn! You’d nodded off again. Fortunately, it was only a second, thanks to Auto Angel, your co-pilot on the two-hour commute from the agile economy enterprise zone to the only affordable housing in the tri-county area. Too bad your insurance doesn’t cover that latest wakefulness drug that’s all the rage.Auto Angel advises you to pull over as soon as possible and take a short power nap. You can set Angel’s alarm so you won’t sleep longer than 20 minutes and get groggy. You start looking for a safe place to stop and rest.

Auto Angel II: The high price of Drowsiness

The e-alert from your doctor’s office is surprising.“We’re concerned. Please come in at your earliest convenience. Press star for an immediate appointment.” What could possibly be the matter? What do they know that you don’t?At the clinic, you’re confronted with a stark, unforgiving choice. Auto Angel has reported one too many instances of drowsiness for your automobile insurance company to allow you to continue to drive under your existing policy. Either you must get the much more expensive hazardous driver rider or be treated immediately for “driving drowsiness” (suspected narcolepsy or sleep apnea, now on your medical and insurance e-records).If you’re actually diagnosed with narcolepsy, your doctor must report it to the department of motor vehicles. You’ll be subject to random monitoring for treatment compliance.Your health insurance doesn’t fully cover this treatment because driving is now considered an elective activity. There are drugs available, but they’re not on your formulary list. You’re advised to take public transportation.Of course, some can still afford fully private transportation, just they can afford health care and higher insurance premiums. You’re not one of them. And the public transit system doesn’t extend all the way out to your community yet.

HealthGuardian

You’re in Mexico City on your way to your next business appointment. “Señor, amigo, come with us — NOW! You’re at risk for a heart attack. We’re from HealthGuardian. We’ll get you to the hospital pronto.” Your HealthGuardian biosensors are supposed to provide alerts of impending medical emergencies.Uniformed men with insistent voices grab you by both arms and hustle you toward an official-looking van. Are they really from your HealthGuardian monitoring service, or are they kidnappers? How can you verify their identity? Are you really in danger?!?Your heart races and your head spins. You feel pressure in your chest, and it’s hard to breathe. What’s going on?!?

Alexi, ever-faithful e-valet

Soft chimes announce his voice. “Sir?” Alexi, your e-valet, continues close to your ear. “May I suggest that you eat something soon? You’re moving into your danger zone.” His interruption irritates you as you walk briskly along the crowded sidewalk. “Sir, the bistro four doors up on the right fits your dining profile and has two very nice specials today. Or I can recommend the Thai restaurant around the next corner.” Your blood sugar level is dropping precipitously close to where even deciding to eat, let alone where, is becoming a chore. “Sir?” “OK, OK, Alexi,” you say to yourself. Your gait slows, you check the bistro menu in the window, and go inside. What ever would you do without Alexi’s constant and respectful attentiveness?

Your privacy – priceless!

[radio-frequency identification]

Scrambling your identity

At WuMart’s self-service checkout, you’re fuming. You’ve ducked into the store on your lunch hour to pick up a few essentials for this afternoon’s flight, and you’re in a real hurry. Nothing is scanning right. The dental care travel kit scans as reading glasses, vitamin C as laxatives, and deodorant as antacid. You call loudly for a supervisor. The young man sighs. “Yeah, it looks like somebody in the store hacked our RFID tags again and scrambled the data. It’ll get straightened out when the machines go through their data consistency and reliability power cycle in about 10 minutes. Sorry about that.” He puts an obviously used, dog-eared “Out of order – please try again later” sign on the scanner. “If you’ll just step through the electronic gate over there, we’ll have you on your way in no time.” You stride through the metal archway with your goods, and the human checker enters the products numbers to ring up your purchases. The finger touch system debits your account. Finally! You have just enough time to get back to the office. Later, when you try to enter the restricted area to get the data reports you need for your trip, you’re stopped cold. Your implanted VeriChip doesn’t properly authenticate your identify, and security forces are there in moments. Missing your flight will be the least of your problems.

The mall knows you better than you do

As you stroll through the environmentally controlled mall, your mobile flashes a steady stream of personalized messages from nearby merchants. “Jeans tops – 30% instant discount!” “Free skin-care consultation!” “Shakira CDs all on sale!”The automated ads have no way of knowing that the RFID-tagged jeans, derma-repair cream, and pop diva CD in your shopping bag are purchases for other members of your extended family. You’re not interested in more purchases like them or to go with them. You’re done.Nearby, the animated window display of dancing cookware catches your eye, and you linger a few moments, watching with great amusement. Flying frying pans? Flipping spatulas? Spinning plates? What were they thinking?!? The mall looks more like an amusement park every time you come here.But now the stream of messages is all for cookware, tableware, stemware, cooking schools, and related products and services. You’re beginning to feel you’re being stalked instead of enticed with great offers. How did they know what you were looking at? What else do they know about you? And how do they know it?!?This is creepy.

Who is responsible?

The distinctive ring on your mobile is your daughter’s. “Waaah! The bus didn’t come, and it’s our last practice before Saturday’s big match! You’ve gotta drive me NOW. Plueeease???” Just then the mobile beeps twice. “Just a sec, sweetie.” It’s an automated request for you to approve entry of your new drug prescription into the GVS Registry database. You’ll deal with that later. “OK, I’m back. I’ll try to get someone to cover for me. Pick you up in 15 minutes, OK?”The next evening in a heavy rainstorm, a drunk driver ploughs into your Viridian hybrid. As they stabilize you on the way to the Trauma Center, the EMTs read your implanted VeriChip to get your updated medical information.In the ER, your condition suddenly worsens in a most peculiar way, and the doctors suspect a bad drug interaction. But how could that have happened? Did the EMTs make a mistake? Were you taking something they didn’t know about?Right now they’ll save your life. What happened and who’s responsible will come later.

Shopper’s Revenge

“Undecided shopper’s discount! Pick up prod, put back 2x, RFID shelf reader -> instant 25% off coupon.” Intrigued by this alert from Shopper’s Revenge (“Don’t get mad – get bargains!”) on your mobile screen, you check for something you actually want, walk over to the right shelf, pick it up, and put it back. Rinse, repeat. Voila! This is too easy. … A month later, the store catches on and raises the bar. You still get the coupon if you pick up the product, wait for over a minute, and put it back three times. A little tedious, but worth it for some pricier items. That works for three more weeks. A few days later, your Shopper’s Revenge e-coach tells you to vary the pattern so you’ll look more “natural” – to fit the store’s learning agent’s evolving model of an undecided shopper. Thanks to Shopper’s Revenge, you’re saving money, outwitting the technology, and looking more and more like a very hesitant shopper every day.

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Brain health consequences of digital technology use


Consecuencias para la salud del cerebro del empleo de la tecnología digital, conséquences sur la santé cérébrale de l’usage des technologies numériques, gary w. small.

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, the UCLA Longevity Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, California, US

Jooyeon Lee

Aaron kaufman, jason jalil, prabha siddarth, himaja gaddipati, teena d. moody, susan y. bookheimer.

Emerging scientific evidence indicates that frequent digital technology use has a significant impact—both negative and positive—on brain function and behavior. Potential harmful effects of extensive screen time and technology use include heightened attention-deficit symptoms, impaired emotional and social intelligence, technology addiction, social isolation, impaired brain development, and disrupted sleep. However, various apps, videogames, and other online tools may benefit brain health. Functional imaging scans show that internet-naive older adults who learn to search online show significant increases in brain neural activity during simulated internet searches. Certain computer programs and videogames may improve memory, multitasking skills, fluid intelligence, and other cognitive abilities. Some apps and digital tools offer mental health interventions providing self-management, monitoring, skills training, and other interventions that may improve mood and behavior. Additional research on the positive and negative brain health effects of technology is needed to elucidate mechanisms and underlying causal relationships.


La evidencia científica que está surgiendo muestra que el empleo frecuente de la tecnología digital tiene un impacto significativo, tanto negativo como positivo, en la función cerebral y en el comportamiento. Los posibles efectos nocivos del tiempo prolongado frente a la pantalla y del empleo de la tecnología incluyen síntomas como marcado déficit de atención, deterioro de la inteligencia emocional y social, adicción a la tecnología, aislamiento social, deterioro del desarrollo cerebral y alteraciones del sueño. Sin embargo, hay varias aplicaciones, videojuegos y otras herramientas en línea que pueden beneficiar la salud del cerebro. En las imágenes cerebrales funcionales se ha observado que los adultos mayores vírgenes a internet que aprenden a buscar en línea, muestran aumentos significativos en la actividad neuronal cerebral durante las búsquedas simuladas en internet. Ciertos programas computacionales y videojuegos pueden mejorar la memoria, las destrezas en tareas múltiples, la fluidez de la inteligencia y otras habilidades cognitivas. Hay varias aplicaciones y herramientas digitales que ofrecen intervenciones en salud mental y que proporcionan automanejo, monitoreo, capacitación junto a otras intervenciones que pueden mejorar el estado de ánimo y el comportamiento. Se require de investigación adicional acerca de los efectos positivos y negativos de la tecnología sobre la salud del cerebro para dilucidar los mecanismos y las relaciones causales subyacentes.

D’après de nouvelles données scientifiques, l’usage fréquent des technologies numériques influe significativement sur le comportement et le fonctionnement cérébral, de façon aussi bien négative que positive. Une pratique excessive des écrans et des technologies numériques peut avoir des effets néfastes comme des symptômes de déficit d'attention, une intelligence émotionnelle et sociale altérée, une dépendance à la technologie, un isolement social, un développement cérébral dégradé et des troubles du sommeil. Cependant, certaines applications, jeux vidéo et autres outils en ligne peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur le cerveau. L'imagerie fonctionnelle montre une activité neuronale significativement augmentée chez des personnes âgées jamais exposées à Internet et qui apprennent à faire des recherches en ligne. Certains programmes informatiques et jeux vidéo peuvent améliorer la mémoire, les compétences multitâches, l'agilité de l’intelligence et d'autres capacités cognitives. Dans le domaine de la santé mentale, différents outils et applications numériques permettant l'autogestion, le suivi, l'acquisition de compétences et d'autres techniques sont susceptibles d'améliorer l'humeur et le comportement du patient. Les effets positifs et négatifs de la technologie sur la santé cérébrale nécessitent d’être encore étudiés afin d’en mieux comprendre les mécanismes et les relations de cause à effet.

Introduction


During the past three decades, digital technology has transformed our daily lives. People at every age are now taking advantage of the vast amounts of available online information and communication platforms that connect them with others. This technology helps us to generate, store, and process enormous amounts of information and interact with each other rapidly and efficiently.


Most adults use the internet daily, and nearly one out of four report being online most of the time. 1 Because of this transformation to an online world, neuroscientists have begun focusing their attention on how digital technology may be changing our brains and behavior. The emerging data suggest that constant technology use impacts brain function and behavior in both positive and negative ways. For example, older individuals suffering from cognitive decline could use the internet to access information to help them remain independent longer; however, many seniors with cognitive complaints are reluctant or unable to adopt new technologies. 2 Our group’s functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research tracking neural activity during simulated internet searches suggests that simply searching online may represent a form of mental exercise that can strengthen neural circuits. 3 By contrast, the persistent multitasking that is characteristic of most technology users impairs cognitive performance. 4 In this review, we highlight some of the research suggesting potential benefits and possible risks of using digital technology.


Potential harmful effects of digital technology use


Reduced attention
.

Multiple studies have drawn a link between computer use or extensive screen time (eg, watching television, playing videogames) and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A 2014 meta-analysis indicated a correlation between media use and attention problems. 5 A recent survey of adolescents without symptoms of ADHD at the start of the study indicated a significant association between more frequent use of digital media and symptoms of ADHD after 24 months of follow-up. 6 Although most of the research linking technology use and ADHD symptoms has involved children and adolescents, this association has been identified in people at any age. 7 


The reason for the link between technology use and attention problems is uncertain, but might be attributed to repetitive attentional shifts and multitasking, which can impair executive functioning. 8 Moreover, when people are constantly using their technology, they have fewer opportunities to interact offline and allow their brain to rest in its default mode. 9 


Impaired emotional and social intelligence


Because of concern that a young, developing brain may be particularly sensitive to chronic exposure to computers, smartphones, tablets, or televisions, the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended that parents limit screen time for children aged 2 years or younger, when the brain is particularly malleable. 10 Spending extensive periods of time with digital media translates to spending less time communicating face to face. 11 


Kirsh and Mounts 12 explored the hypothesis that playing videogames would interfere with the ability to recognize emotions conveyed through facial expressions. They examined the effects of playing videogames on recognition of facial expressions of emotions in 197 students (ages 17 to 23 years). Participants played violent videogames before watching a series of calm faces morph into either angry or happy faces. Participants were asked to quickly identify the emotion while the facial expression changed. The authors found that happy faces were identified faster than angry faces, and that playing violent videogames delayed happy-face recognition time. 


Our team at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 13 hypothesized that preteens restricted from screen-based media would have more opportunities for face-to-face interactions, which would improve their ability to recognize nonverbal emotional and social cues. We studied 51 schoolchildren who spent five days at an overnight nature camp where television, computers, and smartphones were forbidden, and compared them with 54 school-based matched controls who continued their usual media practices (4 hours of screen time per day). At baseline and after 5 days, participants were assessed for their ability to recognize emotions from photographs of facial expressions and videotaped scenes of social interactions (without verbal cues). After 5 days, the nature camp participants restricted from screen time demonstrated significantly better recognition of nonverbal emotional and social cues than participants who continued their usual daily screen time. These findings suggest that time away from screen-based media and digital communication tools improves both emotional and social intelligence.


Technology addiction


Although not formally included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 14 excessive and pathological internet use has been recognized as an internet addiction, which shares features with substance-use disorders or pathological gambling. Common features include preoccupations, mood changes, development of tolerance, withdrawal, and functional impairment. 15 , 16 The global prevalence of internet addiction is estimated at 6%, but in some regions such as the Middle East the prevalence is as high as 11%. 17 Students with internet addiction are more likely to suffer from ADHD symptoms than from other psychiatric disorders. 18 You and colleagues 16 reported that schoolchildren with internet addiction experienced significantly greater symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity than non–internet-addicted students. Panagiotidi and Overton 19 reported greater ADHD symptoms in adults aged 18 to 70 years with internet addiction: predictors of addiction included younger age, playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games, and spending more time online. Despite consistent associations between ADHD symptoms and internet addiction, a causal relationship has not been confirmed. It is possible that people with ADHD symptoms have a greater risk for developing technology addiction, but an alternative explanation is that extensive technology use from addictive behavior causes ADHD symptoms.


Social isolation


Ninety percent of young adults in the United States use social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat, and Instagram, and most visit these sites at least daily. 20 Paradoxically, social media use is linked to social isolation (ie, a lack of social connections and quality relationships with others), 21 which is associated with poor health outcomes and increased mortality. 1 


Primack and colleagues 20 studied 1787 young adults (ages 19 to 32 years) and found that using social media 2 or more hours each day dou- bled the odds for perceived social isolation compared with use less than 30 minutes each day. Similar associations between perceived social isolation and social media use were observed in 213 middle-aged and older adults. 22 Possible explanations for such findings include reduced offline social experiences and the tendency to make upward social comparisons based on highly curated social media feeds that produce unrealistic expectations of oneself. 1 Future research should explore casual explanations for such relationships and seek ways to address the needs of people who may benefit from social media–based interventions, such as geographically isolated individuals.


Adverse impact on cognitive and brain development


Screen time may also adversely impact cognitive and brain development. In a recent review, children under age 2 were reported to spend over 1 hour each day in front of a screen; by age 3, that number exceeded 3 hours. 23 Increased screen time (and less reading time) has been associated with poorer language development and executive functioning, particularly in very young children, 24 as well as poorer language development in a large cohort of minority children. 25 In infants, increased screen time was one of several factors that predicted behavioral problems. 26 For infants 6 to 12 months, increased screen time was linked to poorer early language development. 27 In children of preschool age and older, digital media directed toward active learning can be educational, but only when accompanied by parental interaction. 23 


Recent research has examined the effects of media exposure on brain development. In a study of children aged 8 to 12 years, more screen and less reading time were associated with decreased brain connectivity between regions controlling word recognition and both language and cognitive control. 24 Such connections are considered important for reading comprehension and suggest a negative impact of screen time on the developing brain. Structurally, increased screen time relates to decreased integrity of white-matter pathways necessary for reading and language. 28 Given the growing prominence of screen use among even very young children at stages when brain plasticity is greatest, there is significant concern about the cognitive and brain development of the current generation of screen-exposed children that requires greater understanding


Sleep


Recent studies indicate that screen exposure disrupts sleep, which can have a negative effect on cognition and behavior. Daily touch-screen use among infants and toddlers was shown to negatively impact sleep onset, sleep duration, and nighttime awakenings. 29 In adolescents, more time using smartphones and touch screens was associated with greater sleep disturbances, and tablet time was associated with poor sleep quality and increased awakenings after sleep onset. 30 In adults, increased smartphone use was associated with shorter sleep duration and less efficient sleep. 31 Poor sleep quality is associated with brain changes, such as reduced functional connectivity and decreased gray-matter volume, as well as an increased risk for age-associated cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. 32 , 33 


It is unclear whether the act of looking at screens or media content disrupts sleep; however, it is well-known that the wavelength of light exposure affects the circadian rhythms that govern sleep. Computer and phone light-emitting diode (LED) screens emit slow wave, blue light that interferes with circadian rhythms. Exposure to LED versus non-LED screens has been shown to produce changes in melatonin levels and sleep quality, and such exposure decreases cognitive performance. 34 Thus, it is important to recognize the effects of screen time on sleep as a moderator of various negative effects on cognition and brain function.


Brain-health benefits of digital technology


Despite these potential harmful brain-health effects of digital technology, emerging evidence points to several benefits for the aging brain in particular, including opportunities for brain-strengthening neural exercise, cognitive training, and the online delivery of mental-health interventions and support ( Table I

Neural exercise


Internet-savvy versus internet-naive adults
.

Functional neuroimaging allows scientists to observe regional neural activity during various mental tasks. Our group was the first to explore neural activity using functional MRI while research volunteers performed simulated internet searching. 3 Previous studies suggested that mentally challenging tasks, such as searching online, may benefit brain health and even delay cognitive decline. 35 , 36 We focused on internet searching because it is so common among people of all ages. 37 


We assessed patterns of brain neural activation in 24 cognitively normal middle-aged and older adults (ages 55 to 76 years): 12 of them had minimal internet search experience (net-naive group), and 12 had extensive experience (net-savvy group). In addition to the internet-search task, we used a control task of reading text on a computer screen formatted to simulate a printed book layout.


We found that text reading activated brain regions controlling language, reading, memory, and visual abilities (left inferior frontal, temporal, posterior cingulate, parietal, and occipital regions), and the magnitude and extent of activation were similar in the net-naive and net-savvy groups. During internet searching, net-naive subjects displayed activation patterns similar to those observed while reading text. However, net-savvy subjects demonstrated significant activity in neural signal intensity in additional regions controlling decision-making, complex reasoning, and vision (frontal pole, anterior temporal region, anterior and posterior cingulate, and hippocampus). During the internet-search task, the net-savvy group displayed a more than twofold increase in the extent of activation in the major regional clusters compared with the net-naive group (21 782 versus 8646 total activated voxels).


These findings suggest that searching online may be a form of brain neural exercise. Other research indicates that after several months, daily computer-game playing leads to reduced cortical neural activity. 38 Our other research indicates that memory training, along with healthy lifestyle behaviors (eg, physical exercise, healthy diet), leads to reduced dorsal prefrontal cortical metabolism after 2 weeks. 36 Such findings suggest that task repetition over time leads to lower neural activity during the task, which could reflect greater cognitive efficiency after mental training.


One model that could explain such findings is that novel and stimulating mental experiences, such as searching on the internet, initially lead to minimal activation before the internet user discovers strategies for solving the unfamiliar mental challenge. After such insights, a broader neural network is engaged. After repeated sessions, the initially novel mental task becomes routine and repetitive, no longer posing a mental challenge. The lower activity observed may thus reflect a more efficient neural response. These results also suggest that previous internet-search experience may alter the brain’s responsiveness in neural circuits controlling decision-making and complex reasoning. The net-savvy volunteers showed increased activation during the internet-search task, which suggests that internet searching may remain a novel and mentally stimulating process even after continued practice.


Internet training and brain function


We also used functional MRI to record brain neural activity during simulated internet-search tasks in 12 net-naive and 12 net-savvy subjects before and after internet training. 39 Based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that net-naive volunteers would recruit a larger frontal lobe network after internet training and that net-savvy volunteers would show either no increase or a decrease in activation after training because of greater cognitive efficiency due to training.


The training consisted of brief instructions on how to search online along with practice sessions (1 hour per day for a week). To increase motivation, participants were told that they would be quizzed on their knowledge of assigned search topics after the experiment.


During their first session, net-naive subjects recruited a neural network that included the superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri, as well as the lateral occipital cortex and occipital pole. During the second session (after internet training), additional regions in the middle and inferior frontal gyri were recruited only in the net-naive group. By contrast, during their first scan session, the net-savvy subjects recruited a cortical network that, though overlapping with that of the net-naive subjects, showed more extensive regions of activation ( Figures 1 and 2 ). This cortical network included regions that control mental activities supporting tasks required for internet searches, including decision-making, working memory, and the ability to suppress nonrelevant information. Moreover, net-savvy participants showed a pattern of activation that was reduced after the training. This reduction is consistent with our hypothesis that the brain becomes more efficient and possibly habituates to the internet task over time. Overall, these findings suggest that internet searching for relatively short periods of time can change brain-activity patterns in middle-aged and older adults.


Other groups have explored the effects of internet-search training on brain structure and function. Dong and associates 40 studied the influence of short-term internet-search training on white-matter microstructure via diffusion tensor imaging. After 6 training days, they found that the 59 participants (mean age 21 years) showed increased fractional anisotropy (diffusion tensor imaging scans) in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus and within that region, decreased radial diffusivity. These findings suggest that short-term internet-search training may increase white-matter integrity in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, which could result from increased myelination. 


Shapira and colleagues 41 assessed the psychological effects of learning computer and internet-search methods. They offered a course to 22 older adults (mean age 80 years), who were compared with 26 participants engaged in other activities. The investigators reported significant improvements in the intervention group in measures of life satisfaction, depression, loneliness, and self-control after 4 months, whereas the control group showed declines in each of these measures. These findings suggest that computer and internet training contribute to older adults’ well-being and sense of empowerment.


White and associates 42 performed a randomized controlled trial assessing the psychosocial impact of internet access to older adults during a 5-month period. The intervention group (n=29) received 9 hours of training (6 sessions over 2 weeks) and experienced less loneliness, less depression, and more positive attitudes toward computers than controls (n=19) who were not regular internet users.


Cognitive training


Memory ability
.

Findings showing that mental stimulation and cognitive training improve memory in older adults 43 , 44 have led to the development of several memory apps and computer games. Miller and associates 45 explored whether computerized brain-training exercises (Dakim Brain Fitness) improved cognitive performance in older adults without dementia (mean age of 82 years). Subjects were randomized into an intervention group (n=36) that used a computer program 5 days a week for 20 to 25 minutes each day, or a wait-list control group (n=33). Neuropsychological testing at baseline, 2 months, and 6 months showed that the intervention group improved significantly in delayed memory, and the control group did not. Moreover, participants who played the computer program for at least 40 sessions over 6 months improved in immediate memory, delayed memory, and language. These findings point to the potential benefit of cognitive training using a computerized, self-paced program. 


In a meta-analysis of computerized cognitive training, investigators found an overall moderate effect on cognition in mild cognitive impairment across 17 trials. 46 Small to moderate effects were reported for global cognition, attention, working memory, and learning abilities.


Multitasking skills


Multitasking has been defined as performing two simultaneous tasks, which is only possible when the tasks are automatic, but it can also refer to rapid switching between tasks. Research has shown that such task switching increases error rates. 47 Multitasking is common thanks to widespread technology use, and multiple studies point to its negative impact on cognitive performance. 48 However, certain computer games may enhance multitasking, one of the cognitive domains that declines in a linear fashion across the lifespan. 48 


Anguera and colleagues 49 trained volunteers (ages 60 to 85 years) over 4 weeks using a videogame called NeuroRacer, in which players control a car on a winding road while responding to signs that randomly appear. Out of 46 participants, 16 were trained in multitasking (both driving and sign reading), 15 in single-tasking mode (active controls; either sign reading or driving), and 15 received no training (no-contact controls). Only the multitasking training group showed significant improvements in performance scores, which not only exceeded that of untrained individuals in their twenties but was maintained for 6 months without additional training. Moreover, the multitasking training improved other cognitive skills, including working memory and divided and sustained attention.


Working memory and fluid intelligence


Fluid intelligence refers to the capacity to reason and think flexibly and requires working memory, the ability to retain information over a brief period of time. Investigators have found that training in working memory may improve fluid intelligence. 50 , 51 Jaeggi and associates 52 used a training program (n-back task) to investigate the effects of working-memory training on fluid intelligence. Healthy subjects (n=70) were randomized into working-memory training groups that were further randomized according to number of training sessions (8, 12, 17, or 19 days), or a control group that received no training. All subjects received pre- and post-testing on a measure of fluid intelligence at the same time intervals. The four groups not only showed significant improvements in working memory, but also on tests of fluid intelligence. Moreover, results demonstrated that the longer the training period, the greater the improvement in fluid intelligence. These results indicated successful transfer of improved working memory to improved fluid intelligence measures with a dose-dependent training effect. 


Visual attention and reaction time


Videogames have been popular for decades, and many gamers who began playing in the 1980s have continued to play through adulthood. Despite potential negative health effects of excessive playing (eg, attention deficits, social withdrawal, increased risk of obesity), recent research suggests potential benefits, such as improved visual attention processing, spatial visualization, reaction time, and mental rotation. Green and Bavelier 53 have shown that playing action videogames more than 4 days per week (at least 1 hour each day) for 6 months enhances visual attention (ie, the ability to recognize and process visual information), spatial attention over the visual field, and task-switching abilities.


Rosser and colleagues 54 examined a potential link between action videogaming and laparoscopic surgical skills and suturing. Surgeons who played videogames more than 3 hours each week made 37% fewer surgical errors, were 27% faster in response times, and scored 42% better in measures of laparoscopic and suturing skills than surgeons who do not play videogames. Moreover, the most experienced players in specific videogames (Super Monkey Ball 2, Star Wars Racer Revenge, and Silent Scope) made 47% fewer errors and performed 39% faster. These findings suggest that playing action videogames can improve cognitive and motor skills that improve surgical skills and lower error rates in the operating room.


Other mental health interventions


Technological advances have brought about novel approaches for delivering mental health support and interventions in the form of apps for smartphones or tablets, as well as through telepsychiatry. Internet-based mental health interventions offer the advantages of accessibility, cost-effectiveness, and anonymity. Between 2009 and 2015, the National Institute of Mental Health awarded more than 400 grants totaling $445 million for technology-enhanced mental-health interventions to further investigate roles for technology in preventing and treating mental disorders. 55 


Investigators have studied the efficacy of various online mental health interventions. For example, Peter and colleagues 56 found that an online, 4-week intervention using cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia reduced depression and insomnia ratings at levels comparable to traditional face-to-face interventions. Segal and associates 57 evaluated the effectiveness of treating residual depressive symptoms with a web-based program that delivers mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. They found that use of this program in addition to usual depression care significantly improved depression and functional outcomes compared with usual depression care alone.


Several digital mental health applications have been developed or are in development, such as self-management apps that provide user feedback (eg, medication reminders, stress management tips, heart rate, and breathing patterns). Other programs provide skills training using educational videos on anxiety management or the importance of social support. Some applications have the capacity to collect data using smartphone sensors that record movement patterns, social interactions (eg, number of texts and phone calls), and other behaviors throughout the day.


Despite some promising early research, systematic studies demonstrating the efficacy of these emerging apps are limited. A recent review 58 indicated that only 3% of downloadable apps had research to justify their effectiveness claims, and most of that research was performed by the program developers. Another recent survey 59 of online-technology use to support mental health and well-being indicated that smartphone apps were the most commonly used technology: 78% of respondents used them either alone or in combination with other technologies. The apps that are being used provide guided activities, relaxation, and tracking; social media and discussion forums; and web-based programs to assist in the management of daily stress and anxiety.


Conclusions


Research on the brain-health consequences of digital technology is beginning to elucidate how these novel devices and programs can both help and harm brain function. Their frequent use heightens ADHD symptoms, interferes with emotional and social intelligence, can lead to addictive behaviors, increases social isolation, and interferes with brain development and sleep. However, specific programs, videogames, and other online tools may provide mental exercises that activate neural circuitry, improve cognitive functioning, reduce anxiety, increase restful sleep, and offer other brain-health benefits. Future research needs to elucidate underlying mechanisms and causal relationships between technology use and brain health, with a focus on both the positive and negative impact of digital technology use.


Acknowledgments

The University of California, Los Angeles, owns a US patent (6,274,119) entitled “Methods for Labeling β-Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles,” which has been licensed to Ceremark Pharma, LLC. Dr Small is among the inventors and is a cofounder of Ceremark Pharma, LLC. Dr Small also reports having served as an advisor to and/or having received lecture fees from AARP, Acadia, Avanir, Genentech, Handok, Herbalife, Medscape, RB Health, Roche, Theravalues, and WebMD, and having received research funds from The Wonderful Company. Supported in part by the Parlow-Solomon Professorship on Aging

More From Forbes

17 experts share technologies making a positive impact on society.

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In the realm of science fiction, there are plenty of stories focused on technology that ends up having a sinister effect on humankind. And as technology continues to play a greater role in our work and personal lives, cautionary tales have arisen that remind us that even tools created with the best intentions can cause unexpected problems.

However, there’s no doubt technology has also added significant improvements in the lives of people around the globe, including recent, rapidly deployed health, workplace and commerce technologies. Below, experts from Forbes Technology Council share their selections for technologies that have had a truly positive impact on the greater good.

1. Home Fitness Tech

The pandemic has caused an entire cottage industry to spring up around the concept of the home gym. Many startups have launched innovative new products in the digital gym arena that focus on ease of use and space-saving design. Artificial intelligence has added features to these products that bring all the benefits of a personal trainer without having to step out of your home. - Greg Bhatia , ShoreWise Consulting

The world has been reshaped by technology, and nothing is more due for an update than the current educational system. This era of hyperconnectivity is allowing educators to tap into the digital era and adopt new technologies to help students reach their full potential. Edtech is having a truly positive impact on the greater good by democratizing access to education. - Julian Torres , Ontop

Forbes Technology Council is an invitation-only community for world-class CIOs, CTOs and technology executives. Do I qualify?

3. AI-Powered Healthcare

Artificial intelligence applied to healthcare has already been a game-changer. AI can be applied throughout the entire patient journey, including monitoring individual health through the use of wearable devices, using devices that provide alerts for specific events and supporting doctors and patients with virtual assistants. The benefits will be even more evident as this technology advances. - Antonio Giarrusso , Userbot

4. Mental Health Apps

Mental health and resilience are critical elements of success and have a major impact on all aspects of our life. Meditation and wellness apps have become a lifeline in the age of remote work and hyperproductivity. They’re not only making an impact on people's performance at work but also on their health and happiness at home. - Joanna Riley , Censia Talent Intelligence

5. Tech That Promotes Inclusivity

Using augmented intelligence for inclusion purposes—such as voice-assisted devices to help people with certain disabilities and improve quality of life—can be positively transformational if made widely accessible. Harvesting open-source data and intelligence to model the environmental impact (that is, hidden costs) of the digital age is another emerging application of technology that could lead to significant global benefits. - Simone Steel , Nationwide Building Society

6. Online Learning Platforms

Online learning platforms will have a tremendous effect on global society. Massive open online course companies not only make world-class education attainable for people in developed nations; even more impacted are the citizens of developing nations, who have limited access to leading academic institutions. The democratization of education could lead to rapid progress in global innovation and advance humanity as a whole. - Mischa Steiner , Awesense, Inc.

7. Blockchain

When people hear “blockchain,” they think cryptocurrency—but really, blockchain technology is about transparency. Used right, it ensures trust and accountability. With so much attention shifting to environmental, social and governance issues there’s a rising need for companies to quantify their emissions and sustainability efforts so investors can verify their data. Because of this, blockchain is going to play a pivotal role in addressing climate change. - Chris Romer , Project Canary

8. Water Technology

Affordable water-treatment technologies such as solar water disinfection (SODIS) and ceramic and biosand water filtration help to provide drinkable water for many of the estimated 2.3 billion people living in water-scarce areas. - Thomas Jensen , Milestone Systems

9. Digital Payment Technology

Digital payment technologies such as Venmo and Square have revolutionized the way businesses and consumers send and receive money. These apps have enabled access for those without traditional payment methods. Amid the pandemic, businesses can continue serving customers safely and securely by pivoting to digital platforms, which also mitigate the environmental costs associated with paper-based methods. - Kali Durgampudi , Zelis

10. No-Code Technology

No-code technologies push the boundaries of product development and enable functions outside of engineering to make better, faster decisions at higher velocities. They expedite the application development process and make building products accessible to a broader set of professionals across an organization. This is accelerating innovation across the board, giving rise to a new crop of startups. - Rick Song , Persona

11. Genomics

Genomics is the science focused on the structure, function, evolution and mapping of genomes using genetic engineering technology. With ever-increasing computer processing speeds (think quantum), DNA sequencing and advanced analytics have led to amazing progress in agricultural production, greenhouse gas reduction and even the ability to “fix” human genetic conditions. - Frederick John , Diebold Nixdorf

12. 3D Printing

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is making many new and exciting things possible. The processes involved enable highly flexible development through manufacturing techniques that use less material while creating stronger, more durable products thanks to input from sophisticated AI programs. - Ron Cogburn , Exela Technologies

While working for the U.S. Government in the ’90s, I had the opportunity to work on the Global Positioning System (GPS) as it started to commercialize. The value of knowing, with high accuracy, where you are located anywhere on earth has transformed transportation and created huge efficiencies in everyday life. Today it’s a service expected on any smart device—and it’s a free service. That’s good! - John Walsh , Red Summit Global

14. Agricultural Technology

Intelligent and connected agricultural technology is of paramount importance when it comes to increasing farm production yields around the world. The capability to scout, farm, treat, collect and provide early detection and response to diseases and threats through automation and robotics will enable both increased production and wider distribution to remote and poorer locations, increasing life expectancy and minimizing starvation. - Spiros Liolis , Micro Focus

15. Messenger RNA

Messenger RNA (mRNA) technology has tremendous potential beyond the success of the Covid vaccines. The ability to quickly and cheaply produce individualized, “designer” medicine has been science fiction for decades. Now, it’s not only within reach but has also been proven to be effective on a global scale. We’re at the first wave of a revolution in medicine that will change all of our lives for the better. - Alexander Hill , Senseye

16. Solar Cells

Solar (PV) cells have created meaningful disruption across all industries, showing how renewable tech can change the fundamentals of our shared world. They’ve ushered in an era of awareness and innovation, creating a bankable and cost-effective industry that businesses and individuals can utilize while making the world a better place. Now, we can all be active participants in energy conservation. - Michael Anderson , Expeto

17. Collaboration Tools

During the recent shutdowns, collaboration tools—including FaceTime, WhatsApp, Signal, Microsoft Teams and, of course, Zoom—have helped us stay connected not only with colleagues, professionals and customers but also our families, grandparents and grandchildren, and friends all over the world. When we were bound to our homes, many of us alone, these tools helped keep us connected, social and, most surely, sane. - Juliette Rizkallah , A Cloud Guru

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Positive and Negative Effects of Technology on Society

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Published: Feb 8, 2022

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Works Cited:

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• Fradkin, P. L. (2009). Daylight comes to Longyearbyen. Polar Research, 28(2), 338–347.
• National Park Service. (n.d.). Old Faithful. Yellowstone National Park.
• Owlcation. (2020). The Mystery of Moving Rocks on Racetrack Playa, Death Valley. Owlcation. https://owlcation.com/stem/The-Mystery-of-Moving-Rocks-on-Racetrack-Playa-Death-Valley
• Tours by Locals. (n.d.). Pamukkale: The Travertine Terraces of Turkey. https://www.toursbylocals.com/Pamukkale-Turkey-Tours
• Wojtal, A. Z. (2022). Eternal Flame Falls. Atlas Obscura.

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How Does Technology Affect Your Health? The Good, the Bad, and Tips for Use

All manner of technology surrounds us. From our personal laptops, tablets, and phones to behind-the-scenes technology that furthers medicine, science, and education.

Technology is here to stay, but it’s always morphing and expanding. As each new technology enters the scene, it has the potential to improve lives. But, in some cases, it also has the potential to negatively affect physical and emotional health.

Read on as we take a look at a few possible negative effects of technology and provide tips on healthier ways to use it.

Digital eye strain

According to the American Optometric Association (AOA) , prolonged use of computers, tablets, and cellphones can lead to digital eye strain .

Symptoms of digital eye strain may include:

• blurred vision
• neck and shoulder pain

Contributing factors are screen glare, bad lighting, and improper viewing distance.

The AOA recommends the 20-20-20 rule to ease eye strain. To follow this rule, try to take a 20-second break every 20 minutes to look at something that’s 20 feet away.

Musculoskeletal problems

When you use a smartphone, the chances are that you’re holding your head in an unnatural forward-leaning position. This position puts a lot of stress on your neck, shoulders, and spine.

A small 2017 study found a clear association between self-reported addiction to smartphone use and neck problems.

An earlier study found that among teens, neck-shoulder pain and low back pain rose during the 1990s at the same time that the use of information and communication technology was increasing.

Overuse of technology can also lead to repetitive strain injuries of the fingers, thumbs, and wrists.

If you’re feeling the pain of technology, you can take the following steps to reduce these issues:

• take frequent breaks to stretch
• create an ergonomic workspace
• maintain proper posture while using your devices

If pain persists, see a doctor.

Sleep problems

Technology in the bedroom can interfere with sleep in a number of ways.

A 2015 study demonstrated that exposure to the blue light that devices emit can suppress melatonin and interrupt your circadian clock. Both of these effects can make it harder to fall asleep and result in you being less alert in the morning.

Having electronic devices in the bedroom places temptation at your fingertips, and it can make switching off more difficult. That, in turn, can make it harder to drift off when you try to sleep.

Emotional problems

Using social media can make you feel more connected to the world. But, comparing yourself to others can leave you feeling inadequate or left out.

A recent study looked at the social media use of more than 1,700 people between the ages of 19 and 32. The researchers found that those with high social media use felt more socially isolated than those who spent less time on social media.

A 2011 cross-sectional survey of high school students in Connecticut found that internet use was problematic for about 4 percent of the participants.

The researchers said that there might be an association between problematic internet use and depression, substance use, and aggressive behavior. They also noted that high school boys, who, according to the researchers, tend to be heavier users of the internet, may be less aware of these problems.

A 2016 systematic review produced mixed findings on the relationship that social networks have with depression and anxiety . The evidence suggests that social network use correlates with mental illness and well-being.

However, the researchers noted that whether it has a beneficial or detrimental effect depends on the quality of social factors in the social network environment.

More research is necessary to make conclusions on cause and effect.

If social media use makes you feel anxious or depressed, try cutting back to see if doing so makes a difference.

Negative effects of technology on kids

The findings of a 2014 study suggest that even after factoring out junk food and exercise, technology appears to affect the health of children and teens.

The researchers used a broad definition of screen time that included:

• video games

They conducted the simple correlational study using an anonymous online survey. The study authors concluded that parents and caregivers should help children learn to reduce overall screen time.

According to the Mayo Clinic , unstructured playtime is better for a child’s developing brain than electronic media. At 2 years old, children can benefit from some screen time, but it shouldn’t replace other important learning opportunities, including playtime.

Research has linked too much screen time or low-quality screen time to:

• behavioral problems
• less time for play and loss of social skills
• sleep problems

Like adults, children who spend a lot of time on digital devices can experience symptoms of eye strain. The AOA advises parents and caregivers to watch for signs of digital eye strain in children and to encourage frequent visual breaks.

A 2018 study of adolescents ages 15 and 16 found an association between frequent use of digital media and the development of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) .

The study involved a longitudinal cohort of students who self-reported their use of 14 digital media activities, and it included a 24-month follow-up period. More research is necessary to confirm whether it’s a causal association.

What are the recommendations for screen time by age?

The American Academy of Pediatrics (APA) makes the following recommendations for screen time:

The APA also recommends that parents and caregivers designate media-free times, such as dinner time, as well as media-free zones within the home.

Positive effects of technology

Technology plays a role in virtually every part of our lives, whether we’re aware of it or not. These are just a few of the ways in which technology may positively affect our physical and mental health:

• health apps to track chronic illnesses and communicate vital information to doctors
• health apps that help you track diet, exercise, and mental health information
• online medical records that give you access to test results and allow you to fill prescriptions
• virtual doctor visits
• online education and ease of research
• enhanced communication with others, which can improve the feeling of connection

Ways to make the most of technology

With each new advance in technology, it gets a bit easier to go overboard. When we get too caught up in it, we can feel it in our minds and bodies. So, how much is too much?

The answer is as individual as you are. Here are some signs that you might be leaning too heavily on technology:

• Your family or friends complain about your tech use.
• You’ve neglected relationships in favor of technology, which people sometimes refer to as phubbing .
• It has interfered with your work.
• You’re losing sleep or skipping physical activities due to technology use.
• It’s causing you stress or anxiety, or you’re noticing physical side effects, such as tension headaches, eye strain, muscle pain, or overuse injuries.
• You can’t seem to stop .

If that sounds familiar, here are some ways to cut back on screen time:

• Clear your phone of unessential apps to keep you from constantly checking it for updates. Carve out a specific, limited amount of time to use your devices.
• Turn some television time into physical activity time.
• Keep electronic devices out of the bedroom. Charge them in another room. Turn clocks and other glowing devices toward the wall at bedtime.
• Make mealtime gadget-free time.
• Prioritize real-world relationships over online relationships.

If you’re responsible for children :

• Limit their screen time, allowing it only at certain times of the day and restricting it during activities like meals and just before bedtime.
• Know what they’re doing. Review their programs, games, and apps, and encourage the engaging ones over those that are passive.
• Play games and explore technology together.
• Take advantage of parental controls.
• Make sure that children have regular, unstructured, tech-free playtime.
• Encourage face time over online friendships.

Technology is a part of our lives. It can have some negative effects, but it can also offer many positive benefits and play an important role in education, health, and general welfare.

Knowing the possible negative effects can help you take steps to identify and minimize them so that you can still enjoy the positive aspects of technology.

How we reviewed this article:

• Alabdulwahab S, et al. (2017). Smartphone use addiction can cause neck disability. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/msc.1170
• American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). American Academy of Pediatrics announces new recommendations for children's media use [Press release]. https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/American-Academy-of-Pediatrics-Announces-New-Recommendations-for-Childrens-Media-Use.aspx
• American Optometric Association. (2015). The 21st century child: Increased technology use may lead to future eye health and vision issues [Press release]. https://www.aoa.org/newsroom/the-21st-century-child-increased-technology-use-may-lead-to-future-eye-health-and-vision-issues
• Chang A-M, et al. (2015). Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418490112
• Computer vision syndrome. (n.d.). https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/caring-for-your-vision/protecting-your-vision/computer-vision-syndrome
• Hakala PT, et al. (2006). Frequent computer-related activities increase the risk of neck-shoulder and low back pain in adolescents. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl025
• Liu TC, et al. (2011). Problematic internet use and health in adolescents: Data from a high school survey in Connecticut. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3686276/
• Mayo Clinic Staff. (2016). Screen time and children — how to guide your child. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/screen-time/art-20047952
• Primack BA, et al. (2017). Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S. [Abstract]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010
• Ra CK, et al. (2018). Association of digital media use with subsequent symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.8931
• Rosen LD, et al. (2014). Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.036
• Seabrook EM, et al. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review. DOI: http://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5842

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Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane for Students

500+ words essay on technology for students.

In this essay on technology, we are going to discuss what technology is, what are its uses, and also what technology can do? First of all, technology refers to the use of technical and scientific knowledge to create, monitor, and design machinery. Also, technology helps in making other goods that aid mankind.

Essay on Technology – A Boon or Bane?

Experts are debating on this topic for years. Also, the technology covered a long way to make human life easier but the negative aspect of it can’t be ignored. Over the years technological advancement has caused a severe rise in pollution . Also, pollution has become a major cause of many health issues. Besides, it has cut off people from society rather than connecting them. Above all, it has taken away many jobs from the workers class.

Familiarity between Technology and Science

As they are completely different fields but they are interdependent on each other. Also, it is due to science contribution we can create new innovation and build new technological tools. Apart from that, the research conducted in laboratories contributes a lot to the development of technologies. On the other hand, technology extends the agenda of science.

Vital Part of our Life

Regularly evolving technology has become an important part of our lives. Also, newer technologies are taking the market by storm and the people are getting used to them in no time. Above all, technological advancement has led to the growth and development of nations.

Negative Aspect of Technology

Although technology is a good thing, everything has two sides. Technology also has two sides one is good and the other is bad. Here are some negative aspects of technology that we are going to discuss.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

With new technology the industrialization increases which give birth to many pollutions like air, water, soil, and noise. Also, they cause many health-related issues in animals, birds, and human beings.

Exhaustion of Natural Resources

New technology requires new resources for which the balance is disturbed. Eventually, this will lead to over-exploitation of natural resources which ultimately disturbs the balance of nature.

Unemployment

A single machine can replace many workers. Also, machines can do work at a constant pace for several hours or days without stopping. Due to this, many workers lost their job which ultimately increases unemployment .

Types of Technology

Generally, we judge technology on the same scale but in reality, technology is divided into various types. This includes information technology, industrial technology , architectural technology, creative technology and many more. Let’s discuss these technologies in brief.

Industrial Technology

This technology organizes engineering and manufacturing technology for the manufacturing of machines. Also, this makes the production process easier and convenient.

Creative Technology

This process includes art, advertising, and product design which are made with the help of software. Also, it comprises of 3D printers , virtual reality, computer graphics, and other wearable technologies.

Information Technology

This technology involves the use of telecommunication and computer to send, receive and store information. Internet is the best example of Information technology.

FAQs on Essay on Technology

Q.1 What is Information technology?

A –  It is a form of technology that uses telecommunication and computer systems for study. Also, they send, retrieve, and store data.

Q.2 Is technology harmful to humans?

 A – No, technology is not harmful to human beings until it is used properly. But, misuses of technology can be harmful and deadly.

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Home / Essay Samples / Information Science and Technology / Advantages of Technology / The Impact of Technology on Society: An Argumentative Perspective

The Impact of Technology on Society: An Argumentative Perspective

• Category: Information Science and Technology
• Topic: Advantages of Technology , Disadvantages of Technology , Effects of Technology

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